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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9fR8VQfP3DXGkkXj9kmb6zF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal percut&#226;nea com implante de stent em pacientes com doen&#231;a renovascular ateroscler&#243;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Jana&#237;na Andr&#233;a Altemar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Milton Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Beltrame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Correa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>85</fpage>
      <lpage>90</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efic&#225;cia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal percut&#226;nea com implante de stent no controle da hipertens&#227;o e na preserva&#231;&#227;o/restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, em pacientes com doen&#231;a renovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. M&#201;TODOS: De maio/1999 a outubro/2003, foram revascularizados 46 pacientes com estenose da art&#233;ria renal ateroscler&#243;tica (EAR-A), os quais foram submetidos ao implante de stent. A indica&#231;&#227;o para o procedimento foi controle da hipertens&#227;o e/ou preserva&#231;&#227;o/restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Caracter&#237;sticas gerais - Idade: 33-84 anos (mediana: 58,5&#177;10,7), homens: 26 (56,5%), diab&#233;ticos: 4 (10%), DAC: 21 (46%), creatinina &lt; 2,0 mg/dl: 39 (64%), ICC: 6 (14%), estenoses ostiais 20 (43%), estenose bilateral 15 (33%). O controle da hipertens&#227;o foi averiguado pelo n&#250;mero de agentes utilizado antes do procedimento e durante o seguimento, e pela aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA). RESULTADOS: O seguimento m&#237;nimo foi de sete meses e variou de 7-52 (mediana: 23, m&#233;dia: 24,2&#177;15,2). Houve apenas um &#243;bito n&#227;o-card&#237;aco (2%) e uma falha t&#233;cnica de tratamento (2%). N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#227;o grave do procedimento. Nenhum paciente apresentou evento cardiovascular. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal melhorou ou permaneceu inalterada em 32 (82%) pacientes, e piorou em 4 (10%). O controle da press&#227;o arterial melhorou em 19/44 (43,8%) dos pacientes e continuou descontrolada ou piorou em 6 (14%). CONCLUS&#195;O: A angioplastia renal com implante de stent em pacientes com EAR demonstrou ser uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz na recupera&#231;&#227;o e preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e no controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria renal</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic><bold>stent</bold></italic> em pacientes com doen&#231;a renovascular ateroscler&#243;tica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jana&#237;na Andr&#233;a Altemar Gon&#231;alves; Jorge Eduardo Amorim; Milton Macedo Soares Neto; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro; Valter Correa Lima</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos (FOR)/ Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic>stent</italic> no controle da hipertens&#227;o e na preserva&#231;&#227;o/restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, em pacientes com doen&#231;a renovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De maio/1999 a outubro/2003, foram revascularizados 46 pacientes com estenose da art&#233;ria renal ateroscler&#243;tica (EAR-A), os quais foram submetidos ao implante de <italic>stent</italic>. A indica&#231;&#227;o para o procedimento foi controle da hipertens&#227;o e/ou preserva&#231;&#227;o/restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Caracter&#237;sticas gerais &#150; Idade: 33-84 anos (mediana: 58,5&#177;10,7), homens: 26 (56,5%), diab&#233;ticos: 4 (10%), DAC: 21 (46%), creatinina &lt; 2,0 mg/dl: 39 (64%), ICC: 6 (14%), estenoses ostiais 20 (43%), estenose bilateral 15 (33%). O controle da hipertens&#227;o foi averiguado pelo n&#250;mero de agentes utilizado antes do procedimento e durante o seguimento, e pela aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O seguimento m&#237;nimo foi de sete meses e variou de 7-52 (mediana: 23, m&#233;dia: 24,2&#177;15,2). Houve apenas um &#243;bito n&#227;o-card&#237;aco (2%) e uma falha t&#233;cnica de tratamento (2%). N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#227;o grave do procedimento. Nenhum paciente apresentou evento cardiovascular. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal melhorou ou permaneceu inalterada em 32 (82%) pacientes, e piorou em 4 (10%). O controle da press&#227;o arterial melhorou em 19/44 (43,8%) dos pacientes e continuou descontrolada ou piorou em 6 (14%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A angioplastia renal com implante de stent em pacientes com EAR demonstrou ser uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz na recupera&#231;&#227;o e preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e no controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o renovascular, art&#233;ria renal, angioplastia.</p>
    <p>A estenose da art&#233;ria renal de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica (EAR-A) &#233; uma das causas da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e de insufici&#234;ncia renal<sup>1-3</sup>. A real preval&#234;ncia &#233; desconhecida, mas estima-se que at&#233; 5% dos pacientes hipertensos tenham EAR-A como etiologia da HAS. A relev&#226;cia cl&#237;nica da EAR-A tem aumentado em raz&#227;o do aumento universal da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o e da eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de HAS e diabete melito<sup>4,5</sup>. Nesse grupo de pacientes, a ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de aterosclerose em diferentes territ&#243;rios &#233; muito comum<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Baboolal e cols. descreveu a mortalidade, a taxa de queda da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal em 51 pacientes com EAR-A bilateral, os quais foram acompanhados por um seguimento m&#233;dio de 52 meses<sup>7</sup>. Esses pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal demonstrou preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na &#233;poca da angiografia e um decl&#237;nio vari&#225;vel, n&#227;o-uniforme, durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s cinco anos, houve um progressivo aumento da incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal (IRT). Dos 51 pacientes submetidos a angiografia, 6 apresentaram IRT.</p>
    <p>Cerca de 3% a 30% dos pacientes com EAR-A demonstraram perda progressiva da massa renal entre tr&#234;s e cinco anos<sup>8</sup>. Em um outro estudo com pacientes com IRT determinada ou com diagn&#243;stico recente foi identificada uma preval&#234;ncia da EAR-A de 10% a 22%<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os recursos terap&#234;uticos para a doen&#231;a renovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DRVA) s&#227;o o controle da HAS e dos demais fatores de risco para eventos cardiovasculares e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal, que pode ser obtida com cirurgia ou com angioplastia, com ou sem implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea s&#227;o alternativas menos invasivas que a cirurgia e t&#234;m demonstrado bons resultados quando adequadamente indicadas. Essas considera&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m levado os cl&#237;nicos a indicarem a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de forma mais freq&#252;ente para o tratamento da EAR-A.</p>
    <p>H&#225; um controverso estudo cl&#237;nico controlado, avaliando a efic&#225;cia da angioplastia renal com bal&#227;o no controle da HAS. Esse estudo n&#227;o foi capaz de demonstrar vantagem da angioplastia sobre o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da HAS. Entretanto, numerosas limita&#231;&#245;es neutralizam as conclus&#245;es do estudo. Merece realce que, para obter controle cl&#237;nico equivalente &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o, cerca de metade dos pacientes randomizados para o tratamento cl&#237;nico foi tratada com angioplastia por decis&#227;o m&#233;dica. Al&#233;m disso, a angioplastia n&#227;o foi relizada com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, o que resultou em reestenose de cerca de 50% dos pacientes tratados nesse protocolo<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise de sete estudos com interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e quatro com o uso de angioplastia renal percut&#226;nea com <italic>stent</italic> houve demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que 25% a 30% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), e em 45% a 50% houve estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da TFG; somente 20% a 25% apresentaram queda da TFG<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente artigo avaliamos prospectivamente a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal percut&#226;nea com o implante de <italic>stent</italic> em casos consecutivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de estenose da art&#233;ria renal diagnosticados como achados adicionais durante coronariografia em pacientes com alta probabilidade de doen&#231;a renovascular concomitante &#224; coronariopatia e pacientes provenientes do Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular do Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos (FOR)/Unifesp/EPM, de maio/1999 a outubro/2003, quando esses apresentavam indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e/ou laboratoriais indicativas de hipertens&#227;o renovascular (de acordo com as IV Diretrizes brasileiras de tratamento de hipertens&#227;o). </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios para rastreamento de estenose durante o procedimento da coronariografia ficaram a cargo do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pelo cateterismo. Em geral, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada quando o paciente apresentava uma ou mais condi&#231;&#245;es indicadoras de alta probabilidade de doen&#231;a renovascular, quais sejam: doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial ou difusa, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e HAS de dif&#237;cil controle ou associada a deteriora&#231;&#227;o leve a moderada da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, aterosclerose sist&#234;mica (cerebrovascular e/ou vascular perif&#233;rica), particularmente em paciente com mais de 70 anos de idade.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados com consultas ambulatoriais mediante exame f&#237;sico, hist&#243;ria e exames complementares (laboratoriais e imagem), antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico e sempre que necess&#225;rio, no caso de surgirem outras queixas.</p>
    <p>Foram tratados 46 pacientes com estenose da art&#233;ria renal de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica , sendo submetidos ao implante de <italic>stent</italic> na art&#233;ria comprometida.</p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es para o procedimento foram: controle da hipertens&#227;o e/ou preserva&#231;&#227;o/ restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais: idade de 33 a 84 anos (mediana = 58,5&#177;10,7), 26 (56,5%) homens, 4 (10%) diab&#233;ticos, 39 (64%) pacientes com creatinina &lt; 2,0 mg/dl, 6 (13,6%) apresentando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (graus I-III da NYHA), 20 (43%) de les&#245;es ostiais e 15 (33%) les&#245;es bilaterais. </p>
    <p>O controle da hipertens&#227;o foi averiguado pelo n&#250;mero de agentes utilizados antes do procedimento e durante o seguimento, e por meio da aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;todos de aferi&#231;&#227;o, segundo as normas das IV Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados diab&#233;ticos todos os pacientes com tr&#234;s dosagens consecutivas de glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mg/dl, obtidas em dias diferentes.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi avaliada pela medida da creatinina s&#233;rica, em mg/dl, antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Foram considerados para an&#225;lise a creatinina s&#233;rica pr&#233;-<italic>stent</italic> e a dosagem mais tardia dispon&#237;vel no seguimento (dias e meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o da creatinina</italic> - A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi avaliada pela medida da creatinina s&#233;rica, antes e tardiamente ao procedimento. Normaliza&#231;&#227;o: creatinina s&#233;rica &lt;1,2 mg/dl; melhora: redu&#231;&#227;o de (m&#237;nimo) 15% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o: creatinina s&#233;rica iguais aos pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, sem deteriora&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo do estudo; piora: eleva&#231;&#227;o dos valores de creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial </italic>- Cura: se a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAd) &lt;90 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAs) &lt;140 mmHg, sem medica&#231;&#245;es; melhora: PAd &lt;90 mmHg e/ou PAs &lt;140 mmHg com o mesmo ou menor n&#250;mero de medica&#231;&#245;es ou a redu&#231;&#227;o na PAd de no m&#237;nimo 15 mmHg com o mesmo ou menor n&#250;mero de medica&#231;&#245;es; piora: PA inalterada ou sem crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o nas outras categorias j&#225; descritas.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas utilizadas foram: t Student e teste Mann-Whitney (para os valores de creatinina) e an&#225;lises descritivas quanti e qualitativas.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</italic> - Os pacientes estavam em acompanhamento no Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular do Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos (FOR)/Unifesp&#150;EPM. </p>
    <p>O principal crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o esten&#243;tica de uma ou ambas as art&#233;rias renais de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica apresentando oclus&#227;o do vaso <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e/ou gradiente sist&#243;lico &gt;20 mmHg atrav&#233;s da les&#227;o, associado a hipertens&#227;o de dif&#237;cil controle (ou hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria) e apresentando deteriora&#231;&#227;o recente (&lt; seis meses) da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Todos os pacientes, ap&#243;s a abordagem inicial, foram submetidos a arteriografia renal confirmando o diagn&#243;stico de estenose renal antes do implante do <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial, todos os pacientes eram hipertensos. Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, ou seja, de acordo com as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es arteriais iguais ou superiores a 140/90 mmHg, em tr&#234;s consultas consecutivas, no intervalo de no m&#237;nimo uma semana (WHO, 1996). Foram tamb&#233;m classificados segundo o grau de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. </p>
    <p>Dentre os crit&#233;rios adotados, esclarecemos que foi considerada HAS refrat&#225;ria a hipertens&#227;o expressa por press&#227;o arterial acima de 140/90 mmHg, em uso de tr&#234;s ou mais classes de agentes anti-hipertensivos. A perda de fun&#231;&#227;o renal recente referiu-se a valores de creatinina superiores a 1,2 mg/dl que tivessem ocorrido no intervalo menor ou igual a seis meses anteriores ao diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo I e II, indiv&#237;duos negros, caucasianos e asi&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</italic> - Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes portadores de valvulopatias, doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas, degenerativas (doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo), pacientes portadores de nefropatia parenquimatosa cr&#244;nica (de quaisquer etiologias) com atrofia renal severa (tamanho renal &lt;7 cm no seu maior eixo medido ao ultra-som renal), portadores de doen&#231;a renovascular por etiologia diversa da ateroscler&#243;tica (displasia fibromuscular, arterite), les&#245;es de estenose de art&#233;ria renal &lt; 50% identific&#225;vel &#224; arteriografia renal ou les&#227;o &lt;50% e gradiente &lt;20 mmHg<sup>13</sup>, pacientes j&#225; em tratamento dial&#237;tico.</p>
    <p><italic>Plano de estudo</italic> - Os pacientes selecionados para angioplastia renal com implante de <italic>stent</italic> foram avaliados por exame f&#237;sico, dosagens seriadas de creatinina e <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina, glicemia, ur&#233;ia, eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso, Ultra-som renal com Doppler de art&#233;rias renais (US-Doppler), arteriografia renal diagn&#243;stica (AR) e angioplastia renal com implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 46 pacientes estudados, 20 eram mulheres (43,5%) e 26 eram homens (56,5%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 58,5 anos, variando entre a m&#237;nima de 33 e a m&#225;xima de 84 anos (DP: 10,7 anos). A maioria era de etnia branca (80%). Todos estavam em tratamento medicamentoso da HAS.</p>
    <p>O seguimento dos pacientes variou de 7 a 52 meses, mediana de 23 meses (m&#233;dia: 24,5&#177;15,2 meses).</p>
    <p><italic>Press&#227;o arterial </italic>- A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi controlada (cura) em 43,8% dos pacientes, na an&#225;lise comparando os valores pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o com o seguimento tardio. Houve estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da PA em 9,1%, e em 4,5% houve piora.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a redu&#231;&#227;o tanto na PA diast&#243;lica (PAd) como na PA sist&#243;lica (PAs) terem sido estatisticamente significativas (p&lt;0,001)<italic>, </italic>quando analisada a PAs separadamente da PAd, observou-se maior repercuss&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores da PAs que os obtidos na PAd.</p>
    <p>Os resultados gerais das principais medidas da PA est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAd) apresentou na m&#233;dia uma redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 15 mmHg (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>De acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da PAs de 42,11 mmHg p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (DP&#177;37,85), sendo essa redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Fun&#231;&#227;o renal</italic> - Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, a creatinina s&#233;rica foi avaliada no dia seguinte e meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, sendo considerados para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica os valores tardios comparando-os com os valores basais.</p>
    <p>Os valores encontrados na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o e tardiamente est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O valor m&#233;dio da creatinina pr&#233; comparado com o valor m&#233;dio ap&#243;s conseguiu demonstrar uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 17%, sendo, portanto, significativa como melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia) da creatinina foi de 2,33 mg/dl para 1,94 mg/dl (p&lt;0,001) (teste Mann-Whitney) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Segundo o n&#250;mero de agentes utilizados antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de, em m&#233;dia, um agente a menos (p&lt;0,0001). Esse dado est&#225; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foram analisadas as quantidades de doses por dia, de cada medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Houve apenas um &#243;bito n&#227;o-card&#237;aco (2%) e uma falha t&#233;cnica de tratamento (2%) caracterizada pela dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal durante o procedimento. Esse paciente apresentava uma anatomia da art&#233;ria renal que se originava da aorta formando um &#226;ngulo agudo, dificultando o acesso do <italic>stent</italic>. Foi restabelecido fluxo na art&#233;ria mediante outros procedimentos subseq&#252;entes; no entanto, no seguimento tardio, o paciente evoluiu com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (Cr atingiu 9,0 mg/dl) e foi indicada hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#227;o grave do procedimento. Nenhum paciente apresentou evento cardiovascular durante o seguimento do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os 46 pacientes avaliados neste estudo foram submetidos ao implante de <italic>stent</italic> renal. Todos apresentavam les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas renais significativas (obstru&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline>70% com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica evidenciada pelo gradiente da press&#227;o arterial atrav&#233;s da les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg). Os pacientes foram indicados para a angioplastia renal com <italic>stent </italic>de acordo com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e o exame f&#237;sico analisados em conjunto com a estenose da art&#233;ria renal sugerida pelo US-Doppler renal e com os resultados da arteriografia renal, de forma semelhante &#224; recomendada e realizada em estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>14-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>No seguimento tardio, os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente (exame f&#237;sico e laboratoriais) e pelo US renal para pesquisa de reestenose da art&#233;ria renal. O US-Doppler renal foi utilizado por ser sens&#237;vel para detectar a reestenose p&#243;s stent renal<sup>18,19</sup>. As taxas de reestenose ap&#243;s <italic>stent </italic>renal, descritas na literatura, ocorrem em cerca de 15% dos casos<sup>20</sup>. Na amostra estudada os pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram reestenose no per&#237;odo do seguimento, e houve apenas uma falha t&#233;cnica (2%) caracterizada pela dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal durante o procedimento. Esse paciente apresentava uma anatomia da art&#233;ria renal que se originava da aorta formando um &#226;ngulo agudo, dificultando o acesso do <italic>stent</italic>. Posteriormente, o paciente evoluiu com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (Cr atingiu 9,0 mg/dl) e foi indicada hemodi&#225;lise. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes envolvidos neste estudo, a amostra procurou selecionar os casos de indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica clara de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal percut&#226;nea, seja para controlar a HAS, seja preservar ou restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>3,12,20,21</sup>. De fato, diversos estudos t&#234;m avaliado a fun&#231;&#227;o renal ap&#243;s a angioplastia renal com implante de <italic>stent</italic><sup>10,11,16-18,20-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Jensen e cols.<sup>24 </sup>avaliou 107 pacientes com EAR-A em um ano de seguimento p&#243;s-<italic>stent</italic> renal e verificou que nesse grupo houve redu&#231;&#227;o na PA e aumento da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Watson e cols.<sup>25</sup> tamb&#233;m observaram a repercuss&#227;o da angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> na fun&#231;&#227;o renal em 33 pacientes em azotemia, durante 20 meses (seguimento m&#233;dio), e constataram que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal que estava deteriorando antes do procedimento estabilizou-se ou melhorou ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, na fun&#231;&#227;o renal, de acordo com a creatinina s&#233;rica dosada antes do procedimento e comparada com a &#250;ltima dosagem de creatinina s&#233;rica, pudemos observar significante redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de creatinina. Os resultados detalhados relativos &#224; repercuss&#227;o sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e PA (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica) foram expostos na se&#231;&#227;o anterior.</p>
    <p>Os dados encontrados neste estudo demonstraram que o implante de <italic>stent</italic> no tratamento da estenose da art&#233;ria renal de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica apresenta-se como uma terapia efetiva e segura, devendo ser indicado adequadamente para um grupo de pacientes que possam obter esses benef&#237;cios de controle e preserva&#231;&#227;o renal, bem como o controle da PA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O emprego do <italic>stent</italic> na estenose ateroscler&#243;tica em art&#233;rias renais foi eficiente, efetivo em recuperar e/ou preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. O <italic>stent</italic> na EAR foi efetivo para atingir o controle da press&#227;o arterial (redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de drogas anti-hipertensivas). O tratamento da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica da art&#233;ria renal demonstrou ser um m&#233;todo seguro e efetivo, apresentando baixa mortalidade intra-hospitalar e no seguimento deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jana&#237;na A. A. Gon&#231;alves </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; de Andrade Figueira, 540/52 </p>
        <p> 05709-010 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jan_goncalves@uol.com.br">jan_goncalves@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 12/08/05; revisado recebido em 5/05/06; aceito em 12/06/06.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical efficacy of percutaneous renal revascularization with stent placement in atherosclerotic renovascular disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous renal revascularization with stenting to control hypertension and preserve/restore renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. METHODS: From May/1999 to October/2003, 46 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) underwent revascularization with stenting. The indication for the procedure was hypertension control and/or renal function preservation/restoration. Clinical characteristics: age range: 33-84 years (median = 58.5 &#177;10.7), males: 26 (56.5%), 4 (10%) patients with dia betes mellitus, 21 (46%) patients with coronary artery disease, creatinine &lt;2.0mg/dl: 39 (64%), 6 patients (14%) with congestive heart failure, 20 (43%) patients with ostial stenosis and 15 (33%) patients with bilateral stenosis. Hypertension control was evaluated by the number of drugs used before the procedure and at follow-up (FU) and by blood pressure (BP) measurement. RESULTS: The minimum follow-up was 7 months (range of 7-52, median: 23, mean: 24.2 &#177; 15.2). There were no major complications. No patient experience any cardiovascular event. There was only one non-cadiac death (2%) and one technical failure in the treatment(2%). There was no serious complication in the procedure. None of the patients presented cardiovascular events. The renal function improved or stabilized in 32 patients (82%) and worsened in 4 (10%). The BP control improved in 19/44 (43,8%) patients and worsened / stabilized in 6 patients (14%). CONCLUSION: Angioplasty with renal artery stenting for ARAS showed to be an effective treatment strategy to restore and preserve renal function and to control blood pressure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renovascular hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>renal artery</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical efficacy of percutaneous renal revascularization with stent placement in atherosclerotic renovascular disease </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jana&#237;na Andr&#233;a Altemar Gon&#231;alves; Jorge Eduardo Amorim; Milton Macedo Soares Neto; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro; Valter Correa Lima</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos (FOR)/ Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous renal revascularization with stenting to control hypertension and preserve/restore renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From May/1999 to October/2003, 46 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) underwent revascularization with stenting. The indication for the procedure was hypertension control and/or renal function preservation/restoration. Clinical characteristics: age range: 33-84 years (median = 58.5 &#177;10.7), males: 26 (56.5%), 4 (10%) patients with dia betes mellitus, 21 (46%) patients with coronary artery disease, creatinine &lt;2.0mg/dl: 39 (64%), 6 patients (14%) with congestive heart failure, 20 (43%) patients with ostial stenosis and 15 (33%) patients with bilateral stenosis. Hypertension control was evaluated by the number of drugs used before the procedure and at follow-up (FU) and by blood pressure (BP) measurement.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The minimum follow-up was 7 months (range of 7-52, median: 23, mean: 24.2 &#177; 15.2). There were no major complications. No patient experience any cardiovascular event. There was only one non-cadiac death (2%) and one technical failure in the treatment(2%). There was no serious complication in the procedure. None of the patients presented cardiovascular events. The renal function improved or stabilized in 32 patients (82%) and worsened in 4 (10%). The BP control improved in 19/44 (43,8%) patients and worsened / stabilized in 6 patients (14%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Angioplasty with renal artery stenting for ARAS showed to be an effective treatment strategy to restore and preserve renal function and to control blood pressure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Renovascular hypertension, renal artery, angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is one of the causes of systemic hypertension (SH) and renal failure<sup>1-3</sup>. Its real prevalence is unknown, but it is estimated that up to 5% of hypertensive patients have ARAS as the etiology of SH. The clinical relevance of ARAS has increased due to global longer life expectancy and higher prevalence of SH and diabetes mellitus<sup>4,5</sup>. In this group of patients, the simultaneous occurrence of atherosclerosis in different sites is very common<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study carried out by Baboolal, in 1998, described the mortality, the rate of renal function decrease and the incidence of end-stage renal disease in 51 patients with bilateral ARAS, who were followed up during a mean of 52 months<sup>7</sup>. Such patients did not undergo percutaneous or surgical intervention. The evaluation of renal function showed impairment at the time of angiography and a variable, non-uniform decline during the observation period. After 5 years, there was a progressive increase in the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Six out of 51 patients who were evaluated with angiography presented ESRD.</p>
      <p>Between 3 and 30% of patients with ARAS showed progressive loss of renal mass within 3 to 5 years<sup>8</sup>. Another study of patients with established or recently diagnosed ESRD identified a ARAS prevalence of 10-22%<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The therapeutic resources for ARAS are the control of SH and other risk factors for cardiovascular events and renal revascularization, which can be achieved by surgery or angioplasty (with or without stent placement).</p>
      <p>Percutaneous revascularization techniques are alternatives that are less invasive than surgery and have shown good results when they are appropriately indicated. These considerations have led clinicians to recommend percutaneous revascularization more frequently for treating ARAS.</p>
      <p>There is a controversial controlled clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of balloon renal angioplasty in the control of SH. This study was not able to show an advantage of angioplasty over drug treatment of SH. However, several limitations neutralize the study conclusions. It should be emphasized that, in order to obtain the clinical control equivalent to balloon angioplasty, about half patients randomized for medical treatment were submitted to angioplasty as per physician&#146;s decision. Additionally, angioplasty was not performed with stenting, which resulted in restenosis in 50% of patients treated in this protocol<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis of seven studies with surgical intervention and four studies with percutaneous renal angioplasty with stent placement showed that 25% to 30% of patients presented improvement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and 45% to 50% evolved with stabilization of GFR; only 20 to 25% presented a decrease in GFR<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this paper we prospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy of percutaneous renal revascularization with stent placement in consecutive cases. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated patients diagnosed with renal artery stenosis, which was an additional finding during coronary angiography performed in patients very likely to have renovascular disease concomitant with coronary heart disease. Furthermore, we evaluated patients from the Outpatient Clinic of Renovascular Hypertension of the <italic>Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos</italic> (FOR)/ <italic>Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina</italic>, between May/1999 and October/2003. At that time, the patients had clinical and/or laboratory indications of renovascular hypertension (according to the IV Brazilian guidelines on treatment of systemic arterial hypertension). </p>
      <p>The criteria for tracking stenosis during coronary angiography were at the discretion of the physician performing the catheterization procedure. In general, such an evaluation was performed when the patient presented one or more conditions indicating a high likelihood of renovascular disease, namely diffuse or multiple vessel coronary artery disease, coronary artery disease and hypertension of difficult management or associated with mild or moderate deterioration of renal function, systemic atherosclerosis (cerebrovascular and/or peripheral vascular), especially in patients aged over 70 years.</p>
      <p>All patients were followed up with outpatient visits which included physical examination, history-taking and complementary exams (laboratory and imaging exams), before and after the intervention, during the follow-up and whenever necessary in the emergence of any other complaints. </p>
      <p>Forty-six patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis underwent placement of a stent in the affected artery. The indications for the procedure included control of hypertension and/or preservation/restoration of renal function. </p>
      <p>Baseline clinical features: ages between 33-84 years (median = 58.5 &#177; 10.7), 26 (56.5%) men, four (10%) patients with diabetes mellitus, 39 (64%) patients with serum creatinine &lt;2.0mg/dl, 6 (13.6%) patients with congestive heart failure ( NYHA grades I-III), 20 (43%) patients with ostial stenosis and 15 (33%) patients with bilateral stenosis. </p>
      <p>Hypertension control was checked by the number of drugs used before the procedure and during the follow-up period, by means of measurements of arterial blood pressure (BP) in conformity with the guidelines for blood pressure measurement included in the IV Brazilian Guidelines on the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients considered to be diabetic were those with three consecutive blood glucose tests <underline>&gt;</underline>120 mg/dL obtained in different days.</p>
      <p>Renal function was evaluated through serum creatinine levels, in mg/dL, both before and after the intervention. Pre-stent serum creatinine and later measurement available during the follow-up period (days and months after intervention) were considered for analysis.</p>
      <p><italic>Criteria for creatinine evaluation</italic> - Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine levels, both before the procedure and later on during the follow-up period. Normalization: serum creatinine &lt;1.2 mg/dL; improvement: decrease of (at least) 15% compared with baseline values; stabilization: serum creatinine levels are the same as pre-intervention levels, with no deterioration during the study period; worsening: increase in serum creatinine levels by over 10% as compared with baseline values.</p>
      <p><italic>Criteria for blood pressure evaluation</italic> - Cure: diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &lt;90 mmHg and systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt;140 mmHg without medication; improvement: DBP &lt;90 mmHg and/or SBP &lt;140 mmHg with the same or lower number of medications, or reduction of DBP by at least 15 mmHg with the same or lower number of medications. Worsening: unchanged BP or with no criteria for inclusion in any of the other categories described above.</p>
      <p>The statistical analyses used were Student's <italic>t</italic> test and Mann-Whitney test (for creatinine values) and quantitative and qualitative descriptive analyses.</p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria - </italic>Patients were followed up at the Outpatient Clinic of Renovascular Hypertension of the <italic>Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos</italic> (FOR)/ <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina</italic>. </p>
      <p>The main inclusion criterion was the presence of an atherosclerotic stenosis of one or both renal arteries presenting occlusion <underline>&gt;</underline>70% and/or systolic gradient &gt;20 mmHg in the lesion, associated with high blood pressure of difficult management (or refractory hypertension) and presenting recent deterioration (&lt; 6 months) of renal function. After the initial approach, all patients underwent renal arteriography that confirmed the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis before stenting. </p>
      <p>As to measurement of blood pressure, all patients were considered hypertensive. This classification followed the guidelines of the World Health Organization, i.e., according to the mean values of blood pressure levels <underline>&gt;</underline>140/90 mmHg, on three consecutive visits, with an interval of at least one week between visits (WHO, 1996). They were also classified according to the grade of congestive heart failure according to the New York Heart Association. </p>
      <p>Among the criteria used, we clarify that refractory hypertension was defined as high blood pressure &gt;140/90 mmHg, while using three or more antihypertensive medications. Recent loss of renal function was related to serum creatinine levels &gt;1.2 mg/dL that were present for a period <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 months before diagnosis. </p>
      <p>The study included patients with type I and type II diabetes, comprising Afro-Brazilian, Caucasian and Asian individuals.</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria - </italic>The study excluded patients with valve diseases, neoplastic diseases, degenerative diseases (diseases of the connective tissue), patients with chronic parenchymatous nephropathy (of any etiology) with severe renal atrophy (kidney size &lt;7 cm in its longer axis measured by ultrasound), patients with renovascular disease of any etiology other than atherosclerosis (fibromuscular dysplasia, arteritis), stenosis of renal artery &lt; 50% identifiable with renal arteriography, or lesion &lt;50% and gradient &lt;20 mmHg<sup>13</sup>, and patients on dialysis.</p>
      <p><italic>Study design -</italic> The patients selected for renal angioplasty with stenting were evaluated through physical examination, serial measurements of creatinine and creatinine clearance, blood glucose level, serum urea, electrocardiogram (ECG) at rest, Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys with renal arteries (US-Doppler), diagnostic renal arteriography and renal angioplasty with stent placement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of 46 patients studied, 20 were women (43.5%) and 26 were men (56.5%). The mean age was 58.5 years and age ranged from 33 to 84 years (SD: 10.7 years). Most patients were white (80%). All patients were receiving drug treatment for hypertension. </p>
      <p>The patients were followed up for 7 to 52 months, with a median of 23 months (mean: 24.5 &#177; 15.2 months).</p>
      <p><italic>Blood pressure - </italic>Blood pressure (BP) was controlled (cure) in 43.8% of patients in the analysis comparing the pre-intervention and late follow-up values. BP was stabilized in 9.1% of patients, while 4.5% of patients showed worsening of BP levels.</p>
      <p>Although decrease in diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressures was statistically significant (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.001), when SBP was analyzed separately from DBP, a greater impact of this reduction was seen with SBP.</p>
      <p>The overall results of the main measurements of BP are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) presented a mean reduction by approximately 15 mmHg (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>According to evaluation of systolic blood pressure values, there was a mean decrease of SBP by 42.11 mmHg after intervention (SD &#177; 37.85); this reduction was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Renal function -</italic> Following the intervention, serum creatinine was evaluated on the next day and months after the procedure; the statistical analysis compared the late results with the baseline results.</p>
      <p>The values found both in the pre-intervention and late evaluations are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean value of creatinine before the intervention compared with the mean value after the procedure demonstrated a reduction greater than 17%, which was significant in terms of clinical improvement.</p>
      <p>The (mean) decrease in creatinine levels was from 2.33 mg/dL to 1.94 mg/dL (p&lt;0.001) (Mann-Whitney test) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Number of drugs - According to the number of drugs taken before and after the procedure, there was a significant reduction by one drug in average (p&lt;0.0001). This information is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> (above) and in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0085-00014-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The number of daily doses of each drug were not evaluated. </p>
      <p>There was only one non-cardiac death (2%) and a technical treatment failure (2%), characterized by dissection of the renal artery during the procedure. In this patient, the renal artery originated from the aorta and formed an acute angle that hindered stent access. The artery flow was established by means of other subsequent procedures; however, in the late follow-up, the patient evolved with worsening of renal function (creatinine reached 9.0 mg/dL) and hemodialysis was indicated.</p>
      <p>There was no severe complication associated with the procedure. No patient presented cardiovascular events during the study follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion </bold>
      </p>
      <p>All 46 patients evaluated in this study underwent renal artery stenting. All presented significant atherosclerotic lesions in renal arteries (occlusion <underline>&gt;</underline>70% with hemodynamic repercussion evidenced by a gradient of blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline>20 mmHg in the lesion). Patients were referred to renal artery angioplasty with placement of a stent according to the clinical history and physical examination analyzed in conjunction with stenosis of renal artery suggested by the renal US-Doppler and with the results of renal arteriography, similarly to procedures recommended and performed in other previous studies<sup>14-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the late follow-up, the patients were evaluated both clinically (physical examination and laboratory tests) and by renal US to investigate restenosis of renal artery. Renal US-Doppler was used since it is sensitive to detect post-stenting renal artery stenosis<sup>18,19</sup>. The literature reports post-stenting renal artery stenosis rates of 15%<sup>20</sup>. In the sample studied, the patients did not present restenosis in the follow-up period and there was only one case of technical failure (2%) characterized by dissection of the renal artery during the procedure. In this patient, the renal artery originated from the aorta and formed an acute angle that hindered stent access. Later on, the patient evolved with a worsening of the renal function (creatinine reached 9.0 mg/dL) and hemodialysis was indicated. Despite the small number of patients involved in this study, the sample tried to select the cases with a clear clinical indication for percutaneous renal revascularization, either to control systemic hypertension or to preserve or restore renal function<sup>3,12,20,21</sup>. In fact, several studies have evaluated the renal function after renal angioplasty with stent placement<sup>10,11,16-18,20-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study carried out by Jensen<sup>24 </sup>evaluated 107 patients with ARAS in a one-year follow-up after stenting in renal artery and found that this group showed decreased BP and increased glomerular filtration rate. Watson<sup>25</sup> also noticed the repercussion of stent angioplasty in the renal function of 33 patients with azotemia for 20 months (mean follow-up) and reported that the deteriorating renal function had stabilized or improved after the procedure.</p>
      <p>In the current study about renal function, according to serum creatinine measured before the procedure and compared with the last measurement, we were able to notice a significant reduction in its levels. The detailed results related with the repercussion on the renal function and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were exposed in the previous section. </p>
      <p>The data found in this study show that stent placement in the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is an effective and safe therapy, and it should be appropriately indicated for a group of patients who can benefit from renal control and preservation, as well as from blood pressure control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of a stent in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis was efficient and effective to restore and/or preserve renal function. The use of a stent in ARAS was effective to attain the control of blood pressure (reduction in the number of antihypertensive drugs). Treatment of the atherosclerotic renal artery lesion proved to be a safe and effective method, with low mortality rates during hospitalization and follow-up periods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jana&#237;na A. A. Gon&#231;alves</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; de Andrade Figueira, 540/52</p>
          <p> 05709-010 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jan_goncalves@uol.com.br">jan_goncalves@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received August 12, 2005; revised manuscript received May 5, 2006; accepted June 12, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
