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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rJ5dq5NPGZz9BNk7mHfBKqx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800116</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise das altera&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o-invasiva com bin&#237;vel press&#243;rico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Ariadne Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sangean</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vega</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim Minuzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual M&#225;rio Covas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>96</fpage>
      <lpage>103</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Observar na pr&#225;tica como a press&#227;o positiva n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o, aplicada com diferentes valores, pode interferir na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SatO2), em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC). M&#201;TODOS: Analisamos 14 pacientes com ICC que foram tratados com ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 62,85 anos. Os pacientes foram tratados consecutivamente com EPAP de 5 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, 15 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O e 5 cmH2O mantendo uma varia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o (deltaP) de 5 cmH2O entre a press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria (IPAP) e a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria (EPAP). Foram coletados os dados ventilat&#243;rios e hemodin&#226;micos em todos esses momentos, e tamb&#233;m 5 minutos antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo e 5 minutos ap&#243;s o seu t&#233;rmino. RESULTADOS: Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, entre o momento anterior ao do in&#237;cio do protocolo e 5 minutos ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara de press&#227;o positiva (p = 0,022), e na satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, entre o momento final da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de EPAP de 5 cmH2O e depois da retirada da m&#225;scara de press&#227;o positiva (p = 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o beneficia os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva por meio da melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o do trabalho respirat&#243;rio. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel observar altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes nos dados hemodin&#226;micos devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e &#224; presen&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas associadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>respira&#231;&#227;o artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise das altera&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o-invasiva com bin&#237;vel press&#243;rico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ariadne Fernandes de Barros; Luciana Costa de Barros; M&#225;rcia Cristina Sangean; Joaquim Minuzo Vega</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Estadual Mario Covas - Santo Andr&#233;, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Observar na pr&#225;tica como a press&#227;o positiva n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o, aplicada com diferentes valores, pode interferir na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SatO2), em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Analisamos 14 pacientes com ICC que foram tratados com ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 62,85 anos. Os pacientes foram tratados consecutivamente com EPAP de 5 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, 15 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O e 5 cmH2O mantendo uma varia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o (DP) de 5 cmH2O entre a press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria (IPAP) e a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria (EPAP). Foram coletados os dados ventilat&#243;rios e hemodin&#226;micos em todos esses momentos, e tamb&#233;m 5 minutos antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo e 5 minutos ap&#243;s o seu t&#233;rmino. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, entre o momento anterior ao do in&#237;cio do protocolo e 5 minutos ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara de press&#227;o positiva (p = 0,022), e na satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, entre o momento final da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de EPAP de 5 cmH2O e depois da retirada da m&#225;scara de press&#227;o positiva (p = 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o beneficia os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva por meio da melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o do trabalho respirat&#243;rio. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel observar altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes nos dados hemodin&#226;micos devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e &#224; presen&#231;a de outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas associadas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, respira&#231;&#227;o artificial, respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva.</p>
    <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva (PEEP) tem como objetivo aumentar a oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial e manter suporte de vida para os pacientes que perdem a capacidade de realizar ventila&#231;&#227;o espontaneamente<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>O prop&#243;sito da aplica&#231;&#227;o da PEEP &#233; manter press&#227;o positiva na via a&#233;rea por toda a fase expirat&#243;ria, inclusive ao seu final. Entretanto, a t&#233;cnica consiste na aplica&#231;&#227;o de uma resist&#234;ncia ao fluxo expirat&#243;rio do ciclo ventilat&#243;rio, sempre ressaltando que a efetividade da t&#233;cnica depende do ajuste do n&#237;vel de PEEP ao processo fisiopatol&#243;gico que est&#225; comprometendo a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Lenique e cols.<sup>3</sup> demonstraram que com o uso da PEEP ocorre melhora significativa da troca gasosa devido ao recrutamento de alv&#233;olos colapsados, e segundo Barbas e cols.<sup>4</sup>, h&#225; conseq&#252;ente aumento da press&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO<sub>2</sub>) e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de di&#243;xido de carbono (PaCO<sub>2</sub>). </p>
    <p>Com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de PEEP, a press&#227;o no mediastino aumenta paralelamente. A partir desse mecanismo, com o pulm&#227;o distendido, o aumento da press&#227;o externa justacard&#237;aca resulta no aumento das press&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias devido &#224; complac&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica e ao retorno venoso (RV) estarem diminu&#237;dos<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A PEEP tamb&#233;m acarreta altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Com o aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica (RVS), compress&#227;o das veias cava superior e inferior, diminui&#231;&#227;o do enchimento ventricular, diminuindo tamb&#233;m o enchimento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e diminuindo, finalmente, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC). Por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica e diminui&#231;&#227;o do DC, h&#225; significante diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) <sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva no tratamento de pacientes que apresentam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) est&#225; claramente evidenciada nos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos que a mesma proporciona, como a melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o, a redu&#231;&#227;o do trabalho respirat&#243;rio e a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do DC<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; diferen&#231;a entre a aplica&#231;&#227;o adequada de PEEP no paciente cardiopata com rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o de VE normal, nos quais a p&#243;s-carga apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es insignificantes se comparada &#224; dos pacientes cardiopatas, que apresentam dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, sendo, portanto, sens&#237;veis &#224;s mudan&#231;as da p&#243;s-carga<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, um dos principais fatores para o desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda nos pacientes cardiopatas &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, que aumenta o trabalho respirat&#243;rio. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; resultado da insufici&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria causada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na pr&#233;-carga e na p&#243;s-carga. Assim, com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva, o trabalho respirat&#243;rio diminui, acarretando altera&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas na press&#227;o transpulmonar e diminui tamb&#233;m a PaCO<sub>2</sub>. Al&#233;m disso, ocorre ainda o aumento significante da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar associada &#224; melhora do VE, devido ao aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a aplica&#231;&#227;o da PEEP nos pacientes que apresentam ICC acarreta melhora significativa da oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial, diminuindo o trabalho respirat&#243;rio, e, segundo Hoyos e cols., o aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica aumenta o DC &#224;s custas do aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, uma vez que os fatores importantes que determinam a revers&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica s&#227;o representados pela pr&#233;-carga, p&#243;s-carga, contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC)<sup>3,9,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; mostrar como a press&#227;o positiva ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o (PEEP), aplicada em diferentes valores, interfere na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), na freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (f) e na satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) dos pacientes cardiopatas que s&#227;o submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com bin&#237;vel press&#243;rico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto do Hospital Estadual M&#225;rio Covas, em Santo Andr&#233; - SP, entre maio e agosto de 2003, que apresentavam o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o (disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o) e n&#227;o apresentavam nenhum crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foram inseridos no protocolo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o deste protocolo foram: pacientes com qualquer patologia pulmonar que contra-indique altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores de PEEP (doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, principalmente se houver presen&#231;a de bolhas pulmonares, f&#237;stulas br&#244;nquicas e abcessos pulmonares); pacientes hemodinamicamente inst&#225;veis sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas; pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria aguda; pacientes com hipotens&#227;o arterial (PAM <underline>&lt;</underline> 70 mmHg); pacientes com hipertens&#227;o intracraniana; cardiopatias com necessidade de cirurgia corretiva (altera&#231;&#227;o valvar, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias n&#227;o controladas por drogas); trauma cr&#226;nio-encef&#225;lico; cirurgia facial recente ou anomalias anat&#244;mica nasofar&#237;ngeas; inabilidade da tosse em pacientes hipersecretivos; hemorragia digestiva alta e cirurgia abdominal alta; pneumot&#243;rax n&#227;o drenado; hipersecre&#231;&#227;o; encefalopatia severa (Glasgow &lt; 10); paciente n&#227;o colaborativo; extrema ansiedade.</p>
    <p>Foram anotados na ficha de registro os dados pessoais do paciente (idade, sexo), dados sobre a doen&#231;a do paciente e causas da descompensa&#231;&#227;o, dados hemodin&#226;micos (FC, PAS, PAD, PAM) coletados a partir da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva pelo monitor Dixtal 1020, dados ventilat&#243;rios (FR, SpO<sub>2</sub>), onde a freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria foi aferida pelo fisioterapeuta que aplicou o protocolo e a SpO<sub>2,</sub> registrada tamb&#233;m pelo monitor Dixtal 1020. Tamb&#233;m foram registradas as drogas utilizadas ou outras observa&#231;&#245;es relevantes que pudessem interferir diretamente nos resultados. A seguir, foi instalada a m&#225;scara de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva do aparelho Breas PV101 (Bilevel) com valor de EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e IPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, mantendo uma varia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (DP) em todos os n&#237;veis de EPAP por 15 minutos. A cada intervalo de 5 minutos com este valor de EPAP, foram registrados os dados hemodin&#226;micos e ventilat&#243;rios dos pacientes. Ap&#243;s 15 minutos, o valor de EPAP foi aumentado para 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, mantido por 15 minutos e a cada 5 minutos os dados hemodin&#226;micos e ventilat&#243;rios foram registrados novamente. O mesmo aconteceu com a EPAP elevada para 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. A partir deste, o valor de EPAP foi diminu&#237;do para 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e depois para 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O com um intervalo de 15 minutos entre cada altera&#231;&#227;o e registrados a cada 5 minutos os mesmos dados registrados anteriormente. Por fim, a m&#225;scara de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva foi retirada e os dados registrados novamente ap&#243;s 5 minutos da sua retirada. Caso o paciente tivesse a necessidade de suporte ventilat&#243;rio, a m&#225;scara seria recolocada.</p>
    <p><bold>OBS:</bold> Se em qualquer momento da aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo o paciente apresentasse qualquer um dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, este paciente seria dispensado da pesquisa e seriam tomadas as provid&#234;ncias necess&#225;rias. Por&#233;m, estes pacientes seriam inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e discutida a intercorr&#234;ncia e o motivo da interrup&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. Posteriormente foi realizada a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das varia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e respirat&#243;rias decorrentes das altera&#231;&#245;es dos valores de EPAP. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram deste estudo 14 pacientes com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra a idade, o diagn&#243;stico e as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas para cada paciente inserido no protocolo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0096-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos por minuto) m&#233;dia antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo foi de 82 &#177; 22, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 82 &#177; 21, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 81 &#177; 22, com EPAP de 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 83 &#177; 21, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 80 &#177; 19, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 79 &#177; 21 e ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara, 80 &#177; 22. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em nenhum momento neste par&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0096-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto) m&#233;dia antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo foi de 24 &#177; 11, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 20 &#177; 6, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 20 &#177; 5, com EPAP de 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 &#177; 3, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 20 &#177; 3, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 20 &#177; 4 e ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara, 20 &#177; 8. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o momento inicial, antes da coloca&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva e os valores de EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial (p = 0,0222) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra os valores m&#233;dios, com seus respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o dos par&#226;metros avaliados antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica, durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diferentes n&#237;veis de EPAP e ao t&#233;rmino da aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica, sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de EPAP.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg) m&#233;dia antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo foi de 129 ( 22, com EPAP de 5 cmH2O inicial, 131 ( 21, com EPAP de 10 cmH2O inicial, 132 ( 21, com EPAP de 15 cmH2O, 130 ( 23, com EPAP de 10 cmH2O final, 129 ( 22, com EPAP de 5 cmH2O final, 128 ( 22 e ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara, 124 ( 23. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em nenhum momento para este par&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg) m&#233;dia antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo foi de 79 ( 15, com EPAP de 5 cmH2O inicial, 79 (14, com EPAP de 10 cmH2O inicial, 80 (14, com EPAP de 15 cmH2O, 82 (18, com EPAP de 10 cmH2O final, 83 (18, com EPAP de 5 cmH2O final, 77 ( 17 e ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara, 76 (18. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em nenhum momento neste par&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (mmHg) medida antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo foi de 94 &#177;12, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 98 &#177;13, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 96 &#177; 13, com EPAP de 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 96 &#177;13, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 96 &#177;15, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 93 &#177;14 e ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara, 89 &#177;14. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em nenhum momento para este par&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) m&#233;dia antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo foi de 95 &#177;2, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 95 &#177;1, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial, 95 &#177;1, com EPAP de 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 95 &#177;1, com EPAP de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 95 &#177;2, com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final, 96 &#177;1 e ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara, 95 &#177;1. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o momento do uso da m&#225;scara com EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final e depois da retirada da mesma (p = 0,051) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os nossos resultados indicam que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) se beneficiam da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com dois n&#237;veis de press&#227;o. Esse benef&#237;cio foi constatado n&#227;o somente pela avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados analisados como tamb&#233;m pela aceita&#231;&#227;o e colabora&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, al&#233;m do relato de melhora da dispn&#233;ia. Pacientes com ICC cursam com aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia e do volume pulmonar e tamb&#233;m devido ao aumento do <italic>shunt</italic> intrapulmonar. Isso ocorre pelo aumento da presen&#231;a de l&#237;quido pulmonar causado por altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o onc&#243;tica, tanto intravascular quanto intersticial<sup>3,13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar cardiog&#234;nico, ocorre obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo a&#233;reo por meio do aumento da press&#227;o vascular pulmonar gerando broncoconstri&#231;&#227;o reflexa. Devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume pulmonar decorrente da diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia, h&#225; estreitamento das vias a&#233;reas, isto &#233;, obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz br&#244;nquica pela presen&#231;a do l&#237;quido do edema, e dilata&#231;&#227;o da mucosa br&#244;nquica, ocasionando aumento do trabalho el&#225;stico da musculatura respirat&#243;ria e dispn&#233;ia<sup>15-18</sup><bold>.</bold></p>
    <p>Com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, o trabalho respirat&#243;rio e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio aumentam para garantir adequada ventila&#231;&#227;o, provocando a necessidade de gerar press&#245;es intrator&#225;cicas mais negativas para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>11,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva acarreta o aumento do fluxo inspirat&#243;rio. Com isso, ocorre aumento significante do volume e da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, que redistribui o l&#237;quido nos alv&#233;olos por meio do recrutamento alveolar, favorecendo a troca gasosa e a ventila&#231;&#227;o alveolar, ou seja, diminui o <italic>shunt</italic> intrapulmonar<sup>3,14,19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de PEEP promove altera&#231;&#245;es diretamente proporcionais na CRF e na complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, ou seja, quanto maior for o n&#237;vel de aplica&#231;&#227;o de PEEP, maior ser&#225; o volume alveolar, aumentando assim a press&#227;o transpulmonar nas bases dos pulm&#245;es e maior tamb&#233;m ser&#225; a press&#227;o intra-alveolar que assumir&#225;, ao final de expira&#231;&#227;o, o n&#237;vel da PEEP aplicada<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de PEEP com n&#237;veis menores que 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>0 mostra que o di&#226;metro alveolar aumenta linearmente, favorecendo as trocas gasosas devido ao aumento da CRF e aumento da &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie de troca gasosa entre o epit&#233;lio alveolar e o endot&#233;lio capilar<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m, por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva, diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia inspirat&#243;ria e aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia das vias a&#233;reas. Por isso, h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o significante da sobrecarga dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios e inibi&#231;&#227;o da resposta simp&#225;tica a esses m&#250;sculos<sup>14,18,22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com ICC cursam com aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o excitat&#243;ria da c&#226;mara atrial, al&#233;m do aumento do impulso aferente dos receptores dos vasos pulmonares e estimula&#231;&#227;o dos mecanorreceptores J, tendo como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia uma respira&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e superficial. Por isso, h&#225; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico, que acarreta aumento da FC, a fim de manter adequado DC<sup>13,22,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva em pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca implica no aumento da press&#227;o pleural e por isso aumenta a press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, que resulta na inibi&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico<sup>10,20,22,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes que receberam ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva (VMNI) apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (p = 0,022, Teste t) durante o momento anterior &#224; coloca&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara de VMNI e depois da sua coloca&#231;&#227;o com valor de EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O inicial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em nenhum outro momento neste par&#226;metro, o que indica que houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do trabalho respirat&#243;rio ap&#243;s 5 minutos do in&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da m&#225;scara, e esta diminui&#231;&#227;o se manteve durante toda a realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0096-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A partir dos achados citados acima, houve contribui&#231;&#227;o para o aumento da satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, a satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio apresentou aumento estatisticamente significante (p = 0,05, Teste t) entre o EPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O final e 5 minutos ap&#243;s a retirada da m&#225;scara de VMNI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o positiva em pacientes que apresentam ICC, houve melhora na satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio porque houve aumento do volume e da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, que acarretou a redistribui&#231;&#227;o do l&#237;quido alveolar, favorecimento da troca gasosa e aumento da reserva de oxig&#234;nio arterial<sup>3,14,26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Barbas e cols.<sup>4</sup>, os valores elevados de oxig&#234;nio arterial causam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e acarretam a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e o aumento consider&#225;vel do DC.</p>
    <p>Segundo Bradley e cols., o aumento do DC e do volume sist&#243;lico acarretam diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga do VE, pois ocorre diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o transmural do mesmo. Todos esses fatores associados implicam na melhora consider&#225;vel da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE<sup> 22,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>O DC em pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; significantemente dependente da pr&#233;-carga, visto que durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da PEEP o DC diminui devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do RV e enchimento do VE. Ao contr&#225;rio, o DC nos pacientes que apresentam ICC com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE depende das altera&#231;&#245;es na p&#243;s-carga. A partir disso, um aumento consider&#225;vel da pr&#233;-carga, no paciente com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca devido &#224;s mudan&#231;as na propriedade de tens&#227;o e comprimento do mioc&#225;rdio, principalmente da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca esquerda<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da PEEP, a press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica aumenta e o DC diminui significativamente, pois com a compress&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o fluxo pulmonar diminui aumentando a RVP, causando diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso sist&#234;mico, acarretando assim, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do enchimento ventricular devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o importante do DC para o AE<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Sandur e Stoller<sup>29</sup>, com a diminui&#231;&#227;o do RV, a press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito (AD) aumenta causando diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o transmural sist&#243;lica do VE, reduzindo, portanto, o gradiente press&#243;rico para o retorno venoso sist&#234;mico, havendo conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o do enchimento do VD e do volume sist&#243;lico do mesmo. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia disso, ocorre o aumento da p&#243;s-carga do VD, reduzindo, portanto, o RV para o lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do RV para o lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia direta do aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, levando &#224; compress&#227;o das veias cava inferior e superior, aumentando a RVP, que resulta no aumento da press&#227;o das veias pulmonares e da pr&#233;-carga do AE<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) pode variar devido &#224; transmiss&#227;o direta do aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica para a art&#233;ria aorta (Ao)<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Durante a fase inspirat&#243;ria, o aumento da PAS ocorre devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da eje&#231;&#227;o de volume pelo VE, que associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do RV, acarreta o aumento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar, causando diminui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga do VE. Com isso, a PAS permanece elevada a partir do aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica<sup>31</sup>. Por outro lado, a PAS diminui durante a fase expirat&#243;ria devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sang&#252;&#237;neo a&#243;rtico<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da PEEP durante a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o do RV devido ao aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, e as c&#226;maras atriais n&#227;o se distendem. Com isso, por meio da resposta neuro-humoral reflexa, o fluxo renal diminui levando &#224; antidiurese e reten&#231;&#227;o de fluidos<sup>32</sup>. Isso resulta na diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio e excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio pela urina, sendo esses efeitos mais acentuados em indiv&#237;duos com volume circulat&#243;rio normal ou diminu&#237;do, na tentativa de regular a volemia<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o da diurese relacionada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da distensibilidade atrial ocorre devido aos mi&#243;citos atriais, que em resposta ao aumento da tens&#227;o e distens&#227;o atrial, secretam o fator natriur&#233;tico atrial (FNA), que age nos rins com a finalidade de aumentar o fluxo urin&#225;rio, a excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e aumentar o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo renal elevando a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Com a distens&#227;o atrial limitada, ocorre um <italic>feedback</italic> negativo a este mecanismo, diminuindo o fluxo urin&#225;rio na tentativa de aumentar o RV<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva, entretanto, a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de FNA diminui significantemente, devido ao aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica repercutindo sobre o peric&#225;rdio e, conseq&#252;entemente, diminuindo a press&#227;o de enchimento diast&#243;lico final do VE. A partir disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares se torna eficaz e acarreta a melhora da insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o transmural do VE; e por diminuir a atividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico, associado &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, diminui a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando o &#225;trio est&#225; distendido, este envia sinais para o sistema nervoso central por meio dos mecanoceptores, a fim de inibir o horm&#244;nio antidiur&#233;tico (ADH)<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com perda extrema de volume no organismo, ocorre a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de volume presentes nos rins, localizado nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas das arter&#237;olas aferentes e eferentes do glom&#233;rulo renal sendo inervado pelas fibras nervosas simp&#225;ticas, onde sintetizam, armazenam e liberam o horm&#244;nio renina, grande parte do qual se encaminha e circula por toda a corrente sangu&#237;nea<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s ocorrer o processo de s&#237;ntese da renina, esta produz o pept&#237;deo angiotensina I, que atrav&#233;s da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ACE) tornando a mesma ativa, transforma-a em angiotensina II, tendo como fun&#231;&#227;o a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e o aumento da press&#227;o arterial, pois leva &#224; constri&#231;&#227;o das veias sist&#234;micas, promovendo maior retorno venoso ao cora&#231;&#227;o e aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia disso, h&#225; aumento da intensidade da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, isto &#233;, aumento da eje&#231;&#227;o de volume sangu&#237;neo do VE<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, quando a press&#227;o arterial diminui para n&#237;veis demasiadamente baixos, o sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona &#233; estimulado devido &#224;s rea&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas dos rins, regulando, assim, o volume sang&#252;&#237;neo no organismo<sup>37</sup>. </p>
    <p>Portanto, o fator prim&#225;rio das mudan&#231;as da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (PAS) est&#225; associado com o aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica ou com a interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular. No entanto, o fator secund&#225;rio est&#225; associado &#224;s mudan&#231;as na &#225;rea de eje&#231;&#227;o e nas &#225;reas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica final do VE<sup>30,38</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es do volume de eje&#231;&#227;o e de enchimento do VE se devem principalmente ao aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica imposta ao mioc&#225;rdio, causando mudan&#231;as no formato e no tamanho do VE, devido, principalmente, &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca direita, que leva ao desvio importante do septo interventricular. Quando ocorre o aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica durante a ventila&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva, a press&#227;o transmural do VE e o RV diminuem e o volume alveolar aumenta, causando aumento da RVP. Em decorr&#234;ncia desses fatores, ocorre aumento da p&#243;s-carga do VD, sobrecarregando o mesmo. </p>
    <p>Com a sobrecarga do VD, o septo interventricular &#233; desviado para a esquerda, causando altera&#231;&#227;o no formato do VE<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Segundo Pinsky e cols.<sup>39</sup>, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do DC em pacientes com ICC &#233; essencialmente causada pelo aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e do volume sist&#243;lico do VE durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da PEEP.</p>
    <p>O DC em pacientes com ICC &#233; relativamente alterado, apresentando mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, acarretando na sua diminui&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, o RV permanece est&#225;vel e, conseq&#252;entemente, agrava a insufici&#234;ncia da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca esquerda<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o positiva aplicada nos pacientes com ICC causa redu&#231;&#227;o significante na press&#227;o transmural do VE (&#237;ndice de gera&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a sist&#243;lica mioc&#225;rdica) e na FC (consumo de oxig&#234;nio) associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (f), resultando assim na diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de energia muscular e mioc&#225;rdica, permitindo a melhora significante da redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo para os &#243;rg&#227;os, da perfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica e do enchimento diast&#243;lico do VE. Portanto, pelo aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, a p&#243;s-carga do VE diminui, acarretando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga dos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios<sup> 22</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante nas altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas n&#227;o invasivas neste estudo (freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia).</p>
    <p>Isso pode ter ocorrido porque havia, entre os pacientes deste estudo, outras altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas al&#233;m da ICC, que puderam interferir na resposta hemodin&#226;mica ocorrida pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva, quando comparados com relatos de altera&#231;&#245;es que aconteceram em outros estudos.</p>
    <p> Em seu trabalho, Kiely e cols.<sup>41</sup>, que estudaram pacientes com ICC e ritmo card&#237;aco sinusal e compararam esses pacientes &#224;queles que apresentam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, observaram que durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de CPAP de 0 (ZEEP), 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, os pacientes com ritmo sinusal apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o transmural do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo seguida de diminui&#231;&#227;o na p&#243;s-carga. Isso resultou no aumento do volume sist&#243;lico e, por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, aumento do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco. Por outro lado, pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (pacientes 7, 8, 9 e 10 do nosso estudo) apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de CPAP, resultando em altera&#231;&#245;es no &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico e n&#227;o alterando a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, o enchimento diast&#243;lico dos ventr&#237;culos nos pacientes com ritmo sinusal &#233; significantemente aumentado pela contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Por&#233;m, a mesma resposta n&#227;o ocorre em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, onde o CPAP demonstrou um efeito delet&#233;rio sobre a pr&#233;-carga ventricular.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o estudo de Mehta e cols.<sup>42</sup>, que comparou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPAP em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica a pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada, relatou que pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada (em nosso estudo, pacientes 1, 12 e 13) apresentam maiores benef&#237;cios com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPAP do que os pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (em nosso estudo, pacientes 3 e 7), porque a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o positiva diminui a pr&#233;-carga ventricular esquerda, aumenta o volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e diminui a p&#243;s-carga desta c&#226;mara ventricular. Este &#250;ltimo fator acarreta diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, uma vez que aumentam a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em longo prazo. O aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPAP, pois este acarreta o aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, que diminui o raio de curvatura do ventr&#237;culo direito e altera a configura&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por meio da altera&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular. Esta resposta &#233; acentuada quanto maior for a dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e, portanto, mais complacentes est&#227;o as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas; com isso ocorre uma diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada do volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o desta c&#226;mara card&#237;aca. Isso sugere que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de CPAP em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada com volume ventricular esquerdo muito elevado, a curto prazo, contrabalanceia a tend&#234;ncia &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e acarreta uma diminui&#231;&#227;o consistente na sua p&#243;s-carga, auxiliando, a longo prazo, na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o desta c&#226;mara card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Outro fator que foi de suma import&#226;ncia para os nossos resultados &#233; que o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi extremamente pequeno. H&#225; a necessidade de estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes para observar qual o melhor valor de EPAP pode proporcionar maiores benef&#237;cios para esse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva no tratamento dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva j&#225; &#233; comumente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Tem sido amplamente demonstrado que a press&#227;o positiva por meio do aumento do volume pulmonar e da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar promovem aumento da capacidade residual funcional, diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia inspirat&#243;ria e aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia das vias a&#233;reas resultando na diminui&#231;&#227;o significante do trabalho respirat&#243;rio. Pacientes com ICC associados a outras patologias, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, miocardiopatia dilatata e miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica que receberam ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva tiveram altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas consider&#225;veis, por&#233;m, no nosso trabalho, estas n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes, havendo aumento da press&#227;o trasmural refletida diretamente ao mioc&#225;rdio e altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o pleural pelo aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica. Portanto, h&#225; a necessidade de estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes para observar qual valor utilizado de EPAP poder&#225; proporcionar maiores benef&#237;cios para este grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ariadne Fernandes de Barros </p>
        <p> Rua Dona Carlota , 242/62 </p>
        <p> 09040-250 &#150; Santo Andr&#233;, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dinny_fernandes@yahoo.com.br">dinny_fernandes@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 8/08/05; revisado recebido em 31/05/06; aceito em 03/07/06.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of ventilation and hemodynamic changes resulting from noninvasive bilevel pressure mechanical ventilation applied to patients with congestive heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To observe in practice how noninvasive bilevel positive pressure, applied at different levels, may interfere with systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Fourteen CHF patients (mean age 62.85 years) were treated with noninvasive bilevel mechanical ventilation. Patients were consecutively treated with an expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) of 5 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, 15 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, and 5 cmH2O, maintaining a variation in pressure (deltaP) of 5 cmH2O between the inspiratory pressure (IPAP) and the expiratory pressure (EPAP). Ventilation and hemodynamic data were collected at these time points, as well as 5 minutes before the beginning of the protocol and 5 minutes after its completion. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed in the respiratory rate between the moment just before the beginning of the protocol and 5 minutes after positive pressure mask placement (p=0.022), and in oxygen saturation, between the final minute of EPAP at 5 cmH2O and after the removal of the mask (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Noninvasive bilevel mechanical ventilation improves oxygenation and reduces respiratory work, thus being beneficial for patients with congestive heart failure. It was not possible to observe statistically significant changes in the hemodynamic data due to the small number of patients and to other associated heart diseases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Failure heart</kwd>
        <kwd>congestive heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial respiration</kwd>
        <kwd>positive pressure respiration</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of ventilation and hemodynamic changes resulting from noninvasive bilevel pressure mechanical ventilation applied to patients with congestive heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ariadne Fernandes de Barros; Luciana Costa de Barros; M&#225;rcia Cristina Sangean; Joaquim Minuzo Vega</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Estadual Mario Covas - Santo Andr&#233;, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To observe in practice how noninvasive bilevel positive pressure, applied at different levels, may interfere with systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Fourteen CHF patients (mean age 62.85 years) were treated with noninvasive bilevel mechanical ventilation. Patients were consecutively treated with an expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) of 5 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, 15 cmH2O, 10 cmH2O, and 5 cmH2O, maintaining a variation in pressure (DP) of 5 cmH2O between the inspiratory pressure (IPAP) and the expiratory pressure (EPAP). Ventilation and hemodynamic data were collected at these time points, as well as 5 minutes before the beginning of the protocol and 5 minutes after its completion.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A statistically significant difference was observed in the respiratory rate between the moment just before the beginning of the protocol and 5 minutes after positive pressure mask placement (p=0.022), and in oxygen saturation, between the final minute of EPAP at 5 cmH2O and after the removal of the mask (p=0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Noninvasive bilevel mechanical ventilation improves oxygenation and reduces respiratory work, thus being beneficial for patients with congestive heart failure. It was not possible to observe statistically significant changes in the hemodynamic data due to the small number of patients and to other associated heart diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart failure, congestive heart failure, artificial respiration, positive pressure respiration</p>
      <p>The combination of mechanical ventilation and positive pressure (PEEP) aims to increase arterial oxygenation and maintain life support for patients who have lost the capacity for spontaneous ventilation<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The goal of PEEP application is to keep positive pressure in the airways throughout the expiratory phase, including its end stage. However, the technique consists of applying a resistance to the expiratory flow of the ventilation cycle, keeping in mind that the effectiveness of the technique lies in adjusting the PEEP level to the pathophysiological process that is impairing lung function<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lenique et al<sup>3</sup> have shown that the use of PEEP significantly improves gas exchange due to the recruitment of collapsed alveoli, and, according to Barbas et al.<sup>4</sup>, this results in increased arterial oxygen pressure (PaO<sub>2</sub>) and decreased arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO<sub>2</sub>).</p>
      <p>The application of positive end-expiratory pressure increases air pressure in the mediastinum. With this mechanism, and with the lung overdistended, the boost in external juxtacardiac pressure results in increased intracavity pressures, due to the decline in myocardial compliance and venous return (VR)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>PEEP also affects the hemodynamic function. As intrathoracic pressure is raised, there is a reduction in the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), compression of the superior and inferior vena cavas, a drop in ventricular filling, as well as in left atrium (LA) filling and, finally, a reduction in cardiac output (CO). As a result of the increased intrathoracic pressure and reduced cardiac output, a significant fall in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) takes place<sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The clinical benefits of positive pressure ventilation in treating congestive heart failure patients are clearly observed<bold>:</bold> improvement in oxygenation, reduction in respiratory work, as well as improvement in left ventricular function and cardiac output<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is a difference between the proper application of PEEP to cardiopathic patients and to patients with normal LV function. While these are minimally affected by changes in the postload, cardiopathic patients with LV dilation are more sensitive to changes in postload<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, one of the main factors for the development of acute respiratory failure in cardiopathic patients is the reduction of lung compliance, which increases the respiratory work. This reduction results from the circulatory failure caused by LV dysfunction due to preload and postload changes. Consequently, the application of positive pressure reduces the respiratory work, resulting in beneficial changes in transpulmonary pressure and reduced PaCO<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, there is also a significant increase in lung compliance associated with the improvement in LV due to increased intrathoracic pressure<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hence, application of PEEP to patients with CHF significantly improves arterial oxygenation by reducing the respiratory work. According to Hoyos et al, higher intrathoracic pressure raises the CO by means of an increase in LV ejection fraction, since the main factors that determine myocardial reversion are represented by preload, postload, myocardial contractility, and heart rate (HR)<sup>3,9,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to show how positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), applied at different levels, interferes with systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) in cardiopathic patients receiving noninvasive bilevel ventilation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients included in the protocol were those admitted to the adult intensive care unit of <italic>Hospital Estadual M&#225;rio Covas</italic>, in Santo Andr&#233;, state of S&#227;o Paulo, between May and August 2003, who met the inclusion criteria (cardiac dysfunction and acute pulmonary edema) and did not have any of the exclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria in this protocol were<bold>:</bold> any pulmonary condition that would contraindicate changes in PEEP values (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, particularly those with pulmonary bubbles, bronchial fistula, and pulmonary abscesses); hemodynamically unstable patients not receiving vasoactive drugs; patients with acute circulatory failure; patients with arterial hypotension (MAP <underline>&lt;</underline> 70 mmHg); patients with intracranial hypertension; cardiopathies requiring corrective surgery (valve alterations, myocardial ischemia, drug-resistant arrhythmias); cranial-encephalic trauma; recent facial surgery or anatomic nasopharyngeal anomalies; patients with hypersecretion who are unable to cough; upper digestive hemorrhage and upper digestive tract surgery; non-drained pneumothorax; hypersecretion; severe encephalopathy (Glasgow &lt; 10); noncollaborative patient; extreme anxiety.</p>
      <p>Patient&#146;s personal data (age and gender), data about the disease, reasons for the decompensation, hemodynamic data (HR, SAP, DAP, MAP) collected by non-invasive Dixtal 1020 monitor, ventilatory data (RR, SpO<sub>2</sub>), respiratory rate measured by the physiotherapist who applied the protocol, and SpO<sub>2</sub> (also registered by the Dixtal 1020 monitor) were all recorded in the Case Report Form &#150; CRF. Drugs administered or any other relevant observation that could directly interfere with the results were also recorded. </p>
      <p>Next, the noninvasive mechanical ventilation mask was applied (BREAS PV101 bilevel device), with EPAP and IPAP values set at 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, respectively, and maintaining a pressure variation of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (DP) throughout all EPAP levels during 15 minutes. Hemodynamic and ventilatory data were recorded at each five-minute interval with this EPAP level. After 15 minutes, the EPAP level was increased to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and maintained for 15 minutes; hemodynamic and ventilatory data were recorded again for each five-minute interval. The same procedures was followed when the EPAP was increased to 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. From this level on, the EPAP value was reduced to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, and then to 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, with a 15-minute interval between each change; hemodynamic and ventilatory data were recorded again at each five-minute interval. Finally, the noninvasive mechanical ventilation mask was removed and data were recorded once more after 5 minutes. If the patient needed support ventilation, the mask was applied again.</p>
      <p><bold>NOTE: </bold>If at any point of the protocol the patient developed any of the exclusion criteria, he/she would be dismissed from the study and the necessary measures would be taken. However, these patients would be included in the statistical analysis, and the complication, as well as the reason for the interruption of the protocol, would be discussed. Subsequently, a statistical analysis of the hemodynamic and respiratory variations resulting from the changes in EPAP values was performed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fourteen patients with acute pulmonary edema due to cardiac decompensation participated in the study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows age, diagnosis and drugs used for each patient enrolled in the trial.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0096-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean heart rate (beats per minute) before the study was 82 &#177; 22; with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 82 &#177; 21; with an initial EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 81 &#177; 22; with an EPAP of 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 83 &#177; 21; with a final EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 80 &#177; 19; with a final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 79 &#177; 21; and after the mask had been removed, 80 &#177; 22. No statistically significant difference was observed at any time point in this parameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0096-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The respiratory rate (breaths per minute) before the start of the protocol was 24 &#177; 11; with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 &#177; 6; with an initial EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 &#177; 5; with an EPAP of 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 &#177; 3; with a final EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 &#177; 3; with a final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 &#177; 4; and after the mask had been removed, 20 &#177; 8. A statistically significant difference was observed between the initial time point, before the noninvasive ventilation mask was placed, and the initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (p=0.0222) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The mean systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) before the start of the protocol was 129 &#177; 22; with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 131 &#177; 21; with an initial EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 132 &#177; 21; with an EPAP of 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 130 &#177; 23; with a final EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 129 &#177; 22; with a final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 128 &#177; 22; and after the mask had been removed, 124 &#177; 23. No statistically significant difference was observed at any time point in this parameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The mean diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) before the start of the protocol was 79 &#177; 15; with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH2O, 79 &#177; 14; with an initial EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 80 &#177; 14; with an EPAP of 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 82 &#177; 18; with a final EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 83 &#177; 18; with a final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 77 &#177; 17; and after the mask had been removed, 76 &#177; 18. No statistically significant difference was observed at any time point in this parameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The mean arterial pressure (mmHg) before the start of the protocol was 94 &#177; 12; with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 98 &#177; 13; with an initial EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 96 &#177; 13; with an EPAP of 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 96 &#177; 13; with a final EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 96 &#177; 15; with a final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 93 &#177; 14; and after the mask had been removed, 89 &#177; 14. No statistically significant difference was observed at any time point with this parameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The mean peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) before the start of the protocol was 95 &#177; 2; with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 95 &#177; 1; with an initial EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 95 &#177; 1; with an EPAP of 15 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 95 &#177; 1; with a final EPAP of 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 95 &#177; 2, with a final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, 96 &#177; 1; and after the mask had been removed, 95 &#177; 1. A statistically significant difference was observed between the moment the mask was being used at an EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, and after the mask had been removed (p=0.051) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results indicate that patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) benefit from noninvasive bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation. This benefit was observed not only by evaluating data recorded, but also by the patients&#146; treatment acceptance and willingness to collaborate, as well as the reported improvement in dyspnea. Patients with congestive heart failure have to deal with increased respiratory rates caused by the decrease in lung compliance and volume, as well as the increase in intrapulmonary shunt. This is due to increased pulmonary fluids caused by changes in hydrostatic relative to oncotic pressures, both intravascular and interstitial.<sup>3, 13, 14</sup></p>
      <p>The presence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema leads to airflow obstruction through the increase in pulmonary vascular pressure, resulting in reflex bronchoconstriction. Due to the decrease in pulmonary volume caused by reduced lung compliance, the airways are narrowed, i.e. the bronchial lumen is obstructed by edema fluid, and the bronchial mucosa is dilated, resulting in increased respiratory elastic work and dyspnea. <sup>15-18</sup></p>
      <p>Reduction in lung compliance leads to an increase in respiratory work and oxygen consumption in order to maintain adequate ventilation. As a result, greater negative intrathoracic pressures are needed to maintain an adequate pulmonary ventilation.<sup>11, 19</sup></p>
      <p>The application of positive pressure increases the inspiratory flow rate, which, in turn, generates a significant increase in pulmonary volume and lung compliance. This redistributes fluid within the alveoli (by alveolar recruitment), improving gas exchange and alveolar ventilation, i.e., reducing the intrapulmonary shunt.<sup>3, 14, 19, 20</sup></p>
      <p>Changes in PEEP levels promote directly proportional alterations in RFC and in pulmonary compliance. That is, the greater the level of PEEP applied, the greater the alveolar volume, thus increasing transpulmonary pressure at the base of the lungs, and also greater the intra-alveolar pressure, which will take on, at the end of the expiration, the level of the PEEP used.<sup>2</sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, the application of PEEP at levels lower than 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>0 shows a linear increase in alveolar diameter, which improves gas exchanges due to the increase in RFC and in the surface where gas exchange takes place - between the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium.<sup>21</sup></p>
      <p>Furthermore, the application of positive pressure reduces inspiratory resistance and increases the mean airway pressure. For this reason, there is a significant reduction in respiratory muscle overload and inhibition of the sympathetic response to these muscles.<sup>14, 18, 22, 23</sup></p>
      <p>Moreover, CHF patients have to deal with increased respiratory rates due to stimulation of the atrial chamber, as well as an increase of the afferent impulse of the receptors in pulmonary vessels and stimulation of the J mechanoreceptors, which result in rapid and shallow breathing. For this reason, the sympathetic nervous system is activated leading to an increase in HR in order to maintain an adequate CO. <sup>13, 22, 24</sup></p>
      <p>The application of noninvasive mechanical ventilation with positive pressure in patients with cardiac abnormalities increases pleural pressure, thus increasing intrathoracic pressure, and resulting in inhibition of the autonomous sympathetic nervous system.<sup>10, 20, 22, 25</sup></p>
      <p>In our study, patients who received noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) showed a statistically significant reduction in the respiratory rate (p=0.022, T test) at the moment immediately before the application of the NIMV mask, and after it had been applied, with an initial EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). No statistically significant difference was observed at any other time point in this parameter, which indicates that there was a reduction in the respiratory work after 5 minutes of mask use, and that this reduction was sustained throughout the protocol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0096-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>According to the findings above, there was a contribution towards the increase in peripheral oxygen saturation.</p>
      <p>In this study, a statistically significant increase was observed in peripheral oxygen saturation (p=0.05, T test) between the final EPAP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and 5 minutes after the NIMV mask had been removed. </p>
      <p>The application of positive pressure to patients with CHF improved peripheral oxygen saturation due to the increased pulmonary volume and compliance, which redistributed alveolar fluid, improved gas exchange and increased the arterial oxygen reserve<sup>3, 14, 26, 27</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Barbas et al<sup>4</sup>, increased arterial oxygen values lead to vasodilation, a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and a considerable increase in CO.</p>
      <p>According to Bradley et al, the increase in CO and systolic volume results in reduced LV postload due to the reduction in its transmural pressure. All these associated factors significantly improve the LV ejection fraction<sup>22,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac ouput in patients with no cardiac dysfunction is significantly dependent on the preload, since during PEEP application CO is diminished due to the reduction in VR and LV filling. In patients with CHF and LV dysfunction, on the other hand, CO is dependent on postload changes. Thus, a considerable preload increase in the patient with LV dysfunction impairs the cardiac function due to the changes that take place in myocardial tension and length properties, mainly at the left heart chamber<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>With PEEP application, intrathoracic pressure increases and cardiac output falls significantly, since the compression of the pulmonary artery reduces pulmonary flow and increases PVR. This leads to a reduced systemic venous return, decreasing the ventricular filling due to a significant reduction of CO to the left atrium<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to SANDUR and STOLLER<sup>29</sup>, with the decrease in VR, the pressure within the right atrium (RA) raises leading to a fall in the LV systolic transmural pressure, thus reducing the pressure gradient for systemic venous return, with a consequent decline in RV filling and systolic volume<sup>27</sup>. As a consequence, there is an increase in RV postload, reducing the VR to the right side of the heart. However, the reduced venous return to the left side of the heart is a direct consequence of increased intrathoracic pressure, leading to a compression of inferior and superior vena cavas and increasing the PVR, which results in increased pressure of the pulmonary veins and LA preload<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) may vary due to the direct transmission of the increased intrathoracic pressure to the aorta<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>During the inspiratory phase, the increase in SAP occurs because of a reduction in LV ejection volume, which, associated with the reduced VR, leads to increased pulmonary blood blow volume, causing a reduction in LV preload. Therefore, the systolic arterial pressure remains high because of the increased intrathoracic pressure<sup>31</sup>. On the other hand, SAP falls during the expiratory phase because of the reduction in aortic blood volume<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>With PEEP application during mechanical ventilation, there is a reduction in VR due to the increased intrathoracic pressure and the atrial chambers do not distend. Therefore, through the neurohumoral reflex response, renal flow is reduced, leading to antidiuresis and fluid retention<sup>32</sup>. This results in reduced urinary output and sodium excretion, and these effects are greater in individuals with normal or reduced circulatory volume, in an attempt to regulate volemy<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The reduction in diuresis associated with reduced atrial distensibility is caused by the atrial myocites, which, in response to increased atrial tension and distension, secrete the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) that acts on the kidneys to increase urinary flow, sodium excretion, and renal blood flow, thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate. The limited atrial distension causes a negative feedback to this mechanism, reducing the urinary flow in an attempt to increase the VR<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>The application of positive pressure, however, significantly reduces plasma ANF concentration because of the increased intrathoracic pressure over the pericardium, consequently reducing the pressure of final LV diastolic filling. As a result, the function of the papillary muscles becomes effective and improves mitral valve insufficiency by reducing LV transmural pressure. Additionally, by reducing the activity of the sympathetic autonomous nervous system, associated with coronary vasoconstriction, it also reduces myocardial ischemia<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>When the atrium is overdistended, it sends out signals to the central nervous system through mechanoreceptors in order to inhibit the release of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>With an extreme loss of body volume, volume receptors in the kidneys are activated. These receptors are located in the smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles in the renal glomerule, and are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers, where they synthesize, store and release the rennin hormone, a large part of which travels and circulates throughout the bloodstream<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>When the rennin synthesis process is over, the hormone produces angiotensin I, which, through the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is converted into angiotensin II. Its functions are systemic vasoconstriction and arterial pressure increase, since it constricts the systemic veins, promoting greater venous return to the heart and increasing systemic vascular resistance. As a consequence, there is an increase in the intensity of myocardial contraction, that is, an increase in blood volume ejected by the LV<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, when the arterial pressure falls to abnormally low levels, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated by intrinsic kidney reactions, thus regulating the blood volume in the body<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the primary factor responsible for the changes in systemic arterial pressure (SAP) is associated with increased intrathoracic pressure or ventricular interdependence. However, the secondary factor is associated with changes in LV ejection, as well as LV systolic and end-diastolic volumes<sup>30,38</sup>. </p>
      <p>The changes in LV ejection and filling volumes are caused mainly by increased intrathoracic pressure on the myocardium, leading to changes in LV shape and size, particularly because of the changes in the right cardiac chamber that result in an important displacement of the intraventricular septum. The increased intrathoracic pressure from positive pressure ventilation causes a reduction in LV transmural pressure and VR, and an increase in the alveolar volume, thus elevating PVR. These factors result in an increased postload and overburden of the RV. The overload on the RV causes the intraventricular septum to shift to the left, changing the shape of the LV<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Pinsky et al, the elevation in CO in patients with CHF is basically caused by increased diastolic pressure and LV systolic volume during application of PEEP<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>CO in patients with CHF undergoes a relative modification, with changes and reduction in the cardiac function. However, VR remains stable, consequently worsening the insufficiency of the left heart chamber<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>The positive pressure applied to patients with CHF causes a significant reduction in LV transmural pressure (myocardial systolic force generation index) and in HR (oxygen consumption), associated with a drop in respiratory rate (f), resulting in reduced muscle and myocardial energy consumption. This translates into a significant improvement in the redistribution of blood flow throughout the organs, subendocardial perfusion, and LV diastolic filling. Therefore, due to increased intrathoracic pressure, LV postload decreases and results in an inspiratory muscle overload reduction<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, no statistically significant difference was observed regarding noninvasive hemodynamic alterations (heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure).</p>
      <p>This may be because patients in this study had other cardiac abnormalities besides CHF which may have interfered with the hemodynamic response triggered by the use of noninvasive positive pressure mechanical ventilation, when compared to reports of changes observed in other studies.</p>
      <p>Kiely et al<sup>41</sup>, who studied patients with CHF and sinus rhythm comparing them with those who had atrial fibrillation, observed that during the application of a CPAP of 0 (ZEEP), 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, and 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, patients with sinus rhythm had a reduction in their left ventricular transmural pressure followed by a reduction in postload. This resulted in an increase of the systolic volume and, consequently, an increased cardiac rate. On the other hand, patients with atrial fibrillation (patients 7, 8, 9, and 10 in our study) experienced a reduction in their heart rate with the application of CPAP, resulting in changes in systolic volume index and no alterations in the heart rate. Moreover, ventricular diastolic filling in patients with sinus rhythm is significantly increased by atrial contraction. However, patients with atrial fibrillation do not show the same response since CPAP had a deleterious effect on ventricular preload<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, the study conducted by Mehta et al<sup>42</sup>., which compared the application of CPAP to patients with ischemic myocardiopathy and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, reported that the latter (in our study, patients 1, 12, and 13) benefited more from the utilization of CPAP than patients with ischemic myocardiopathy (in our study, patients 3 and 7), because the use of positive pressure reduces left ventricular preload, increases left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and reduces postload in this chamber. This last factor results in reduced sympathetic autonomous nerve system activity and systemic arterial pressure, since in the long run they increase LV ejection fraction. Increase in the ejection fraction is associated with the utilization of CPAP, since this leads to increased intrathoracic pressure which reduces the curve radius of the right ventricle and changes the geometric configuration of the left ventricle by shifting the intraventricular septum. The greater the cardiac dilation and the more compliant the cardiac chambers, the more pronounced this response is. Thus, a pronounced reduction in the end left ventricular systolic volume takes place, as well as an increase in the ejection fraction in this cardiac chamber. This suggests that the application of CPAP to patients with dilated cardioyopathy and elevated left ventricular volume, in the short run, counterbalances the trend towards dilation of the left ventricle. This results in a consistent reduction of its postload, improving, in the long run, the ejection fraction from this heart chamber .</p>
      <p>Another factor of utmost importance for our findings was the extremely small number of patients. Further studies with more patients need to be conducted in order to identify the best EPAP value that can yield greater benefits to this group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Noninvasive bilevel positive pressure mechanical ventilation in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure is commonly used in clinical practice. It has been widely demonstrated that the use of positive pressure, by increasing pulmonary volume and lung compliance, promotes increased residual functional capacity, lower inspiratory resistance, and increased mean airway pressure, resulting in a significant reduction in respiratory work. Patients with CHF associated with other diseases, such as atrial fibrillation, dilated cardiomyopathy, and ischemic cardiomyopathy who received noninvasive positive pressure mechanical ventilation, experienced considerable hemodynamic changes. In our study, however, these were not statistically significant, since there was an increase in transmural pressure directly reflected in the myocardium, and changes of pleural pressure due to the increased intrathoracic pressure. Therefore, further studies with larger numbers of patients should be conducted in order to define an EPAP level that can yield greater benefits to this group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ariadne Fernandes de Barros</p>
          <p> Rua Dona Carlota , 242/62</p>
          <p> 09040-250 &#150; Santo Andr&#233;, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="dinny_fernandes@yahoo.com.br">dinny_fernandes@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received August 8, 2005; Revised manuscript received May 31, 2006; Accepted July 3, 2006.</p>
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