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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gcS4S9z8LP6XYTZh5Yy7BNC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800123</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurisma mic&#243;tico abdominal e embolia cerebral associados &#224; endocardite infecciosa em paciente com doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liphaus</surname>
            <given-names>Bernadete Lourdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldenstein-Schainberg</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kitamura</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#243;vis Artur Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e7</fpage>
      <lpage>e9</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de uma menina com doen&#231;a valvar cr&#244;nica devido &#224; febre reum&#225;tica que apresentou endocardite infecciosa e duas complica&#231;&#245;es: acidente vascular cerebral devido &#224; embolia e aneurisma mic&#243;tico da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>aneurisma infectado</kwd>
        <kwd>embolia intracraniana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aneurisma mic&#243;tico abdominal e embolia cerebral associados &#224; endocardite infecciosa em paciente com doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bernadete Lourdes Liphaus; Cl&#225;udia Goldenstein-Schainberg; Let&#237;cia Monteiro Kitamura; Cl&#243;vis Artur Almeida Silva </bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de uma menina com doen&#231;a valvar cr&#244;nica devido &#224; febre reum&#225;tica que apresentou endocardite infecciosa e duas complica&#231;&#245;es: acidente vascular cerebral devido &#224; embolia e aneurisma mic&#243;tico da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Endocardite, cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, aneurisma infectado, embolia intracraniana.</p>
    <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) &#233; rara em crian&#231;as, mas sua incid&#234;ncia tem aumentado devido &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es predisponentes como: doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas card&#237;acas, doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica e uso de cateteres<sup>1</sup>. As complica&#231;&#245;es da EI t&#234;m sido associadas &#224; alta morbidade e mortalidade e apresentam amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, incluindo: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda congestiva, embolias, infec&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, arritmia, disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese valvar e aneurisma mic&#243;tico<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da febre reum&#225;tica tem diminu&#237;do nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>3</sup>. Por outro lado, dois trabalhos recentes revisam estudos brasileiros sobre febre reum&#225;tica e apresentam sua experi&#234;ncia, confirmando a alta preval&#234;ncia dessa doen&#231;a<sup>4,5</sup>. De acordo com o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de brasileiro, a preval&#234;ncia da febre reum&#225;tica &#233; de 3% a 5% em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>6</sup>. Alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cardite e les&#227;o valvar tamb&#233;m tem sido observada<sup>5</sup>. Conseq&#252;entemente, a febre reum&#225;tica e suas complica&#231;&#245;es como doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca e EI s&#227;o um desafio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 11 de fevereiro de 2003, uma menina de 10 anos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica foi admitida com hist&#243;ria de, h&#225; um dia, apresentar altera&#231;&#227;o de marcha e afasia associados &#224; febre com dura&#231;&#227;o de uma semana. A paciente foi encaminhada ao nosso centro com sete anos de idade com hist&#243;ria de sopro card&#237;aco sist&#243;lico na regi&#227;o mitral, com irradia&#231;&#227;o axilar, auscultada pelo pediatra. N&#227;o apresentava sinais de artrite, les&#245;es de pele ou cor&#233;ia. O ecocardiograma mostrou leve regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do folheto posterior. O diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica foi estabelecido com base nos crit&#233;rios modificados de Jones<sup>7</sup>. Embora a profilaxia com penicilina benzatina tenha sido prescrita, seu uso era irregular. Na admiss&#227;o ao hospital, o exame f&#237;sico revelou hemiparesia do lado direito e afasia de express&#227;o; a temperatura axilar era de 38,0&#186;C e a ausculta card&#237;aca n&#227;o revelou mudan&#231;as no sopro card&#237;aco sist&#243;lico previamente observado. Os resultados laboratoriais foram os seguintes: leuc&#243;citos 1,2x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l; hemoglobina 10,8 mg/dl; hemat&#243;crito 29,6%; contagem de plaquetas 347x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l; velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o 60 mm/h; prote&#237;na C reativa 39,9 mg/l; antiestreptolisina O (ASLO) 184 IU/ml; d&#237;mero D 800 ng/ml, TP 81,7%; TTPA 41,0 segundos (controle 27,2 segundos); rela&#231;&#227;o do TTPA 1,5; anticorpos anticardiolipina e anticoagulante l&#250;pico negativos. O diagn&#243;stico de infarto cerebral foi sugerido e confirmado pela tomografia computadorizada (TC) do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que mostrou uma &#225;rea hipodensa na regi&#227;o irrigada pela art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia esquerda. A angioresson&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m mostrou les&#245;es sugestivas de infartos subagudos na mesma &#225;rea com redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico evidenciou insufici&#234;ncia moderada da valva mitral e massa ecog&#234;nica de 13 mm no &#225;trio esquerdo, compat&#237;vel com trombo est&#233;ril ou vegeta&#231;&#227;o infectada. A hemocultura confirmou a presen&#231;a de <italic>Estreptococos</italic> do grupo <italic>viridans</italic> sens&#237;vel &#224; penicilina e o diagn&#243;stico de EI foi estabelecido<sup>1,2,8</sup>. Iniciada Penicilina G cristalina endovenosa, notou-se melhora da hemiparesia do lado direito e da afasia. Novas hemoculturas foram negativas.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s dez dias de tratamento, a paciente desenvolveu dor abdominal persistente associada &#224; v&#244;mitos. Apresentava abdome fl&#225;cido e n&#227;o distendido, mas com dor epig&#225;strica. A endoscopia gastroduodenal revelou compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca da parede posterior do corpo g&#225;strico. O diagn&#243;stico de pseudocisto pancre&#225;tico foi sugerido, mas os exames laboratoriais, incluindo aspartato-aminotransferase, alanino-aminotransferase e amilase foram normais. A TC de abdome mostrou imagem hipodensa na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior sugestiva de aneurisma e a ultra-sonografia abdominal com doppler colorido confirmou a presen&#231;a de fluxo turbulento dentro da art&#233;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>). O diagn&#243;stico de aneurisma mic&#243;tico secund&#225;rio a EI foi sugerido e foi realizada interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise an&#226;tomo-patol&#243;gica demonstrou inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular aguda com presen&#231;a de bact&#233;rias Gram positivas e les&#227;o da parede arterial, confirmando o diagn&#243;stico de pseudoaneurisma. Penicilina G cristalina endovenosa associada &#224; Ampicilina e Ceftriaxone foram mantidos at&#233; completar seis semanas de tratamento. Os sintomas melhoraram e a paciente recebeu alta quinze dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, sem seq&#252;elas isqu&#234;micas ou neurol&#243;gicas e o ecocardiograma de controle mostrava insufici&#234;ncia moderada da valva mitral, sem massa no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-00e7-00023-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>D&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico focal &#233; raro em crian&#231;as e normalmente &#233; resultado de infarto cerebral, que ocorre com mais freq&#252;&#234;ncia devido &#224; emboliza&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica<sup>9</sup>. V&#225;rias s&#233;ries apresentam taxas de incid&#234;ncia de 20% a 40% e taxas de mortalidade que chegam a 58%, para complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas em pacientes com EI, e essas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mais comuns quando ambas as valvas, a&#243;rtica e mitral, est&#227;o envolvidas<sup>2,9</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico precoce e o in&#237;cio imediato da terapia antimicrobiana s&#227;o fundamentais para a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; EI<sup>1,2,9</sup>. No entanto, Heiro e cols.<sup>9</sup>, estudando 218 casos de EI, demonstraram que na maioria deles (76%) manifesta&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica estava presente antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento antimicrobiano, sendo o primeiro sinal de EI em 47% dos casos; e que 9 de 13 infartos cerebrais emb&#243;licos estavam localizados na regi&#227;o irrigada pela art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia esquerda, como observado no caso descrito acima.</p>
    <p>Nossa paciente apresentava doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, que &#233; um fator predisponente bem conhecido para EI. Pacientes com prolapso e/ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, como ocorre em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, com cirurgia card&#237;aca corretiva e com doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica s&#227;o classificados pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Cardilogia com risco moderado de desenvolver endocardite<sup>1,2</sup>. A EI &#233; menos freq&#252;ente em crian&#231;as e &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente uma em cada 280 admiss&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas por ano em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, onde a preval&#234;ncia de febre reum&#225;tica &#233; baixa<sup>1,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de<sup>6</sup> brasileiro e relatos recentes<sup>4,5</sup>, a febre reum&#225;tica e a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica ainda constituem um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. A febre reum&#225;tica &#233; a causa adquirida mais comum de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar e, conseq&#252;entemente, de suas complica&#231;&#245;es, como a EI<sup>1,2,4,5,6</sup>. Outros fatores que adicionalmente podem predispor as crian&#231;as as complica&#231;&#245;es da EI s&#227;o: o tipo de microorganismo, a localiza&#231;&#227;o e tamanho da vegeta&#231;&#227;o e a severidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. Em adultos, as les&#245;es mitrais t&#234;m sido associadas a taxas de emboliza&#231;&#227;o mais altas do que as vegeta&#231;&#245;es na valva a&#243;rtica (25% contra 10%, respectivamente); as taxas mais altas de emboliza&#231;&#227;o (37%) ocorrem quando as vegeta&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o localizadas no folheto anterior da valva mitral e n&#227;o no posterior; e os pacientes com grandes vegeta&#231;&#245;es ao ecocardiograma (&gt; 10 mm) apresentam incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de embolias do que aqueles com vegeta&#231;&#245;es menores (<underline>&lt;</underline> 10 mm)<sup>1,2</sup>. Os organismos comumente relacionados &#224; EI em crian&#231;as s&#227;o o <italic>Estreptococos </italic>do grupo <italic>viridans</italic>, <italic>cocos </italic>gram positivos, <italic>Estafilococos </italic>e o <italic>enterococos</italic><sup>1</sup>. Em contraste com o que foi observado neste caso, o <italic>Estafilococos aureaus </italic>&#233; o microorganismo mais frequentemente associado &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas na EI, enquanto o aneurisma mic&#243;tico normalmente ocorre secundariamente &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o causada pelo <italic>Estreptococos </italic>n&#227;o hemol&#237;tico<sup>2,9,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da endocardite na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica &#233; antibi&#243;ticoterapia prolongada e, normalmente, o tratamento por quatro semanas com Penicilina G cristalina endovenosa ou Ampicilina proporciona alta taxa de cura<sup>1</sup>. A maiora dos estudos relata baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; EI ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da antibi&#243;ticoterapia adequada<sup>1,2,9</sup>. No entanto, embora nossa paciente estivesse sendo submetida ao tratamento adequado, ela desenvolveu dor abdominal e surpreendentemente a TC abdominal revelou aneurisma na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior.</p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior &#233; o terceiro local (5,5%) de maior incid&#234;ncia de aneurismas viscerais. O aneurisma da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior (AAMS) &#233; o mais relacionado &#224; etiologia infecciosa<sup>10</sup>. Embora incomuns, os AAMSs devem ser prontamente tratados devido a sua alta taxa de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es, como sua expans&#227;o e eventual ruptura, trombose e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, resultando em isquemia intestinal. Diferentemente de todos os outros aneurismas viscerais, de 70% a 90% dos AAMSs s&#227;o sintom&#225;ticos e a maioria dos pacientes referem dor abdominal progressiva e significativa, como observado no caso descrito. Os sinais e sintomas dos AAMSs podem ser confundidos com condi&#231;&#245;es muito mais corriqueiras, como pancreatite, perfura&#231;&#227;o intestinal, doen&#231;a ulcerosa e apendicite<sup>10</sup>. A ultra-sonografia com doppler &#233; uma ferramenta valiosa, r&#225;pida e confi&#225;vel para o diagn&#243;stico apropriado, mas como ocorreu com nossa paciente, TC abdominal e/ou angiografia podem ser necess&#225;rias para confirmar adequadamente o diagn&#243;stico<sup>10</sup>. Os aneurismas mic&#243;ticos s&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es incomuns em crian&#231;as com EI e podem desenvolver-se em qualquer art&#233;ria sist&#234;mica, mas a aorta e a AAMSs s&#227;o os locais mais comuns<sup>2,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na verdade, as opini&#245;es diferem quanto ao fato de a cirurgia precoce poder prevenir o desenvolvimento de novas embolias em pacientes com vegeta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, mas a maioria dos especialistas concordam que um epis&#243;dio de emboliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; um indicador de substitui&#231;&#227;o de valva, considerando que &#233; pouco freq&#252;ente embolia recorrente durante uma infec&#231;&#227;o controlada<sup>1,2,9</sup>. No entanto, no caso aqui relatado, apesar da melhora dos sintomas neurol&#243;gicos e hemoculturas est&#233;reis, ocorreu uma segunda complica&#231;&#227;o da EI, um aneurisma mic&#243;tico.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, o objetivo deste relato foi alertar os pediatras e cl&#237;nicos sobre a necessidade de um alto grau de suspeita para diagnosticar a EI em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica. O in&#237;cio precoce da terapia antimicrobiana adequada &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es associadas a altos &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, in&#250;meras e variadas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cerebrais e abdominais podem constituir os primeiros sinais e sintomas da EI, e todo m&#233;dico deve estar atento para a possibilidade de uma segunda complica&#231;&#227;o mesmo que a terapia antimicrobiana adequada tenha sido prontamente iniciada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Bernadete Lourdes Liphaus </p>
        <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es, 642/60 </p>
        <p> 05410-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bernadll@icr.hcnet.usp.br">bernadll@icr.hcnet.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 09/02/06; revisado recebido em 17/05/06; aceito em 01/06/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Abdominal mycotic aneurysm and cerebral embolic event associated with infective endocarditis in a patient with chronic rheumatic valvar disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the case of a girl with chronic rheumatic valvar heart disease who developed infeccious endocarditis and two complications, ischemic stroke due to cerebral embolic event and mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>aneurysm, infected</kwd>
        <kwd>intracranial embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Abdominal mycotic aneurysm and cerebral embolic event associated with infective endocarditis in a patient with chronic rheumatic valvar disease </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bernadete Lourdes Liphaus; Cl&#225;udia Goldenstein-Schainberg; Let&#237;cia Monteiro Kitamura; Cl&#243;vis Artur Almeida Silva </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a girl with chronic rheumatic valvar heart disease who developed infective endocarditis and two complications, ischemic stroke due to a cerebral embolic event and mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Endocarditis; rheumatic heart disease; aneurysm, infected; intracranial embolism.</p>
      <p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is rare in children, but its incidence has increased in the presence of predisposing conditions such as congenital heart disease, previous corrective cardiac surgery, rheumatic valvar disease and catheter use<sup>1</sup>. Additionally, IE complications are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates and comprise a broad spectrum that includes acute congestive heart failure, embolic events, periannular extension of infection, arrhythmia, prosthetic device dysfunction and mycotic aneurysm<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of rheumatic fever has decreased in developed countries<sup>3</sup>. On the other hand, two recent reports revised the Brazilian studies regarding rheumatic fever and presented their own experience, confirming the high prevalence of this disease<sup>4,5</sup>. According to Brazilian Health Ministry data, the prevalence of rheumatic fever is 3% to 5% in children and adolescents<sup>6</sup>. An increased frequency of carditis and valvar lesions has also been observed<sup>5</sup>. Consequently, rheumatic fever and its related complications such as valvar disease and IE are still a challenge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>On February-11-2003 a 10-year-old girl with chronic rheumatic heart disease was admitted with a 1-day history of gait and speech disturbances associated with fever of a week&#146;s duration. This patient was referred to our center when she was 7 years old with a history of systolic cardiac murmur in the mitral region with axillary irradiation auscultated by the pediatrician. She did not present arthritis, skin lesions or chorea. The echocardiography showed a mild mitral regurgitation with decreased mobility of the posterior leaflet. The diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease was made based on the modified Jone&#146;s criteria<sup>7</sup>. Although benzathine penicillin prophylaxis had been prescribed to this patient, its use was irregular. On admission, physical examination revealed right hemiparesis and aphasia of expression; axillary temperature was 38.0&#176;C and heart auscultation revealed no change in the systolic heart murmur previously observed at the initial diagnosis. Laboratory tests were as follows: white blood cell count 1.2x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l; hemoglobin 10.8mg/dl; hematocrit 29.6%; platelet count 347x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;l; erythrocyte sedimentation rate 60mm/h; C-reactive protein 39.9mg/l; antistreptolysin O (ASO) 184 IU/ml; D-dimer 800 ng/ml, PT 81,7%; APTT 41.0 seconds (control 27.2 seconds); APTT ratio 1.5; negative anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant antibodies. The diagnosis of cerebral infarction was suggested and confirmed by central nervous system (CNS) computed tomography scan (CT) demonstrating a hypodense area in the region supplied by the left middle cerebral artery and by magnetic resonance angiography, which also showed lesions suggestive of subacute infarctions in the same area, with flow reduction. Transthoracic echocardiography displayed moderate mitral valve failure and a 13-mm echogenic mass in the left atrium, consistent with sterile thrombus or infected vegetation. Blood cultures confirmed the presence of a highly penicillin-susceptible <italic>Viridans </italic>Group <italic>Streptococci </italic>(VGS) and the diagnosis of IE was established<sup>1,2,8</sup>. Intravenous crystalline penicillin G was started with improvement of the right hemiparesis and aphasia. Subsequently, blood cultures were repeated and cessation of bacteremia was documented.</p>
      <p>After ten days of treatment she developed persistent abdominal pain associated with vomiting. The abdomen was soft and non-distended, but with epigastric tenderness. Gastroduodenal endoscopy revealed an extrinsic compression of the posterior wall of the gastric body. The diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst was suggested, but laboratory tests including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and amylase were all normal. Abdominal CT disclosed a hypodense image in the superior mesenteric artery suggestive of an aneurysm and abdominal color Doppler ultrasound confirmed the presence of a turbulent flow inside the image (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). These findings suggested the diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm secondary to IE and prompt surgical intervention was performed. Histological specimens demonstrated acute vascular inflammation with the presence of gram-positive bacteria and lesion of the artery wall, confirming the pseudoaneurysm nature of the lesion. Intravenous crystalline penicillin G associated with ampicillin and ceftriaxone therapy was maintained to complete six weeks of treatment. The symptoms resolved and patient was discharged fifteen days after surgery with no ischemic or neurological sequelae and moderate mitral valve failure with no mass inside the left atrium at echocardiography.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-00e7-00023-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Focal neurological deficit is rare in children and generally results from a cerebral infarction that most commonly occur as a result of embolization from endocardic vegetation<sup>9</sup>. Several series have reported incidence rates of 20% to 40% and mortality rates as high as 58% for neurological complications among patients with IE and these complications are more common when both aortic and mitral valves are involved<sup>2,9</sup>. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of antimicrobial therapy are of major importance in preventing neurological complications associated with IE<sup>1,2,9</sup>. Nevertheless, Heiro et al<sup>9</sup>, studying 218 episodes of IE, showed that in most IE episodes (76%) a neurological manifestation was evident before the start of antimicrobial treatment, being the first sign in 47% of episodes and also that 9 of 13 embolic brain infarctions were located in the region supplied by the middle cerebral artery, as observed in the case described herein. </p>
      <p>Our patient presented a chronic rheumatic heart disease, which is a well-known predisposing risk for IE. Patients with prolapsed and regurgitating mitral valves, as it occurs in subjects with congenital heart disease, previous corrective cardiac surgery and rheumatic valvar disease are classified by the American Heart Association as presenting moderate risk of developing endocarditis<sup>1,2</sup>. IE occurs less often in children and accounts for approximately one in 280 pediatric admissions per year in developed countries, where the prevalence of rheumatic fever has declined<sup>1,3</sup>. </p>
      <p>According to Brazilian Health Ministry<sup>6 </sup>and recent reports<sup>4,5</sup>, rheumatic fever and rheumatic valvar disease still represent a public health problem in Brazil. Rheumatic fever is the most common acquired cause of valvar heart disease and consequently of its complications, such as IE<sup>1,2,4,5,6</sup>. Factors that may additionally predispose children to develop IE complications are: type of organism, location and size of vegetation and the severity of the comorbid cardiac disease<sup>1</sup>. In adults, mitral lesions have been associated with higher rates of embolization than aortic vegetations (25% versus 10%, respectively); the highest rate of embolization (37%) occurs when vegetations are attached to the anterior rather than the posterior mitral leaflet and patients with large vegetations on echocardiography (&gt; 10 mm) have significantly higher incidence of embolic events than those with small ones (10 mm)<sup>1,2</sup>. Common organisms related to IE in children are <italic>Streptococcus viridans </italic>type, gram-positive cocci, <italic>staphylococci and enterococci</italic><sup>1</sup>. In contrast to what was observed in this case,<italic> Staphylococcus aureaus</italic> is the most common organism associated with neurological manifestations in IE, whereas mycotic aneurysms usually occur secondarily to infections caused by nonhemolytic <italic>Streptococcus<sup>2</sup></italic><sup>,9,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Long-term antibiotic therapy is recommended in pediatric endocarditis and generally a 4-week regimen of intravenous aqueous crystalline penicillin G or ampicillin attains a high cure rate<sup>1</sup>. The majority of studies have reported low frequencies of complications related to IE after the introduction of an adequate antibiotic therapy<sup>1,2,9</sup>. In contrast, although our patient was undergoing adequate treatment, she developed abdominal pain and surprisingly the abdominal CT revealed an aneurysm in the superior mesenteric artery.</p>
      <p>Superior mesenteric artery aneurysms (SMAAs) are the third preferred site (5.5%) for all visceral aneurysms and they most frequently have an infectious etiology<sup>10</sup>. Although uncommon, SMAAs must be promptly treated to avoid mortality and complications such as expansion and eventual rupture, thrombosis and distal embolization causing intestinal ischemia<sup>10</sup>. Differently from all other visceral aneurysms, 70% to 90% of SMAAs are symptomatic at presentation and most patients have significant and progressive abdominal pain, as observed in the case here described<sup>10</sup>. SMAAs presenting signs and symptoms can be misdiagnosed as much more common conditions such as pancreatitis, perforated viscus, ulcer disease and appendicitis.<sup>10 </sup>Duplex ultrasound imaging represents a valuable, quick and reliable tool that allows an appropriate diagnosis, but similarly to what occurred with our patient, abdominal CT and/or angiography may be necessary to confirm the correct diagnosis<sup>10</sup>. Mycotic aneurysms are uncommon complications in children with IE and can develop in any systemic artery, but the aorta itself and SMAAs are the most common sites<sup>2,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, opinions differ as to whether early valve surgery can prevent the development of new embolic events in patients with cardiac vegetations, but most authorities agree that one episode of embolization is not an indication for valve replacement, considering the uncommon nature of recurrent emboli during controlled infection<sup>1,2,9</sup>. However, in the case reported herein, despite improvement of neurological symptoms and sterile blood cultures, a mycotic aneurysm, which is a second complication of IE, occurred.</p>
      <p>Finally, the purpose of this report was to warn pediatricians and clinicians regarding the need of a high level of suspicion when diagnosing IE in patients with rheumatic valvar disease. The early start of adequate antibiotic therapy is mandatory in order to avoid complications associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. In addition, a wide variety of cerebral and abdominal manifestations may constitute the first signs and symptoms of an IE and all physicians must be aware of the possibility of a second complication in the same patient, despite the onset of prompt and adequate antibiotic therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Bernadete Lourdes Liphaus</p>
          <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es, 642/60</p>
          <p> 05410-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bernadll@icr.hcnet.usp.br">bernadll@icr.hcnet.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 09, 2006; revised manuscript received May 17, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
