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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sfdgg8WntyDkswDkWd7hMND</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800122</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paciente portadora de doen&#231;a de von Willebrand submetida a cirurgia da valva mitral: uma estrat&#233;gia para o controle da coagulopatia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saroute</surname>
            <given-names>Ally Nader Roquetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Manuel de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalheiro Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Cyrillo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e4</fpage>
      <lpage>e6</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 60 anos portadora da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand tipo I, submetida a cirurgia da valva mitral. A paciente necessitou de cuidados especiais em raz&#227;o da coagulopatia e foi necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de concentrado de fator VIII (VIIIf) e fator de von Willebrand (vWf) antes, durante e depois da cirurgia. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Nove meses depois, a paciente encontra-se assintom&#225;tica. A corre&#231;&#227;o para valores adequados de VIIIf e vWf permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia com seguran&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de von Willebrand</kwd>
        <kwd>valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente portadora de doen&#231;a de von Willebrand submetida a cirurgia da valva mitral: uma estrat&#233;gia para o controle da coagulopatia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ally Nader Roquetti Saroute; Carlos Manuel de Almeida Brand&#227;o; Marco Ant&#244;nio Vieira Guedes; Cyrillo Cavalheiro Filho; Pablo Maria Alberto Pomerantzeff </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 60 anos portadora da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand tipo I, submetida a cirurgia da valva mitral. A paciente necessitou de cuidados especiais em raz&#227;o da coagulopatia e foi necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de concentrado de fator VIII (VIIIf) e fator de von Willebrand (vWf) antes, durante e depois da cirurgia. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Nove meses depois, a paciente encontra-se assintom&#225;tica. A corre&#231;&#227;o para valores adequados de VIIIf e vWf permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia com seguran&#231;a.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a de von Willebrand, valva mitral / cirurgia, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada.</p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral geralmente &#233; realizado mediante desvio cardiopulmonar atrav&#233;s da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). O contato do sangue com a superf&#237;cie do material pl&#225;stico das c&#226;nulas da CEC, bem como o estresse promovido pelo circuito de propuls&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;neo determinam altera&#231;&#245;es na coagula&#231;&#227;o e na hem&#243;lise.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o de procedimento cir&#250;rgico, associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria causada pela doen&#231;a de von Willebrand tornam necess&#225;ria a elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia para o perioperat&#243;rio com o objetivo de evitar sangramentos excessivos nos pacientes submetidos a procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Estudos recentes mostram que a infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de concentrado de VIIIf e vWf (8Y<sup>&#174;</sup>) em pacientes com doen&#231;a de von Willebrand tipo I &#233; segura, e previne sangramentos importantes durante procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O relato a seguir refere-se a uma paciente portadora da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand do tipo I, que necessitou de tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral, na qual foi utilizado concentrado de VIIIf e vWf como estrat&#233;gia para o controle da coagulopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 60 anos, portadora da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand tipo I e em tratamento cl&#237;nico para a doen&#231;a desde a inf&#226;ncia, deu entrada em nosso servi&#231;o no dia 14 de janeiro de 2005 com hist&#243;ria de dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os habituais nos dois meses antecedentes. A paciente estava em uso de digoxina, 0,25 mg/dia, e furosemida 40 mg/dia.</p>
    <p>A paciente era portadora do v&#237;rus da hepatite C e estava em tratamento com interferon. Apresentava hist&#243;ria de febre reum&#225;tica na inf&#226;ncia, um epis&#243;dio de endocardite bacteriana na valva mitral em 1998 e hipotireoidismo. Referia j&#225; ter tido sangramento gengival e epistaxe pr&#233;vios. </p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, encontrava-se em bom estado geral, corada, hidratada, acian&#243;tica, anict&#233;rica, afebril e eupn&#233;ica, press&#227;o arterial de 130 x 80 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 72 bpm e 20 incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias por minuto. O exame card&#237;aco revelou sopro sist&#243;lico 3+/6+ em foco mitral e sopro diast&#243;lico 1+/6+ em foco mitral. </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um eletrocardiograma (ECG) cujo ritmo era sinusal com altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo, sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O ecocardiograma realizado no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio revelou espessamento da valva mitral, prolapso da c&#250;spide posterior por ruptura de cordas tend&#237;neas com insufici&#234;ncia grave e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com aumento discreto do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e fun&#231;&#227;o normal. A paciente foi submetida a uma cineangiocoronariografia que n&#227;o revelou les&#245;es coronarianas e confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, sendo indicado, ent&#227;o, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da defici&#234;ncia de coagula&#231;&#227;o, a paciente necessitou de cuidados especiais nos pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, pois a principal preocupa&#231;&#227;o era o risco de sangramento significativo. A redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de vWf em raz&#227;o da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand acarreta tamb&#233;m diminui&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de VIIIf no sangue. Isso faz necess&#225;ria a reposi&#231;&#227;o adequada desses dois fatores visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de sangramento e ao controle da coagulopatia.</p>
    <p>Foi prescrito, ent&#227;o, um programa de reposi&#231;&#227;o mediante concentrado de VIIIf e vWf. Para o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, no dia anterior &#224; cirurgia, administrou-se 50 UI/kg de concentrado de VIIIf e vWf via endovenosa (EV). No intra- operat&#243;rio, foram administrados em bomba de infus&#227;o continua 3.500 UI (180 ml/h) de VIIIf. Ap&#243;s 12 horas do t&#233;rmino da cirurgia foram administrados 20 UI/kg EV. Do primeiro ao quinto dias do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram administrados 50 UI/kg EV uma vez ao dia. Do sexto ao s&#233;timo dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram administrados 30 UI/kg EV uma vez ao dia. E do nono at&#233; o d&#233;cimo quinto dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram administrados 50 UI/kg uma vez ao dia em dias alternados. A quantidade total de concentrado administrada foi de 50.000 UI (100 frascos) conforme preconizado pelo UK Haemophilia Centre Doctors&#146; Organization<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica se deu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos agentes anest&#233;sicos de rotina. Realizou-se esternotomia mediana e com o aux&#237;lio da CEC o &#225;trio esquerdo foi aberto e a valva mitral apresentada. O diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi confirmado no intra-operat&#243;rio, sendo evidenciada ruptura de tr&#234;s cordas tend&#237;neas da c&#250;spide posterior. Foi realizada pl&#225;stica da valva mitral com a t&#233;cnica de ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular da c&#250;spide posterior e anuloplastia com duplo teflon com sutura borda a borda das c&#250;spides, obtendo-se um bom resultado final<sup>3</sup>. N&#227;o houve intercorr&#234;ncia durante a cirurgia.</p>
    <p>O tempo de CEC foi de 55 minutos; o tempo de pin&#231;amento da aorta, de 44 minutos; e o tempo total da anestesia, de 5 horas e 45 minutos. Utilizou-se cardioplegia sang&#252;&#237;nea St. Thomas. Administrou-se aprotinina EV na dose de 1 ml por 10 segundos sem rea&#231;&#245;es de hipersensibilidade e, a seguir, 100 ml/h de aprotinina durante uma hora; e, ap&#243;s a cirurgia, 50 ml durante uma hora, perfazendo um total de 1.000.000 UI.</p>
    <p>Coagulograma e hemograma foram realizados periodicamente a fim de se avaliar o estado de coagula&#231;&#227;o da paciente. O tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativado (TTPA) antes da cirurgia era de 37 segundos e a paciente estava com plaquetopenia discreta (129.000 plaquetas). A estrat&#233;gia adotada para estabelecer o equil&#237;brio no sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o da paciente foi adequada e atingiu o objetivo de diminuir o TTPA para pr&#243;ximo do normal, que &#233; de 28 segundos, durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio. O ecocardiograma realizado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mostrou que a valva mitral estava competente e as dimens&#245;es e a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, normais. A ausculta card&#237;aca p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria estava normal.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A paciente obteve alta hospitalar no 9&#176; dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em uso de concentrado de vWf e VIIIf, de acordo com o esquema anteriormente apresentado, Ypsilon<sup>&#174;</sup> e furosemida. Ap&#243;s nove meses de seguimento, a paciente se encontra assintom&#225;tica do ponto de vista cardiovascular, al&#233;m de n&#227;o apresentar nenhum epis&#243;dio de sangramento no per&#237;odo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Von Willebrand &#233; o dist&#250;rbio hemorr&#225;gico heredit&#225;rio mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com ocorr&#234;ncia de um em cada 100 a 500 indiv&#237;duos<sup>4</sup>. O fator de von Willebrand (vWf) &#233; uma glicoprote&#237;na multim&#233;rica plasm&#225;tica cujas principais fun&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o: facilitar ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria ao endot&#233;lio vascular lesado, ligando-se &#224; membrana da plaqueta, al&#233;m de atuar como transportador e estabilizador do fator VIII no plasma. A redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade do vWf ou o funcionamento inadequado dessa prote&#237;na resulta em dificuldade de coagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de von Willebrand &#233; classificada como quantitativa, tipo 1 e 3, onde h&#225;, respectivamente, diminui&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia do vWf e em qualitativa, quando h&#225; funcionamento inadequado do vWf que caracteriza a doen&#231;a do tipo 2<sup>5</sup>. O tipo I &#233; a forma branda da doen&#231;a na qual o indiv&#237;duo pode apresentar sintomas cl&#237;nicos geralmente brandos; contudo, o grau de manifesta&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e sua magnitude podem variar entre os indiv&#237;duos, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de profilaxia, com o objetivo de evitar sangramento nos pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, depende da avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado de coagula&#231;&#227;o do paciente pelo hematologista. O tipo III &#233; a forma grave da doen&#231;a, onde, geralmente, n&#227;o h&#225; produ&#231;&#227;o de vWf; e pacientes portadores dessa forma da doen&#231;a e que ser&#227;o submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos necessitam sempre de profilaxia com o objetivo de evitar complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas no intra e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O m&#233;dico deve suspeitar de doen&#231;a de von Willebrand a partir da observa&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia dos seguintes sinais: sintomas de sangramento como epistaxes, sangramento gengival, menorragia, sangramento ap&#243;s extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria, baixa atividade do cofator de ristocetina (VWF:RCo) e presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria de sangramento na fam&#237;lia, visto que essa &#233; uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o escassos na literatura os relatos de tratamento cir&#250;rgico das valvopatias em pacientes portadores da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand. &#201; importante, entretanto, que o cl&#237;nico e o cirurgi&#227;o cardiovasculares estejam atentos na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente e no rastreamento de dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o, a fim de evitar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, bem como estejam familiarizados com as coagulopatias mais freq&#252;entes. Komp e cols.<sup>7 </sup>e Aris e cols.<sup>8</sup> demonstraram ser poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes com doen&#231;a de von Willebrand, desde que seja realizada a corre&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de VIIIf. </p>
    <p>Pacientes portadores de outras coagulopatias, como os hemof&#237;licos, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca com bons resultados. Tarasoutchi e cols.<sup>9 </sup>relataram opera&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de paciente hemof&#237;lico com valvopatia mitral e a&#243;rtica de etiologia reum&#225;tica, submetido a troca da valva a&#243;rtica e comissurotomia mitral, tendo sido utilizado esquema de reposi&#231;&#227;o de VIIIf para o controle da coagulopatia no intra e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>H&#225; relatos na literatura de pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica que desenvolveram doen&#231;a de von Willebrand em raz&#227;o de estresse causado no endot&#233;lio e rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria com diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de vWf no plasma. Esse dist&#250;rbio mostrou-se revers&#237;vel com a troca da valva<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento da fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia m&#233;dica, visto que podem ocorrer complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas em gestantes e em cirurgias de grande porte. Os portadores da doen&#231;a de von Willebrand que ser&#227;o submetidos a cirurgias de grande porte geralmente necessitam de terapia profil&#225;tica com o objetivo de evitar complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas<sup>2</sup>. O tratamento, quando indicado, pode ser realizado com a administra&#231;&#227;o de desmopressina, concentrado de fator VIII e administra&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas. A necessidade de cada interven&#231;&#227;o citada anteriormente depende do tipo da doen&#231;a, do estado de coagula&#231;&#227;o e da avalia&#231;&#227;o do hematologista que pode determinar qual a melhor terap&#234;utica a ser adotada de acordo com as necessidades de cada paciente<bold>. </bold>Optou-se pela terap&#234;utica de reposi&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica de concentrado de VIIIf e vWf em raz&#227;o dos bons resultados presentes na literatura com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa forma terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de pl&#225;stica da valva mitral em paciente com doen&#231;a de von Willebrand, submetida a um esquema de reposi&#231;&#227;o de VIIIf e vWf no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio, foi bem-sucedida e sem complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Conclu&#237;mos que a estrat&#233;gia utilizada foi efetiva no controle da coagulopatia e permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia sem complica&#231;&#245;es, podendo ser utilizada em outros pacientes com a mesma doen&#231;a e que necessitem de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ally Nader Roquetti Saroute </p>
        <p> Rua Corinto, 488/43 </p>
        <p> 05586-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="allymed91@hotmail.com">allymed91@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 26/12/05; revisado recebido em 26/04/06; aceito em 12/06/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Patient with von Willebrand disease undergoing mitral valve repair: a strategy for the control of the coagulopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report a case of a 60 year-old woman with von Willebrand disease type I that was submitted to a mitral valve repair. The patient needed special care due coagulopathy and needed VIII factor (VIIIf) and von Willebrand factor (vWf), before, during and after surgery. There was no complication during or after surgery. Patient is asymptomatic nine months postoperatively. The correction of VIIIf and vWf allowed the realization of a safety surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Von Willebrand disease</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral valve</kwd>
        <kwd>disseminated intravascular coagulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient with von Willbrand disease undergoing mitral valve repair: a strategy for the control of the coagulopathy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ally Nader Roquetti Saroute; Carlos Manuel de Almeida Brand&#227;o; Marco Ant&#244;nio Vieira Guedes; Cyrillo Cavalheiro Filho; Pablo Maria Alberto Pomerantzeff </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a 60-year old woman with type I von Willebrand disease who underwent mitral valve repair. The patient required special care due to the coagulopathy, and factor VIII (VIIIf) and von Willebrand factor (VWf) concentrate was necessary prior to, during and after surgery. No complications occurred during or after surgery. Nine months later, the patient is asymptomatic. Correction of VIIIf and vWf to adequate levels enabled a safe surgical procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Von Willebrand disease; mitral valve / surgery; disseminated intravascular coagulation.</p>
      <p>Mitral valve repair is performed with cardiopulmonary bypass using extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Blood contact with the surface of the plastic material of the ECC tubes, as well as the stress caused by the blood pumping circuit, leads to coagulation changes and hemolysis. </p>
      <p>Coagulation changes resulting from the surgical procedure associated with the platelet dysfunction caused by the von Willebrand disease require the elaboration of a strategy for the perioperative period with the purpose of preventing excessive bleeding in patients undergoing surgical procedures. Recent studies show that the continuous infusion of VIIIf and vWf (8Y&#8482;) concentrate in patients with type I von Willebrand disease is safe and prevents significant bleeding during surgical procedures<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following report refers to a patient with type I von Willebrand disease who required mitral valve repair. VIIIf and vWf concentrate was used as a strategy for the control of the coagulopathy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-year old woman with type I von Willebrand disease under medical treatment since childhood was admitted in our service on January 14, 2005, with a history of dyspnea on daily exertion for two months. She was taking digoxin 0.25mg/day and furosemide 40mg/day.</p>
      <p>The patient was a hepatitis C virus carrier and was under treatment with interferon. She had a past medical history of rheumatic fever in childhood, one episode of bacterial endocarditis in mitral valve in 1998, and hypothyroidism. She reported previous episodes of gingival bleeding and epistaxis. </p>
      <p>Physical examination revealed a patient in good general condition, good color, hydrated, with no cyanosis, jaundice or fever. She had no respiratory distress; her blood pressure was 130x80 mmHg, heart rate 72 bpm, and respiratory rate 20 bpm. Cardiac examination revealed a grade 1/6 systolic murmur in the mitral area and a grade 1/6 diastolic murmur in the mitral area.</p>
      <p>An electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed, revealing sinus rhythm with alterations suggestive of left atrial overload, left ventricular overload, and alterations in ventricular repolarization. The preoperative echocardiogram showed mitral valve thickening, posterior leaftlet prolapse due to rupture of the chordae tendineae with severe regurgitation, mild increase of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and normal function. The patient underwent a coronary angiography which did not show any coronary lesions and confirmed the diagnosis of severe mitral regurgitation. Surgical repair of the mitral valve was then indicated. </p>
      <p>On account of the coagulation deficiency, the patient required special pre-, intra-, and postoperative care, because the main concern was the risk of a significant bleeding. Decreased vWf levels due to von Willebrand disease also cause a reduction in blood VIIIf level, which makes the adequate replacement of these two factors necessary for the prevention of bleeding and control of the coagulopathy. </p>
      <p>A replacement regimen with VIIIf and vWf concentrate was then prescribed. For the preoperative period, one day prior to surgery, 50IU/kg of VIIIf and vWf concentrate were administered intravenously (IV). In the intraoperative period, 3500 IU (180m/h) of VIIIf were given via a syringe pump. Twelve hours after the end of the procedure 20 IU/kg of VIIIf were given intravenously. From the first to the fifth postoperative day 50 IU/kg were given once a day. From the sixth to the seventh postoperative day 30 IU/kg were given once a day. And from the ninth to the fifteenth postoperative day 50 IU/kg were given once a day every other day. The total amount of concentrate administered was 50000 IU (100 bottles) as recommended by the UK Haemophilia Centre Doctors&#146; Organization<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Anesthetic induction with routine anesthetic agents was uneventful. A median sternotomy was performed, and with the use of ECC the left atrium was opened and the mitral valve was exposed. The echocardiographic diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively, and rupture of three chordae tendineae of the posterior leaflet was found. Mitral valve repair was performed using quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet and annuloplasty with double Teflon with edge-to-edge suture of the leaflets, thus obtaining a favorable final outcome.<sup>3</sup> The surgical procedure was uneventful. </p>
      <p>ECC time was 55 minutes, aorta clamping time was 44 minutes, and total anesthesia time was 5 hours and 45 minutes. The St. Thomas blood cardioplegia was used. Aprotinin was administered IV at a dose of 1ml per 10 seconds with no hypersensitivity reactions, followed by a 100ml/h dose for one hour and, after surgery, 50ml for one hour, in a total of 1,000,000 IU.</p>
      <p>Coagulation tests and blood count were performed periodically to assess the patient&#146;s coagulation status. The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) prior to surgery was 37 seconds, and the patient had a mild thrombocytopenia (129,000 platelets). The strategy adopted to establish the balance in the patient&#146;s coagulation system was adequate and achieved the goal of decreasing APTT down to close the normal value, which is 28 seconds, during the perioperative period. The postoperative echocardiogram showed a competent mitral valve and normal ventricular dimensions and function. Postoperative cardiac auscultation was normal. </p>
      <p> No complications occurred in the postoperative period. The patient was discharged on the ninth postoperative day, using vWf and VIIIf concentrate according to the regimen previously presented, in addittion to Ypsillon<sup>TM</sup> and furosemide. After nine months of follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic from the cardiovascular point of view; she has not suffered any bleeding episodes in the follow-up period. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Von Willebrand disease is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder among the general population, occurring in one out of 100 to 500 individuals<sup>4</sup>. Von Willebrand factor (vWf) is a multimeric plasma glycoprotein whose main functions are to facilitate platelet adhesion to the damaged vascular endothelium by binding to the platelet membrane, and also to function as a factor VIII carrier and stabilizer in plasma. Reduced vWf levels or inadequate functioning of this protein result in impaired coagulation. </p>
      <p>Von Willebrand disease is classified as quantitative, type 1 and 3, when a decrease or absence of vWf occurs, respectively, and as qualitative, when inadequate functioning of vWf occurs, characterizing the type 2 disease<sup>5</sup>. Type I is the mild form of the disease in which the individual may present usually mild clinical symptoms. However, the degree and magnitude of hemorrhagic manifestations may vary among individuals and the assessment of the need for prophylaxis aiming at preventing bleeding in patients undergoing surgical procedures depends on the assessment of the patient&#146;s coagulation status by the hematologist. Type 3 is the severe form of the disease, in which there is usually no production of vWf, and patients with this form of the disease undergoing surgical procedures always require prophylaxis aiming at preventing hemorrhagic complications in the intra- and postoperative periods<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Physicians should suspect von Willebrand disease in the presence of the following signs: symptoms of bleeding such as epistaxis; gingival bleeding; menorrhagia; bleeding following tooth extraction; low activity of ristocetin cofactor (vWF:RCo); and the presence of family history of bleeding, since this is an hereditary disease<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Reports of surgical treatment of heart valve diseases in patients with von Willebrand disease are rare in the literature. It is important, however, that general practitioners and cardiovascular surgeons be on the alert when evaluating patients and screening coagulation disorders, so as to prevent possible surgical complications; they should also be familiar with the most frequent coagulation disorders. Komp et al<sup>7</sup> and Aris et al<sup>8</sup> demonstrated that cardiac surgery may be performed in patients with von Willebrand disease provided that VIIIf levels are corrected. </p>
      <p>Patients with other coagulation disorders, such as hemophilia, have also been undergoing cardiac surgery with favorable results. Tarasoutchi et al<sup>9</sup> reported the successful operation of a hemophilic patient with mitral and aortic valve disease of rheumatic etiology undergoing aortic valve replacement and mitral comissurotomy; in this case a VIIIf replacement regimen was used to control the coagulation disorder in the intra- and postoperative period. </p>
      <p>There are reports in the literature of patients with aortic stenosis who developed von Willebrand disease due to the stress caused in the endothelium and the inflammatory reaction with reduction of plasma vWf levels. This disorder proved to be reversible with valve replacement<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Knowledge on the pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease is of great medical importance, since hemorrhagic complications may occur in pregnant women and major surgeries. Patients with von Willebrand disease undergoing major surgeries usually require prophylatic therapy aiming at preventing hemorrhagic complications<sup>2</sup>. Treatment, when indicated, may be performed with the administration of desmopressin, factor VIII concentrate and platelets. The need for each of the interventions previously mentioned depends on the type of disease, on the coagulation status, and on the assessment by the hematologist, who can determine which treatment is the best to be adopted according to each patient&#146;s needs. Prophylactic therapy with VIIIf and vWf concentrate replacement was chosen because of the favorable outcomes found in the literature with the use of this therapeutic modality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral valve repair in the patient with von Willebrand disease undergoing VIIIf and vWf replacement regimen in the perioperatory period was successful and no hemorrhagic complications occurred. In conclusion, the strategy used was effective in the control of the coagulation disorder, and enabled the performance of the surgery with no complications; it may be used in other patients with the same disease who require surgical procedures. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ally Nader Roquetti Saroute</p>
          <p> Rua Corinto, 488/43</p>
          <p> 05586-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="allymed91@hotmail.com">allymed91@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 26, 2005; revised manuscript received April, 26, 2006; accepted June 12, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
