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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9xBBgLj5w4FYxJPHLCkzwrM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800117</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Repara&#231;&#227;o de defeitos &#243;sseos em f&#234;mures de ratos machos e f&#234;meas espontaneamente hipertensos: estudo histol&#243;gico e histom&#233;trico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Andresa Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Rodarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balducci</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faig-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Hor&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>104</fpage>
      <lpage>109</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) e compar&#225;-la com a de ratos normotensos, avaliando machos e f&#234;meas. M&#201;TODOS: Um defeito &#243;sseo foi criado no f&#234;mur esquerdo de 24 SHR (12 machos e 12 f&#234;meas) e 24 ratos normotensos (12 machos e 12 f&#234;meas). Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos com diferentes per&#237;odos de sacrif&#237;cio: sete e 21 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Ap&#243;s processamento laboratorial de rotina, as an&#225;lises histol&#243;gica e histom&#233;trica foram realizadas e os dados submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e ao teste de Tukey (5%). RESULTADOS: Machos e f&#234;meas do mesmo grupo apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas similares. Ap&#243;s sete dias, todos os animais apresentaram trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas irregulares, entretanto, os osteoblastos periosteais eram achatados nos SHR, enquanto nos normotensos, essas c&#233;lulas apresentavam formato c&#250;bico. Ap&#243;s 21 dias, todos os esp&#233;cimes mostraram fechamento linear em toda a extens&#227;o superficial do defeito &#243;sseo e os SHR apresentaram osteoblastos achatados, enquanto os normotensos apresentaram c&#233;lulas c&#250;bicas circundando as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados histom&#233;tricos indicou m&#233;dias similares entre machos e f&#234;meas, exceto para ratos normotensos, aos sete dias. Al&#233;m disso, aos 21 dias, foi observada maior neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos ratos hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos, tanto machos quanto f&#234;meas. CONCLUS&#195;O: Concluiu-se que os animais SHR apresentaram maior neoforma&#231;&#227;o e maturidade &#243;ssea nos defeitos que animais normotensos, no per&#237;odo de 21 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>F&#234;mur</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos espontaneamente hipertensos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Repara&#231;&#227;o de defeitos &#243;sseos em f&#234;mures de ratos machos e f&#234;meas espontaneamente hipertensos. Estudo histol&#243;gico e histom&#233;trico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andresa Costa Pereira; Raquel Guedes Fernandes; Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho; Ivan Balducci; Hor&#225;cio Faig-Leite</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Estadual J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#150; UNESP - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) e compar&#225;-la com a de ratos normotensos, avaliando machos e f&#234;meas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um defeito &#243;sseo foi criado no f&#234;mur esquerdo de 24 SHR (12 machos e 12 f&#234;meas) e 24 ratos normotensos (12 machos e 12 f&#234;meas). Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos com diferentes per&#237;odos de sacrif&#237;cio: sete e 21 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Ap&#243;s processamento laboratorial de rotina, as an&#225;lises histol&#243;gica e histom&#233;trica foram realizadas e os dados submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e ao teste de Tukey (5%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Machos e f&#234;meas do mesmo grupo apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas similares. Ap&#243;s sete dias, todos os animais apresentaram trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas irregulares, entretanto, os osteoblastos periosteais eram achatados nos SHR, enquanto nos normotensos, essas c&#233;lulas apresentavam formato c&#250;bico. Ap&#243;s 21 dias, todos os esp&#233;cimes mostraram fechamento linear em toda a extens&#227;o superficial do defeito &#243;sseo e os SHR apresentaram osteoblastos achatados, enquanto os normotensos apresentaram c&#233;lulas c&#250;bicas circundando as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados histom&#233;tricos indicou m&#233;dias similares entre machos e f&#234;meas, exceto para ratos normotensos, aos sete dias. Al&#233;m disso, aos 21 dias, foi observada maior neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos ratos hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos, tanto machos quanto f&#234;meas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Concluiu-se que os animais SHR apresentaram maior neoforma&#231;&#227;o e maturidade &#243;ssea nos defeitos que animais normotensos, no per&#237;odo de 21 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> F&#234;mur/anormalidades, hipertens&#227;o, ratos espontaneamente hipertensos.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; um dos maiores problemas mundiais de sa&#250;de. Determinadas patologias &#243;sseas podem ser agravadas em hipertensos devido ao seu padr&#227;o de regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio, o qual induz &#224; perda &#243;ssea, tanto em humanos hipertensos<sup>1-3</sup>, quanto em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)<sup>4-6</sup>. Desse modo, a densidade mineral &#243;ssea (BMD), encontra-se reduzida em humanos hipertensos<sup>1-3</sup> e nos SHR<sup>4-6</sup> quando comparados aos controles normotensos.</p>
    <p>Apesar da possibilidade desta patologia atingir ambos os sexos, a maioria dos estudos experimentais foi realizada em ratos machos. Liang e cols.<sup>7</sup> afirmaram que s&#227;o necess&#225;rias investiga&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas do comportamento &#243;sseo em f&#234;meas de ratos, devido ao fato de que, em humanos, a osteoporose &#233; mais prevalente em mulheres do que em homens. </p>
    <p>&#201; evidente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o e o metabolismo &#243;sseo, entretanto, o processo de reparo &#243;sseo em hipertensos &#233; pouco conhecido. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, histol&#243;gica e histometricamente, o processo de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, comparando-o com animais normotensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica desta Faculdade (Protocolo n&#176; 051/2002 PA/CEP).</p>
    <p>Um defeito &#243;sseo monocortical (2 mm) foi criado no local de maior di&#226;metro da regi&#227;o proximal da di&#225;fise do f&#234;mur esquerdo de 48 ratos (24 hipertensos e 24 normotensos). Sete dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, 12 animais normotensos e 12 SHR (seis machos e seis f&#234;meas) foram sacrificados. Os animais remanescentes foram sacrificados 21 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia de confec&#231;&#227;o do defeito. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, os f&#234;mures foram removidos, fixados em solu&#231;&#227;o de formalde&#237;do a 10% e descalcificados na solu&#231;&#227;o de Plank-Rychlo. Ap&#243;s o processamento histol&#243;gico, foram obtidos cortes de aproximadamente 5 &#181;m de espessura, os quais foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE). </p>
    <p>As l&#226;minas coradas com HE foram ent&#227;o examinadas sob microscopia de luz e os aspectos histol&#243;gicos do osso neoformado foram avaliados, baseando-se na remodela&#231;&#227;o das trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas imaturas, na morfologia dos osteoblastos e dos oste&#243;citos e nas caracter&#237;sticas do peri&#243;steo. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise histom&#233;trica, cinco cortes por animal foram selecionados e fotografados na sua &#225;rea central. As mensura&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas usando um ret&#237;culo confeccionado por meio de um programa de an&#225;lise de imagens (Image-J 1.32 for Windows; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA), contendo 100 pontos de intersec&#231;&#227;o eq&#252;idistantes (&#225;rea total: 3.000 (&#181;m<sup>2</sup>). O ret&#237;culo era ent&#227;o posicionado sobre a imagem e eram contados os pontos que se sobrepunham &#224;s trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas neoformadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Os dados obtidos a partir dessa mensura&#231;&#227;o foram tabulados e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva e inferencial. Na primeira, os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e, na segunda, foram aplicados a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA - 3 fatores) e o teste de Tukey (5%), visando relacionar os valores de neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea com a presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o, o sexo e o per&#237;odo de sacrif&#237;cio. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Achados histol&#243;gicos</italic> - Os animais normotensos e hipertensos apresentaram, aos sete dias, caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas gerais de neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea semelhantes, com pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es nas c&#233;lulas pr&#243;ximas ao peri&#243;steo. J&#225; aos 21 dias, normotensos e hipertensos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas distintas. Verificou-se, ainda, que machos e f&#234;meas do mesmo grupo apresentaram comportamentos similares. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de sete dias, todos os animais apresentaram a &#225;rea do defeito preenchida por trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas delicadas e entrela&#231;adas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2a</xref>), al&#233;m do espa&#231;o inter-trabecular preenchido por tecido conjuntivo. As trab&#233;culas neoformadas continham oste&#243;citos volumosos e eram circundadas por osteoblastos c&#250;bicos em todos os esp&#233;cimes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2b</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os animais normotensos apresentaram, na sua maioria, hem&#225;cias formando um co&#225;gulo na superf&#237;cie de tecido conjuntivo fibroso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2a</xref>) e osteoblastos c&#250;bicos na regi&#227;o periosteal. Entretanto, esses achados n&#227;o foram observados nos ratos SHR, sendo que, nestes animais, havia presen&#231;a de osteoblastos achatados na superf&#237;cie periosteal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2b</xref>). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 21 dias da cirurgia, todos os esp&#233;cimes foram caracterizados por uma camada de osso neoformado unindo as bordas do defeito, como uma ponte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figs. 3a-b</xref>), sendo que esta se apresentava mais espessa nos SHR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3b</xref>). Em todos os esp&#233;cimes, tanto normotensos quanto hipertensos, as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas neoformadas eram densas e o tecido conjuntivo fibroso inter-trabecular foi substitu&#237;do por tecido hematopoi&#233;tico. As trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas continham oste&#243;citos pequenos, linhas reversas e, na regi&#227;o periosteal, osteoblastos achatados. Nas bordas cir&#250;rgicas, houve uni&#227;o do osso neoformado com o osso maduro adjacente. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ainda aos 21 dias, as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas dos animais normotensos apresentavam-se recobertas por osteoblastos c&#250;bicos enquanto c&#233;lulas achatadas recobriam as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas dos SHR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figs. 4a-b</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Achados histom&#233;tricos -</italic> Os dados obtidos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e representados por um gr&#225;fico de colunas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os dados foram submetidos &#224; ANOVA (3 fatores) para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o, o sexo e o per&#237;odo de sacrif&#237;cio. O efeito intera&#231;&#227;o entre todas as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foi significante (p = 0,33).</p>
    <p>O teste de Tukey (5%) foi realizado e a forma&#231;&#227;o dos grupos homog&#234;neos foi representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figura 6</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou que as m&#233;dias da porcentagem de osso neoformado foram similares entre machos e f&#234;meas, exceto para os ratos normotensos avaliados aos sete dias. &#201; poss&#237;vel ainda afirmar que a condi&#231;&#227;o em que ocorreu uma maior porcentagem de neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea foi nos animais hipertensos aos 21 dias, tanto machos quanto f&#234;meas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, comparou-se a repara&#231;&#227;o de defeitos &#243;sseos no f&#234;mur de ratos normotensos e hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, aos sete e 21 dias. No per&#237;odo mais curto, houve semelhan&#231;a na neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea entre normotensos e hipertensos, sendo o defeito de todos os esp&#233;cimes preenchido por trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas imaturas. Aos 21 dias, houve o fechamento linear de ambos os grupos, por&#233;m, a quantidade de osso neoformado na regi&#227;o do defeito foi maior nos hipertensos. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram notadas diferen&#231;as entre animais machos e f&#234;meas dentro de um mesmo grupo.</p>
    <p>Os SHR apresentam uma altera&#231;&#227;o no processo de <italic>turnover</italic><sup>5,8,9</sup> &#243;sseo, quando comparados aos animais normotensos. Apesar do conhecimento desses dados, n&#227;o encontramos estudos que tenham comparado o processo de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea entre animais SHR e normotensos. </p>
    <p>Devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas &#243;sseas, como o baixo teor de c&#225;lcio e aumento das taxas de reabsor&#231;&#227;o, animais SHR poderiam ser caracterizados como animais osteop&#234;nicos<sup>5,8</sup> ou osteopor&#243;ticos<sup>9</sup>. Nos animais normotensos osteopor&#243;ticos, o reparo &#243;sseo &#233; considerado deficiente quando comparado ao de animais normai<sup>10-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar desse fato, no presente estudo observamos que, 21 dias ap&#243;s a confec&#231;&#227;o do defeito, a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos SHR foi mais expressiva, histol&#243;gica e histometricamente, que a observada nos animais normotensos.</p>
    <p>Aos 21 dias ap&#243;s a confec&#231;&#227;o do defeito &#243;sseo, os SHR apresentaram maior porcentagem de osso neoformado que os normotensos, tanto machos quanto f&#234;meas, e histologicamente exibiram osteoblastos achatados na periferia das trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas, caracterizando um aspecto quiescente dos mesmos<sup>14,15</sup>. Esse fato leva-nos a supor que nos SHR os osteoblastos reduziram ou at&#233; mesmo cessaram a produ&#231;&#227;o de matriz &#243;ssea, nesse per&#237;odo, enquanto que, nos animais normotensos, os osteoblastos volumosos ainda estavam ativos e poderiam produzir matriz por um per&#237;odo maior. Conseq&#252;entemente, podemos supor que, num per&#237;odo experimental mais longo, a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos SHR poderia ser menor que a observada em animais normotensos.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de sete dias, quando comparamos os normotensos com os SHR, constatamos que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na quantidade de osso neoformado. Entretanto, algumas caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas distintas foram notadas entre os grupos. Na maioria dos SHR n&#227;o foram observados focos de hemorragia na regi&#227;o superficial do defeito, sugerindo uma acelera&#231;&#227;o na substitui&#231;&#227;o do co&#225;gulo por tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de osteoblastos achatados no peri&#243;steo dos animais hipertensos, tamb&#233;m sugere um processo mais adiantado de repara&#231;&#227;o nesses animais, quando comparados aos normotensos.</p>
    <p>Fatores ligados a neoforma&#231;&#227;o, degrada&#231;&#227;o ou inflama&#231;&#227;o tecidual, podem exercer papel importante durante a repara&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Artigos recentes t&#234;m investigado o papel da angiotensina II (Ang II) nos processos de inflama&#231;&#227;o e repara&#231;&#227;o tecidual<sup>16-18</sup>. Desse modo, a maior forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos animais hipertensos, aos 21 dias ap&#243;s a confec&#231;&#227;o do defeito, poderia ter ocorrido devido a outros fatores metab&#243;licos, que n&#227;o os &#243;sseos. </p>
    <p>Humanos hipertensos apresentam n&#237;veis aumentados de Ang II, a qual est&#225; relacionada com etapas iniciais do processo da inflama&#231;&#227;o, pelo recrutamento de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias<sup>19,20</sup>, e tamb&#233;m com a repara&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual, pelo crescimento celular e s&#237;ntese de matriz<sup>21</sup>. Estudos recentes, <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic>, mostraram que a Ang II apresenta a&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria<sup>16</sup> e efeito fibrinog&#234;nico no rim<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; em cultura de c&#233;lulas semelhantes a osteoblastos, a Ang II estimula a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, pela s&#237;ntese de DNA<sup>23,24</sup>, e aumenta a forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno pelas c&#233;lulas osteog&#234;nicas<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, pode-se supor que os n&#237;veis aumentados de Ang II (presentes na hipertens&#227;o) poderiam estimular a forma&#231;&#227;o da matriz &#243;ssea nos SHR. Entretanto, &#233; question&#225;vel o grau de mineraliza&#231;&#227;o do tecido neoformado, visto que Hagiwara e cols.<sup>25</sup> demonstraram que a Ang II reduz o processo de mineraliza&#231;&#227;o da matriz formada por osteoblastos <italic>in vitro</italic>. No presente trabalho, como o material foi desmineralizado, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o grau de mineraliza&#231;&#227;o do tecido &#243;sseo neoformado, por&#233;m, pode-se sugerir que, apesar de os animais hipertensos terem apresentado maior quantidade de tecido &#243;sseo, a qualidade desse osso &#233; duvidosa, devido &#224; possibilidade de apresentar menor teor mineral.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as entre as caracter&#237;sticas &#243;sseas de machos e f&#234;meas SHR s&#227;o pouco relatadas na literatura. DeMoss e Wright<sup>26</sup> avaliaram o peso seco e o conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio no esqueleto de machos e f&#234;meas, normotensos e SHR, e verificaram que a massa esqueletal seca apresentou maiores valores nos animais f&#234;meas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos machos; entretanto, o conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio por unidade esqueletal foi semelhante entre os v&#225;rios grupos. J&#225; Wright e DeMoss2<sup>9</sup> observaram um aumento na reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos SHR f&#234;meas. No entanto, nossos achados mostraram m&#233;dias de neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea similares entre os sexos, al&#233;m de caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas semelhantes.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, conclui-se que: a presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o interfere no processo de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em ratos, visto que, ap&#243;s 21 dias do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, a porcentagem de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em animais hipertensos &#233; maior do que a observada em animais normotensos, apesar de n&#227;o existir diferen&#231;a entre o processo de reparo de defeitos &#243;sseos entre machos e f&#234;meas da mesma linhagem.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Andresa Costa Pereira </p>
        <p> Av. Engenheiro Francisco Jos&#233; Longo, 777 </p>
        <p> 12245-000 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="andresa-cp@uol.com.br">andresa-cp@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 27/10/05; revisado recebido em 19/04/06; aceito em 01/06/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Bone healing in drill hole defects in spontaneously hypertensive male and female rats' femurs: a histological and histometric study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone healing in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compare the results with normotensive rats, evaluating male and female animals. METHODS: A bone drill defect was created in the left femur of 24 SHR (12 males and 12 females) and 24 normotensive rats (12 males and 12 females). The animals were divided into two groups and sacrificed 7 and 21 days after the surgical procedure. After the routine laboratory processing, histological and histometric analysis were carried out and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey&#8217;s test (5%). RESULTS: Males and females from the same group had similar histological characteristics. After seven days, all animals presented irregular bone trabeculae. The periosteal osteoblasts were flattened in SHR, and presented a cuboid shape in normotensive animals. After 21 days, the bone defects of all specimens showed a linear closure in all the superficial extension. In addition, SHR presented flattened osteoblasts surrounding the bone trabeculae, while normotensive ones showed cuboidal cells. Statistical analysis of the histometric data indicated similar means between the male and female groups, except for normotensive rats on day 7. In addition, a larger amount of new bone formation was observed in hypertensive when compared to normotensive rats on day 21, in males as well as females. CONCLUSION: We conclude that bone healing in SHR was more significant than in normotensive ones, as shown by the histological and histometric evaluation 21 days after surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Femur</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
        <kwd>inbred (SHR)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bone healing in drill hole defects in spontaneously hypertensive male and female rats' femurs. A histological and histometric study</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andresa Costa Pereira; Raquel Guedes Fernandes; Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho; Ivan Balducci; Hor&#225;cio Faig-Leite</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Estadual J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho &#150; UNESP - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone healing in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compare the results with normotensive rats, evaluating male and female animals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A bone drill defect was created in the left femur of 24 SHR (12 males and 12 females) and 24 normotensive rats (12 males and 12 females). The animals were divided into two groups and sacrificed 7 and 21 days after the surgical procedure. After the routine laboratory processing, histological and histometric analysis were carried out and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey&#146;s test (5%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Males and females from the same group had similar histological characteristics. After seven days, all animals presented irregular bone trabeculae. The periosteal osteoblasts were flattened in SHR, and presented a cuboid shape in normotensive animals. After 21 days, the bone defects of all specimens showed a linear closure in all the superficial extension. In addition, SHR presented flattened osteoblasts surrounding the bone trabeculae, while normotensive ones showed cuboidal cells. Statistical analysis of the histometric data indicated similar means between the male and female groups, except for normotensive rats on day 7. In addition, a larger amount of new bone formation was observed in hypertensive when compared to normotensive rats on day 21, in males as well as females.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We conclude that bone healing in SHR was more significant than in normotensive ones, as shown by the histological and histometric evaluation 21 days after surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Femur/abnormalities, hypertension, rats, inbred (SHR).</p>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the most important world&#146;s health problems. Some bone pathologies may be aggravated in hypertensive individuals due to their pattern of calcium regulation, which induces bone loss in hypertensive human individuals<sup>1-3</sup> as well as in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)<sup>4-6</sup>. Thus, bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced in hypertensive humans<sup>1-3</sup> and in SHR<sup>4-6</sup>, when compared to normal normotensive controls. </p>
      <p>Despite the possibility that this pathology can affect both sexes, most experimental studies were carried out in male rats. Liang et al<sup>7</sup> stated that more detailed investigations of bone behavior in female rats were necessary, due to the fact that, in humans, osteoporosis is more prevalent in women than in men.</p>
      <p>The connection between hypertension and bone metabolism is evident; however, the process of bone repair in hypertensive individuals is little known. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate, histological and histometrically, the process of bone repair in SHR of both sexes, comparing the results to those obtained from normotensive animals. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution (Protocol # 051/2002 PA/CEP). </p>
      <p>A monocortical bone defect (2mm) was created in the local of largest diameter in the proximal region of the left femur diaphysis of 48 rats (24 hypertensive and 24 normotensive rats). Seven days after the surgery, 12 normotensive rats and 12 SHR (six males and six females from each group) were sacrificed. The remaining animals were sacrificed 21 days after the surgery that created the bone defect. </p>
      <p>After the sacrifice, the femurs were removed, fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution and decalcified in a Plank-Rychlo&#146;s solution. After histological processing, 5 &#181;m thick slices were obtained, which were hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained. </p>
      <p>The HE-stained slides were then examined under light microscopy and the histological aspects of the neoformed bone were evaluated, based on the remodeling of the immature bone trabeculae, the morphology of the osteoblasts and osteocytes and the periosteum characteristics. </p>
      <p>For the histometric analysis, five slices per animal were selected and photographed in their central area. The measurements were performed using a reticulum created by an image analysis program (Image-J 1.32 for Windows; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA), containing 100 equidistant intersection points (total area: 3,000&#181;m<sup>2</sup>). The reticulum was then placed on the image and the points that overlapped the neoformed bone trabeculae were counted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). The data obtained from this measurement were tabulated and submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. At the first, the data were expressed as means and standard deviations and at second, the analysis of variance (ANOVA &#150; 3 factors) was applied as well as Tukey&#146;s test (5%) in order to correlate the values of bone neoformation with the presence of hypertension, gender and the time of the sacrifice. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Histological findings - </italic>The normotensive and hypertensive animals presented, after seven days, similar general histological characteristics of bone neoformation, with small variations in the cells close to the periosteum. On the 21<sup>st</sup> day post-surgery, normotensive and hypertensive animals presented distinct characteristics. It was also verified that males and females from the same group presented similar behaviors. </p>
      <p>On the 7<sup>th</sup> day post-surgery, all animals presented the defect area filled by delicate and intertwined bone trabeculae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2a</xref>), in addition to the intertrabecular space filled by conjunctive tissue. The neoformed trabeculae contained large osteocytes and were surrounded by cuboid osteoblasts in all specimens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2b</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The normotensive animals presented, in their majority, red blood cells forming a clot on the surface of the fibrous conjunctive tissue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2a</xref>) and cuboid osteoblasts in the periosteal region. However, these findings were not observed in SHR, considering that these animals had flattened osteoblasts on the periosteal surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2b</xref>).</p>
      <p>Twenty-one days after the surgery, all specimens were characterized by a layer of neoformed bone joining the borders of the defect, as a bridge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figs. 3a-b</xref>), and this showed to be thicker in SHR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3b</xref>). The neoformed bone trabeculae were dense and the intertrabecular fibrous conjunctive tissue was substituted by hematopoietic tissue in all specimens, from normotensive as well as hypertensive animals. The bone trabeculae contained small osteocytes, reverse lines, and flattened osteoblasts in the periosteal region. At the surgical borders, there was union of the neoformed bone with the mature adjacent bone. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Still on day 21, the bone trabeculae of the normotensive animals showed to be recovered by cuboid osteoblasts while flattened cells recovered the bone trabeculae of SHR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figs. 4a-b</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Histometric findings</italic> - The data obtained are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> and are represented by a column chart in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The data were submitted to ANOVA (3 factors) to evaluate the association between the presence of hypertension, gender and the sacrifice period. The interaction effect among all variables was not significant (p=0.33).</p>
      <p>Tukey&#146;s test (5%) was performed and the formation of homogeneous groups is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0104-00017-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The statistical analysis showed that the means of neoformed bone percentage were similar for males and females, except for the normotensive rats on day 7. It is possible to state that the condition in which there was a higher percentage of bone formation was that disclosed by hypertensive animals on day 21, in males as well as in females.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study compared the healing of bone defects in the femurs of normotensive and hypertensive rats of both sexes, on days 7 and 21, post-surgically. At the shortest period, bone neoformation was similar between normotensive and hypertensive animals, with the defect being filled by immature bone trabeculae in all specimens. On day 21, there was a linear closure of both groups; however, the amount of neoformed bone in the defect region was higher for the hypertensive animals. Additionally, there were no differences between males and females from a same group. </p>
      <p>The SHR presented an alteration in the process of bone turnover, when compared to the normotensive ones<sup>5,8,9</sup>. Despite the knowledge of these data, we did not find studies in literature that compared the process of bone healing between SHR and normotensive ones. </p>
      <p>Due to the bone metabolic alterations, such as low calcium content and increased resorption rates, SHR could be characterized as osteopenic<sup>5,8,9</sup> or osteoporotic<sup>9</sup> animals. In osteoporotic normotensive animals, bone healing is considered deficient when compared to that of normal animals<sup>10-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, in the present study we observed that, 21 days after the bone defect was created, bone healing in the SHR was more significant, histological and histometrically, than that observed in normotensive animals.</p>
      <p>Twenty-one days after the bone defect was created, male and female SHR presented a higher percentage of neoformed bone than the normotensive animals of both sexes, and histologically, the first presented flattened osteoblasts in the periphery of the bone trabeculae, characterizing their quiescent aspect<sup>14-15</sup>. This fact led us to suppose that in SHR, the osteoblasts reduced or even ceased the production of bone matrix during this period, whereas in the normotensive animals, the large osteoblasts were still active and could reproduce the matrix for a longer period. Consequently, we can suppose that, over a longer experimental period, bone healing in SHR might be inferior to the one observed in normotensive animals. </p>
      <p>At the end of the 7-day period, no difference was observed regarding the amount of neoformed bone when the normotensive animals were compared to the SHR. However, some distinct histological characteristics were observed between the groups. Most of the SHR did not show hemorrhagic sources in the superficial area of the defect, suggesting an accelerated substitution of blood clots by granulation tissue. In addition, the presence of flattened osteoblasts in the periosteum of hypertensive animals also suggests a more advanced healing process in these animals, when compared to the normotensive ones.</p>
      <p>Factors related to tissue neoformation, degradation or inflammation can exert a major role during tissue repair. Recent studies have investigated the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the inflammation and tissue repair processes<sup>16-18</sup>. Thus, the higher amount of bone formation in hypertensive animals on day 21 after the creation of the defect might have occurred due to other metabolic factors, apart from the bone-related ones.</p>
      <p>Hypertensive humans present increased levels of Ang II, which is related with the initial phases of the inflammation process through the recruiting of inflammatory cells<sup>19,20</sup>, and also with tissue repair and remodeling through cell growth and matrix synthesi<sup>21</sup>. Recent <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies have shown that Ang II presents a pro-inflammatory action<sup>16</sup> and fibrinogenic effect on the kidney<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>In cultures of cells that are similar to osteoblasts, Ang II stimulates cell proliferation by DNA synthesis<sup>23,24</sup> and increases the formation of collagen by the osteogenic cells<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, one can hypothesize that the increased levels of Ang II (present in hypertension) could stimulate the formation of bone matrix in SHR. However, the degree of mineralization of the neoformed tissue is questionable, as Hagiwara et al<sup>25</sup> demonstrated that Ang II reduces the process of mineralization of the matrix formed by osteoblasts <italic>in vitro</italic>. In the present study, as the material was demineralized, it was possible to evaluate the degree of mineralization in the neoformed bone tissue, but it can be suggested that although the hypertensive animals presented a larger amount of bone tissue, the quality of this tissue is uncertain, due to the possibility of its presenting less mineral content.</p>
      <p>The differences between the bone characteristics of male and female SHR are scarcely reported in literature. DeMoss et al<sup>26</sup> evaluated the dry weight and calcium content in the skeleton of male and female normotensive and SHR rats, and observed that the dry skeletal mass presented higher values in females when compared to males; however, the calcium content per skeletal unit was similar among the different groups. On the other hand, Wright et al<sup>9</sup> observed an increase in bone resorption in female SHR, while our findings showed similar bone neoformation means between the genders, as well as similar histological characteristics. </p>
      <p>Therefore, we conclude that the presence of hypertension interferes in the process of bone healing in rats, considering that 21 days after the surgical procedure, the percentage of bone formation in hypertensive rats was higher than that observed in normotensive animals, although there was no difference between the healing process of bone defects between males and females from the same lineage.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Andresa Costa Pereira</p>
          <p> Faculdade de Odontologia de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</p>
          <p> Av. Engenheiro Francisco Jos&#233; Longo, 777</p>
          <p> 12245-000 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="andresa-cp@uol.com.br">andresa-cp@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received October 27, 2005; revised manuscript received April 19, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
