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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tczbrNXhPmBCvfcrvCWTLpm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Remodelamento ventricular na estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca apical do ventr&#237;culo direito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Garcia Moreno Cabral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guirao</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthya Ibraim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishi&#243;ka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Angelina D&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>152</fpage>
      <lpage>158</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a taxa de remodelamento ventricular (RV) e a import&#226;ncia de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-funcionais em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial apical do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). M&#201;TODOS: Dentre 268 pacientes consecutivos com BAVT e marcapasso convencional, foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 55% e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) &gt; 53 mm ao eco-Doppler. O RV foi definido como o conjunto de modifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas documentadas pelo menos 6 meses p&#243;s-implante: aumento &gt;10% no DDVE e redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 20% na FEVE. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: cardiopatia de base, classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu os testes da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, exato de Fisher e a soma de postos de Wilcoxon. O valor de p foi significante quando &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: o estudo incluiu 75 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 70,9 &#177; 14 anos, 22,6% do sexo masculino. O tempo m&#233;dio entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es foi de 80,2 meses. A FEVE m&#233;dia pr&#233;-implante foi 72% e o DDVE 46 mm e p&#243;s-implante, 69,7% (p = 0,0025) e 48,5mm (p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS p&#243;s-implante foi 156 ms. O RV ocorreu em apenas quatro pacientes (5,3%), e nenhuma das vari&#225;veis explorat&#243;rias discriminou esse comportamento. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca apical do VD em longo seguimento apresentaram baixa taxa de RV, e n&#227;o foram definidos fatores associados para sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>marcapasso artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>bloqueio card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Remodelamento ventricular na estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca apical do ventr&#237;culo direito </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Tavares Silva; Martino Martinelli Filho; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar de Oliveira; Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima; Daniela Garcia Moreno Cabral Martins; Cinthya Ibraim Guirao; Silvana Angelina D&#243;rio Nishi&#243;ka; Roberto Costa; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a taxa de remodelamento ventricular (RV) e a import&#226;ncia de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-funcionais em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial apical do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Dentre 268 pacientes consecutivos com BAVT e marcapasso convencional, foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 55% e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) &gt; 53 mm ao eco-Doppler. O RV foi definido como o conjunto de modifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas documentadas pelo menos 6 meses p&#243;s-implante: aumento &gt;10% no DDVE e redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 20% na FEVE. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: cardiopatia de base, classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu os testes da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, exato de Fisher e a soma de postos de Wilcoxon. O valor de p foi significante quando &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> o estudo incluiu 75 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 70,9 &#177; 14 anos, 22,6% do sexo masculino. O tempo m&#233;dio entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es foi de 80,2 meses. A FEVE m&#233;dia pr&#233;-implante foi 72% e o DDVE 46 mm e p&#243;s-implante, 69,7% (p = 0,0025) e 48,5mm (p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS p&#243;s-implante foi 156 ms. O RV ocorreu em apenas quatro pacientes (5,3%), e nenhuma das vari&#225;veis explorat&#243;rias discriminou esse comportamento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca apical do VD em longo seguimento apresentaram baixa taxa de RV, e n&#227;o foram definidos fatores associados para sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, marcapasso artificial, bloqueio card&#237;aco, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (ECA) &#233; reconhecidamente uma terap&#234;utica efetiva e segura no tratamento das bradiarritmias sintom&#225;ticas<sup>1</sup>. O desenvolvimento das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas alternativas para o implante dos dispositivos de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi uma importante conquista cient&#237;fica da segunda metade do s&#233;culo XX. </p>
    <p>A era moderna da ECA data de 1958, quando Elmqvist e Senning implantaram o primeiro marcapasso card&#237;aco por toracotomia em humanos e a seguir, Furmam e Robinson, o primeiro cabo-eletrodo endoc&#225;rdico<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A partir da&#237;, in&#250;meras experi&#234;ncias introduziram diferentes configura&#231;&#245;es como alternativas &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de implante. Pela facilidade de acesso e estabilidade do cabo-eletrodo, a regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) foi eleita o s&#237;tio preferencial para ECA, sendo at&#233; hoje o mais utilizado nas indica&#231;&#245;es convencionais<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas foram marcadas pela evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica dos sistemas implant&#225;veis. As fun&#231;&#245;es algor&#237;tmicas dos dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos tornaram-se cada vez mais sofisticadas, e os cabos-eletrodos, mais seguros e biocompat&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>O resultado de tudo isso foi claramente refletido na melhora marcante da qualidade de vida dos portadores desses dispositivos.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas evid&#234;ncias, recentemente foi observado que a piora cl&#237;nica de alguns pacientes estava relacionada com a pr&#243;pria ECA em regi&#227;o apical de VD. Nesses casos, constatou-se que ocorrem preju&#237;zos hemodin&#226;micos conseq&#252;entes a dist&#250;rbios da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular, similar &#224; que ocorre no bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE)<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A dissincronia ventricular induzida pode ocasionar dano celular card&#237;aco, altera&#231;&#245;es da geometria e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, aumento das dimens&#245;es dos &#225;trios e deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica<sup>8-10</sup>. Alguns autores, entretanto, divergem com rela&#231;&#227;o a esses achados<sup>11</sup>. Nahlawi e cols.<sup>12</sup>, em estudo recente, demonstraram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD tem efeito modesto sobre a depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e sugerem estudos adicionais para identificar os verdadeiros mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, outras evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas consistentes surgiram com a publica&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios DAVID study<sup>13</sup>, MADIT-II<sup>14</sup>, Mode Selection Trial<sup>15</sup> e PAVE Trial<sup>16</sup>. As suban&#225;lises dessas casu&#237;sticas relacionaram a ECA (apical do VD) com maior taxa de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Tamb&#233;m se constatou maior ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia mitral<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses achados passaram a exigir dos especialistas dessa &#225;rea maior aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de cada caso e reflex&#245;es cautelosas a respeito da escolha de alternativas cir&#250;rgicas como o uso de cabos-eletrodos com fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa em outros s&#237;tios, como via de sa&#237;da de VD, ou ainda a indica&#231;&#227;o do ressincronizador card&#237;aco<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, a documenta&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de dissincronia ventricular induzida pela ECA apical do VD pode ser uma importante ferramenta auxiliar. A ecocardiografia tecidual, assim como outros elementos diagn&#243;sticos por imagem, t&#234;m demonstrado muita utilidade nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, a ess&#234;ncia da informa&#231;&#227;o para a decis&#227;o da escolha do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, o comportamento anatomofuncional do cora&#231;&#227;o relacionado aos achados cl&#237;nicos e ao marcapasso, n&#227;o foi descrita at&#233; o momento. Trata-se da an&#225;lise do remodelamento ventricular (RV) estritamente relacionada ao comportamento anatomofuncional do cora&#231;&#227;o, nos casos de clara depend&#234;ncia da ECA<sup>3</sup><sub>. </sub></p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a taxa de RV esquerdo em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal submetidos &#224; ECA apical do VD e analisar a presen&#231;a de preditores cl&#237;nicos de sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Casu&#237;stica</italic> - Selecionada por um &#250;nico examinador, dentre 268 pacientes consecutivamente atendidos na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o-HCFMUSP no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005. Foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo os pacientes com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) diagn&#243;stico de bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT); 2) ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (Eco TT) pr&#233;vio ao implante do marcapasso definitivo que demonstrasse fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &gt; 55% e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) &lt; 53 mm e 3) controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico com intervalo superior a seis meses do implante; 4) cabo-eletrodo ventricular posicionado em regi&#227;o apical de VD, com limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o &lt;1,5 V com largura de pulso de 0,5 ms e onda R &gt; 5 mV, independentemente da polaridade (uni ou bi). </p>
    <p>A programa&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso foi individualizada de acordo com as necessidades de cada paciente. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: BAV intermitente; presen&#231;a de sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o multis&#237;tio de VD, ressincronizador card&#237;aco ou cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco; doen&#231;a pulmonar grave; distrofias musculares; cabo-eletrodo ventricular implantado fora da regi&#227;o apical. </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento do estudo</italic> - A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> ilustra, esquematicamente, o protocolo do estudo. A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-funcional foi realizada antes do implante do marcapasso e a segunda, a mais recentemente realizada (pelo menos ap&#243;s seis meses do implante). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O RV esquerdo foi definido como o conjunto de modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais observadas em an&#225;lise comparativa entre os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e considerou: aumento superior a 10% do DDVE e redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 20% da FEVE. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiopatia, classe funcional de IC (NYHA), tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, presen&#231;a de sincronismo atrioventricular e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado ao ECG. </p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</italic> - A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica utilizou o modo M para an&#225;lise do DDVE em mil&#237;metros(mm) e o modo bidimensional para a FEVE em percentagem(%). O servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o foi o respons&#225;vel pela realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, seguindo as diretrizes vigentes da Sociedade de Ecocardiografia e conforme a solicita&#231;&#227;o da equipe respons&#225;vel pelo seguimento ambulatorial dos pacientes. </p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</italic> - A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi realizada atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise de registros em prontu&#225;rios institucionais previamente ao implante do marcapasso e subseq&#252;entemente &#224; &#233;poca do &#250;ltimo Eco TT. Foi adotado o crit&#233;rio da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional (CF) da IC<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular</italic> - Definido como o intervalo de tempo em meses desde o implante do marcapasso definitivo at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do segundo Eco TT.</p>
    <p><italic>Sincronismo atrioventricular</italic> - A presen&#231;a de sincronismo atrioventricular foi definida pela despolariza&#231;&#227;o seq&#252;encial atrial e ventricular, independentemente da estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial. A defini&#231;&#227;o foi estabelecida no momento do implante do dispositivo, e n&#227;o foram consideradas modifica&#231;&#245;es posteriores. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise do complexo QRS</italic> - A dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (milissegundos) estimulado artificialmente foi avaliada em eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com calibra&#231;&#227;o de 0,1mV/mm e velocidade do papel em 25mm/seg. Considerou-se o intervalo de tempo desde a emiss&#227;o da esp&#237;cula do marcapasso at&#233; o final do complexo QRS.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </italic><bold>- </bold>A taxa de RV foi realizada pelo registro dos valores absolutos das ocorr&#234;ncias. O comportamento funcional ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi avaliado atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante do marcapasso pelo teste dos sinais de Wilcoxon. Na busca por fatores associados ao RV, utilizaram-se o teste exato de Fisher e o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos par&#226;metros classificat&#243;rios e o teste da soma de postos de Wilcoxon para an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros quantitativos. O valor de <italic>p</italic> foi considerado significante quando inferior a 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre os 268 pacientes avaliados, 75 foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, previamente ao implante do marcapasso, est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 70,9 &#177; 14 anos, e 22,6% eram do sexo masculino. As cardiopatias mais freq&#252;entes foram a chag&#225;sica (33,3%) e a hipertensiva (32%). A FEVE m&#233;dia do grupo antes do implante do MP foi de 72%, e o DDVE foi de 46 mm. Sessenta e nove pacientes (92%) estavam em CF IC I ou II; seis pacientes em CF III e nenhum em CF IV. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico considerado para a an&#225;lise do RV foi realizado em m&#233;dia 1,6 dias antes e 80,2 meses ap&#243;s o implante do marcapasso.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o implante do marcapasso, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE de 72,6% para 69,7% (p = 0,0025) e aumento do DDVE de 46,4mm para 48,5mm (p = 0,0001), ambos com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a04fig02">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a04fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Apenas quatro pacientes (5,3%) apresentaram RV de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o as vari&#225;veis analisadas: cardiopatia de base, classe funcional de IC, tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sincronismo atrioventricular e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado ao ECG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O subgrupo que evoluiu com RV apresentou idade m&#233;dia de 61,5 &#177; 16 anos. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a de Chagas e um paciente, HAS. Todos eram CF II. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: o DDVE aumentou em m&#233;dia 14,6% (48,7mm pr&#233; para 57 mm p&#243;s-implante), e a FEVE reduziu em m&#233;dia 24,2% (69,2% pr&#233; para 52,5% p&#243;s-implante). A dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado foi de 170 ms. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam sincronismo atrioventricular preservado. O tempo m&#233;dio de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi de 113&#177;4 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo indicam que o marcapasso ventricular apical de VD praticamente n&#227;o provoca modifica&#231;&#245;es anatomofuncionais do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Numa an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria trata-se de uma informa&#231;&#227;o de car&#225;ter pr&#225;tico muito &#250;til e, de certo modo, surpreendente, porque os pacientes foram acompanhados por longo per&#237;odo de tempo. </p>
    <p>Ent&#227;o, se a estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial apical do VD n&#227;o &#233; considerada fisiol&#243;gica e, de modo gen&#233;rico, se a conseq&#252;ente seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; considerada delet&#233;ria por provocar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, estruturais e funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>, por que a evolu&#231;&#227;o de nossos pacientes teria sido t&#227;o favor&#225;vel? </p>
    <p>Antes de tudo, Pastore e cols.<sup>21 </sup>demonstraram recentemente, atrav&#233;s de mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie, que o BRE induzido por MP n&#227;o tem exatamente as caracter&#237;sticas do BRE espont&#226;neo. </p>
    <p>No caso de ECA, admite-se que a ativa&#231;&#227;o imediata do septo interventricular provoca incremento do estresse da parede lateral do VE<sup>22</sup>. Esse desequil&#237;brio de for&#231;as regionais provoca movimento contr&#225;til anormal do septo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao VD, que se torna ainda mais retardado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE. Ao final, pode ocorrer aumento do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE e/ou redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o regional do septo<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, nossas observa&#231;&#245;es pessoais, fruto da experi&#234;ncia clinica na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, sugerem que esses mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica apenas nos casos de cardiomiopatia evidente.</p>
    <p> Nielsen e cols.<sup>25</sup> descreveram redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico nas regi&#245;es inferior, septal e global durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD, quando comparado &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o em AAI na mesma popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos avaliaram o papel da ECA apical do VD no RV, comparando os modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca AAI(R) x DDD(R); DDD(R) x VVI(R)<sup>15,26-28</sup>. Os achados desses ensaios, na maioria, indicam comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p> O estudo DAVID<sup>13</sup> comparou a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica do CDI operando em modo DDDR-70 bpm X VVI &#150; 40 bpm (MP desativado) e revelou maior taxa de mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC no grupo DDDR. Os autores tentaram correlacionar o comportamento cl&#237;nico com a ECA apical do VD, mas a depend&#234;ncia ao MP foi inferior a 60% e todos apresentavam FEVE&lt;35%, o que reduz muito a for&#231;a da correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>De maneira similar, o estudo MADIT II<sup>14</sup>, que incluiu somente pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, demonstrou maior taxa de IC relacionada ao grupo CDI comparado ao grupo controle (terap&#234;utica medicamentosa). A piora de comportamento (19,9% x 14,9%) foi atribu&#237;da &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular artificial de backup do CDI. </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da casu&#237;stica dos estudos acima citados com a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; obviamente marcada pela diferen&#231;a de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico funcional. Em nosso estudo a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, e nos demais ensaios a cardiopatia de base foi marcadamente grave.</p>
    <p>Ademais, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao BRE, por analogia ao comportamento cl&#237;nico de hipertensos assintom&#225;ticos com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, a import&#226;ncia do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o &#233; completamente diversa. Embora apresentem modifica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas causadas pela ativa&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida do septo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede livre do VE, essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de esgotar as reservas energ&#233;ticas celulares, e o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico tende a ser mantido<sup>10,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os achados de Nielsen e cols.<sup>25</sup>, que correlacionaram modifica&#231;&#245;es do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico com ECA apical do VD, devem ser analisados por abstra&#231;&#227;o aos conhecidos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que envolvem a cardiomiopatia dilatada e isqu&#234;mica. Nesses casos, a isquemia regional pode ser respons&#225;vel por um ciclo vicioso delet&#233;rio que tende a piorar a IC, em casos de comprovada disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via. </p>
    <p>Outra evid&#234;ncia documentada &#233; a correla&#231;&#227;o entre ECA e insufici&#234;ncia mitral severa, decorrente de les&#227;o de m&#250;sculo papilar por ativa&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica anormal<sup>19</sup>. Evidentemente, para que qualquer disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar dessa magnitude se manifeste &#233; preciso que a altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria seja grave, secund&#225;ria ao importante comprometimento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi o &#250;nico a avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de RV numa popula&#231;&#227;o com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal no momento da inclus&#227;o de pacientes e totalmente dependente da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular apical. </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio, as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas publicadas at&#233; o momento sobre RV relacionado &#224; ECA apical do VD basearam-se na compara&#231;&#227;o de achados cl&#237;nicos com o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gico (AAI) em casos de doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal<sup>15,26-28</sup>. Ora, esses pacientes apresentam comportamento cl&#237;nico peculiar. Nesse sentido, as suban&#225;lises de todos esses estudos s&#227;o critic&#225;veis porque, independentemente das modifica&#231;&#245;es anatomofuncionais e da presen&#231;a de IC, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi invariavelmente o evento preditor isolado de maior mortalidade, correlacionada a elevadas taxas de acidente vascular cerebral e ao modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Isso ocorreu porque esses ensaios n&#227;o foram desenhados para esse desfecho prim&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo, por outro lado, definiu RV com base na documenta&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de impacto cl&#237;nico-funcional. N&#227;o foram consideradas altera&#231;&#245;es anatomopatol&#243;gicas, j&#225; que a bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o &#233; realizada de rotina nestes pacientes. Os achados mais relevantes de nosso estudo, redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da FEVE de 72,6% para 69,7% (p = 0,0025) e aumento significativo do DDVE de 46,4mm para 48,5mm (p=0,0001), n&#227;o implicam em qualquer mudan&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>No entanto, o crit&#233;rio adotado para definir RV permitiu identificar pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel absolutamente relacionada &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD, porque a depend&#234;ncia ao MP foi total.</p>
    <p>Sumariamente, reunindo os principais t&#243;picos dessa discuss&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel responder ao questionamento inicial a respeito do comportamento de nossos pacientes: a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; o elemento fundamental da an&#225;lise e o BRE induzido pelo marcapasso provoca deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica na presen&#231;a de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico pr&#233;vio ao implante de MP (documenta&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal) &#233; suficiente para discriminar a popula&#231;&#227;o com alta probabilidade de evoluir sem RV ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD.</p>
    <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo est&#225; relacionada ao fato de que a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes foi realizada a partir de atendimento ambulatorial. Evidentemente, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram os pr&#233;-selecionados por evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel. Prescindimos dos efeitos das comorbidades relativas ao implante do MP, ou seja, complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da pr&#243;pria estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, em nosso estudo, a reduzida taxa de RV foi a causa da n&#227;o-obten&#231;&#227;o de fatores preditores para determinar sua ocorr&#234;ncia. Para isso, tamb&#233;m colaborou o rigoroso crit&#233;rio adotado para a defini&#231;&#227;o de remodelamento, cuja relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nico-funcional pode ter subestimado o n&#250;mero de pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com altera&#231;&#227;o discreta da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O remodelamento ventricular em pacientes sem cardiomiopatia e sob estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial apical do VD tem baixa preval&#234;ncia (5,3%). Neste subgrupo, nosso estudo n&#227;o permitiu discriminar fatores associados para a ocorr&#234;ncia de RV. H&#225; poucos ind&#237;cios de que a IC se torne um fator limitante para a indica&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial apical do VD no tratamento de bradiarritmias em pacientes sem cardiomiopatia. No entanto, faz-se necess&#225;rio a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos prospectivos, randomizados em maior escala para que se confirmem esses achados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Tavares Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura 870 </p>
        <p> 05412-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rotasil@ig.com.br">rotasil@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 31/01/06; revisado recebido em 07/03/06; aceito em 09/05/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular remodeling in right ventricular apical pacing</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine ventricular remodeling (VR) and the role of clinical and functional variables in patients with normal cardiac function who underwent right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP). METHODS: Among the 268 consecutive patients with standard pacemaker due to complete atrioventricular block (CAVB), those with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 55% and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) &gt; 53 mm on Doppler echocardiography were excluded. Ventricular remodeling was defined as echocardiographic changes documented at least six months after implantation, namely, a &gt;10% increase in LVEDD and a &gt; 20% decrease in LVEF. The following variables were analyzed: underlying heart disease, NYHA functional class of heart failure (HF), time of ventricular stimulation, and QRS duration. Statistical analysis included likelihood ratio test, Fisher&#8217;s exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study included 75 patients, mean age 70.9 &#177; 14, of whom 22.6% were male. Mean time between both evaluations was 80.2 months. Before implantation, mean LVEF was 72% and LVEDD was 46 mm; after implantation this values were 69.7% (p = 0.0025) and 48.5 mm (p = 0.0001), respectively. Mean QRS duration after implantation was 156 ms. Ventricular remodeling was observed only in four patients (5.3%), and no exploratory variable specified this behavior. CONCLUSION: In a long-term follow-up, patients without ventricular dysfunction who underwent RV apical pacing (RVAP) showed low VR rate, and no analyzed variable was associated with its occurrence.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>heart block</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling in right ventricular apical pacing</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Tavares Silva; Martino Martinelli Filho; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar de Oliveira; Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima; Daniela Garcia Moreno Cabral Martins; Cinthya Ibraim Guirao; Silvana Angelina D&#243;rio Nishi&#243;ka; Roberto Costa; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Heart Institute &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine ventricular remodeling (VR) and the role of clinical and functional variables in patients with normal cardiac function who underwent right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Among the 268 consecutive patients with standard pacemaker due to complete atrioventricular block (CAVB), those with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 55% and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) &gt; 53 mm on Doppler echocardiography were excluded. Ventricular remodeling was defined as echocardiographic changes documented at least six months after implantation, namely, a &gt;10% increase in LVEDD and a &gt; 20% decrease in LVEF. The following variables were analyzed: underlying heart disease, NYHA functional class of heart failure (HF), time of ventricular stimulation, and QRS duration. Statistical analysis included likelihood ratio test, Fisher&#146;s exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The study included 75 patients, mean age 70.9 &#177; 14, of whom 22.6% were male. Mean time between both evaluations was 80.2 months. Before implantation, mean LVEF was 72% and LVEDD was 46 mm; after implantation this values were 69.7% (p = 0.0025) and 48.5 mm (p = 0.0001), respectively. Mean QRS duration after implantation was 156 ms. Ventricular remodeling was observed only in four patients (5.3%), and no exploratory variable specified this behavior. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In a long-term follow-up, patients without ventricular dysfunction who underwent RV apical pacing (RVAP) showed low VR rate, and no analyzed variable was associated with its occurrence.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular remodeling; artificial pacemaker; heart block; ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Cardiac pacing is known to be a safe and effective therapy in the management of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias<sup>1</sup>. The development of alternative surgical techniques for implanting cardiac stimulation devices was an outstanding scientific achievement of the second half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</p>
      <p>The modern era of cardiac pacing dates back to 1958, when Elmqvist and Senning implanted the first cardiac pacemaker by thoracotomy in a human and, shortly thereafter, Furman and Robinson implanted the first endocardial lead<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Since then, a number of experiments introduced different configurations as alternative implantation techniques. The right ventricular apex is the preferred site for cardiac stimulation, both because it is easily accessible and provides lead stability, and remains the most widely used in standard indications<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the last decades were marked by technological breakthroughs in the field of implantable devices. The algorithmic functions of electronic devices have grown increasingly sophisticated, and the leads have become safer and biocompatible.</p>
      <p>All these were clearly translated into considerable improvement in the quality of life of patients implanted with these devices.</p>
      <p>Despite this evidence, the worsening of clinical conditions experienced by some patients was recently associated to the RV apical pacing itself. In these cases, it was found that disorders in ventricular activation sequence lead to impaired hemodynamic function, similar to that caused by left bundle branch block (LBBB)<sup>5-7</sup><bold>. </bold></p>
      <p>Ventricular dyssynchrony induced by pacing may result in cellular damage, changes in ventricular geometry and systolic function, increase in atrial dimensions, and hemodynamic deterioration<sup>8,10</sup>. Some authors, however, do not agree with these findings<sup>11</sup>. In a recent study, Nahlawi et al<sup>12 </sup>demonstrated that RV pacing has a modest effect on ventricular function depression and suggested that further studies be made to identify its real pathophysiological mechanisms. </p>
      <p>Recently, another consistent body of clinical evidence emerged with the publication of the DAVID <sup>13</sup>, MADIT-II<sup>14</sup>, MOST<sup>15</sup>, and PAVE trials<sup>16</sup>. The subanalyses of these studies related cardiac stimulation (in the RV apex) to higher rates of admissions for heart failure (HF). The frequency of atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation was also found to be higher<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>In light of these findings, specialists in this field were urged to pay closer attention to individual clinical features and think carefully when choosing surgical alternatives, such as the use of active fixation leads in other sites, like the RV outflow tract or resynchronization pacemaker<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p> Therefore, the documentation of ventricular dyssynchrony induced by RV apical pacing may be an important adjunctive tool. Tissue Doppler echocardiography, as well as other imaging techniques, has proved to be of great value in this evaluation<sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>However, the critical information necessary to assist decision making on the best surgical approach, that is, the anatomic and functional behavior of the heart related to clinical findings and pacemakers, is yet to be described. This is an analysis of ventricular remodeling (VR) strictly related to the anatomic and functional behavior of the heart in pacemaker-dependent patients<sup>3</sup><sub>. </sub></p>
      <p>The aim of the present study is two-fold: to evaluate the amount of LV remodeling in patients with normal cardiac function who underwent RV apical pacing and to identify its clinical predictors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Case series</italic> - Study sample was selected by a single examiner from among 268 consecutive patients seen at the Pacemaker Clinic of the Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) between August 2004 and February 2005. Those with the following characteristics were eligible for the study: 1) diagnosis of complete AV block (CAVB); 2) transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) prior to permanent pacemaker implantation showing left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &gt; 55% and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) &lt; 53 mm; 3) control echocardiography more than six months after implantation; 4) ventricular lead placed in the RV apex, with stimulation thresholds &lt;1.5 V, pulse width of 0.5 ms and R-wave &gt; 5 mV, irrespective of polarity (unipolar or bipolar). </p>
      <p>Pacemakers were programmed to meet the individual needs of each patient. Exclusion criteria were: intermittent AV block; the presence of multisite RV pacing, resynchronization pacemaker, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; patients who underwent heart transplantation; severe lung disease; muscular dystrophies; non-apical ventricular lead. </p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> depicts a schematic representation of the study protocol. The first clinical and functional evaluation was performed before pacemaker implantation and the second, the most recently performed, at least six months after implantation. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Left ventricular remodeling was defined as structural changes found in a comparative analysis of both echocardiographic examinations. The following parameters were considered: increase in LVEDD &gt; 10% and decrease in LVEF &gt; 20%. </p>
      <p>All patients were assessed for heart disease, HF functional class (NYHA), time of ventricular stimulation, presence of AV synchrony, and paced-QRS duration on ECG. </p>
      <p><italic>Transthoracic echocardiogram </italic>- LVEDD was analyzed in millimeters (mm) by M-mode echocardiography, and LVEF was analyzed in percentages (%) by two-dimensional echocardiography. The Echocardiographic Division of the Heart Institute was entrusted with the examinations. The current Brazilian Echocardiography Society guidelines were followed, as were the instructions provided by the team responsible for outpatient follow-up. </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical evaluation</italic> - Clinical evaluation was based on the analysis of data from institutional medical records prior to pacemaker implantation and at the time of the last TTE examination. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria for HF functional class were used<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Time of ventricular stimulation</italic> - Defined as time elapsed (in months) between permanent pacemaker implantation and the second TTE examination.</p>
      <p><italic>Atrioventricular synchrony</italic> - Atrioventricular synchrony was defined as atrial and ventricular sequential depolarization, regardless of artificial stimulation. The presence of synchrony was established at the time of pacemaker implantation, and later changes were not taken into consideration. </p>
      <p><italic>QRS complex analysis</italic> - The duration of paced-QRS complex (milliseconds) was assessed in a 12-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG) calibrated at 0.1 mV/mm and paper speed of 25 mm/sec. The time interval from pacemaker spike to the end of the QRS complex was considered.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Ventricular remodeling rate was measured by registering the absolute values of occurrences. Functional echocardiographic behavior was assessed by comparing pre- and post-pacemaker implantation means using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Fisher&#146;s exact test was performed for associated risk factors for VR, the likelihood ratio test was used for classificatory parameters, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, for quantitative parameters. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 268 patients evaluated, 75 were eligible for the study. This population&#146;s characteristics, prior to pacemaker implantation, are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Mean age of the group was 70.9 &#177; 14, and 22.6% of the subjects were male. The most frequent heart diseases were Chagas heart disease (33%) and hypertensive heart disease (32%). Mean LVEF before PM implantation was 72%, and LVEDD was 46 mm. Sixty-nine patients (92%) were in NYHA functional class I or II; six patients were in class III and no patient was in class IV. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Echocardiographic examinations considered for VR analysis were performed, on average, 1.6 days before and 80.2 months after pacemaker implantation.</p>
      <p>After pacemaker implantation, LVEF decreased from 72.6% to 69.7% (p = 0.0025) and LVEDD increased from 46.4 mm to 48.5 mm (p = 0.0001), and both changes were statistically significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a04fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a04fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Only four patients (5.3%) showed VR according to established criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). No statistical significance was found for the following variables: underlying heart disease, NYHA functional class, time of ventricular stimulation, and paced-QRS duration on ECG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0152-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean age of the subgroup that evolved with VR was 61.5 &#177; 16. Three patients had Chagas heart disease, and one patient was hypertensive. All patients were in NYHA functional class II. With reference to echocardiographic parameters, the following was noted: LVEDD increased, on average, 14.6% (48.7 mm pre-implantation to 57 mm post-implantation), and LVEF decreased, on average, 24.2% (69.2% pre-implantation to 52.5% post-implantation). Paced-QRS duration was 170 ms. Atrioventricular synchrony was preserved in three patients. Mean time of ventricular stimulation was 113 &#177; 4 months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study&#146;s findings suggest that RV apical pacing virtually does not cause myocardial anatomic and functional changes. In a primary analysis, this information is very practical and useful and, to some extent, surprising, because patients were followed-up on for a long period. Therefore, if RV apical pacing is not considered physiological and, generally speaking, if the ensuing sequence of myocardial electrical activation is deemed deleterious, as it produces hemodynamic, structural, and functional changes in the heart<sup>9</sup>, why have our patients evolved so favorably?</p>
      <p>First and foremost, Pastore et al<sup>21</sup> have demonstrated recently, through surface ECG mapping, that pacemaker-induced LBBB does not share exactly the same characteristics as spontaneous LBBB. </p>
      <p>In case of cardiac pacing, it is known that the immediate activation of the interventricular septum increases the strain on the LV lateral wall<sup>22</sup>. Such imbalance of regional forces causes abnormal septal contraction towards the RV, which becomes even more delayed compared to the LV. Finally, there may be an increase in LV end-systolic diameter or decrease in the interventricular septum regional ejection fraction<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>However, our observations, drawn from clinical experience at the Pacemaker Clinic of the Heart Institute, suggest that these pathophysiological mechanisms only account for hemodynamic deterioration in the setting of cardiomyopathy. </p>
      <p>Nielsen et al<sup>25</sup> described a decrease in inferior, septal and global myocardial blood flow during RV pacing, when compared to AAI pacing in the same population.</p>
      <p>Other studies comparing the AAI(R) <italic>vs</italic>. DDD(R) and DDD(R) <italic>vs.</italic> VVI(R) pacing modes evaluated the role of RV apical pacing in ventricular remodeling <sup>15,26-28</sup>. In great part, these studies&#146; findings suggest impairment of myocardial function.</p>
      <p>The DAVID trial<sup>13 </sup>compared the clinical efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) programmed to the DDDR mode-70 bpm <italic>vs.</italic> VVI mode &#150; 40 bpm (PM turned off) and showed greater mortality and admission rates for CH in the DDDR group. These authors attempted to correlate clinical behavior and RV apical pacing, but pacemaker dependence was lower than 60% and all patients had LVEF &lt; 35%, reducing considerably the strength of clinical correlation.</p>
      <p>Likewise, the MADIT II<sup>14</sup> trial, which included only patients with severe heart dysfunction, showed greater HF rate in the ICD group than in the control group (drug therapy). The worsened behavior (19.9% x 14.9%) was attributed to the ICD ventricular backup pacing feature. </p>
      <p>On comparing the characteristics of the population of the studies mentioned above with those of our population, a clear difference in myocardial function impairment is noted. In our study, myocardial dysfunction was an exclusion criterion, and in the other studies underlying heart disease was markedly severe.</p>
      <p>In addition, as far as LBBB is concerned, and drawing an analogy with the clinical behavior of asymptomatic hypertensive patients with normal cardiac function, the importance of conduction disturbance is entirely diverse. Despite showing mechanical changes due to the rapid septal activation relative to the LV free wall, these changes are unable to exhaust the cellular energy supply, and myocardial performance tends to be maintained<sup>10, 25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Nielsen et al.<sup>25</sup> findings, which correlated changes in myocardial blood flow with RV apical pacing, should be analyzed in the light of the pathophysiological mechanisms known to be associated with dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy. In these cases, regional ischemia may account for a deleterious vicious cycle that tends to worsen HF in the presence of prior myocardial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Another documented piece of evidence is the correlation between cardiac pacing and severe mitral regurgitation secondary to papillary muscle lesion by abnormal electromechanical activation<sup>19</sup>. Of course, for any valve dysfunction of this magnitude to manifest itself, the primary anatomic change must be severe, caused by major cardiac involvement.</p>
      <p>This was the only study to evaluate VR in a population characterized by normal cardiac function at study entry and that was totally dependent on apical ventricular pacing. </p>
      <p>Conversely, the scientific evidence published thus far on VR related to RV apical pacing is based on comparison of clinical findings with the physiological stimulation mode (AAI) in patients with sinus node disease<sup>15,26-28</sup>. Well, these patients have a distinctive clinical behavior. In this respect, the subanalyses of all the mentioned studies are subject to criticism, because, regardless of the anatomic and functional changes and the presence of HF, atrial fibrillation was invariably the single predictive event of higher mortality, correlated with high stroke rates and also with ventricular pacing mode. This happened because these trials were not designed to evaluate this primary endpoint.</p>
      <p>Our study, on the other hand, defined VR on the grounds of documented echocardiographic changes of clinical and functional impact. Pathoanatomical changes were not taken into account, since myocardial biopsy is not routinely performed in these patients. The most relevant findings of our study, namely, significant decrease in LVEF from 72.6% to 69.7% (p = 0.0025) and significant increase in LVEDD from 46.4 mm to 48.5 mm (p = 0.0001), do not imply any change in the therapeutic strategy. </p>
      <p>However, the criterion used to define VR allowed identifying patients with unfavorable clinical course entirely related to RV apical pacing, because pacemaker dependence was absolute.</p>
      <p>In sum, based on the main topics of this discussion, the initial question about the behavior of our patients can be answered: cardiac function is the key element of the analysis, and pacemaker-induced LBBB causes hemodynamic deterioration in the presence of myocardial impairment. Stratification by transthoracic echocardiogram prior to PM implantation (documentation of normal cardiac function) is enough to identify the population at high risk to evolve without VR after RV apical pacing.</p>
      <p>The limitation of our study is related to the fact that patients were selected from outpatient visits. Obviously, the patients enrolled in the study were selected previously on the basis of a favorable clinical course. Effects of comorbidities related to PM implantation, that is, complications caused by the cardiac pacing itself, were not considered.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the low VR rate found in our study and the strict criteria to define remodeling, the clinical and functional relevance of which may have underestimated the number of patients that evolved with slight change in cardiac function, precluded identification of VR predictive factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling prevalence in patients without cardiomyopathy and under RV apical pacing is low (5.3%). Our study did not identify VR associated factor in this subgroup. There is little evidence that HF represents a limiting factor for indication of RV apical pacing to treat bradyarrhythmias in patients with normal cardiac function. Consequently, prospective, randomized, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rodrigo Tavares Silva</p>
          <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura 870</p>
          <p> 05412-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rotasil@ig.com.br">rotasil@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 31, 2006; revised manuscript received March 7, 2006; accepted May 9, 2006</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
