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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rh7R3fqHsNV83ZsWhcLGLyz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mudan&#231;a do modo VVI para DDD ("upgrade") na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos: an&#225;lise comparativa cl&#237;nico-funcional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teno</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Castilho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Fabian Cecchi Teno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ruiz</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>133</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar o comportamento cl&#237;nico e funcional dos modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrioventricular na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e bloqueio atrioventricular. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados comparativamente sob estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrioventricular 27 pacientes, inicialmente na inclus&#227;o do estudo e alternadamente no modo ventricular e atrioventricular em duas fases com dura&#231;&#227;o de 90 dias, considerando: o comportamento cl&#237;nico, avaliado pela qualidade de vida e classe funcional, e o comportamento funcional, avaliado pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, modo ventricular e modo atrioventricular, utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas, considerando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia das medidas avaliadas na qualidade de vida foram: capacidade funcional (VVI 71,3+/-18,2 , DDD 69,3+/-20,4), estado geral (VVI 68,1+/-21,8 , DDD 69,4+/-19,4) e vitalidade (VVI 64,8+/-24,6 , DDD 67,6+/-25,5); na ecocardiografia: FEVE (VVI 52,5+/-12,8 , DDD 51,8+/-14,9), DDFVE (VVI 53,0+/-7,7 , DDD 42,4+/-7,8), AE (VVI 38,6+/-5,4 DDD 38,5+/-5,1) e no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: dist&#226;ncia percorrida (VVI 463,4+/-84,7 , DDD 462,6+/-63,4). Houve quatro casos de complica&#231;&#245;es: tr&#234;s associadas &#224; mudan&#231;a de modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o, no comportamento cl&#237;nico, avaliado pela qualidade de vida e classe funcional e no comportamento funcional, avaliado pela ecocardiografia e pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>bloqueio card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>marcapasso artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade de vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Mudan&#231;a do modo VVI para DDD ("upgrade") na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos. An&#225;lise comparativa cl&#237;nico-funcional  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Antonio Castilho Teno; Roberto Costa; Martino Martinelli Filho; Fabian Cecchi Teno Castilho; Ivan Ruiz</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP e Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar o comportamento cl&#237;nico e funcional dos modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrioventricular na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e bloqueio atrioventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados comparativamente sob estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrioventricular 27 pacientes, inicialmente na inclus&#227;o do estudo e alternadamente no modo ventricular e atrioventricular em duas fases com dura&#231;&#227;o de 90 dias, considerando: o comportamento cl&#237;nico, avaliado pela qualidade de vida e classe funcional, e o comportamento funcional, avaliado pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, modo ventricular e modo atrioventricular, utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas, considerando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia das medidas avaliadas na qualidade de vida foram: capacidade funcional (VVI 71,3+/-18,2 , DDD 69,3+/-20,4), estado geral (VVI 68,1+/-21,8 , DDD 69,4+/-19,4) e vitalidade (VVI 64,8+/-24,6 , DDD 67,6+/-25,5); na ecocardiografia: FEVE (VVI 52,5+/-12,8 , DDD 51,8+/-14,9), DDFVE (VVI 53,0+/-7,7 , DDD 42,4+/-7,8), AE (VVI 38,6+/-5,4 DDD 38,5+/-5,1) e no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: dist&#226;ncia percorrida (VVI 463,4+/-84,7 , DDD 462,6+/-63,4). Houve quatro casos de complica&#231;&#245;es: tr&#234;s associadas &#224; mudan&#231;a de modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o, no comportamento cl&#237;nico, avaliado pela qualidade de vida e classe funcional e no comportamento funcional, avaliado pela ecocardiografia e pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, bloqueio card&#237;aco, marcapasso artificial, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o seq&#252;encial de &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos possibilita a reconstitui&#231;&#227;o do sincronismo atrioventricular, perdido com a instala&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o recuperado com a estimula&#231;&#227;o VVI<sup>1</sup>. As potenciais vantagens hemodin&#226;micas atribu&#237;das a esse modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m denominado de fisiol&#243;gico (DDD) s&#227;o: o melhor enchimento ventricular pela contribui&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;stole atrial e o controle fisiol&#243;gico da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pelo aproveitamento das ondas "P" espont&#226;neas do paciente<sup>2,3</sup>, e por isso as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais sugerem esse modo para o implante inicial, por ser, teoricamente, mais fisiol&#243;gico que o marcapasso unicamente ventricular<sup>4,5</sup>. Essa conduta tem sido utilizada nos pacientes cuja indica&#231;&#227;o do implante de marcapasso se d&#225; por doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal, por&#233;m, ela n&#227;o tem sido aplicada nos pacientes portadores de bloqueios atrioventriculares, pois n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias de vantagens com esse modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo de pacientes, principalmente na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos. </p>
    <p>Este estudo busca responder se as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias e efeitos cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;micos, decorrentes da mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular para atrioventricular na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e bloqueio atrioventricular, justificam a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineiramente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo cl&#237;nico controlado, prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego. Os pacientes foram orientados quanto ao tipo de procedimento que seria realizado, seus riscos e potenciais benef&#237;cios. Ap&#243;s convenientemente esclarecidos, concordaram em participar do protocolo de pesquisa, tendo assinado Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado com 27 pacientes selecionados, de 8 de setembro de 2001 a 18 de mar&#231;o de 2004. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes portadores de marcapasso ventricular exclusivo, implantado h&#225; pelo menos 24 meses, com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e bloqueio atrioventricular e idade acima de 18 e abaixo de 80 anos, de qualquer sexo. Foram exclusos do estudo pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou fl&#252;ter atrial parox&#237;stico, persistente ou permanente, sintomas sugestivos de s&#237;ndrome de marcapasso, gravidez, doen&#231;a limitante associada ou expectativa de vida reduzida.</p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes variou de 29 a 79 anos, com m&#233;dia de 55,9 &#177; 12,7 e mediana de 54 anos. O sexo era feminino em 15 e masculino em 12 enfermos. A cor era branca em 14 pacientes, negra em oito e parda em cinco.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes eram portadores de marcapasso ventricular permanente por per&#237;odos que variaram de 3 a 30 anos com m&#233;dia de 11 &#177; 6 anos e mediana de 10 anos. Em 13 enfermos, o procedimento de troca iria substituir o primeiro sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o implantado; em sete, o segundo gerador de pulsos utilizado; em tr&#234;s, o terceiro e, em quatro, o quarto. </p>
    <p>O ritmo pr&#243;prio de todos os pacientes era sinusal para os &#225;trios com bloqueio completo da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, constatado com o teste de diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso.</p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo</italic><bold> - </bold>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-funcional na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, os pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico: implante de cabo-eletrodo atrial e troca do gerador de pulsos unicameral por outro dupla-c&#226;mara. A seguir, o gerador foi programado para o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o selecionado pela randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na condi&#231;&#227;o A, os pacientes permaneceram, ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, no modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante 90 dias (fase I), sendo posteriormente reprogramados para o modo atrioventricular e mantidos por mais 90 dias (fase II). Na condi&#231;&#227;o B, os pacientes foram programados, ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, no modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, sendo mantidos durante 90 dias (fase I) e posteriormente reprogramados para o modo ventricular e mantidos por mais 90 dias (fase II) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Programa&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso</italic> - Modo VVI: a freq&#252;&#234;ncia programada foi de 70bpm e, como os pacientes tinham bloqueio atrioventricular de grau avan&#231;ado, n&#227;o houve em nenhum momento o sincronismo AV. Modo DDD: A freq&#252;&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 70bpm, sem resposta de freq&#252;&#234;ncia, e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia m&#225;xima foi calculada com base em 80% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia m&#225;xima para a idade. O intervalo AV n&#227;o foi individualizado e foi programado para 120ms ap&#243;s uma onda "p" espont&#226;nea e 180ms ap&#243;s uma onda "p" estimulada. A sensibilidade atrial foi programada em 0,5mV e a ventricular em 2,5mV. Ao final do estudo, todos os pacientes tiveram seu marcapasso reprogramado para o modo atrioventricular.</p>
    <p><italic>Qualidade de vida </italic><bold>- </bold>O instrumento gen&#233;rico de avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade de vida utilizado neste estudo foi o protocolo <italic>Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey</italic>. As respostas ao question&#225;rio foram avaliadas num banco de dados (<italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico) que mensurou as dimens&#245;es de qualidade de vida numa escala (Raw Scale) que varia de 0 (pior estado de sa&#250;de) a 100 (melhor estado de sa&#250;de).</p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</italic> - Foram realizados ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos em repouso nas mesmas ocasi&#245;es das avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Foi solicitada ao ecocardiografista a exclus&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma durante o exame para impedir a identifica&#231;&#227;o do modo de programa&#231;&#227;o. Foram obtidas imagens em cortes convencionais para a obten&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de Teicholz. </p>
    <p><italic>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos</italic> - O teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos pacientes e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida foi o marcador da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Foram medidas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas antes do in&#237;cio e no final do teste e a dist&#226;ncia que o paciente percorreu em 6 minutos de caminhada. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos efeitos da mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi realizada na condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; (basal), modo VVI e modo DDD. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram comparadas com a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas. Quando significantes, realizou-se teste complementar de contraste para discriminar as diferen&#231;as. Os valores de p&lt;0.05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram realizados com sucesso todos os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e n&#227;o houve &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo estudado. A via de acesso para a introdu&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo atrial foi a pun&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via em 25 pacientes (92,5%) e da veia jugular interna em dois (7.5%). Foram realizadas medidas de imped&#226;ncia dos eletrodos, sensibilidade para onda R e P e limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular na condi&#231;&#227;o unipolar e bipolar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es observadas foram - Deslocamento do eletrodo atrial, 1 caso (3.7%); taquicardia atrial, 1 caso (3,7%); fl&#252;tter atrial, 1 caso (3,7%); Hematoma de bolsa do gerador, 1 caso (3,7%).</p>
    <p>O deslocamento do eletrodo foi corrigido cirurgicamente com o reposicionamento no terceiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o implante e o paciente reiniciou o protocolo do estudo. A taquicardia atrial ocorreu no ato operat&#243;rio e o fl&#252;tter atrial duas semanas ap&#243;s. Ambas as arritmias foram tratadas por estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial r&#225;pida. O hematoma de loja ocorreu no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (24 horas) e foi causado pelo uso de heparina subcut&#226;nea profil&#225;tica. Foi tratado apenas com suspens&#227;o da heparina e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</italic> - N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de pacientes agrupados por classe funcional (NYHA) nas condi&#231;&#245;es de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; (basal), VVI e DDD (P=0,334) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</italic> - As medidas de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (TEICHOLZ) (P=0,216), do DDFVE (P=0,095) e do AE (P=0,290) realizadas no in&#237;cio do estudo (basal), ao final do modo VVI e ao final do modo DDD n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos </italic>- A dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante os seis minutos do teste pelos pacientes durante a condi&#231;&#227;o basal, em modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e em modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre a m&#233;dia nos dois modos (P=0,945), por&#233;m a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em ambos foi significantemente superior &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o basal (P=0,0006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial do teste n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m a m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia na condi&#231;&#227;o basal foi significativamente menor que nas fases VVI e DDD. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca final no modo DDD n&#227;o mostrou um aumento importante, por&#233;m a m&#233;dia foi maior em rela&#231;&#227;o a condi&#231;&#227;o basal e ao modo VVI. </p>
    <p><italic>Qualidade de vida </italic>- A qualidade de vida avaliada pela capacidade funcional (P=0,489), pelo estado geral (P=0,546) e pela vitalidade (P=0,593) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa na m&#233;dia dessas dimens&#245;es em nenhuma condi&#231;&#227;o do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso do marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial no tratamento do bloqueio atrioventricular em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica est&#225; definitivamente consagrado, por&#233;m a decis&#227;o sobre o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o mais adequado ainda permite discuss&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rios estudos na literatura em que se comparam os efeitos dos modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca VVI e DDD em pacientes n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos <sup>6-10</sup>, por&#233;m a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica apresenta caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas pr&#243;prias com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, que a diferencia de outras patologias <sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a an&#225;lise da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o dos nossos pacientes, sob a programa&#231;&#227;o DDD, sem ativa&#231;&#227;o de sensor de resposta de freq&#252;&#234;ncia, mostrou discreta varia&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica no teste de caminhada de seis minutos e, portanto, pode-se deduzir que os achados comparativos entre as programa&#231;&#245;es VVI isolada e DDD foram conseq&#252;&#234;ncias do sincronismo atrioventricular recuperado. </p>
    <p>Existe muita pol&#234;mica a respeito do tema central deste estudo, pois a mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o na troca eletiva do gerador com o objetivo de se obter melhor fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, nem sempre resulta em benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico. A mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o VVI para DDD (<italic>upgrade</italic>) foi proposta pela primeira vez em 1992, por Sulke e cols., num estudo randomizado que inclu&#237;a 16 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, com marcapasso VVI implantado h&#225; mais de tr&#234;s anos por doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal e bloqueio atrioventricular. O modo DDD promoveu melhora da capacidade f&#237;sica e de bem estar (avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva), mas n&#227;o foi diferente do ponto de vista ecocardiogr&#225;fico<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Hildick-Smith e cols., em 1998, avaliando retrospectivamente 44 casos de <italic>upgrade</italic> de MP ventricular observaram que apenas os sintom&#225;ticos (maioria dos inclusos) se beneficiaram, mas a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de 45% foi considerada muito elevada<sup>14</sup>. Gribbin e cols., em avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua experi&#234;ncia, observaram tamb&#233;m taxa exagerada (36%)<sup>15</sup>, e por isso conclu&#237;ram que a mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o na troca eletiva do gerador deveria ser realizada apenas por motivos bem definidos. No presente estudo, as complica&#231;&#245;es foram muito menos expressivas, talvez porque, diferentemente dos estudos retrospectivos, o estudo prospectivo permite a escolha de examinadores pr&#233;-selecionados e a possibilidade de melhores resultados. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es referentes ao marcapasso DDD s&#227;o mais comuns do que no VVI, e se devem principalmente ao cabo-eletrodo atrial, como demonstra o estudo UKPACE<sup>16</sup>. Neste nosso estudo, entre as quatro complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas observadas, tr&#234;s se relacionaram com a mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Tanto o deslocamento do cabo-eletrodo atrial como a ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias atriais conduzidas pelo marcapasso s&#227;o exclusivamente inerentes ao sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, Hoijer e cols. publicaram os achados de 19 pacientes submetidos &#224; mudan&#231;a do modo VVI para atrioventricular ap&#243;s randomiza&#231;&#227;o e mostraram maior prefer&#234;ncia dos pacientes pelo tipo DDDR, assim como melhor qualidade de vida e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>17</sup>. A nosso ver, entretanto, esse estudo incluiu inadequadamente pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de marcapasso, o que significa um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o que compromete os achados de qualquer avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa de modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Esse efeito p&#244;de ser observado no estudo MOST em que a qualidade de vida melhorou ap&#243;s implante de marcapasso, com discreta vantagem para a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. Entretanto a avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada com exclus&#227;o do grupo que realizou <italic>crossover</italic>, por intoler&#226;ncia ao modo VVI, n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a entre as duas situa&#231;&#245;es<sup>18</sup>. O grupo de pacientes avaliados neste estudo eram bem adaptados ao modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o que isenta o estudo dessas cr&#237;ticas.</p>
    <p>No teste de caminhada de seis minutos, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida nos dois modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o, ficou claro que existe um efeito de treino pelo aprendizado do teste pelo paciente, pois nos dois modos &#224; dist&#226;ncia percorrida foi significativamente maior comparada &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o basal. A m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial na condi&#231;&#227;o basal foi significativamente menor comparada aos modos VVI e DDD pela fal&#234;ncia do gerador de pulsos, principal motivo para a indica&#231;&#227;o eletiva da troca. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca final foi maior na condi&#231;&#227;o DDD, por&#233;m n&#227;o suficiente para repercutir clinicamente, provavelmente pela cardiopatia de base.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes portadores de marcapasso card&#237;aco n&#227;o realizam exerc&#237;cios t&#227;o intensos durante sua atividade di&#225;ria, por isso a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida expressa melhor o dia-a-dia desse grupo de pacientes. A qualidade de vida dimensionada pela capacidade funcional, estado geral e vitalidade certamente propiciou achados confi&#225;veis porque estabelecem as correla&#231;&#245;es consistentes com pacientes com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Outros autores, como Martinelli e cols. em 2001, e Newman e cols. em 2003, tamb&#233;m compararam, com o mesmo protocolo para qualidade de vida, o comportamento cl&#237;nico-funcional dos modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrioventricular e obtiveram resultados semelhantes ao nosso, em que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os modos<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram comparadas em todos par&#226;metros utilizados no estudo as medidas obtidas separadamente nas situa&#231;&#245;es A e B, para se eliminar o efeito da tend&#234;ncia ao primeiro modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o programado, e os resultados foram semelhantes. O mesmo ocorreu quando se compararam os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o acima e abaixo ou igual a 40% e com uso de marcapasso em tempo maior ou menor de 10 anos. A semelhan&#231;a estat&#237;stica nas suban&#225;lises comparativas das condi&#231;&#245;es que poderiam influenciar os resultados deram mais consist&#234;ncia aos resultados.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo demonstramos que, quando se trata de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, bloqueio atrioventricular e marcapasso VVI, evoluindo clinicamente bem e sem sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, o implante de cabo-eletrodo atrial adicional para mudan&#231;a do modo, al&#233;m de n&#227;o ser isento de riscos, n&#227;o proporcionou mudan&#231;as cl&#237;nico-funcionais em seguimento de curto prazo. Torna-se importante ressaltar que a mudan&#231;a de modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular para atrioventricular tem indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta quando houver intoler&#226;ncia ao modo ventricular, o que n&#227;o foi objeto do presente trabalho. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos colegas, Dra. Elizabeth Sartori Crevelari e Dr. Wagner Tetsuji Tamaki, do InCor; Dr. Ulisses Bruno Stella, Fisioterapeuta Paulo C&#233;sar Bosio e Enf. Cristiane K. P. Souza, do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa/RP, a participa&#231;&#227;o direta no estudo dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Antonio Castilho Teno </p>
        <p> Rua Prudente de Moraes, 1084 </p>
        <p> 14015-100 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lteno@cardiol.br">lteno@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 28/12/05; revisado recebido em 06/03/06; aceito em 17/03/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Upgrading from VVI to DDD pacing Mode during elective replacement of pulse generator: a comparative clinical-functional analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the clinical and functional behavior of the ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation modes in the elective replacement of pulse generator in patients with chagasic cardiopathy and atrioventricular block. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients under ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation were comparatively evaluated at the beginning of the study, and alternately in ventricular and atrioventricular modes in two 90-day phases, with regard to: the clinical behavior evaluated according to quality of life and functional class, and the functional behavior evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography and the six-minute walk test. The statistical analysis was performed with patients at baseline, and under ventricular and atrioventricular modes, using the chi-square test and the repeated measures analysis of variance, and taking into consideration a 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The mean quality-of-life scores were: functional capacity (VVI 71.3+/-18.2 , DDD 69.3+/-20.4); overall health status (VVI 68.1+/-21.8, DDD 69.4+/-19.4) and vitality (VVI 64.8+/-24.6 , DDD 67.6+/-25.5); on echocardiography: LVEF (VVI 52.5+/-12.8 , DDD 51.8+/-14.9), LVDD (VVI 53.0+/-7.7 , DDD 42.4+/-7.8), LA (VVI 38.6+/-5.4 DDD 38.5+/-5.1), and in the six-minute walk test: distance walked (VVI 463.4+/-84.7, DDD 462.6+/-63.4). There were four cases of complications, three of them associated with the change in stimulation mode. CONCLUSION: This study showed no differences between the two stimulation modes in the clinical behavior assessed by quality of life and functional class, and in the functional behavior, evaluated according to the ecochardiographic findings and the six-minute walk test.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas&#8217; cardiomiopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>atrioventricular block</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of life</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Upgrading from VVI to DDD pacing mode during elective replacement of pulse generator. A comparative clinical-functional analysis  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Antonio Castilho Teno; Roberto Costa; Martino Martinelli Filho; Fabian Cecchi Teno Castilho; Ivan Ruiz</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP e Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Evaluate the clinical and functional behavior of the ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation modes in the elective replacement of pulse generator in patients with chagasic cardiopathy and atrioventricular block. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-seven patients under ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation were comparatively evaluated at the beginning of the study, and alternately in ventricular and atrioventricular modes in two 90-day phases, with regard to: the clinical behavior evaluated according to quality of life and functional class, and the functional behavior evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography and the six-minute walk test. The statistical analysis was performed with patients at baseline, and under ventricular and atrioventricular modes, using the chi-square test and the repeated measures analysis of variance, and taking into consideration a 0.05 level of significance.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean quality-of-life scores were: functional capacity (VVI 71.3+/-18.2 , DDD 69.3+/-20.4); overall health status (VVI 68.1+/-21.8, DDD 69.4+/-19.4) and vitality (VVI 64.8+/-24.6, DDD 67.6+/-25.5); on echocardiography: LVEF (VVI 52.5+/-12.8 , DDD 51.8+/-14.9), LVDD (VVI 53.0+/-7.7 , DDD 42.4+/-7.8), LA (VVI 38.6+/-5.4 DDD 38.5+/-5.1), and in the six-minute walk test: distance walked (VVI 463.4+/-84.7, DDD 462.6+/-63.4). There were four cases of complications, three of them associated with the change in stimulation mode. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study showed no differences between the two stimulation modes in the clinical behavior assessed by quality of life and functional class, and in the functional behavior, evaluated according to the ecochardiographic findings and the six-minute walk test.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Chagas&#146; cardiomiopathy, atrioventricular block, artificial pacemaker, cardiac pacemaker, quality of life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sequential stimulation of the atria and the ventricles allows the restoration of atrioventricular synchrony, lost to the onset of conduction block and not recovered with the VVI stimulation mode<sup>1</sup>. The potential hemodynamic advantages attributed to this stimulation mode, also known as physiological mode (DDD), are: greater ventricular filling aided by atrial systole, and physiological control of heart rate by the patient&#146;s spontaneous "P" waves<sup>2,3</sup>. r this reason, national and international guidelines have suggested that this mode of stimulation should be used as the initial pacemaker implantation due to its being theoretically more physiological than the ventricular pacemaker<sup>4,5</sup>. This approach has been used in patients whose indication for pacemaker implantation is sinus node disease; however, it has not been applied to patients with atrioventricular blocks, as there is no evidence of benefits for this group of patients, mainly at the moment of elective replacement of the pulse generator. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to find out whether the consequences and clinical-hemodynamic effects resulting from the change of the pacing mode, from ventricular to atrioventricular, during the elective replacement of pulse generators in patients with chagasic cardiopathy and atrioventricular block justify its routine use.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a controlled, prospective, randomized and double-blind study. Patients were informed as to the type of procedure, its risks and potential benefits. After having received all necessary information, they agreed to participate in the research protocol and were asked to sign the informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Twenty-seven patients selected from September 8, 2001 to March 18, 2004 were enrolled in the study. Inclusion criteria were: patients with chagasic cardiopathy, above 18 and under 80 years of age, either gender and who had just one electrode implanted in the right ventricle for at least 24 months. Exclusion criteria were: patients with atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal, persistent or permanent atrial flutter, symptoms suggestive of pacemaker syndrome, pregnancy, life-limiting disease or reduced life expectancy.</p>
      <p>Patients&#146; age ranged from 29 to 79 years (mean 55.9 &#177; 12.7 and median 54 years). Fifteen patients were females and 12 males. Fourteen patients were white, 8 were black and 5 were mulattos.</p>
      <p>Patients had had ventricular pacemakers implanted 3 to 30 years ago (mean 11 &#177; 6 years and median 10 years). In 13 patients, the procedure would replace the first stimulation system implanted; in 7 patients, it was the second pulse generator; in 3, it was the third device, and in 4 patients, it was the fourth pacemaker. All patients were in sinus rhythm with complete block of the atrioventricular conduction, detected by the test of reduction of the pacemaker&#146;s stimulation frequency.</p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - After selection and clinical-functional evaluation at baseline, patients underwent the surgical procedure: implantation of an atrial electrode lead and replacement of the single-chamber pulse generator for a dual-chamber one. Next, the pulse generator was programmed to a randomly selected stimulation mode. </p>
      <p>In condition A, after the procedure patients remained in ventricular stimulation mode during 90 days (phase I), and were later reprogrammed to atrioventricular mode and remained in this mode for another 90 days (phase II). Under condition B, after the procedure patients were programmed to atrioventricular stimulation mode during 90 days (phase I), and were later reprogrammed to ventricular mode and remained in this mode for another 90 days (phase II) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Pacemaker programmation</italic> - VVI mode: The frequency of stimulation was set at 70 bpm, and, as patients had advanced atrioventricular block, AV synchrony never occurred. DDD mode: The minimum frequency of stimulation was set at 70 bpm, with no response to the frequency, whereas the maximum frequency was calculated based on 80% of the maximum rate for the age. The AV interval was not individualized and was set at 120 msec after a spontaneous "p" wave, and at 180 msec after a stimulated "p" wave. The atrial sensitivity was set at 0.5mV and the ventricular, at 2.5mV. At the end of the study, all patients had their pacemakers reprogrammed to atrioventricular mode.</p>
      <p><italic>Quality of life </italic>- The instrument for mesuring quality of life in this study was the <italic>Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey </italic>protocol. The answers to the questionnaire were evaluated using a database (specific software) which scored quality of life dimensions according to a scale (Raw Scale) that ranges from 0 (worst health status) to 100 (best health status).</p>
      <p><italic>Transthoracic echocardiogram</italic> - Transthoracic echocardiograms were performed during the clinical evaluations with patients at rest. The echocardiographist was asked to exclude the monitorization of the electrocardiogram during the exam so as to avoid identification of the programmation mode. Conventional slice images were obtained to determine the final diastolic and systolic diameters of the left ventricule, the size of the left atrium and to calculate the ejection fraction by the Teicholz method. </p>
      <p><italic>Six-minute walk test</italic> - The six-minute walk test was used to assess the functional capacity of the patients; the distance walked was the marker for the clinical condition. The heart rate was measured before and after the test, and also the distance the patient had walked during six minutes. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The statistical analysis of the effects of changing the stimulation mode was performed at baseline condition (pre), VVI and DDD modes. The quantitative variables were compared using the repeated measures analysis of variance. When the values were significant, a complementary contrast test was performed to determine the differences (p&lt;0.05 values were considered as statistically significant).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All surgical procedures were successfully performed and no deaths occurred during the period of the study. The atrial lead was inserted by puncture of the subclavian vein in 25 patients (92.5%), and of the internal jugular vein in two patients (7.5%). Electrode impedance measurements were performed, as well as R and P wave sensitivity and thresholds of atrial and ventricular stimulation at unipolar and bipolar conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The complications observed were: Displacement of the atrial electrode,1 case (3.7%); Atrial tachycardia, 1 case (3.7%); Atrial flutter, 1 case (3.7%); Hematoma in the pacemaker implantation site, 1 case (3.7%). </p>
      <p>The displacement of the atrial electrode was corrected surgically and repositioned three months after the implantation, after which the patient restarted the study protocol. The atrial tachycardia occurred during the procedure and the atrial flutter, two weeks later. Both arrhythmias were treated by rapid atrial stimulation. The hematoma occurred during the immediate post-operative period (24 hours) and was caused by subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis. The patient was treated by simply interrupting the heparin therapy and clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical evaluation</italic> - There was no difference in the number of patients stratified according to NYHA functional classes at pre-evaluation (baseline), and VVI and DDD conditions (p=0.334) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Echocardiographic findings</italic> - The ejection fraction means (Teicholz) (p=0.216), LVDD (p=0.095) and LA (p=0.290) measured at the beginning of the study (baseline), at the end of VVI pacing mode and at the end of DDD pacing mode did not show any difference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Six-minute walk test</italic> - The distance walked during the six minutes at baseline conditions, in ventricular stimulation mode and DDD stimulation mode showed no significant differences between the means of both modes (p=0.945); however, the distance walked under the two modes of stimulation was significantly higher than the distance walked at baseline condition (p=0.0006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean initial heart rate did not show any statistical difference between the two modes of stimulation; however, the mean heart rate at baseline was significantly lower than at VVI and DDD phases. The heart rate at the end of DDD mode did not show any relevant increase; however the mean was higher relative to the baseline condition and to the VVI mode. </p>
      <p><italic>Quality of life</italic> - Quality of life evaluated as per the functional capacity (p=0.489), overall health status (p=0.546) and vitality (p=0.593) did not show any significant difference in the mean of these dimensions under any condition of the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0128-00001-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of an artificial pacemaker for the treatment of atrioventricular block in patients with chagasic cardiopathy is well-established; however, the decision about the most suitable mode of stimulation deserves to be further discussed. </p>
      <p>There are several studies in medical literature comparing the effects of VVI and DDD stimulation modes in non-chagasic patients<sup>6-10</sup>. However, the chagasic cardiopathy has its own clinical and electrophysiological characteristics that affect the autonomic function and that distinguish it from other pathologies<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this study, the analysis of stimulation frequency in our patients under DDD programmation, without activation of the frequency response sensor, showed a slight chronotropic variation in the six-minute walk test. Therefore, it can be concluded that the comparative findings between the VVI pacing (with no rate-adaptative sensors) and the DDD programmations were consequences of the restored atrioventricular synchrony. </p>
      <p>There is much controversy over the central theme in this study, since the change in the mode of stimulation during elective pulse generator replacement aimed at obtaining a better hemodynamic function not always translates into clinical benefit for the patient. The upgrading from VVI to DDD stimulation mode was first proposed in 1992, by Sulke et al<italic>,</italic> in a randomized study with 16 asymptomatic patients, who had had VVI pacemakers implanted for more than 3 years due to sinus node disease and atrioventricular block. The DDD mode improved the patients&#146; physical capacity and well-being (subjective evaluation), but it was not different from an echocardiographic point-of-view<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1998, Hildick-Smith et al conducted a retrospective evaluation of 44 cases of ventricular pacemaker upgrading and observed that the change had been of benefit to the symptomatic patients only (the majority of the subjects enrolled in the study), but the 45% rate of complications was considered too high<sup>14</sup>. Gribbin et al, by evaluating their experience also observed an overly high rate (36%)<sup>15</sup>, and therefore concluded that the change of the stimulation mode during the elective replacement of pulse generator should be performed only for very well-defined reasons. In our study, complications were much less serious, perhaps due to the fact that, differently from retrospective studies, the prospective approach allows to pre-select the examiners and yields better results. </p>
      <p>The complications relative to DDD pacemaker are more common than with the VVI devices, and are mainly due to the atrial electrode lead as reported by the UKPACE study<sup>16</sup>. In our study, among the four surgical complications observed, three were relative to the change in the stimulation mode. Both the displacement of the atrial electrode lead and the pacemaker-mediated atrial tachyarrhythmias are strictly inherent to the system of atrioventricular stimulation.</p>
      <p>Recently, Hoijer et al published the findings about 19 patients who underwent the change from VVI mode to atrioventricular after randomization and showed that most patients preferred the DDDR type, which also improved their quality of life and cardiac function<sup>17</sup>. From our point of view, however, this study inadequately included patients with pacemaker syndrome, which means a selection bias that influences the results in any comparative evaluation of stimulation modes. This effect was observed in the MOST study which reported improved quality of life after pacemaker implantation, slightly superior in the atrioventricular stimulation. However, the evaluation performed excluding the group that was crossed over due to intolerance to VVI mode, did not reveal any significant differences between the two situations<sup>18</sup>. The group of patients in this study were well adapted to the ventricular pacing mode, and this exempts the study from such criticism.</p>
      <p>With regard to the six-minute walk test, although there was no statistical difference between the distance walked under both modes of stimulation, it was clear that test training has an effect on how the patient performs, since in both modes the distance walked was significantly greater when compared to the baseline condition. The mean heart rate at baseline was significantly lower when compared to VVI and DDD pacing modes due to the failure in the pulse generator, which was the main reason for the indication of elective replacement. Final heart rate was greater under DDD condition, although not enough to influence clinical outcomes, probably due to the underlying heart disease.</p>
      <p>Most patients with pacemakers do not usually engage in very intense activities in their daily lives, and this is why the evaluation of quality of life better conveys the day-to-day routine of this group of patients. Quality of life assessed according to functional capacity, overall health status and vitality certainly yielded reliable findings, since they set the correlations consistent with those patients who experience good clinical progression. </p>
      <p>Using the same quality of life protocol, other authors, such as Martinelli et al in 2001, and Newman et al in 2003, also compared the clinical-functional behavior under ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation modes and obtained results similar to ours, with no difference observed between the two pacing modes<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The measurements obtained separately under situations A and B were compared for all parameters used in this study, in order to eliminate the tendency towards the first stimulation mode programmed, and the results were similar. The same thing occurred in the comparison of patients with ejection fractions above and below, or equal to 40%, and who had had the pacemaker implanted for more or less than 10 years. The statistical similarity in the comparative sub-analyses of the conditions that could influence the outcomes provided more consistency to the results.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study showed that for patients with chagasic cardiopathy, atrioventricular block and VVI pacemaker, who are clinically well and with no signs of chronic heart failure, the implantation of an additional atrial electrode lead to upgrade the mode of stimulation, besides not being risk-free, did not provide clinical-functional changes in a short-time follow-up. It is worth to point out that the change from ventricular to atrioventricular stimulation mode is absolutely indicated when there is intolerance to the ventricular mode, which was not the case in this study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of their colleagues at <italic>InCor</italic>, Dr. Elizabeth Sartori Crevelari and Dr. Wagner Tetsuji Tamaki, and the colleagues at the <italic>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa &#150; RP</italic>, Dr. Ulisses Bruno Stella, Physiotherapist Paulo C&#233;sar Bosio and Nurse Cristiane K. P. Souza for their direct participation in the evaluation of the patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Antonio Castilho Teno</p>
          <p> Rua Prudente de Moraes, 1084</p>
          <p> 14015-100 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lteno@cardiol.br">lteno@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 28, 2005; revised manuscript received March 6, 2006; accepted March 17, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
