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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GQdmP5ztdMVjxfrXMSzYGwg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise eletrofisiol&#243;gica e anat&#244;mica do circuito at&#237;pico da taquicardia atrioventricular nodal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maila Seifert Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Luiz M. da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando E. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arantes</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boghossian</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Monteiro C. David de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romeo Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ritmolab</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>144</fpage>
      <lpage>151</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Analisar a condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante os epis&#243;dios de ritmo juncional ect&#243;pico acelerado (JET) e avaliar a exist&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de um bloqueio retr&#243;grado e o risco de desenvolvimento de bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) durante os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes portadores de taquicardia atrioventricular nodal (TAVN). M&#201;TODOS: Foram 145 pacientes portadores de TAVN, de ambos os sexos, com 16 a 84 anos submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do &#225;trio direito. Crit&#233;rios avaliados: localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante TAVN (definindo a taquicardia como t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica) e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante o JET para eventos de risco para BAV. RESULTADOS: Dos 145 pacientes estudados, 132 (91%) preencheram crit&#233;rios eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e anat&#244;micos da forma t&#237;pica da TAVN e 13 (9%), da at&#237;pica. Durante a abla&#231;&#227;o, 5,3% do grupo das t&#237;picas e 30,8% das at&#237;picas apresentaram eventos de risco para BAV. Complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o foram um epis&#243;dio de BAV total e outro de BAV de primeiro grau nas t&#237;picas e um de BAV de primeiro grau nas at&#237;picas. Os tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios foram precedidos de eventos de risco que resultaram em uma inj&#250;ria nodal ap&#243;s procedimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: Portadores de TAVN at&#237;pica apresentaram porcentualmente mais eventos preditores de risco para BAV do que os da t&#237;pica (p = 0,021), sendo fundamental a observa&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante o JET, afim de se evitar permanente da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal, como o BAVT, ap&#243;s o procedimento ablativo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arritmia</kwd>
        <kwd>taquicardia atrioventricular nodal</kwd>
        <kwd>bloqueio atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Contribui&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise eletrofisiol&#243;gica e anat&#244;mica do circuito at&#237;pico da taquicardia atrioventricular nodal </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maila Seifert Macedo Silva; Roberto Luiz M. da Silva S&#225;; M&#225;rcio Luiz A. Fagundes; Fernando E. S. Cruz Filho; Leonardo B. Arantes; Silvia Boghossian; Adriana Monteiro C. David de Almeida; Rafael Lopes Fagundes; Luiz Jos&#233; Romeo Filho </bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras, Universidade Federal Fluminense e Ritmolab - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Analisar a condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante os epis&#243;dios de ritmo juncional ect&#243;pico acelerado (JET) e avaliar a exist&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de um bloqueio retr&#243;grado e o risco de desenvolvimento de bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) durante os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes portadores de taquicardia atrioventricular nodal (TAVN). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram 145 pacientes portadores de TAVN, de ambos os sexos, com 16 a 84 anos submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do &#225;trio direito. Crit&#233;rios avaliados: localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante TAVN (definindo a taquicardia como t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica) e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante o JET para eventos de risco para BAV. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 145 pacientes estudados, 132 (91%) preencheram crit&#233;rios eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e anat&#244;micos da forma t&#237;pica da TAVN e 13 (9%), da at&#237;pica. Durante a abla&#231;&#227;o, 5,3% do grupo das t&#237;picas e 30,8% das at&#237;picas apresentaram eventos de risco para BAV. Complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o foram um epis&#243;dio de BAV total e outro de BAV de primeiro grau nas t&#237;picas e um de BAV de primeiro grau nas at&#237;picas. Os tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios foram precedidos de eventos de risco que resultaram em uma inj&#250;ria nodal ap&#243;s procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Portadores de TAVN at&#237;pica apresentaram porcentualmente mais eventos preditores de risco para BAV do que os da t&#237;pica (p = 0,021), sendo fundamental a observa&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante o JET, afim de se evitar permanente da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal, como o BAVT, ap&#243;s o procedimento ablativo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arritmia, taquicardia atrioventricular nodal, bloqueio atrioventricular, abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As taquicardias parox&#237;sticas supraventriculares (TPSV) representam um dist&#250;rbio da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca relativamente comum, com incid&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural, de 0,5%<sup>1</sup>. Dentro desse grupo, a taquicardia atrioventricular nodal (TAVN) &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 60% dos casos de TPSV<sup>1</sup>. Existe um predom&#237;nio no sexo feminino sobre o masculino, com uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 3:1<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Caracteristicamente, a TAVN ocorre em surtos parox&#237;sticos, em geral sustentados e marcadamente a partir da segunda d&#233;cada de vida<sup>3</sup>. Na grande maioria das vezes, produz sintomas desconfort&#225;veis que podem exigir uma interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, em vig&#234;ncia do surto sustentado e/ou para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, com o objetivo de evitar recorr&#234;ncias de novos epis&#243;dios<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>2-5</sup> demonstraram que pacientes com TAVN apresentam, classicamente, duas vias de condu&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e funcionalmente distintas. H&#225; atualmente comprova&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica de que a dupla via nodal &#233; freq&#252;entemente constitu&#237;da de um circuito que engloba uma via de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta e per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio curto (nomenclatura antiga via "alfa") e outra de condu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio longo (nomenclatura antiga via "beta"), as quais determinam o substrato para o mecanismo reentrante<sup>5</sup>. Na TAVN t&#237;pica, a condu&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada se d&#225; pela via lenta, e a retr&#243;grada, pela via r&#225;pida com o registro da ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada mais precoce durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) na regi&#227;o anterior do &#226;nulo tricusp&#237;deo (altura do feixe de His). S&#227;o consideradas at&#237;picas todas as demais TAVN que apresentem quaisquer varia&#231;&#245;es do circuito eletrofisiol&#243;gico e/ou anat&#244;mico durante a taquicardia.</p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica cl&#225;ssica de dupla via nodal representa um aumento abrupto da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal AV de pelo menos 50 ms entre o intervalo do potencial atrial e hissiano (AH), com bloqueio anter&#243;grado na condu&#231;&#227;o da via r&#225;pida e condu&#231;&#227;o seletiva atrav&#233;s da via lenta, em resposta a um decr&#233;scimo de 10 ms durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial ou ventricular; esse fen&#244;meno &#233; conhecido como "JUMP"<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, portanto, os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos das diversas formas de TPSV foram mais bem elucidados, permitindo a otimiza&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas terap&#234;uticas que inclu&#237;ram o tratamento curativo cir&#250;rgico inicialmente<sup>6</sup>, e atrav&#233;s de cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia posteriormente<sup>1-5</sup>. Especificamente, na TAVN, a abla&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do &#225;trio direito tornou-se a abordagem de elei&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Esse procedimento tem demonstrado um alto &#237;ndice de sucesso<sup>2</sup>, considerando-se as localiza&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas de ambas as vias<sup>7</sup>, principalmente na TAVN t&#237;pica. Entretanto, as formas at&#237;picas podem apresentar caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas diferenciadas e vias de localiza&#231;&#245;es incomuns, dificultando, com isso, a determina&#231;&#227;o do local anat&#244;mico alvo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do cateter de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (RF), quer seja essa via de condu&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada quer seja retr&#243;grada.</p>
    <p>Durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia de RF &#233; comum o surgimento de um ritmo autom&#225;tico juncional ect&#243;pico acelerado (JET), sendo sua ocorr&#234;ncia relacionada ao sucesso do procedimento<sup>2,3,5</sup>. O surgimento de um bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada para os &#225;trios durante o JET tem sido relacionado com les&#227;o concomitante da via r&#225;pida e risco iminente de bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT) ap&#243;s o procedimento<sup>3,5,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi, primeiro, classificar a TAVN de acordo com o comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico das vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada e identificar com precis&#227;o a localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da via retr&#243;grada (por meio da an&#225;lise do s&#237;tio de condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada mais precoce durante taquicardia nodal), e, depois, observar cautelosamente a condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada durante os epis&#243;dios de JET durante procedimento ablativo, com a finalidade de avaliar a exist&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de um bloqueio retr&#243;grado e o risco de desenvolvimento de bloqueio atrioventricular durante os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia em portadores de TAVN.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes que foram selecionados apresentavam hist&#243;ria de taquicardia sintom&#225;tica e freq&#252;ente, com in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino s&#250;bitos, com ou sem documenta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de TPSV. O eletrocardiograma de base em ritmo sinusal apresentava intervalo P-R normal ou ligeiramente encurtado e aus&#234;ncia de via an&#244;mala manifesta. Foram selecionados 145 pacientes entre 1999 e julho de 2005, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 16 e 84 anos.</p>
    <p>Durante o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF), os cateteres de estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foram posicionados no &#225;trio direito, na jun&#231;&#227;o AV (para registro do eletrograma do feixe de His), no interior do seio coronariano e no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito. O protocolo durante o EEF incluiu estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial (atrav&#233;s de um pol&#237;grafo de eletrofisiologia de marca EMS) do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direitos, ambos com um ciclo b&#225;sico de 8 a 10 est&#237;mulos, seguidos de um extra-est&#237;mulo com acoplamento progressivamente mais curto (com decrementos de 10 ms) at&#233; ser alcan&#231;ado o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo do local estimulado ou indu&#231;&#227;o de uma TAVN. Foram utilizados at&#233; dois ou tr&#234;s ciclos b&#225;sicos de at&#233; tr&#234;s extra-est&#237;mulos para indu&#231;&#227;o de uma TAVN. A estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada foi realizada sendo determinados: o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o sino-atrial, o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, o ponto de Wenckebach e os per&#237;odos refrat&#225;rios do &#225;trio e do n&#243; AV, al&#233;m de presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de dissocia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal ou "JUMP" antes da indu&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia. </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial com protocolo de extra-est&#237;mulos decrementais de 10 ms foi realizada com observa&#231;&#227;o concomitante da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal (intervalo AH) at&#233; a indu&#231;&#227;o de TAVN (com ou sem "JUMP" precedendo a taquicardia). Em todos os pacientes, foi poss&#237;vel a indu&#231;&#227;o da TAVN com a t&#233;cnica de extra-est&#237;mulos. Entretanto, foi necess&#225;ria a infus&#227;o pr&#233;via de isoproterenol (1 a 4 mcg/min) em alguns pacientes portadores da forma t&#237;pica (32 pacientes = 24,24% das t&#237;picas) para indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de TAVN foi estabelecido por meio de crit&#233;rios eletrofisiol&#243;gicos previamente estabelecidos por Josephson<sup>9</sup>, excluindo pacientes em que a taquicardia era mediada por uma via an&#244;mala (A - pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial; B - prolongamento do intervalo VA durante a taquicardia com o desenvolvimento concomitante de bloqueio de ramo; C - avan&#231;o na ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial durante estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular no momento da refratariedade do His; D - elimina&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia com a libera&#231;&#227;o da radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia em local diferente da regi&#227;o septal baixa do &#225;trio direito), incluindo aqueles em que os crit&#233;rios preenchiam todos os requisitos para uma TAVN (A - exclus&#227;o da participa&#231;&#227;o de uma via an&#244;mala; B - indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia com QRS estreito por meio da t&#233;cnica de extra-est&#237;mulos atriais ou estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial r&#225;pida; C - dissocia&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio do circuito da taquicardia durante estimula&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio direito (AD), seio coronariano (SC) ou His (H); D - a abla&#231;&#227;o da via lenta previne a reindu&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia; E - o "JUMP" n&#227;o foi considerado necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico).</p>
    <p>A taquicardia era classificada em t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica, de acordo com as propriedades eletrofisiol&#243;gicas de velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o das vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada e da localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da via retr&#243;grada, por meio da an&#225;lise do registro do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>), sendo t&#237;pica a TAVN "lenta-r&#225;pida" com o registro da ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada mais precoce na regi&#227;o anterior (pr&#243;xima ao feixe de His). Todas as demais TAVN foram consideradas at&#237;picas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o era realizada em ritmo sinusal na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do &#225;trio direito e sem o registro do potencial do His no cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio eletrofisiol&#243;gico incluiu a obten&#231;&#227;o de um potencial atrial pequeno e um ventricular amplo, de rela&#231;&#227;o 1:4<sup>5,7,9</sup>, isto &#233;, no n&#237;vel do anel tricusp&#237;deo (na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do AD), pr&#243;ximo ao orif&#237;cio do seio coronariano, bem como uma rela&#231;&#227;o do eletrograma A / V <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,5<sup>2,5,9,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>O JET ocorreu em 100% dos pacientes (do grupo das t&#237;picas e at&#237;picas) durante a emiss&#227;o de RF, com o n&#250;mero de batimentos ect&#243;picos variando entre 1 at&#233; 30 batimentos. Foram considerados eventos preditores de risco para BAV durante o JET: prolongamento do intervalo PR ( PR), bloqueio ventr&#237;culo-atrial (BVA), ou dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (DAV). </p>
    <p>Conforme a literatura<sup>2,5</sup>, quando surgem eventos de "dissocia&#231;&#227;o isorr&#237;tmica" durante o JET (fen&#244;meno em que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia sinusal &#233; muito similar &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia da ectopia juncional, tornando dif&#237;cil a avalia&#231;&#227;o da integridade da condu&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-atrial), a RF deve ser prontamente interrompida, sendo o crit&#233;rio para avaliar a integridade da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal a observa&#231;&#227;o de quaisquer prolongamentos do intervalo PR mediante a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial em freq&#252;&#234;ncia superior &#224; do ritmo juncional (JET) durante o procedimento ablativo.</p>
    <p>Em nosso trabalho, contudo, n&#227;o foram evidenciados eventos de dissocia&#231;&#227;o isorr&#237;tmica, mas, durante o procedimento ablativo, algumas vezes os batimentos do JET intercalavamse com batimentos de captura sinusal (podendo, portanto, nesses batimentos, ser poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise do intervalo PR) e, caso ocorresse quaisquer prolongamento do intervalo PR (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GQdmP5ztdMVjxfrXMSzYGwg/707f84b0108b197334372024c4a8707bb9a796d7.gif"/> PR) em batimentos de captura sinusal durante RF, essa era prontamente interrompida, pois o <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GQdmP5ztdMVjxfrXMSzYGwg/707f84b0108b197334372024c4a8707bb9a796d7.gif"/> PR tamb&#233;m &#233; considerado evento preditor de risco para inj&#250;ria nodal<sup>2,5</sup>. Portanto, neste trabalho n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio que nenhum paciente fosse submetido a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial durante a abla&#231;&#227;o (pois n&#227;o existiram eventos de dissocia&#231;&#227;o isorr&#237;tmica).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estudados assinaram previamente um termo de consentimento para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Os agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos foram suspensos antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo por um per&#237;odo equivalente a cinco meias-vidas. Os pacientes foram levados ao laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia em jejum (de cerca de 12 horas) e a seda&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por interm&#233;dio de um m&#233;dico anestesiologista. </p>
    <p>Um cateter 7F ("french") decapolar ou quadripolar foi introduzido no seio coronariano por via jugular interna direita, para registro dos seus potenciais. Tr&#234;s cateteres foram introduzidos por via femoral direita: 1) um cateter 7F quadripolar, posicionado no anel tricusp&#237;deo para registro do eletrograma do feixe de His; 2) um cateter 7F quadripolar para registro do potencial de &#225;trio direito alto e estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial, ou eventualmente para realizar estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular; 3) um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o 8F de marca EPT com controle de temperatura e eletrodo distal de 5 mm utilizado para mapeamento do local alvo e para abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s identifica&#231;&#227;o do local alvo, foi liberada a energia de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (RF), com controle de temperatura em 65&#186;C, por um per&#237;odo de 60 segundos. Durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, os epis&#243;dios de JET foram observados com cautela, com o objetivo de analisar a integridade da condu&#231;&#227;o VA. Durante tais epis&#243;dios, a presen&#231;a de bloqueio VA ou de um ou mais batimentos dissociados implicava automaticamente a interrup&#231;&#227;o imediata do fornecimento da RF. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, nova estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular era realizada para avaliar o sucesso do procedimento. Foram considerados procedimentos bem-sucedidos a n&#227;o-indu&#231;&#227;o de nova taquicardia e a aus&#234;ncia de ecos atriais. A presen&#231;a de salto de onda (JUMP), mas sem eco atrial, foi considerada &#234;xito ablativo.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante tamb&#233;m destacar, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cateter posicionado no interior do SC, que a regi&#227;o que corresponde ao &#243;stio do seio coronariano (onde se localizam os eletrodos proximais do cateter) &#233; considerada proximal (SCpx) e aquela a mais de 2 cent&#237;metros do interior do &#243;stio &#233; considerada de localiza&#231;&#227;o distal (SCd) ou exc&#234;ntrica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados, no total, 145 pacientes portadores de TAVN, e desses, 132 (91%) preencheram crit&#233;rios eletrofisiol&#243;gicos da forma t&#237;pica (lenta-r&#225;pida com o registro da ativa&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada mais precoce na regi&#227;o anterior do septo atrial direito, pr&#243;ximo ao feixe de His), e 13 (9%) da forma at&#237;pica (demais TAVN ou TAVN com circuitos que diferem do circuito bem definido das formas t&#237;picas) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>). Observou-se, portanto, neste estudo, uma grande diferen&#231;a entre o n&#250;mero de pacientes entre as formas t&#237;pica e at&#237;pica. Conforme observado em estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>9,11-15</sup>, a TAVN at&#237;pica &#233; de car&#225;ter pouco freq&#252;ente, e mesmo &#224; luz dos conhecimentos da eletrofisiologia moderna, variados e/ou m&#250;ltiplos circuitos das formas at&#237;picas permanecem ainda pouco elucidados (diferentemente do que ocorre em uma taquicardia t&#237;pica, em que o circuito dessa j&#225; se encontra bem estabelecido<sup>1,2,5</sup>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico eletrofisiol&#243;gico da TAVN (t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica), foram submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do &#225;trio direito. Durante o JET, caso fosse detectado algum evento preditor de risco (aumento do intervalo PR, bloqueio VA e/ou dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV), a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia era imediatamente interrompida. A monitorizar&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o VA durante o JET foi realizada por meio dos sinais obtidos pelos cateteres posicionados no seio coronariano e no &#225;trio direito alto.</p>
    <p>Dos 132 pacientes do grupo das t&#237;picas submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o, sete pacientes evolu&#237;ram com eventos preditores de risco (5,3%) durante esse procedimento, sendo um paciente com bloqueio ventr&#237;culo-atrial (V-A), e seis pacientes com bloqueio V-A seguidos subseq&#252;entemente de dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (A-V) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabs. 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Entre o grupo das at&#237;picas (13 pacientes), quatro pacientes (30,8%) apresentaram eventos preditores de risco durante a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, que foram respectivamente: o prolongamento do intervalo P-R, o bloqueio V-A, o bloqueio V-A (ou V sem A) seguido de dissocia&#231;&#227;o A-V e o prolongamento do intervalo P-R seguido de dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV, sendo, nesses casos, interrompida imediatamente a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>).</p>
    <p> As at&#237;picas foram classificadas em oito subtipos diferentes, dentro desses ocorreram quatro eventos de risco em quatro pacientes diferentes (num total de 13 pacientes que foram submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>).</p>
    <p>Durante o JET, em caso de surgimento de eventos preditores de risco, a RF era rapidamente interrompida, com a finalidade de se impedir uma les&#227;o permanente da condu&#231;&#227;o AV. </p>
    <p>No grupo das at&#237;picas, ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da RF, a condu&#231;&#227;o AV que se encontrava dissociada recuperou gradativamente o seu enlace, mas em um caso (LI med) um paciente permaneceu com bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau, ao passo que no grupo das t&#237;picas um paciente permaneceu com bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau e outro com BAV total (portanto, ambos os grupos &#150; t&#237;picas e at&#237;picas &#150; apresentaram inj&#250;ria permanente sobre a condu&#231;&#227;o nodal AV) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>, e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tabs. 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">8</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">tabela 8</xref>, as complica&#231;&#245;es permanentes nas t&#237;picas foram, respectivamente, um epis&#243;dio de BAVT e um epis&#243;dio BAV de primeiro grau. Nas at&#237;picas houve um epis&#243;dio de BAV de primeiro grau como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia definitiva da inj&#250;ria nodal ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento de at&#233; seis meses, os pacientes permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos (sem novas recorr&#234;ncias de TAVN) e n&#227;o apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es tardias inerentes ao procedimento ablativo, tais como bloqueios atrioventriculares tardios<sup>1-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O BAV de terceiro grau ou total (BAVT) &#233; considerado a maior complica&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de uma TAVN<sup>1,2,5,10</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada baixa, de incid&#234;ncia menor que 1% em estudos publicados<sup>1,5,16-18</sup>. Portanto, para impedir que haja complica&#231;&#245;es como o BAVT durante o procedimento ablativo, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia a observa&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da integridade da condu&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo atrial (VA) ou do prolongamento do intervalo PR<sup>8,10,19,20</sup> durante o JET. Sabe-se que o bloqueio AV, tanto o transit&#243;rio quanto o permanente, raramente acontece quando a condu&#231;&#227;o VA se demonstra intacta durante todo o per&#237;odo em que ocorre o JET. E a perda da condu&#231;&#227;o VA (bloqueio VA) durante o JET tem sido sugerida como de risco iminente para BAVT durante um procedimento ablativo<sup>8</sup>. Portanto, a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia deve ser imediatamente descontinuada<sup>2,5,10,21</sup> se eventualmente ocorrer um bloqueio VA, pelo fato de j&#225; ser sabido que o valor preditivo positivo do bloqueio VA durante o JET para a ocorr&#234;ncia de BAVT &#233; de aproximadamente 20%<sup>8,10</sup>. Ressaltamos tamb&#233;m que a condu&#231;&#227;o VA durante o JET ocorre mesmo em pacientes que n&#227;o possuem condu&#231;&#227;o VA retr&#243;grada quando da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada pr&#233;via &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o<sup>2,5,10</sup>, o que refor&#231;a ainda mais a import&#226;ncia do abortamento da emiss&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia precoce caso haja bloqueio VA.</p>
    <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a abla&#231;&#227;o seletiva na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do &#225;trio direito (AD) tornou-se a abordagem de elei&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Esse procedimento tem demonstrado um alto &#237;ndice de sucesso<sup>2</sup>, considerando-se as localiza&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas das vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada de uma TAVN t&#237;pica. Entretanto, nas formas at&#237;picas, incluindo os circuitos de m&#250;ltiplas vias, podem apresentar no mapeamento realizado durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas diferenciadas e vias de localiza&#231;&#245;es incomuns, dificultando, com isso, a determina&#231;&#227;o do local anat&#244;mico alvo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o. De fato, as vias de comportamento at&#237;pico determinam um risco adicional na ocorr&#234;ncia de bloqueio atrioventricular<sup>5,10,11,13</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Estudos realizados com as formas at&#237;picas tamb&#233;m sugeriram abordar com mais cautela a abla&#231;&#227;o dessas<sup>11,14,22</sup>. Em alguns desses estudos, pacientes portadores da forma at&#237;pica apresentaram uma incid&#234;ncia maior de algum grau de les&#227;o nodal ap&#243;s a emiss&#227;o da RF (por meio de an&#225;lise do prolongamento do intervalo AH, aumento do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio do n&#243; AV ou do ponto de Wenckebach) decorrente da abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter de RF na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do AD<sup>11,14,15</sup>. De todo modo, em qualquer TAVN (t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica), a presen&#231;a de eventos preditores de risco durante o JET &#233; considerada marcador importante para bloqueio AV permanente<sup>3,8,9,11,12,14</sup>, muito mais do que para BAVT transit&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>O nosso objetivo neste estudo foi tentar caracterizar as variantes anat&#244;micas e o comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico das formas at&#237;picas da TAVN (pois s&#227;o aspectos ainda pouco esclarecidos pela literatura especializada), al&#233;m de correlacion&#225;-las com os eventos preditores de risco para BAV durante a abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da via retr&#243;grada nas formas at&#237;picas neste trabalho, a condu&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada mais precoce foi observada mais anteriormente (pr&#243;ximo ao His) em dois pacientes, na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia (SCpx = His) em tr&#234;s pacientes, no seio coronariano proximal em seis pacientes e no seio coronariano distal (SCd) em dois pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>). </p>
    <p>O comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico das vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada nas formas at&#237;picas foi m&#250;ltiplo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>). </p>
    <p>Com base nos dados apresentados, pode-se constatar que os eventos preditores de risco ocorreram em ambas as formas de TAVN (at&#237;picas com 30,8% contra 5,3% de eventos preditores de risco nas t&#237;picas), com um n&#250;mero porcentualmente mais elevado nas at&#237;picas, havendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,021) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>). Analisando a localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da via retr&#243;grada das at&#237;picas em que ocorreram eventos de risco (com os respectivos circuitos: LI md, LL post, RL md e LI post), pode-se constatar que a localiza&#231;&#227;o dessa era m&#233;dia ou posterior, portanto mais pr&#243;xima da regi&#227;o alvo do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal do AD, o que por sua vez pode ter contribu&#237;do para o surgimento de eventos preditores de risco de inj&#250;ria nodal, inclusive les&#227;o permanente da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal AV, atrav&#233;s do bloqueio AV definitivo de primeiro grau em um paciente (portador da forma at&#237;pica LI med).</p>
    <p>Apesar de os eventos preditores de risco terem sido porcentualmente mais observados nas at&#237;picas (com p = 0,021), tamb&#233;m houve inj&#250;ria permanente da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal ap&#243;s emiss&#227;o de RF dentro da formas t&#237;picas que foram precedidas por esses eventos de risco, que foram, respectivamente, um com bloqueio AV de primeiro grau e outro com um BAVT definitivo (ambos foram precedidos de bloqueio VA durante o JET) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref>).</p>
    <p>Por meio da an&#225;lise desses dados, podemos concluir que em ambas as TAVN, eventos preditores de risco podem causar inj&#250;ria nodal permanente. </p>
    <p> Apesar de terem ocorrido porcentualmente mais eventos preditores de risco nas at&#237;picas, mais pacientes portadores da forma t&#237;pica (dois contra apenas um das at&#237;picas) apresentaram les&#227;o permanente da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal AV, o que pode ter decorrido de alguns fatores, como: a grande diferen&#231;a de n&#250;mero entre pacientes portadores das t&#237;picas versus at&#237;picas (132 versus 13, respectivamente), o risco inadvertido de BAVT apesar da r&#225;pida interrup&#231;&#227;o da emiss&#227;o da RF em caso de bloqueio VA durante o JET (conforme Hintringer e cols.<sup>8</sup>), e, ao mesmo tempo, o fato de que os pacientes que apresentaram eventos preditores de risco durante o JET tiveram a emiss&#227;o de RF rapidamente interrompida, podendo, na grande maioria desses casos, ter evitado uma les&#227;o nodal permanente, como o BAVT em muitos pacientes. </p>
    <p>A maior limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a grande diferen&#231;a num&#233;rica entre os pacientes portadores de TAVN t&#237;pica e os portadores das at&#237;picas (132 versus 13, respectivamente), decorrente, provavelmente, da menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia das at&#237;picas entre o total das TAVN, fen&#244;meno esse j&#225; observado em estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>3,10,11,19,22,23</sup>. Apesar dessa grande diferen&#231;a num&#233;rica entre ambas as variantes t&#237;pica e at&#237;pica, houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,021) durante a emiss&#227;o de RF e ritmo juncional acelerado de mais eventos preditores de risco nos portadores das formas at&#237;picas, em especial aquelas com VA retr&#243;grado durante TAVN mais precoce na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia e posterior do septo, pr&#243;ximo &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o alvo do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o. Nenhuma das at&#237;picas que apresentaram durante a taquicardia o VA retr&#243;grado mais precoce na regi&#227;o anterior do septo ou no s&#237;tio distal do cateter posicionado no interior do seio coronariano (30.7% das at&#237;picas) apresentou eventos preditores de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As formas at&#237;picas representaram 9% de incid&#234;ncia das taquicardias atrioventriculares reentrantes nodais estudadas. As possibilidades de varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas dentro das formas at&#237;picas de taquicardia atrioventricular reentrante nodal s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplas. As vias retr&#243;gradas de posi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia e posterior apresentaram maior n&#250;mero de eventos preditores de risco para bloqueio atrioventricular. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tipo anat&#244;mico permite uma abordagem mais criteriosa no sentido de prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maila Seifert Macedo Silva </p>
        <p> Rua das Laranjeiras, 374 </p>
        <p> 22240-006 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mailasilva@cardiol.br">mailasilva@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 22/01/06; revisado recebido em 09/03/06; aceito em 11/04/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemetayer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Sorbera C, Cohen M, Woolf P. Atrioventricular    nodal reentry tachycardia: slow pathway ablation using the transseptal approach.    Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23: 1343-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia: slow pathway ablation using the transseptal approach</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1343</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sorbera</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woolf</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Yeh SJ, Wang CC, Wen MS. Radiofrequency ablation    therapy in atypical or multiple atrioventricular node reentry tachycardias.    Am Heart J 1994; 128: 742-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Radiofrequency ablation therapy in atypical or multiple atrioventricular node reentry tachycardias</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>742</fpage>
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          <volume>128</volume>
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              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Contribution of the electrophysiological and anatomical analysis of the atypical atrioventricular nodal tachycardia circuit</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To analyze retrograde conduction during junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) episodes and investigate the existence of a relationship between the presence of a retrograde block and the risk of atrioventricular block (AVB) development during radiofrequency ablation procedures in patients with nodal atrioventricular tachycardia (NAVT). METHODS: 145 male and female patients aged 16-84 years, with NAVT who had undergone radiofrequency catheter ablation in the posteroseptal region of the right atrium were studied. Evaluation criteria were anatomical location and electrophysiological behavior of retrograde conduction during NAVT, in order to understand the nodal reentrant circuit (classifying the tachycardia as typical or atypical), and monitoring of retrograde conduction during JET episodes for risk-predicting AVB events. RESULTS: Of the 145 patients studied, 132 (91%) met electrophysiological and anatomical criteria of the typical form of NAVT, and 13 (9%) of atypical form. During the ablation, 5.3% with the typical form and 30.8% of the atypical form presented risk events for AVB. After the ablation, complications were a total AVB episode in one patient and a first-degree AVB episode in another in the typical group, and one first-degree AVB in the atypical group. All three episodes were preceded by risk events and resulted in permanent nodal injury. CONCLUSION: Patients with atypical NAVT presented higher percentages of risk events for atrioventricular block than did patients with the typical form (p=0.021).A careful observation of retrograde conduction during JET episodes is vital in order to avoid permanent damage in AV nodal conduction, such as TAVB, after the ablation procedure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmia</kwd>
        <kwd>nodal atrioventricular tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Contribution of the electrophysiological and anatomical analysis of the atypical atrioventricular nodal tachycardia circuit  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maila Seifert Macedo Silva; Roberto Luiz M. da Silva S&#225;; M&#225;rcio Luiz A. Fagundes; Fernando E. S. Cruz Filho; Leonardo B. Arantes; Silvia Boghossian; Adriana Monteiro C. David de Almeida; Rafael Lopes Fagundes; Luiz Jos&#233; Romeo Filho </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras, Universidade Federal Fluminense e Ritmolab - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze retrograde conduction during junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) episodes and investigate the existence of a relationship between the presence of a retrograde block and the risk of atrioventricular block (AVB) development during radiofrequency ablation procedures in patients with nodal atrioventricular tachycardia (NAVT). </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 145 male and female patients aged 16-84 years, with NAVT who had undergone radiofrequency catheter ablation in the posteroseptal region of the right atrium were studied. Evaluation criteria were anatomical location and electrophysiological behavior of retrograde conduction during NAVT, in order to understand the nodal reentrant circuit (classifying the tachycardia as typical or atypical), and monitoring of retrograde conduction during JET episodes for risk-predicting AVB events.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 145 patients studied, 132 (91%) met electrophysiological and anatomical criteria of the typical form of NAVT, and 13 (9%) of atypical form. During the ablation, 5.3% with the typical form and 30.8% of the atypical form presented risk events for AVB. After the ablation, complications were a total AVB episode in one patient and a first-degree AVB episode in another in the typical group, and one first-degree AVB in the atypical group. All three episodes were preceded by risk events and resulted in permanent nodal injury.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with atypical NAVT presented higher percentages of risk events for atrioventricular block than did patients with the typical form (p=0.021).A careful observation of retrograde conduction during JET episodes is vital in order to avoid permanent damage in AV nodal conduction, such as TAVB, after the ablation procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Arrhythmia, nodal atrioventricular tachycardia, ablation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a relatively common disturbance of cardiac electrical activation with an incidence of 0.5% in the general population, in the absence of structural cardiac disease<sup>1</sup>. Within this group, nodal atrioventricular tachycardia (NAVT) is responsible for about 60% of PSVT cases<sup>1</sup>. There is a 3:1 predominance of females over males<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Characteristically, NAVT occurs in sustained paroxysmal surges, especially from the second decade of life on<sup>3</sup>. In the great majority of cases, it produces uncomfortable symptoms that may require medical intervention, whether in a situation of a sustained episode or for secondary prevention in order to avoid new episodes<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies<sup>2-5</sup> have demonstrated that patients with NAVT classically have two anatomically and electrophysiologically distinct conduction pathways. Presently, there is electrophysiological proof that the dual nodal pathway is commonly composed of a circuit that encompasses a slow conduction pathway with a short refractory period (the "alpha" route in old nomenclature) and another route with fast conduction and a long refractory period (the "beta" route in old nomenclature) that determine the substrate for the reentry mechanism<sup>5</sup>. In typical NAVT, anterograde conduction occurs by the slow pathway, whereas retrograde conduction occurs by the fast route with an earlier recording of retrograde atrial activation during the electrophysiological (EPS) study in the anterior region of the tricuspid ring (bundle of His area). All other NAVT types that show any variation in the electrophysiological and/or anatomical circuit during tachycardia are considered atypical. </p>
      <p>The classical electrophysiological definition of the dual nodal pathway represents an abrupt increase of nodal A-V conduction of at least 50 ms between the atrial and His (AH) potential intervals, with an anterograde block in the fast pathway conduction and selective conduction by the slow pathway in response to a 10 ms decrease during atrial or ventricular stimulation; this phenomenon is known as a "JUMP"<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Over the last decades, therefore, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological criteria of the different forms of PSVT have been better clarified, allowing optimization of therapeutic techniques that initially included surgical curative treatment<sup>6</sup>, and later, radiofrequency catheter ablation<sup>1-5</sup>. More specifically, in NAVT, the posteroseptal region of the right atrium has become the ablation target of choice<sup>7</sup>. This procedure has shown a high rate of success<sup>2</sup> considering the established locations of both pathways<sup>7</sup>, especially in typical NAVT. Nevertheless, atypical forms may present unique electrophysiological characteristics and uncommon pathways, making it difficult to determine the target anatomical site for ablation by radiofrequency catheter (RF), whether it is an anterograde or retrograde conduction route.</p>
      <p>During application of the RF energy, the appearance of an accelerated automatic junctional ectopic rhythm (JET) is common, and its occurrence is related to the success of the procedure<sup>2,3,5</sup>. The emergence of a block of the retrograde conduction to the atria during JET was associated with a concomitant lesion of the fast pathway and imminent risk of total atrioventricular block (TAVB) after the procedure<sup>3,5,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to first classify the NAVT according to the electrophysiological performance of the anterograde and retrograde pathways, and then to accurately identify the anatomical location of the retrograde pathway (by analysis of the earliest retrograde conduction site during nodal tachycardia). Secondarily, the objective was to observe retrograde conduction during episodes of JET in the ablative procedure, in order to appraise the existence of an association between a retrograde block and the risk of an atrioventricular block developing during ablation procedures with a radiofrequency catheter in patients with NAVT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ourselected patients had a history of symptomatic and frequent tachycardia, with sudden onset and termination, with or without electrocardiographic documentation of PSVT. The baseline electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm showed a normal or slightly shortened P-R interval and an absence of an evident anomalous pathway. Between 1999 and July of 2005, 145 patients were selected, both male and female, with ages ranging between 16 and 84 years.</p>
      <p>During the electrophysiological study (EPS), catheters were positioned in the right atrium at the A-V junction (the bundle of His electrogram recording), inside the coronary sinus, and at the apex of the right ventricle. The EPS protocol included artificial stimulation (by an EMS<sup>TM</sup> electrophysiology polygraph) of the right atrium and ventricle, both with a basic cycle of 8 to 10 stimuli followed by an extra stimulus with progressively shorter coupling (with 10 ms decrements) until the effective refractory period of the stimulated site or induction of NAVT was attained. Two or three basic cycles with up to three extra stimuli were used in order to induce NAVT. The programmed atrial stimulation was performed and the following points were determined: sino-atrial conduction time, sinus node recovery time, Wenckebach point, and refractory periods of the atrium and AV node, besides the presence or absence of a longitudinal dissociation or "JUMP" before tachycardia induction.</p>
      <p>Atrial stimulation as per the protocol with extra stimuli in 10 ms decrements was carried out under concomitant observation of nodal conduction (AH interval) up to the induction of NAVT (with or without a "JUMP" preceding the tachycardia). NAVT induction with the extra stimulus technique proved to be possible in all patients. However, in some patients with the typical form (32 patients = 24.24% of typical cases) prior infusion of isoproterenol (1 to 4 mcg/min) was necessary for tachycardia induction.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis of NAVT was determined by electrophysiological criteria previously established by Josephson et al<sup>9</sup>, excluding patients with tachycardia mediated by an anomalous pathway (A - ventricular pre-excitation during atrial stimulation; B - lengthening of V-A interval during tachycardia with the concomitant development of a bundle branch block; C - advancement of atrial activation during ventricular stimulation at the moment of bundle of His refractoriness; D - elimination of tachycardia with the release of radiofrequency in a site other than the lower septal region of the right atrium), and including those in whom the criteria met all the requisites for a NAVT (A - exclusion of a participating anomalous pathway; B - induction of tachycardia with a narrow QRS using the atrial extra stimuli or rapid atrial stimulus technique; C - dissociation of the atrium from the tachycardia circuit during stimulation in the right atrium (RA), coronary sinus (CS) or His (H); D - ablation via the slow pathway prevents re-induction of tachycardia; E - a "JUMP" was not considered necessary for diagnosis).</p>
      <p>Tachycardia was classified as typical or atypical according to conduction velocity, electrophysiological properties of anterograde and retrograde pathways and anatomical location of the retrograde pathway by analysis of the intracavitary electrogram record (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tabs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>), where "slow-fast" NAVT is typical of an earlier recording of retrograde atrial activation in the anterior region (near the bundle of His). All other forms of NAVT were considered atypical. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fn id="tab03-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Ablation was performed in sinus rhythm in the posteroseptal region of the right atrium and with no recording of His potential in the ablation catheter. The electrophysiological criteria included obtaining a small atrial potential and an ample ventricular potential, with a 1:4 ratio<sup>5,7,9</sup>, i.e., at the level of the tricuspid ring (in the posteroseptal region of the right atrium), near the coronary sinus ostium, as well as an A/V ratio on the electrogram of <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.5<sup>2,5,9,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>JET occurred in 100% of patients (of the typical and atypical groups) during emission of RF, with a variation of 1 to 30 ectopic beats. Events considered risk-predictors for AVB during JET were a lengthening of the P-R interval (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GQdmP5ztdMVjxfrXMSzYGwg/707f84b0108b197334372024c4a8707bb9a796d7.gif"/> P-R), an atrioventricular block (AVB) or an atrioventricular dissociation (AVD). </p>
      <p>According to medical literature<sup>2,5</sup>, when "isorhythmic dissociation" events arise during JET (a phenomenon in which the sinus frequency is very similar to the junctional ectopy frequency, making it difficult to assess the integrity of ventriculo-atrial conduction), RF should be immediately interrupted, since the criterion for evaluating nodal conduction integrity is the observation of any P-R interval prolongation through atrial stimulation in a frequency higher than that of the junctional rhythm (JET) during the ablation procedure. </p>
      <p>In our project, however, there was no evidence of isorhythmic dissociation events, although during the ablation procedure sometimes the JET beats were intercalated with sinus capture beats (enabling analysis of the P-R interval in these beats);also, when there was any lengthening of the P-R interval (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GQdmP5ztdMVjxfrXMSzYGwg/707f84b0108b197334372024c4a8707bb9a796d7.gif"/> P-R) in sinus capture beats during RF, this was immediately interrupted, since a prolonged P-R interval is also considered a risk-predicting event for nodal injury<sup>2,5</sup>. Therefore, in our study it was not necessary for any patient to undergo atrial stimulation during ablation, since there were no isorhythmic dissociation events. </p>
      <p>All patients analyzed had previously signed a consent form for the electrophysiological study. Anti-arrhythmic drugs were discontinued before the study for a period equivalent to five half-lives. Patients were taken to the electrophysiology laboratory in fasting state (for about 12 hours) and sedation was given by an anesthesiologist. </p>
      <p>A 7F ("French") decapolar or quadripolar catheter was introduced through the right internal jugular vein into the coronary sinus in order to record its potentials. Three catheters were introduced via the right femoral vein: 1) one 7F quadripolar catheter, positioned in the tricuspid ring to record the electrogram of the bundle of His; 2) one 7F quadripolar catheter to record the upper right atrium potential and provide atrial stimulation, or to perform ventricular stimulation, if necessary; 3) one EPT<sup>TM</sup> 8F ablation catheter with temperature control and distal 5 mm electrode used for mapping the target site and for the radiofrequency ablation. </p>
      <p>After identifying the target site, radiofrequency (RF) energy was released with temperature control at 65&#186;C, for a period of 60 seconds. During the RF application, JET episodes were carefully monitored in order to analyze the integrity of the V-A conduction. During such episodes, the presence of a V-A block or of one or more dissociated beats led to an automatic and immediate interruption of RF supply. </p>
      <p>After the RF application, a new atrial and ventricular stimulation was used to evaluate the success of the procedure. A successful procedure was considered as the non-induction of new tachycardia and absence of atrial echoes. The presence of a wave leap (JUMP), but with no atrial echo, was considered a sign of ablation success. </p>
      <p>As to the catheter positioned inside the CS, it is also important to point out that the region that corresponds to the ostium of the coronary sinus (where the proximal electrodes of the catheter are located) is considered the proximal (pxCS) location, and the region more than two centimeters away from the interior of the ostium is considered the distal (dCS) or eccentric location.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In all, 145 patients with NAVT were analyzed. One hundred and thirty-two (91%) of them met electrophysiological criteria of the typical form (slow-fast with the earliest recording of retrograde activation in the anterior region of the right septum, near the bundle of His), and 13 (9%) met criteria for atypical forms (other cases of NAVT or NAVT with circuits other than the well-defined circuit of the typical form) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tabs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>). Hence, in this study we observed a significant difference between the numbers of patients with typical and atypical forms. According to what had been noted in previous studies<sup>9,11-15</sup>, atypical NAVT is infrequent, and even in light of modern electrophysiology knowledge, varied and/or multiple circuits of the atypical forms are still poorly understood, unlike the typical tachycardia circuit which is already well-established<sup>1,2,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="tab04-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>After the electrophysiological diagnosis of NAVT (typical or atypical), all patients were submitted to ablation with a radiofrequency catheter in the posteroseptal region of the right atrium. During JET, if any risk-prediction event was detected (increased P-R interval, V-A block and/or A-V dissociation) radiofrequency was immediately interrupted. V-A conduction monitoring during JET was performed by means of the signals obtained by the catheters positioned in the coronary sinus and upper right atrium.</p>
      <p>Out of the 132 patients in the group of typical cases submitted to ablation, seven progressed with risk-predicting events (5.3%) during this procedure; one patient experienced a ventriculo-atrial (V-A) block and 6 patients had a V-A block followed by atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Tabs. 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the group of atypical cases (13 patients), four (30.8%) experienced risk-predicting events during radiofrequency application. These included lengthening of the P-R interval, V-A block, V-A block (or V without A) followed by A-V dissociation, and lengthening of the P-R interval followed by A-V dissociation; in these cases radiofrequency was immediately stopped (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">Tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>).</p>
      <p>Atypical cases were classified as eight subtypes, with four risk events in four different patients (out of 13 patients who underwent ablation) (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">Tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>).</p>
      <p>During JET, if risk-predicting events emerged, RF was rapidly interrupted in order to prevent permanent A-V conduction damage.</p>
      <p>After RF interruption in the atypical group, the A-V conduction that was dissociated gradually recovered but in one case (SI med), one patient remained in first-degree atrioventricular block. In the typical group, one patient remained in first-degree atrioventricular block and another in total AVB. Consequently, in both groups, typical and atypical, there were patients who experienced permanent damage in A-V nodal conduction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Tabs. 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08-body2">8</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig04-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0144-00003-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08-body2">Table 8</xref>, permanent complications in the typical cases were one episode of TAVB and one episode of first-degree AVB. In the atypical cases, there was one episode of first-degree AVB as a permanent consequence of nodal damage following ablation. </p>
      <p>During follow-up for up to six months, patients remained asymptomatic (with no recurrences of NAVT) and did not experience late complications inherent to the ablation procedure, such as late atrioventricular blocks<sup>1-5</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Third-degree AVB or total A-V block (TAVB) is considered the most significant complication associated with ablation of an NAVT<sup>1,2,5,10</sup>. The incidence of this complication is considered low, with less than 1% in published studies<sup>1,5,16-18</sup>. For that reason, in order to prevent complications such as TAVB during the ablation procedure, it is extremely important to observe the integrity of ventriculoatrial (V-A) conduction or the lengthening of the P-R interval<sup>8,10,19,20</sup> during JET. It is known that an A-V block, both transient and permanent, rarely occurs when V-A conduction remains intact during the entire period when JET occurs. Furthermore, loss of V-A conduction (V-A block) during JET has been suggested as an imminent risk for TAVB during an ablative procedure<sup>8</sup>. Therefore, radiofrequency should be immediately discontinued<sup>2,5,10,21</sup> if a V-A block does occur, since the positive predictive value of a V-A block during JET for the occurrence of TAVB is approximately 20%<sup>8,10</sup>. We also highlight the fact that V-A conduction during JET occurs even in patients who do not experience retrograde V-A conduction with programmed ventricular stimulation prior to ablation<sup>2,5,10</sup>, and this reinforces even further the importance of an early abortion of radiofrequency emission in the presence of a V-A block. </p>
      <p>Over the last decade, selective ablation of the posteroseptal region of the right atrium (RA) has become the approach of choice<sup>7</sup>. This procedure has shown a high rate of success<sup>2</sup>, considering the established locations of the anterograde and retrograde pathways of a typical NAVT. Nevertheless, in atypical forms, including multiple pathway circuits, unique electrophysiological features and paths with uncommon locations may appear in mappings made during the electrophysiological study, making it difficult to determine the target anatomical site for ablation. Actually, atypical behavior routes represent an additional risk in atrioventricular blocks<sup>5,10,11,13</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Studies carried out with atypical forms also suggest that in these cases ablation should be approached with greater caution<sup>11,14,22</sup>. In some of these studies, patients with the atypical form presented a higher incidence of some degree of nodal damage after RF emission (detected by analysis of A-H interval lengthening, increase of the A-V node refractory period or of Wenckebach point) resulting from RF catheter ablation in the posteroseptal region of the RA<sup>11,14,15</sup>. In any case, in every NAVT (typical or atypical) the presence of risk-predicting events during JET is considered an important marker for a permanent A-V block <sup>3, 8-12,14</sup>, much more than for transient TAVB.</p>
      <p>Our objective in this study was to try to characterize the anatomical variants and electrophysiological behavior of atypical forms of NAVT (since they are still poorly explained by the specialized literature) and to correlate them with risk-predicting events for AVB during ablation with a radiofrequency catheter. </p>
      <p>As to the anatomical location of the retrograde pathway in the atypical forms in this study, the earliest atrial retrograde conduction was observed in a more anterior position (near the bundle of His) in two patients, in the medial region (pxCS = His) in three patients, in the proximal coronary sinus in 6 patients, and in the distal coronary sinus (dCS) in two patients (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">Tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>). </p>
      <p>The electrophysiological behavior of the anterograde and retrograde pathways in atypical forms was manifold (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">Tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>). </p>
      <p>Based on the data above, we can see that risk-predicting events occurred in both forms of NAVT (atypical with 30.8% versus 5.3% in typical forms) with a higher and statistically significant percentage (p=0.021) in atypical forms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Tab. 5</xref>). Analyzing the anatomical location of the retrograde pathway of atypical forms in which risk events were seen (with their respective SI md, SS post, FS md, and SI post circuits), we can see that this location was medial or posterior, and therefore, closer to the target region for the ablation catheter in the posteroseptal region of the RA. On the other hand, this may have contributed to the appearance of risk-predicting events for nodal damage and even permanent damage of nodal A-V conduction, through the permanent first-degree A-V block present in one patient (who had the atypical SI med form).</p>
      <p>In spite of the fact that risk-predicting events have been observed more frequently (in terms of percentages) in atypical forms (p=0.021), there was also permanent damage in nodal conduction after RF emission in typical forms preceded by these risk events. These were, respectively, one with a first-degree A-V block and another with a permanent TAVB (both preceded by a V-A block during JET) (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">Tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>).</p>
      <p>From data analysis, we can conclude that in both types of NAVT risk-predicting events can cause permanent nodal injury.</p>
      <p>In spite of higher percentages of risk-predicting events in atypical forms, more patients with typical forms (two to one with atypical forms) experienced permanent lesions in nodal A-V conduction. This may have occurred as a result of several factors, including the large difference in numbers of patients with typical versus atypical forms (132 versus 13, respectively), inadvertent risk of TAVB despite rapid interruption of RF in the presence of an V-A block during JET (as per Hintringer et al<sup>8</sup>), and, at the same time, the fact that patients with risk-predicting factors during JET had the RF emission immediately stopped, which in most cases avoided permanent nodal lesions, such as TAVB, in many patients.</p>
      <p>The greatest limitation of this study was the large numerical difference between patients with typical NAVT and those with atypical NAVT (132 versus 13 patients, respectively), probably as a result of a lower rate of atypical forms among the total cases of NAVT, a phenomenon already noted in previous studies<sup>3,10,11, 19,22,23</sup>. In spite of this significant numerical difference between both variants, there was a statistical significance (p = 0.021) during RF emission and an accelerated junctional rhythm of more risk-predicting events in patients with atypical forms, especially those with earlier retrograde V-A conduction during NAVT in the medial and posterior regions of the septum, near the target position of the ablation catheter. None of the atypical cases that presented an earlier retrograde V-A conduction during tachycardia in the anterior region of the septum or at the distal site of the catheter positioned inside the coronary sinus (30.7% of atypical forms), had risk-predicting events (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab04-body2">Tabs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atypical forms represent 9% of the incidence of nodal reentry atrioventricular tachycardia cases studied. The possibilities of anatomical and electrophysiological variations within the atypical forms of nodal reentry atrioventricular tachycardia are multiple. The medial and posterior position retrograde pathways show a larger number of risk-predicting events for atrioventricular block. Characterization of the anatomical type allows for a wiser approach in preventing complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maila Seifert Macedo Silva</p>
          <p> Rua das Laranjeiras, 374</p>
          <p> 22240-006 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mailasilva@cardiol.br">mailasilva@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 22, 2006; revised manuscript received March 9, 2006; Accepted April 11, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
