<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZBHHgwhZsg9qXv5NnP85Sjw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800115</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o de pulso obtida por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De Marco</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parente</surname>
            <given-names>Giordano Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Victor</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>91</fpage>
      <lpage>95</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Medir as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e de pulso (PP) por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) e correlacionar os seus valores com o do &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE). M&#201;TODOS: No ano de 2004, 127 pacientes submeteram-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de MRPA em um servi&#231;o privado, conforme indicado por seus m&#233;dicos. Desses, 83 haviam sido submetidos a ecocardiograma em um per&#237;odo de tempo inferior a seis meses. Excluindo-se aqueles com cardiopatia dilatada ou isqu&#234;mica e aqueles com valvopatias mitral e a&#243;rtica, foram avaliadas em 72 pacientes as correla&#231;&#245;es existentes entre a PAS, PAD e PP (diferen&#231;a entre a PAS e a PAD) e o IMVE. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 51,9 &#177; 17,3 anos, sendo 43% dos pacientes do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi de 28,6 &#177; 6 kg/m&#178; e 53% dos pacientes faziam uso de anti-hipertensivos. A PAS e a PP correlacionaram-se positivamente com o IMVE (r = 0,356; p = 0,002 e r = 0,429; p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PAD e o IMVE. CONCLUS&#195;O: A PAS e a PP correlacionam-se positivamente com o IMVE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o de pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Press&#227;o de pulso obtida por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andr&#233; De Marco; Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa; Marco Mota Gomes; Giordano Bruno Parente; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco &#150; RealCor e Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Recife, PE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Medir as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e de pulso (PP) por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) e correlacionar os seus valores com o do &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> No ano de 2004, 127 pacientes submeteram-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de MRPA em um servi&#231;o privado, conforme indicado por seus m&#233;dicos. Desses, 83 haviam sido submetidos a ecocardiograma em um per&#237;odo de tempo inferior a seis meses. Excluindo-se aqueles com cardiopatia dilatada ou isqu&#234;mica e aqueles com valvopatias mitral e a&#243;rtica, foram avaliadas em 72 pacientes as correla&#231;&#245;es existentes entre a PAS, PAD e PP (diferen&#231;a entre a PAS e a PAD) e o IMVE. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 51,9 &#177; 17,3 anos, sendo 43% dos pacientes do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi de 28,6 &#177; 6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 53% dos pacientes faziam uso de anti-hipertensivos. A PAS e a PP correlacionaram-se positivamente com o IMVE (r = 0,356; p = 0,002 e r = 0,429; p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PAD e o IMVE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A PAS e a PP correlacionam-se positivamente com o IMVE. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial, press&#227;o de pulso, &#237;ndice de massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hipertrofia.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) representam importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica nas sociedades modernas<sup>1</sup>. Um dos seus principais fatores de risco, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), de elevada preval&#234;ncia<sup>2,3</sup>, est&#225; associada a grande morbidade e mortalidade<sup>4</sup> e altos custos de tratamento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o de suas complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo <italic>Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program</italic><sup>6</sup> (SHEP) em 1991, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) come&#231;ou a ser extensivamente investigada como determinante de DCV, at&#233; ent&#227;o atribu&#237;da em grande parte &#224; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, o conceito de que a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o &#233; um fator est&#225;tico deu origem a uma nova divis&#227;o de seus componentes em est&#225;vel e puls&#225;til, representados respectivamente pela press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e pela press&#227;o de pulso (PP)<sup>8</sup>. O componente puls&#225;til tem sido associado a mudan&#231;as estruturais e funcionais da camada m&#233;dia arterial, o que resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia arterial e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso.</p>
    <p>N&#237;veis de PP elevados foram associados a aumento na mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>9</sup>, a progress&#227;o de aterosclerose na aorta e car&#243;tidas<sup>10</sup> e tamb&#233;m nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias<sup>11</sup>, a re-infarto em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica deprimida<sup>12</sup> e a reestenose ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana<sup>13</sup>. Finalmente, um estudo demonstrou que a PP elevada implicava incremento na mortalidade de um grupo de homens normotensos<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo, com base em monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, verificou que hipertensos com descenso noturno normal e PP<underline>&lt;</underline>53 mmHg apresentavam um risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio, enquanto os que n&#227;o apresentavam descenso noturno ou que tinham a PP&gt;53 mmHg ficavam categorizados como de risco cardiovascular elevado<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da HAS, a hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE)<sup>15</sup>, encontra-se bem estabelecida como fator de risco independente para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>16,17</sup>. O aumento da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi previamente correlacionado &#224; PP<sup>18</sup>, mas n&#227;o com o uso da MRPA para a sua medida. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; medir PAS, PAD e PP por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) e correlacionar os seus valores com o do &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo retrospectivo, de base hospitalar, realizado no RealCor, servi&#231;o privado de cardiologia situado no Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco, na cidade de Recife, onde foram analisados os bancos de dados dos exames de MRPA realizados no ano de 2004, totalizando 127 exames.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos nessa pesquisa os pacientes maiores de dezoito anos que realizaram MRPA e ecocardiograma, com intervalo inferior a seis meses entre os exames. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de valvopatias mitral ou a&#243;rtica (quando consideradas de grau moderado a severo), disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) ao ecocardiograma (exceto quando descrita como discreta ou leve) ou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do VE igual ou inferior a 65%, quando calculada pelo m&#233;todo do cubo ou 55% quando calculada por Teichholz.</p>
    <p>Nesse estudo, foram considerados como hipertensos os pacientes que estavam em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas e/ou que apresentaram resultado anormal na MRPA (PAS<underline>&gt;</underline>135 mmHg e/ou PAD<underline>&gt;</underline>85 mmHg)<sup>19</sup>. A HVE foi definida como o IMVE <underline>&gt;</underline>134 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e IMVE <underline>&gt;</underline>110 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os exames de MRPA foram realizados em equipamentos MicroLife BP3AC1 ou OMRON HEM-705CP, ambos autom&#225;ticos e validados pelo protocolo da British Hipertension Society<sup>21</sup><italic>.</italic> Os pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o correta do exames conforme estabelecido<sup>19</sup>. O protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o utilizado consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de duas s&#233;ries de tr&#234;s medidas cada, sendo uma pela manh&#227; e outra &#224; noite, durante tr&#234;s dias consecutivos. No c&#225;lculo final das m&#233;dias da PAS e PAD, foram desprezadas as medidas do primeiro dia, a fim de reduzir a influ&#234;ncia da rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme. Foram registrados os dados de identifica&#231;&#227;o, peso e altura, uso ou n&#227;o de anti-hipertensivos, as m&#233;dias da PAS e da PAD.</p>
    <p>Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados em equipamentos marca General Eletrics, GE System Five e GE Vivid Five e as medidas, por modo M ou bidimensional. Foram registrados os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE e as medidas do seu septo e parede posterior e por fim, a presen&#231;a de defeitos estruturais e de mobilidade das paredes e v&#225;lvas card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram digitados em planilha do Microsoft Excel 2002<sup>&#174;</sup>, com dupla digita&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o de seus valores para evitar erros na entrada das informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A partir dos dados registrados, foram calculados: o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (ASC) pela f&#243;rmula de Dubois &amp; Dubois<sup>22</sup>; a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, pelo m&#233;todo do cubo nos casos em que seu di&#226;metro normatizado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea era normal e pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz quando aumentado. O VE foi considerado anormal nos casos em que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o seu di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e a ASC do paciente foi maior ou igual a 31 mm/m<sup>2</sup>. A massa do VE foi calculada segundo a conven&#231;&#227;o de Penn com as corre&#231;&#245;es de Devereux &amp; Reichek<sup>23</sup>. O IMVE foi calculado pela raz&#227;o massa do VE/ASC. A PP foi calculada pela diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias da PAS e da PAD.</p>
    <p>Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-aleatoriedade em vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas isoladamente foi utilizado o teste binomial n&#227;o-param&#233;trico. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre grupos. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias entre dois grupos foram utilizados o teste <italic>t </italic>de Student, para as amostras normais, e a soma de escores de Mann-Whitney, para amostras n&#227;o-normais. Para comparar m&#233;dias entre mais de dois grupos foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). Foi aplicado o coeficiente de Pearson para verificar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de equa&#231;&#245;es preditivas entre as vari&#225;veis dependentes e independentes foi aplicada a regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla linear, a partir das vari&#225;veis sugeridas como significantes pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o passo a passo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisando os 127 exames de MRPA realizados nos per&#237;odo estudado, foram identificados 83 pacientes que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Desses, foram exclu&#237;dos cinco por valvopatia, tr&#234;s por d&#233;ficit segmentar e tr&#234;s por apresentarem FE abaixo do referencial normal, restando 72 pacientes para a an&#225;lise. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> exibe as principais caracter&#237;sticas do grupo analisado. As idades dos pacientes variaram de 25 a 85 anos, a m&#233;dia foi de 51,9 &#177; 17,3 anos, e metade do grupo tinha idade inferior a 48 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> exibe a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do estudo entre os sexos. O sexo feminino correspondeu a 57% da amostra. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da obesidade entre os sexos foi homog&#234;nea.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os 72 pacientes analisados obtiveram sucesso na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 100% das medidas da press&#227;o arterial pela MRPA. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos quanto &#224;s m&#233;dias da PAS (p = 0,78), PAD (p = 0,16) ou PP (p = 0,67). Segundo os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para HAS definidos para esse estudo, 63,9% dos pacientes foram considerados hipertensos, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel determinar o tempo de doen&#231;a. Estratificando por sexo, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi de 75% nas pacientes do sexo feminino e 48,4% nos pacientes do sexo masculino (p = 0,033). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de uso de anti-hipertensivos entre os hipertensos foi semelhante nos dois sexos (p = 0,095).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a idade e a PAS (p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,510) e a PP (p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,691). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e a PAD (p = 0,085), assim como n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e as m&#233;dias da PAS, PAD ou PP.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os sexos quanto aos valores do IMVE (p = 0,285). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMVE e IMC (p = 0,189). Foi encontrada forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMVE e idade (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> exibe as correla&#231;&#245;es do IMVE com a PAS e a PP, ambas significativas (p = 0,002, r = 0,356 e p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,429, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e a PAD (p = 0,702).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15grf01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes portadores de HAS apresentaram as maiores preval&#234;ncias de HVE (p = 0,02). Considerando apenas os hipertensos e categorizando-os em PP baixa (PP&lt;53 mmHg) ou PP elevada (PP&gt;53 mmHg), foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre o IMVE, respectivamente 103,7 &#177; 24,7 g/m<sup>2</sup> e 124,1 &#177; 26,9 g/m<sup>2</sup> (p = 0,011).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> compara o IMVE dos pacientes com PP baixa com o dos pacientes com PP elevada em cada sexo, considerando tanto normotensos quanto hipertensos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado dessa an&#225;lise consiste na presen&#231;a de correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o IMVE e a PP avaliada por MRPA.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o existente entre o IMVE e a PAS, PAD e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia j&#225; havia sido avaliada por outros autores por MAPA de 24 horas ou MRPA e comparada com o IMVE<sup>24</sup>. Tamb&#233;m existem relatos da avalia&#231;&#227;o da PP medida de forma convencional ou atrav&#233;s de MAPA de 24 horas e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o IMVE<sup>18,24-26</sup>. O presente estudo tamb&#233;m avalia esta rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e a PP, mas diferencia-se dos demais por realizar a medida da PP atrav&#233;s da MRPA.</p>
    <p>Conforme observado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>, a PP mant&#233;m rela&#231;&#227;o com o IMVE mais pr&#243;xima que a PAS, com Coeficientes de Pearson: r = 0,356 e p = 0,002 para a PAS e r = 0,429 e p &lt; 0,001 para a PP. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi observado correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e a PAD, o que discorda de estudo pr&#233;vio que utilizando medidas da MRPA, encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa do IMVE com a PAS e a PAD<sup>27</sup>. Esse estudo n&#227;o avaliou a correla&#231;&#227;o com a PP. </p>
    <p>Avaliando 304 pacientes com MAPA de 24 horas, Mule e cols. demonstraram, em an&#225;lise multivariada, a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia press&#243;rica de 24 horas e o IMVE e entre a PP e o IMVE em pacientes maiores que cinq&#252;enta anos, enquanto pacientes mais jovens exibiram correla&#231;&#227;o apenas entre o IMVE e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia<sup>24</sup>. Apesar disso, em modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PP e o IMVE uma vez considerados os efeitos da PAS.</p>
    <p>Os dois estudos comentados avaliaram apenas pacientes hipertensos. No presente estudo, avaliando-se apenas os hipertensos, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear demonstra resultado semelhante &#224; an&#225;lise do grupo completo, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e a PAS (p = 0,009) e entre o IMVE e a PP (p &lt; 0,001) e novamente n&#227;o h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o do IMVE com a PAD (p = 0,66). </p>
    <p>Nesse estudo, as associa&#231;&#245;es mais significativas com o IMVE se deram com a idade e as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e de pulso, sendo ainda mais forte a correla&#231;&#227;o com essa &#250;ltima. Realizando-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla entre IMVE, idade e PP, a idade torna-se uma vari&#225;vel dispens&#225;vel na constru&#231;&#227;o de equa&#231;&#227;o que possa estimar o IMVE, com p = 0,039. O mesmo n&#227;o ocorre ao realizar-se a mesma an&#225;lise entre o IMVE, a idade e a PAS, sendo a PAS, nesse caso, a vari&#225;vel dispens&#225;vel. Isso possivelmente se deve ao crescimento paralelo entre idade e PAS. Entretanto, os dados analisados nesse estudo mostram tamb&#233;m concorr&#234;ncia dos valores da PP e da idade. Assim, outros fatores devem justificar a forte correla&#231;&#227;o independente da PP com o IMVE. Refor&#231;ando ainda mais essa associa&#231;&#227;o, em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla passo a passo, ao ser testada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMVE, idade, PAS e PP, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada da PP &#233; capaz de estimar o IMVE sem a necessidade de acrescentar outras vari&#225;veis &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Apesar da grande associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e a PP demonstrada em nossos resultados, &#233; not&#243;ria a dispers&#227;o dos pontos no gr&#225;fico, representado por um r = 0,429. Isso pode ser explicado pela multifatoriedade da HVE j&#225; que diversos outros fatores sabidamente influenciam seu valor (obesidade, resposta press&#243;rica &#224;s atividades di&#225;rias, carga diet&#233;tica di&#225;ria de sal, viscosidade sang&#252;&#237;nea, volemia, fatores, gen&#233;ticos, entre outros<sup>16</sup>).</p>
    <p>Foi relevante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA para as medidas da press&#227;o arterial dos pacientes, padronizando e prevenindo em grande parte as diversas fontes de erros de mensura&#231;&#227;o. Existe maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e as medidas de press&#227;o arterial pela MRPA quando comparadas com as medidas de consult&#243;rio<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um achado de muito valor nesse estudo &#233; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, na qual os pacientes s&#227;o agrupados pela presen&#231;a de PP baixa (<underline>&lt;</underline>53 mmHg) ou PP elevada (&gt;53 mmHg)<sup>14</sup> e por sexo, sendo exibidas as m&#233;dias do IMVE para cada grupo. &#201; sabido que o IMVE &#233; maior entre homens do que entre mulheres<sup>23</sup>. Isso n&#227;o foi encontrado em nossa amostra, o que pode dever-se a maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de HAS no subgrupo do sexo feminino. Independentemente disso, nesse subgrupo, as m&#233;dias do IMVE foram significativamente diferentes entre as pacientes com PP baixa e elevada. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, as m&#233;dias encontradas definem massa ventricular normal nas pacientes com PP baixa e massa ventricular anormal (elevada) nas pacientes com PP elevada, determinando o diagn&#243;stico de HVE nestas. Esse dado pode ter valor progn&#243;stico, uma vez que &#233; sabida a forte associa&#231;&#227;o independente existente entre HVE e morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse estudo foi realizado de forma retrospectiva, o que n&#227;o nos permite inferir rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a PP e o aumento da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra reduzida em rela&#231;&#227;o a estudos semelhantes pode ter influenciado na falta de signific&#226;ncia de algumas correla&#231;&#245;es. Ainda, foi estabelecido como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos dois exames em per&#237;odo inferior a seis meses, a fim de tentar otimizar a casu&#237;stica. Isso pode implicar varia&#231;&#245;es das medidas do ecocardiograma entre o tempo dos exames, principalmente se for considerado o grande n&#250;mero de hipertensos em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, 84,7% dos pacientes internados no estudo realizaram os exames com intervalo inferior a sete dias. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo permite concluir que o IMVE aumenta concomitantemente aos incrementos na PAS e na PP, e que essa correla&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais significativa com a PP, justificando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos controlados, conduzidos de forma prospectiva, a fim de melhor estabelecer o papel da PP na determina&#231;&#227;o da HVE.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor </p>
        <p> Av. Beira Mar, 138/101 - 54400-010 </p>
        <p> Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes, PE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="edgardvictor@cardiol.br">edgardvictor@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 06/01/06; revisado recebido em 17/03/06; aceito em 30/03/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Da Silva MA, Sousa AG, Schargodsky H. Risk    factors for acute myocardial infarction in Brazil. FRICAS Study. Arq Bras Cardiol    1998; 71(5): 667-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Brazil: FRICAS Study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>667</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schargodsky</surname>
              <given-names>H.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. In: SBdC, Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o, Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Editora BG Cultural; 1998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al. Trends    in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the    adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991.    Hypertension 1995; 26(1): 60-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population: Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>60</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burt</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cutler</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee    on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure.    Arch Intern Med 1997; 157(21): 2413-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2413</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>157</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Kaplan NM. Hypertensive and Atherosclerotic    Cardiovascular Disease. In: Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P (ed.) Heart Disease:    A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders    Company; 2001: 941-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Heart Disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>941</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention    of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated    systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly    Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991; 265(24): 3255-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3255</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <volume>265</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood    pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions    in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological    context. Lancet 1990; 335(8693): 827-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>827</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <issue>8693</issue>
          <volume>335</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacMahon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Benetos A, Rudnichi A, Safar M, Guize L. Pulse    pressure and cardiovascular mortality in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.    Hypertension 1998; 32(3): 560-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality in normotensive and hypertensive subjects</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>560</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benetos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudnichi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guize</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Benetos A, Safar M, Rudnichi A, et al. Pulse    pressure: a predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a French male    population. Hypertension 1997; 30(6): 1410-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulse pressure: a predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a French male population</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1410</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benetos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudnichi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al.    Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study.    Stroke 2001; 32(2): 454-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>454</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Popele</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobbee</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bots</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Nair GV, Waters D, Rogers W, Kowalchuk GJ,    Stuckey TD, Herrington DM. Pulse Pressure and Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression    in Postmenopausal Women. Hypertension 2004; 11-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulse Pressure and Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nair</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waters</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowalchuk</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stuckey</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrington</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Mitchell GF, Moye LA, Braunwald E, et al.    Sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure is a powerful independent predictor    of recurrent events after myocardial infarction in patients with impaired left    ventricular function. SAVE investigators. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement.    Circulation 1997; 96(12): 4254-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure is a powerful independent predictor of recurrent events after myocardial infarction in patients with impaired left ventricular function: SAVE investigators. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>4254</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moye</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Nakayama Y, Tsumura K, Yamashita N, Yoshimaru    K, Hayashi T. Pulsatility of ascending aortic pressure waveform is a powerful    predictor of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.    Circulation 2000; 101(5): 470-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulsatility of ascending aortic pressure waveform is a powerful predictor of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>470</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakayama</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsumura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashita</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimaru</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayashi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Verdecchia P. Prognostic value of ambulatory    blood pressure: current evidence and clinical implications. Hypertension 2000;    35(3): 844-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure: current evidence and clinical implications</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>844</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verdecchia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Hannan RD, Jenkins A, Jenkins AK, Brandenburger    Y. Cardiac hypertrophy: a matter of translation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol    2003; 30(8): 517-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac hypertrophy: a matter of translation</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hannan</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandenburger</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Devereux RB, de Simone G, Ganau A, Koren    MJ, Roman MJ. Left ventricular hypertrophy associated with hypertension and    its relevance as a risk factor for complications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;    21(Suppl 2): 38-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular hypertrophy associated with hypertension and its relevance as a risk factor for complications</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Simone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganau</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koren</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Kannel WB. Left ventricular hypertrophy as    a risk factor in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 1992; 13(Suppl D): 82-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Viazzi F, Leoncini G, Parodi D, et al. Pulse    pressure and subclinical cardiovascular damage in primary hypertension. Nephrol    Dial Transplant 2002; 17(10): 1779-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulse pressure and subclinical cardiovascular damage in primary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1779</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Viazzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leoncini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parodi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. I Diretrizes para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o    Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial III MAPA/I MRPA. Rev Bras Hipertens 2001;    8(1).</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>I Diretrizes para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial III MAPA/I MRPA</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Hipertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Hammond IW, Devereux RB, Alderman MH, et    al. The prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy    among employed patients with uncomplicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;    7(3): 639-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy among employed patients with uncomplicated hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>639</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hammond</surname>
              <given-names>IW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alderman</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. O'Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA. The Britsh    hypertension society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring    devices. J Hypertens 1993; 11(Suppl 2): 43-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Britsh hypertension society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrie</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Littler</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Du Bois D, Du Bois E. A formula to estimate    the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med    1916 (17): 863-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1916</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>863</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Du Bois</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Du Bois</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Devereux RB, Reichek N. Echocardiographic    determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method.    Circulation 1977; 55(4): 613-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man: Anatomic validation of the method</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichek</surname>
              <given-names>N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Mule G, Nardi E, Andronico G, et al. Pulsatile    and steady 24-h blood pressure components as determinants of left ventricular    mass in young and middle-aged essential hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 2003;    17(4): 231-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulsatile and steady 24-h blood pressure components as determinants of left ventricular mass in young and middle-aged essential hypertensives</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mule</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nardi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andronico</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Pannier B, Brunel P, el Aroussy W, Lacolley    P, Safar ME. Pulse pressure and echocardiographic findings in essential hypertension.    J Hypertens 1989; 7(2): 127-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulse pressure and echocardiographic findings in essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pannier</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>el Aroussy</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacolley</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safar</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Gardin JM, Arnold A, Gottdiener JS, et al.    Left ventricular mass in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension    1997; 29(5): 1095-103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular mass in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1095</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gardin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottdiener</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>et</surname>
              <given-names>al.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Gomes MA, Pierin AM, Segre CA, Mion Junior    D. Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o    ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial versus medida da press&#227;o arterial    no consult&#243;rio. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998; 71(4): 581-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial versus medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>581</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pierin</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segre</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mion Junior</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulse pressure measured by home blood pressure monitoring and its correlation to left ventricular mass index</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Measure the systolic (SP), diastolic (DP) and pulse pressure (PP) using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and correlate its values with the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). METHODS: In 2004, 127 individuals underwent HBPM in a private clinic. A total of 83 of these also underwent an echocardiographic study in a period shorter than 6 months. After excluding those with dilated or ischaemic cardiomyopathy and those with mitral or aortic valvopathies, 72 patients were evaluated for the correlation between SP, DP and PP (SP minus DP) and the LVMI. RESULTS: The group's mean age was 51.9 &#177; 17.3 years and the masculine gender represented 43% of their components. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.6 &#177; 6 kg/m&#178; and 53% of the patients were using antihypertensive drugs. The PS and PP correlated positively to the LVMI (r = 0.356; p = 0.002 e r = 0.429; p &lt; 0.001, respectively). There was no correlation between DP and LVMI. CONCLUSION: The PS and the PP correlate positively to the LVMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Home blood pressure monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>pulse pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulse pressure measured by home blood pressure monitoring and its correlation to left ventricular mass index</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andr&#233; De Marco; Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa; Marco Mota Gomes; Giordano Bruno Parente; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco &#150; RealCor e Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Recife, PE, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Measure the systolic (SP), diastolic (DP) and pulse pressure (PP) using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and correlate their values with the left ventricular mass index (LVMI)</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In 2004, 127 individuals underwent HBPM in a private clinic. A total of 83 of these individuals had also undergone an echocardiographic study within a period shorter than 6 months. After excluding those with dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy and those with mitral or aortic valvopathies, 72 patients were evaluated for the correlation between SP, DP and PP (SP minus DP) and the LVMI.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The group's mean age was 51.9&#177;17.3 years and males represented 43% of the sample. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.6&#177;6 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 53% of the patients were using antihypertensive drugs. The PS and PP correlated positively to the LVMI (r = 0.356; p=0.002 and r=0.429; p&lt;0.001, respectively). There was no correlation between DP and LVMI.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The PS and the PP correlate positively to the LVMI.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Home blood pressure monitoring, pulse pressure, left ventricular mass index, hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important public health problem in modern societies<sup>1</sup>. One of its main risk factors, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), which has elevated prevalence<sup>2,3</sup>, is associated to great morbi-mortality<sup>4</sup> and high costs of treatment and rehabilitation of its complications<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the publication of the <italic>Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program</italic><sup>6</sup> (SHEP) study in 1991, the systolic arterial pressure (SAP) started to be extensively studied as the determinant of CVD, until then mainly attributed to the diastolic arterial pressure (DAP)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, the concept that arterial pressure is not a static factor originated a new division of its components into stable and pulsatile, represented respectively by the mean arterial pressure and the pulse pressure (PP)<sup>8</sup>. The pulsatile component has been associated to structural and functional changes in the medial arterial layer, which results in arterial compliance and elevation of the pulse pressure. </p>
      <p>Elevated PP levels were associated to an increased cardiovascular mortality<sup>9</sup>, aorta and carotid atherosclerosis<sup>10</sup> and also of the coronary arteries<sup>11</sup>, re-infarction in patients with depressed systolic fucntion<sup>12</sup> and re-stenosis after coronary intervention<sup>13</sup>. Finally, a study demonstrated that an elevated PP implicated in an increment of mortality in a group of normotensive males<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another study, based on the ambulatory monitoring of 24-hour arterial pressure, showed that hypertensive individuals with a normal nocturnal dip and PP <underline>&lt;</underline> 53mmHg presented an intermediate cardiovascular risk, whereas those who did not present nocturnal dip or had PP &gt; 53 mmHg were categorized as having elevated cardiovascular risk<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the consequences of SAH, the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)<sup>15</sup>, is well established as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbi-mortality<sup>16,17</sup>. The increase in the left ventricle mass has been previously correlated with PP<sup>18</sup>, but not with the use of Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM) for its measurement. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to measure SAP, DAP, and PP by home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and correlate their values with those of the left ventricular mass index (LVMI).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a hospital-based retrospective study, carried out at the RealCor, a private Service of Cardiology located at the Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, where the database regarding HBPM examinations performed in the year 2004, totaling 127 tests, was analyzed. </p>
      <p>Patients included in this study were older than 18 years who underwent HBPM and echocardiogram with an interval &lt; 6 months between examinations. </p>
      <p>Patients excluded were those who presented mitral or aortic valvopathies (when presenting moderate to severe degrees), segmental left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at the echocardiogram (except when described as slight or mild) or LV global systolic function <underline>&lt;</underline> 65%, when calculated by the cube formula or 55% when calculated by Teichholz formula. </p>
      <p>In this study, the patients considered hypertensive were those using anti-hypertensive drugs and/or those presenting abnormal results at the HBPM (SAP <underline>&gt;</underline>135mmHg and/or DAP <underline>&gt;</underline>85 mmHg)<sup>19</sup>. LVH was defined as LVMI <underline>&gt;</underline>134 g/m<sup>2</sup> for males and <underline>&gt;</underline>110 g/m<sup>2</sup> for females<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The HBPM examinations were carried out in MicroLife BP3AC1 or <italic>OMRON HEM-705CP</italic> equipment, which are both automatic and validated by the British Hypertension Society protocol<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients were advised regarding the correct examination procedures as previously established<sup>19</sup>. The utilized evaluation protocol consisted in performing two series of three measurements each, one in the morning and another at night, for three consecutive days. At the final calculation of the SAP and DAP means, the first-day measurements were disregarded, in order to reduce the influence of the alarm reaction. Data such as identification, weight and height, use or not of anti-hypertensive drugs and SAP and DAP means were recorded.</p>
      <p>The echocardiograms were carried out in General Electrics, GE System Five and GE Vivid Five equipment and the measurements were performed measurements in M-mode or bidimensional mode. The systolic and diastolic diameters of the LV and the measurements of the LV septum and posterior wall were recorded, and finally, the presence of structural and wall mobility defects and cardiac valve defects were also recorded. </p>
      <p>The data were plotted into an Excel 2002<sup>&#174;</sup> spreadsheet, and values were double typed and compared in order to avoid errors when inserting information. </p>
      <p>Based on the registered data, the body mass index (BMI) and the body surface area (BSA) using the Dubois &amp; Dubois formula<sup>22</sup> were calculated, as well as the LV ejection fraction calculated by the cube formula when its diameter, normalized for the body surface, was normal and by the Teichholz formula, when it was increased. The LV was considered abnormal when the ratio between its diastolic diameter and the patient&#146;s BSA was <underline>&gt;</underline> 31 mm/m<sup>2</sup>. The LV mass was calculated according to the Penn&#146;s convention with the corrections by Devereux and Reichek<sup>23</sup>. The LVMI was calculated by the LV mass: BSA ratio. PP was calculated by the difference between the SAP and DAP means.</p>
      <p>The non-parametric binomial test was used in order to verify the isolated non-randomization of dichotomic variables. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between groups. To compare the means between the two groups, students&#146; <italic>t </italic>test was used for normal samples and the Mann-Whitney score was used for non-normal samples. To compare means between more than 2 groups, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used. Pearson&#146;s coefficient was used to verify the correlation between continuous variables. In order to identify predictive equations among the dependent and independent variables, the multiple linear regression was applied from the variables suggested as significant by the step-by-step regression analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When analyzing the 127 HBPM evaluations performed during the study period, 83 patients were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 5 were excluded due to the valvopathies, 3 due to segmental deficits and 3 due to EF below the normal reference values, with 72 patients left for the analysis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the main characteristics of the analyzed group. Age varied from 25 to 85 years, the mean age was 51.9 &#177; 17.3 yrs and half of the group was younger than 48 yrs. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> shows the comparison of the study variables between the genders. The female gender corresponded to 57% of the sample. The distribution of obesity between the genders was homogeneous.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The 72 patients analyzed were successful in acquiring 100% of the arterial pressure measurements by HBPM. There was no significant difference between the genders regarding SAP (p=0.78), DAP (p=0.16) or PP means (p=0.67). According to the diagnostic criteria for SAH defined for this study, 63.9% of the patients were considered hypertensive, but it was not possible to determine the time of disease duration. </p>
      <p>When stratified by gender, the prevalence of SAH was 75% in females and 48.4% in males (p=0.033). The frequency of anti-hypertensive drug use among hypertensive patients was similar in both genders (p=0.095).</p>
      <p>The linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between age and SAP (p&lt;0.001, r=0.510) and PP (p&lt;0.001, r=0.691). There was no correlation between age and DAP (p=0.085), as well as no correlation between BMI and SAP, DAP or PP means. </p>
      <p>There was no difference between genders regarding the LVMI (p=0.285). In addition, there was no correlation between LVMI and BMI (p=0.189). There was a strong correlation between LVMI and age (p=0.001).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref> shows the correlations between LVMI with SAP and PP, both significant (p=0.002, r=0.356 and p&lt;0.001, r=0.429 respectively). There was no correlation between LVMI and DAP (p=0.702).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15qdr01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with SAH presented the highest prevalence of LVH (p=0.02). Considering only the hypertensive patients and categorizing them as low PP (PP<underline>&lt;</underline>53 mmHg) or elevated PP (PP&gt;53 mmHg), a significant difference regarding LVMI was observed, 103.7 &#177; 24.7 g/m<sup>2</sup> and 124.1 &#177; 26.9 g/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0,011), respectively.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> compares the LVMI of patients with low PP with that of patients with elevated PP in each gender, considering normotensive as well as hypertensive individuals. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0091-00015-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of the present study consists in the presence of a positive correlation between LVMI and PP evaluated by HBPM. </p>
      <p>The existing correlation between LVMI and SAP, DAP and mean arterial pressure had been previously evaluated by other authors by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or HBPM and compared with LVMI<sup>24</sup>. There have also been reports of PP evaluation measured by conventional methods or by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and its correlation with LVMI<sup>18,24-26</sup>. The present study also evaluates this correlation between LVMI and PP, but differently from the others, it performs PP measurement through HBPM.</p>
      <p>As observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>, PP has a closer correlation with LVMI than SAP, with Pearson&#146;s coefficients of r=0.356 and p=0.002 for SAP and r=0.429 and p&lt;0.001 for PP. However, no correlation between LVMI and DAP was observed, which is in disagreement with a previous study that found a significant correlation of LVMI with SAP and DAP using HBPM<sup>27</sup>. This study did not assess the correlation with PP.</p>
      <p>When evaluating 304 patients by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Mule et al demonstrated, in a multivariate analysis, the existence of a correlation between the 24-hr blood pressure mean and the LVMI in patients older than 50 years, whereas younger patients only showed a correlation between LVMI and the mean arterial pressure<sup>24</sup>. Despite this fact, in a multiple regression model, there was no correlation between PP and LVMI when the effects of SAP were considered.</p>
      <p>The two aforementioned studies evaluated hypertensive patients only. In the present study, when assessing hypertensive patients only, the linear regression analysis displays results that are similar to the analysis of the total group, with statistical significance regarding the correlation between the LVMI and SAP (p=0.009) and between LVMI and PP (p&lt;0.001) and again, showing no correlation between LVMI and DAP (p=0.66).</p>
      <p>In this study, the most significant associations with LVMI were those with age and systolic and pulse pressure, with the latter being the strongest one. When performing a multiple linear regression analysis between LVMI, age and PP, age becomes an expendable variable when constructing the equation that estimates LVMI, with p=0.039. The same is not true when the same analysis between LVMI, age and SAP is performed; in this case, SAP is the expendable variable. This fact is probably due to the parallel development between age and SAP. On the other hand, the data analyzed in the present study also show a concurrence of PP and age values. Thus, other factors must justify the strong and independent PP correlation with LVMI. Reinforcing this association, in a step-by-step multiple regression analysis, when the correlation between LVMI, age, Sap and PP was tested, the isolate use of PP is able to estimate the LVMI without the need to add other variables to the equation.</p>
      <p>Despite the strong association between LVMI and PP demonstrated in out results, it is noteworthy the point dispersion depicted in the Chart, represented by r=0.429. This can be explained by the multifactorial trait of LVH, as several other factors are known to influence its value (obesity, pressure response to daily activities, daily salt intake, blood viscosity, volemia, and genetic factors, among others<sup>16</sup>). </p>
      <p>It is relevant the use of HBPM to measure the arterial pressure of patients, by standardizing the measurement procedures and broadly preventing the several measurement error sources. There is a stronger correlation between LVMI and arterial pressure measurements obtained at the HBPM when compared to those obtained at the office<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>A remarkable finding in the present study is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref>, where the patients are grouped by the presence of low (<underline>&lt;</underline>53 mmHg) or elevated PP (&gt;53 mmHg)<sup>14</sup> and by gender, with the LVMI means being depicted for each group. It is known that the LVMI is higher in men than in women<sup>23</sup>. This was not observed in our sample, which can be due to a higher frequency of SAH in the female gender subgroup. Apart from that, the LVMI means were significantly different between female patients with low and elevated PP in this subgroup. Additionally, the means obtained define normal ventricular mass in female patients with low PP and abnormal (elevated) ventricular mass in the female patients with elevated PP, establishing the diagnosis of LVH in the latter. This information can have a prognostic value, as the existence of a strong association between LVH and cardiovascular morbi-mortality is known<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study was carried out retrospectively, which does not allow us to infer a causal relation between PP and the increase of the left ventricular mass. Additionally, the small sample size as in previous studies might have influenced the lack of significance of some correlations. Moreover, the inclusion criteria included two examinations within a period &lt; 6 months, in an attempt to optimize the series. This can imply in variations of the echocardiogram measurements between the two examinations, especially if one takes into account the large number of hypertensive individuals using anti-hypertensive drugs. On the other hand, 84.7% of the patients included in the study underwent the examinations within a 7-day interval. </p>
      <p>The present study allows us to conclude that the LVMI increases concomitantly with SAP and PP increments, and that this correlation is more significant with PP, justifying the need for controlled and prospective studies, in order to establish the role of PP in LVH determination.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</p>
          <p> Av. Beira Mar, 138/101</p>
          <p> 54400-010 &#150; Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes, PE, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="edgardvictor@cardiol.br">edgardvictor@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received June 1, 2006; revised manuscript received March 17, 2006; accepted March 30, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
