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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimativa n&#227;o-invasiva do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio a partir de imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica e consumo de oxig&#234;nio em idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanfraechem</surname>
            <given-names>Jacques Henri-Paul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farinatti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo de Tarso Veras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Pesquisa em Atividades F&#237;sicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSO</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Atividade F&#237;sica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio-Vitacor</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>79</fpage>
      <lpage>84</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O presente estudo analisou a concord&#226;ncia entre as estimativas do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (Q) geradas por dois m&#233;todos indiretos e sua aplicabilidade em 54 homens e 77 mulheres (60-90 anos). M&#201;TODOS: Os indiv&#237;duos realizaram um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio progressivo m&#225;ximo em ciclo-erg&#244;metro. O Q foi estimado a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e da imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica a 50% e 100% da carga m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste (Wm&#225;x). Os limites de concord&#226;ncia e as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (vieses) foram avaliados segundo a metodologia proposta por Bland e Altman, enquanto a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos foi analisada por regress&#227;o linear e correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC). RESULTADOS: Na carga equivalente a 50% Wm&#225;x, a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias dos m&#233;todos foi de -0,58 L&#8226;min-1 (6,3% menor para a medida da imped&#226;ncia), e o limite de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 2,54 L&#8226;min-1 (24,7%). Em 100% Wm&#225;x, a diferen&#231;a foi de 1,03 L&#8226;min-1 (8,5% maior para a medida da imped&#226;ncia), com um limite de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 3,35 L&#8226;min-1 (27,6%). Os valores de ICC e as curvas de regress&#227;o obtidas entre os m&#233;todos foram: Qimp=1,82+0,75Q VO2 (r&#178;=0,765, p&lt;0,001; ICC=0,727, p&lt;0,01) para 50% Wm&#225;x; Qimp=0,93+1,00Q VO2 (r&#178;=0,755, p&lt;0,001; ICC=0,796, p&lt;0,01) para 100% Wm&#225;x. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados sugerem uma boa concord&#226;ncia na estimativa do Q no exerc&#237;cio em idosos pelos dois m&#233;todos, o que se revela compat&#237;vel com os achados de estudos similares com indiv&#237;duos jovens.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estimativa n&#227;o-invasiva do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio a partir de imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica e consumo de oxig&#234;nio em idosos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maur&#237;cio Nunes Rodrigues; Jacques Henri-Paul Vanfraechem; Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Gama Filho, Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Atividade F&#237;sica-UNIVERSO, Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio-Vitacor, Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Pesquisa em Atividades F&#237;sicas &#150; IDEATIVA Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Bruxelas &#150; B&#233;lgica</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O presente estudo analisou a concord&#226;ncia entre as estimativas do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (Q) geradas por dois m&#233;todos indiretos e sua aplicabilidade em 54 homens e 77 mulheres (60-90 anos). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os indiv&#237;duos realizaram um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio progressivo m&#225;ximo em ciclo-erg&#244;metro. O Q foi estimado a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e da imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica a 50% e 100% da carga m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste (W<sub>m&#225;x</sub>). Os limites de concord&#226;ncia e as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (vieses) foram avaliados segundo a metodologia proposta por Bland e Altman, enquanto a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos foi analisada por regress&#227;o linear e correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Na carga equivalente a 50% W<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias dos m&#233;todos foi de -0,58 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (6,3% menor para a medida da imped&#226;ncia), e o limite de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 2,54 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (24,7%). Em 100% W<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, a diferen&#231;a foi de 1,03 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (8,5% maior para a medida da imped&#226;ncia), com um limite de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 3,35 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (27,6%). Os valores de ICC e as curvas de regress&#227;o obtidas entre os m&#233;todos foram: Q<sub>imp</sub>=1,82+0,75Q<sub>VO2</sub> (r<sup>2</sup>=0,765, p&lt;0,001; ICC=0,727, p&lt;0,01) para 50% W<sub>m&#225;x</sub>; Q<sub>imp</sub>=0,93+1,00Q<sub>VO2</sub> (r<sup>2</sup>=0,755, p&lt;0,001; ICC=0,796, p&lt;0,01) para 100% W<sub>m&#225;x</sub>. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados sugerem uma boa concord&#226;ncia na estimativa do Q no exerc&#237;cio em idosos pelos dois m&#233;todos, o que se revela compat&#237;vel com os achados de estudos similares com indiv&#237;duos jovens.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exerc&#237;cio, teste de esfor&#231;o, cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia, envelhecimento.</p>
    <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para idosos deve cercar-se de um cuidado maior, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a orientada para indiv&#237;duos jovens, em raz&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas t&#237;picas da idade e da maior preval&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es clinicopatol&#243;gicas diversas. Na elabora&#231;&#227;o de programas de exerc&#237;cios envolvendo essa popula&#231;&#227;o, portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar as respostas fisiol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas que ocorrem durante uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e o quanto podem acarretar risco de intercorr&#234;ncias que coloquem em perigo a integridade do praticante. Desse modo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o das respostas do sistema cardiorrespirat&#243;rio ao esfor&#231;o pode contribuir para a seguran&#231;a durante a prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel mais estudada com esse fim &#233; a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), provavelmente por ter sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a intensidade do esfor&#231;o aceita em todas as idades<sup>1,2</sup>, e por ser uma vari&#225;vel de f&#225;cil medida. Entretanto, uma an&#225;lise mais ampla da integridade da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca poderia ser obtida se o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (Q) e/ou o volume de eje&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lico (VS) fossem medidos durante a execu&#231;&#227;o dos testes de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o para um programa de exerc&#237;cios. Isso n&#227;o se observa na pr&#225;tica corrente, geralmente em virtude da natureza invasiva para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de m&#233;todos de estimativa indireta do Q e do VS tem aumentado as possibilidades de entendimento do comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. A validade, a exatid&#227;o e a reprodutibilidade de alguns desses m&#233;todos durante o exerc&#237;cio, tais como o m&#233;todo indireto de Fick &#150; pela reinala&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono ou acetileno; a imped&#226;ncia e a indut&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;ficas e a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio &#150; t&#234;m sido documentadas na literatura<sup>3-13</sup>. Contudo, observa-se uma car&#234;ncia de estudos que se preocupem com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre as estimativas geradas pelos diversos m&#233;todos indiretos e com a sua aplicabilidade em idosos. Mesmo sendo de natureza n&#227;o-invasiva, alguns deles necessitam da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos e/ou manobras n&#227;o-convencionais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas medidas, o que pode inviabilizar uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o correta nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a concord&#226;ncia da estimativa do Q por dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos, quais sejam, a imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica (IMP) e a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/c38feb10be16458b844211f9d687957f46cae54d.gif"/>), bem como a aplicabilidade deles na avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos idosos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Amostra - </italic>Um grupo de 131 idosos aparentemente sadios, 54 homens e 77 mulheres (60-90 anos de idade), foi aleatoriamente selecionado entre os membros de 13 centros de conviv&#234;ncia da terceira idade na cidade de Bruxelas, B&#233;lgica. Para tanto, valeu-se de tabela de n&#250;meros rand&#244;micos para definir quantos seriam sorteados em cada centro. Foram respeitados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, antes do sorteio final dos participantes: a) presen&#231;a de problemas cardiovasculares, locomotores, pneumopatol&#243;gicos ou cirurgias recentes; b) uso de medicamentos ou subst&#226;ncias que pudessem interferir nas respostas fisiol&#243;gicas cardiovasculares agudas ao exerc&#237;cio; c) uso de suplementos alimentares; d) indiv&#237;duos apresentando sobrepeso elevado (IMC &gt;35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), tabagistas e atletas. Um termo de consentimento assinado foi obtido antes da participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, conforme recomendado pela Conven&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e ratificado pela Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Brasil para experimentos com humanos.</p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio - </italic>Os indiv&#237;duos realizaram um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar em um cicloerg&#244;metro (<italic>Ergo-Line</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> 900, D7474, UK). O protocolo de teste consistiu de tr&#234;s fases: (a) tr&#234;s minutos de aquecimento a 5 W; (b) fase de trabalho, iniciando a 25 W para os homens e 20 W para as mulheres, com um incremento de carga a cada dois minutos de igual magnitude &#224; carga inicial, de acordo com o g&#234;nero; (c) cinco minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o, sem carga. As cargas foram selecionadas com base na capacidade m&#225;xima de trabalho predita com vistas &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo entre 6 e 12 minutos de teste, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>14</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic><sup>15</sup>. O teste foi considerado m&#225;ximo quando, pelo menos dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios fossem observados: (a) quociente respirat&#243;rio (<italic>R</italic>) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,06; (b) plat&#244; do <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/c38feb10be16458b844211f9d687957f46cae54d.gif"/> em despeito do aumento de carga (aumento no <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/c38feb10be16458b844211f9d687957f46cae54d.gif"/><underline>&lt;</underline> 2,0 ml&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> entre as duas &#250;ltimas cargas); (c) exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima. A reprodutibilidade do protocolo foi previamente testada em um subgrupo de 12 idosos (oito homens e quatro mulheres) aleatoriamente selecionados a partir da amostra original.</p>
    <p><italic>Estimativa do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco a partir da imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica - </italic>A imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica foi registrada a partir de um registrador de imped&#226;ncia <italic>Minnesota<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>(IFM 304b, USA), em configura&#231;&#227;o tetrapolar. O ECG e a FC foram gravados por um eletrocardi&#243;grafo <italic>Fukuda Denshi</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>FD-36</italic>, Jap&#227;o), e um fonocardi&#243;grafo <italic>Fukuda Denshi</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>PL-16, </italic>Jap&#227;o). O hemat&#243;crito foi quantificado ap&#243;s um processo de centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, tendo a coleta sang&#252;&#237;nea realizada ap&#243;s o teste. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (Q) e o volume de eje&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lico (VS) foram estimados a cada dois minutos, de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o: Q<italic>(L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) = 0,001&#183;VS (mL&#183;syst<sup>-1</sup>)&#183;FC (bpm).</italic> Considerando que a varia&#231;&#227;o na imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica em raz&#227;o da eje&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea &#233; relacionada ao volume de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>, o VS pode ser calculado a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o: <italic>VS (mL&#183;syst<sup>-1</sup>) = (</italic>r<italic>)&#183; (L/Z<sub>0</sub>)<sup>2 </sup>&#183;(LVET) &#183;(dz/dt)</italic>, onde r refere-se &#224; resistividade do sangue (ohm&#183;cm); r = 53,2e <sup>0.22Hct</sup>, onde Hct &#233; o hemat&#243;crito<sup>17</sup>; L &#233; a dist&#226;ncia entre os eletrodos de detec&#231;&#227;o do sinal (cm); Z<sub>0</sub> &#233; a imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica de base (ohm); LVET &#233; o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (seg); e dz/dt &#233; a taxa de altera&#231;&#227;o da imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica (ohm&#183;seg<sup>-1</sup>). Essas equa&#231;&#245;es foram previamente validadas por Miles e Gotshall<sup>8</sup> e Bogaard e cols.<sup>5</sup> pela compara&#231;&#227;o com medidas diretas. Os componentes das equa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas foram obtidos de acordo com m&#233;todos j&#225; descritos<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Estimativa do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio - </italic>O consumo de oxig&#234;nio (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/4617f5c0f44fdcaa2b27551f76318ed9f559b878.gif"/>), o d&#233;bito de di&#243;xido de carbono (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/6b117c80e51e2348080b3108101a29be2362d238.gif"/>) e a ventila&#231;&#227;o (V<italic>E</italic>) foram avaliados, respectivamente, por um analisador paramagn&#233;tico de O<sub>2</sub>, um analisador de CO<sub>2</sub> por infravermelho e um pneumotac&#243;grafo (Morgan<sup>&#174;</sup>, UK). Essas vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias foram determinadas em L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> STPD sobre o mesmo per&#237;odo dos dados de imped&#226;ncia e foi calculada a sua m&#233;dia a cada 30 seg. A diferen&#231;a no conte&#250;do arteriovenoso de O<sub>2</sub> (Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) foi estimada a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o: Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>= 5,721 + (0,1047 x % <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/>)<sup>7</sup>, e o Q a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o de Fick (Q= VO<sub>2</sub> / Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimento estat&#237;stico - </italic>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos foi avaliada por regress&#227;o linear para os dados em 50% da carga m&#225;xima (40%-90% <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/>) e no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (100% <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/>). A concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos foi avaliada a partir do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC), os limites de concord&#226;ncia e as diferen&#231;as entre os m&#233;todos (vieses) foram avaliados segundo a metodologia proposta por Bland e Altman<sup>19</sup>. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando os <italic>softwares</italic> STATA 8.2 e STATISTICA 5.5.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta a m&#233;dia e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (95%IC) para as vari&#225;veis medidas/estimadas em 50% e 100% da carga de esfor&#231;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> e as <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref> apresentam os dados da compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos. Em 50% da carga, a diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos foi de 0,58 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> &#150; correspondendo a 6,3% a favor do m&#233;todo de Stringer e cols.<sup>7</sup> &#150; e com um limite de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 2,54 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, correspondendo a 24,7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>). No esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, essa tend&#234;ncia, ainda que levemente, inverteu-se. As m&#233;dias apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a de 1,03 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> a favor da imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica, correspondendo a 8,5% da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os m&#233;todos. J&#225; o limite de concord&#226;ncia foi de &#177; 3,35 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, correspondendo a 27,6% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes m&#233;todos para se medir a mesma vari&#225;vel, dificilmente os valores obtidos ir&#227;o concordar com perfei&#231;&#227;o, provendo resultados id&#234;nticos para todos os indiv&#237;duos. Por isso, Bland e Altman<sup>19</sup> propuseram uma abordagem para se comparar o quanto um determinado m&#233;todo difere de outro. Se tanto a diferen&#231;a, que expressa a precis&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos, quanto os limites de concord&#226;ncia, que expressam a variabilidade das medidas, n&#227;o forem elevados, em princ&#237;pio, n&#227;o existiriam problemas para interpretar os dados de maneira cruzada (ou seja, comparando-se dados obtidos por m&#233;todos diferentes). Ainda segundo Bland e Altman<sup>19</sup>, para esse tipo de interpreta&#231;&#227;o cruzada ser poss&#237;vel, fica a crit&#233;rio dos pesquisadores definir o quanto as medidas podem diferir uma da outra. Na verdade, o ponto de corte do que seriam diferen&#231;as aceit&#225;veis depende da vari&#225;vel analisada, existindo algumas que admitiriam variabilidade maior que outras.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos pr&#233;vios utilizaram protocolos de teste similares em idosos<sup>20,21</sup>, e a escolha dos m&#233;todos utilizados para estimar o Q no presente estudo foi determinada levando-se em conta suas caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas. A imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica foi escolhida em virtude de sua ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Embora o m&#233;todo tenha como base alguns pressupostos controversos<sup>5,8</sup> e at&#233; n&#227;o seja recomendado por alguns autores<sup>22</sup>, sua validade, exatid&#227;o e reprodutibilidade foram documentadas por v&#225;rios estudos<sup>3-5,8,9</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos idosos, a validade na avalia&#231;&#227;o do Q pelo m&#233;todo n&#227;o foi suficientemente demonstrada. No entanto, estudos pr&#233;vios do laborat&#243;rio, envolvendo mais de 150 indiv&#237;duos acima de 60 anos de idade, n&#227;o revelaram dificuldades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua aplicabilidade, em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos mais jovens. De fato, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na qualidade dos sinais obtidos e os valores usualmente aferidos, geralmente, n&#227;o se distanciam do relatado na literatura para as faixas et&#225;rias e intensidade de esfor&#231;o observadas<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; a estimativa do Q a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio &#233; um m&#233;todo relativamente novo. Foi desenvolvido por Stringer e cols<sup>7</sup> em indiv&#237;duos jovens, a partir da hip&#243;tese de que a Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub> aumentaria de forma previs&#237;vel em raz&#227;o do percentual do <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/> durante o exerc&#237;cio. A sua principal vantagem reside em n&#227;o necessitar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos diferentes dos j&#225; utilizados em um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, nem de manobras n&#227;o-convencionais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas medidas, o que poderia facilitar sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em idosos. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o seria beneficiada por uma estimativa menos invasiva e mais pr&#243;xima da realidade durante a execu&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. </p>
    <p>Por ser um m&#233;todo novo, a estimativa do Q a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio carece de estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o em idosos. Na compara&#231;&#227;o com a medida direta pelo m&#233;todo de Fick, em cinco indiv&#237;duos jovens realizando um teste de exerc&#237;cio progressivo m&#225;ximo em cicloerg&#244;metro, Stringer e cols.<sup>7</sup> relataram um r de 0,97 e uma diferen&#231;a nas m&#233;dias entre os valores estimados e realmente medidos de &#177;2 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, correspondendo a 15% da medida obtida diretamente. Em um estudo similar ao presente, comparando m&#233;todos indiretos, Kaplan e cols.<sup>6</sup> avaliaram 23 sujeitos com idades entre 24 e 43 anos, sendo duas mulheres. Desses, 11 indiv&#237;duos realizaram um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio em <italic>steady-state </italic>em cicloerg&#244;metro, iniciando com 25-50 W e com incrementos de igual magnitude a cada 10-15 min, durante um per&#237;odo de 45 min, para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores medidos a partir da indut&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica e da reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>. Um outro grupo de 20 indiv&#237;duos realizou um teste progressivo em rampa, tamb&#233;m no cicloerg&#244;metro, com incrementos de 15-30 W&#183;min<sup>-1 </sup>at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. Nesse caso, o objetivo era comparar os valores medidos a partir da indut&#226;ncia e consumo de O<sub>2</sub>. Os autores relataram limites de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 2,8 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> no primeiro grupo, correspondendo a uma variabilidade de 21%, e de &#177; 2,8 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> no segundo, correspondendo a 22%.</p>
    <p>Charloux e cols.<sup>24</sup> publicaram estudo no qual compararam a imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica com o M&#233;todo Direto de Fick. Indiv&#237;duos com diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas participaram do estudo, num total de 40 pacientes, sendo 14 com apn&#233;ia do sono e 26 com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Os sujeitos executaram, em cicloerg&#244;metro na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, exerc&#237;cio em <italic>steady-state</italic> com cargas entre 10 e 50 W. Os resultados revelaram uma diferen&#231;a de 0,29 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> entre os m&#233;todos e limites de concord&#226;ncia entre -2,34 e 2,92 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os autores revelaram que em apenas 9,3% dos casos as diferen&#231;as entre os m&#233;todos ultrapassaram 20%. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos analisaram outros m&#233;todos. Davis e cols.<sup>25</sup>, por exemplo, relataram limites de concord&#226;ncia de &#177; 20% entre a reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> e o m&#233;todo direto de Fick, em 18 pacientes acometidos de doen&#231;a pulmonar severa. Espersen e cols.<sup>26</sup> compararam os m&#233;todos da termodilui&#231;&#227;o e da reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> com o M&#233;todo Direto de Fick, em 11 sujeitos aparentemente saud&#225;veis durante exerc&#237;cio realizado a 50 W. As diferen&#231;as encontradas foram de 2,3 e -0,2 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente, entre a termodilui&#231;&#227;o e a reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> e entre a primeira e o M&#233;todo Direto de Fick. Em outro estudo, analisando a validade de uma varia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>, Olszowka e cols.<sup>27</sup> relataram, em 14 indiv&#237;duos desde o repouso at&#233; o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o para os valores m&#233;dios do Q entre 3% e 4%, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o m&#233;todo tradicional. As diferen&#231;as situaram-se entre 3% e 5% na compara&#231;&#227;o com o M&#233;todo Direto de Fick e entre 2% e 5% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; termodilui&#231;&#227;o. Os mesmos autores citaram outro estudo similar, do mesmo grupo, no qual foram encontrados coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o de 11% a 22% na compara&#231;&#227;o entre a termodilui&#231;&#227;o e a reinala&#231;&#227;o de acetileno. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, Tordi e cols.<sup>28</sup>, em estudo recente, compararam m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos (imped&#226;ncia e reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>) em oito homens jovens durante tr&#234;s diferentes sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio em <italic>steady-state</italic> controladas pela FC (120, 140 e 160 bpm). Os autores relataram um r de 0,85 e uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 0,06 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> (correspondendo a 0,12%) nas tr&#234;s intensidades. Na intensidade mais baixa, a m&#233;dia dos valores do Q estimado pela imped&#226;ncia foi menor do que a estimada pela reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>. Entretanto, essa tend&#234;ncia inverteu-se nas intensidades mais elevadas. Esse comportamento foi explicado pelos autores como advindo de uma limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> em condi&#231;&#245;es de <italic>steady-state</italic> em intensidades elevadas, devido a uma progressiva acidemia (diminui&#231;&#227;o do pH sang&#252;&#237;neo). </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, as estimativas foram comparadas em dois momentos distintos, 50% e 100% da carga m&#225;xima de esfor&#231;o em um exerc&#237;cio incremental. Essa estrat&#233;gia permitiu a percep&#231;&#227;o de uma concord&#226;ncia razo&#225;vel entre os m&#233;todos (diferen&#231;as de @ 6% a 8,5% e limites de concord&#226;ncia de @ 24% a 28%), embora a varia&#231;&#227;o entre os valores obtidos a partir de ambos aumente &#224; medida que os valores absolutos do Q se elevam. Pr&#243;ximo aos valores m&#225;ximos, o Q estimado a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio tendeu a ser menor que o medido pela t&#233;cnica da imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica, observando-se tamb&#233;m uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento na diferen&#231;a entre os valores estimados, de acordo com a proximidade com o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. </p>
    <p>Esse comportamento foi similar ao observado por Tordi e cols.<sup>28</sup>, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre a imped&#226;ncia e a reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>. Embora os autores tenham justificado esse comportamento em raz&#227;o de limita&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo de reinala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>, pode-se especular que, em intensidades mais elevadas, o m&#233;todo de imped&#226;ncia tenderia a superestimar os valores do Q em raz&#227;o de artefatos nas curvas de imped&#226;ncia medidas. Contudo, percebe-se que os valores absolutos e relativos, para as diferen&#231;as e limites de concord&#226;ncia, aproximam-se daqueles obtidos por outros estudos comparativos entre m&#233;todos diretos e indiretos para aferi&#231;&#227;o do Q. Al&#233;m disso, situaram-se dentro da faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#177;15% relatados na revis&#227;o realizada por Miles e Gotshall<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em suma, o presente estudo sugere uma boa concord&#226;ncia na estimativa do Q em idosos, entre os m&#233;todos da imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica e com base no consumo de oxig&#234;nio. Os resultados parecem ser compat&#237;veis com os de outros estudos que compararam m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio, em indiv&#237;duos jovens ou com acometimentos cardiorrespirat&#243;rios. Entretanto, estudos adicionais deveriam ser conduzidos para aprofundar o processo de valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de estimativa do Q a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio em idosos, tanto pela compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todos diretos quanto pela verifica&#231;&#227;o da reprodutibilidade da medida durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maur&#237;cio Nunes Rodrigues </p>
        <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Atividade F&#237;sica e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de-UERJ </p>
        <p> Rua S&#227;o Francisco Xavier, 524/8133-F </p>
        <p> 20550-900 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rodriguesm@ig.com.br">rodriguesm@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 21/09/05; revisado recebido em 11/04/06; aceito em 24/04/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Non-invasive estimate of cardiac output during exercise based on impedance cardiography and oxygen uptake in the elderly</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the agreement between cardiac output (Q) measurements generated by two indirect methods and their applicability in 54 men e 77 women (aged 60-90). METHODS: The subjects performed a cardiopulmonary test with incremental to maximal exercise on a cycle-ergometer. "Q" was estimated based on oxygen uptake and on impedance cardiography at 50% and 100% of the maximal workload (Wmax) reached during the test. The limits of agreement and mean differences (biases) were estimated using the methodology proposed by Bland-Altman, whereas the relationship between the methods was analyzed by linear regression and intra-class correlation (ICC). RESULTS: For the load equivalent do 50% of Wmax, the bias between the means of the two methods was -0.58 L&#8226;min-1 (6.3% smaller for the impedance measurement) and the limit of agreement was &#177; 2.54 L&#8226;min-1 (24.7%). At 100% of Wmax, the bias was 1.03 L&#8226;min-1 (8.5% greater for the impedance measurement) with a limit of agreement of &#177; 3.35 L&#8226;min-1 (27.6%). ICC values and the regression curves obtained between the methods were: Qimp=1.82+0.75Q VO2 (r&#178;=0.765, p&lt;0.001; ICC=0.727, p&lt;0.01) at 50% Wmax; and Qimp=0.93+1.00Q VO2 (r&#178;=0.755, p&lt;0.001; ICC=0.796, p&lt;0.01) at 100% Wmax. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is a good agreement between the two methods for the measurement of Q during exercise in the elderly, which is compatible with the findings of similar studies with young subjects.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>impedance</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Non-invasive estimate of cardiac output during exercise based on impedance cardiography and oxygen uptake in the elderly</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maur&#237;cio Nunes Rodrigues; Jacques Henri-Paul Vanfraechem; Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Gama Filho, Universit&#233; Libre de Bruxelles, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Atividade F&#237;sica-UNIVERSO, Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio-Vitacor, Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Pesquisa em Atividades F&#237;sicas &#150; IDEATIVA - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &#150; Bruxelas, B&#233;lgica</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study assessed the agreement between cardiac output (Q) measurements generated by two indirect methods and their applicability in 54 men e 77 women (aged 60-90).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The subjects performed a cardiopulmonary test with incremental to maximal exercise on a cycle-ergometer. "Q" was estimated based on oxygen uptake and on impedance cardiography at 50% and 100% of the maximal workload (W<sub>max</sub>) reached during the test. The limits of agreement and mean differences (biases) were estimated using the methodology proposed by Bland-Altman, whereas the relationship between the methods was analyzed by linear regression and intra-class correlation (ICC).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> For the load equivalent do 50% of W<sub>max</sub>, the bias between the means of the two methods was -0.58 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (6.3% smaller for the impedance measurement) and the limit of agreement was &#177; 2.54 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (24.7%). At 100% of W<sub>max</sub>, the bias was 1.03 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (8.5% greater for the impedance measurement) with a limit of agreement of &#177; 3.35 L&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> (27.6%). ICC values and the regression curves obtained between the methods were: Q<sub>imp</sub>=1.82+0.75Q<sub>VO2</sub> (r<sup>2</sup>=0.765, p&lt;0.001; ICC=0.727, p&lt;0.01) at 50% W<sub>max</sub>; and Q<sub>imp</sub>=0.93+1.00Q<sub>VO2</sub> (r<sup>2</sup>=0.755, p&lt;0.001; ICC=0.796, p&lt;0.01) at 100% W<sub>max</sub>.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> These results suggest that there is a good agreement between the two methods for the measurement of Q during exercise in the elderly, which is compatible with the findings of similar studies with young subjects.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Exercise, exercise test, impedance, cardiography, aging.</p>
      <p>The prescription of physical exercise for the elderly requires greater care as compared with the prescription of exercise for young individuals due to the typical physiological alterations associated with age and to the higher prevalence of several different clinical and pathological conditions. When developing exercise programs aimed at this age group it is therefore necessary to consider the specific physiological responses that occur during an exercise bout and how much risk they may originate that might jeopardize the participant&#146;s physical integrity. Therefore the assessment of the responses of the cardiorespiratory system to exertion may contribute to improve safety during the prescription of exercise. </p>
      <p>Heart rate (HR) is the most studied variable for this purpose, probably because its relationship with exertion intensity is accepted for all age groups<sup>1,2</sup> and because it&#146;s an easy-to-measure variable. However, a broader analysis of the integrity of cardiac function could be obtained if cardiac output (Q) and/or stroke volume were measured during the performance of assessment tests prior to participation in an exercise program. This is not observed in current practice, usually due to the invasive nature of methods used to quantify these variables.</p>
      <p>The development of indirect methods to estimate Q and stroke volume have increased the possibilities of understanding the behavior of cardiac function during exercise. The validity, accuracy and reproducibility of some of these methods during exercise, such as the indirect Fick method &#150; by CO2 or acetylene rebreathing; impedance and inductance cardiography and oxygen uptake based methods - have been documented in the literature<sup>3-13</sup>. However, studies are scarce that focus on the assessment of the agreement between measurements generated by different indirect methods and their applicability to the elderly. Although they are of a noninvasive nature, some of them require the use of equipment and/or non-conventional maneuvers to perform these measurements which may prevent their correct use in this population. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study is therefore to analyze the agreement of Q measurements using two non-invasive methods, i.e., impedance cardiography (IMP) and the method based on oxygen uptake (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/c38feb10be16458b844211f9d687957f46cae54d.gif"/>), in addition to the applicability of both methods to elderly subjects. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Sample</italic> - A group of 131 apparently healthy elderly subjects, 54 men and 77 women (aged from 60-90), was randomly selected among the members of thirteen senior citizen centers in Brussels, Belgium. We used a random number table to define how many would be drawn in each center. The following exclusion criteria were applied before the final draw of the participants a) presence of cardiovascular, mobility and pneumopathological problems or recent surgeries; b) use of medication or substances that might affect acute cardiovascular physiological responses to exercise; c) use of food supplements; d) individuals who are substantially overweight (BMI &gt; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), smokers and athletes. A informed consent term was obtained prior to the subjects&#146; participation in the study, following the recommendation of the Helsinki Convention which was ratified in Brazil by Resolution n&#186; 196/96 of the National Health Council of Brazil on experiments with humans.</p>
      <p><italic>Exercise Protocol</italic> - The subjects performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle-ergometer (<italic>Ergo-Line</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> 900, D7474, UK). The testing protocol consisted of three phases: (a) three minutes of warm-up at 5 W; (b) work phase at 25 W for men and 20 W for women, with an incremental load equal to the initial load being added every two minutes, according to the gender; (c) five minutes of recovery, without load. The loads were selected according to the predicted maximum work capacity in order to obtain maximal exertion between 6 to 12 minutes of test, following the recommendation of the <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>14</sup>. The criteria of interruption of the test followed the recommendations of the <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic><sup>15</sup>. The test was considered maximal when at least two of the following criteria were observed: (a) respiratory quotient (<italic>R</italic>) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.06; (b) <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/c38feb10be16458b844211f9d687957f46cae54d.gif"/> plateau despite the increase in load (increase in VO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 2.0 ml&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> between the last two loads); (c) maximum voluntary exhaustion. The reproducibility of the protocol was previously tested in a subgroup of 12 elderly subjects (eight men and four women) randomly selected from the original sample.</p>
      <p><italic>Estimation of cardiac output based on impedance cardiography</italic> - Impedance cardiography was recorded on a <italic>Minnesota&#174; </italic>(IFM 304b, USA) impedance recorder, with a tetrapolar configuration. The ECG and the HR were recorded on a <italic>Fukuda Denshi</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>FD-36</italic>, Japan) electrocardiograph, and on a <italic>Fukuda Denshi</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>PL-16, </italic>Japan) phonocardiograph. Hematocrit was quantified after a centrifugation process, and the blood sample was collected after the testing. Cardiac output (Q) and stroke volume were estimated every two minutes according to the following equation: Q <italic>(L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) = 0.001</italic> stroke volume<italic> (mL&#183;syst<sup>-1</sup>)&#183;HR (bpm).</italic> Considering that the variation in thoracic impedance due to blood ejection is related with the ejection volume<sup>16</sup>, stroke volume can be calculated based on the equation: stroke volume<italic> (mL&#183;syst<sup>-1</sup>) = (</italic>r<italic>)&#183; (L/Z<sub>0</sub>)<sup>2 </sup>&#183;(LVET) &#183;(dz/dt)</italic>, where r refers to blood resistivity (ohm&#183;cm); r = 53.2e <sup>0.22Hct</sup>, where Hct is hematocrit<sup>17</sup>; L is the length between the signal detection electrodes (cm); Z<sub>0</sub> is the baseline thoracic impedance (ohm); LVET is the left ventricle ejection time (second); and dz/dt is the rate of thoracic impedance change (ohm&#183;seg<sup>-1</sup>). These equations have been previously validated by Miles and Gotshall<sup>8</sup> and Bogaard <italic>et al.</italic><sup>5</sup> by comparison with direct measurements. The components of the equations presented were obtained according to previously described methods <sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Estimation of cardiac output based on oxygen uptake</italic> - Oxygen uptake (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/4617f5c0f44fdcaa2b27551f76318ed9f559b878.gif"/>), carbon dioxide output (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/6b117c80e51e2348080b3108101a29be2362d238.gif"/>) and ventilation (V<italic>E</italic>) were assessed respectively by an O<sub>2 </sub>paramagnetic analyzer, an infrared CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer and a pneumotachograph (Morgan<sup>&#174;</sup>, UK). These ventilatory variables were determined in L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> STPD over the same period of the impedance data and their average was calculated every 30 seconds. The difference in O<sub>2 </sub>arterial venous content (Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) was estimated based on the equation: Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>= 5.721 + (0.1047 x %<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/>) <sup>7</sup>, and Q was estimated based on Fick&#146;s equation (Q= <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/c38feb10be16458b844211f9d687957f46cae54d.gif"/>/ Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical procedure </italic>- The relation between the two methods was assessed by linear regression for the data at 50% of the maximum load (40-90%<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/>) and at maximal exertion (100%<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4ckXgQMcJqLft6b4zjVp6XP/fb8c5eebe9d277016a441a48abbfdcd2c8413d3f.gif"/>). The agreement between the methods was assessed based on the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the limits of agreement and the differences between methods (biases) were assessed according to the methodology proposed by Bland and Altman<sup>19</sup>. The analyses were carried out using the STATA 8.2 and STATISTICA 5.5 software programs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> presents the mean and confidence interval (95%CI) for the variables measured/estimated at 50% and 100% of the exertion load. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref> present the data of the comparison between the two methods. At 50% of the load, the difference between the methods was 0.58 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> &#150; corresponding to 6.3% in favor of the method of Stringer <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>7</sup> &#150; and with a limit of agreement of &#177; 2.54 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, corresponding to 24.7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>). At maximal exertion, this trend, though slight, is reversed. The means presented a difference of 1.03 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> in favor of impedance cardiography, corresponding to 8.5% of the bias between the methods. The limit of agreement was &#177; 3.35 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, corresponding to 27.6% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0079-00013-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When comparing different methods to measure the same variable, the values obtained will hardly agree in a perfect fashion, and provide identical results for all individuals. For this reason, Bland and Altman<sup>19</sup> proposed an approach to compare to what extent a certain method differs from another. If the difference, which expresses the precision between the methods and the limits of agreement, which express the variability of measurements, are not elevated, there would be no problems, in principle, for the cross-interpretation of data (that is, comparing the data obtained by different methods). According to Bland and Altman<sup>19</sup>, for this type of cross-interpretation to be possible, it is at the discretion of the researchers to define to what extent measurements can differ from one another. Actually, the cut-off point of what would be considered acceptable differences depends on the variable analyzed, and there are some variables that are believed to admit greater variability than others.</p>
      <p>Some previous studies have used similar testing protocols in elderly subjects<sup>20, 21</sup>. And the choice of methods used to estimate Q in this study was determined considering its specific characteristics. Impedance cardiography was chosen in view of the fact that it is widely used. Although the method is based on some controversial premises<sup>5, 8</sup> and is even not recommended by some authors<sup>22</sup>, its validity, accuracy and reproducibility have been documented by several studies<sup>3-5, 8, 9</sup>. As regards elderly subjects, the validity of the assessment of Q by this method has not been sufficiently demonstrated. However, previous laboratory studies, involving more than 150 individuals above 60 years of age, did not reveal difficulties as to their applicability, in comparison with younger subjects. In fact, there were no significant differences in the quality of the signs obtained and the values usually measured generally do not depart from those reported in the literature for the age groups and intensity of exertion observed<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The estimation of Q based on oxygen uptake is a relatively new method. It was developed by Stringer <italic>et al.</italic><sup>7</sup> in young individuals, based on the hypothesis that Dif.<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub> would increase in a predictable manner vis a vis the percentage of VO<sub>2 </sub>max during exercise. Its major advantage is that it does not require the use of different pieces of equipment other than the ones used in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, or nonconventional maneuvers to take the measurements, which could facilitate its use in elderly subjects. This population would benefit from a less invasive estimate [method] that reflects the reality better during physical exercise. </p>
      <p>Because it is a new method, the estimate of Q based on oxygen uptake lacks validation studies in elderly subjects. In the comparison with the direct measurement by Fick&#146;s method in five young subjects doing an incremental to maximal exercise testing on a cycle-ergometer. Stringer <italic>et al.</italic><sup>7</sup> reported an r of 0.97 and a difference in the means between the values estimated and those effectively measured of &#177;2 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, corresponding to 15% of the measurement obtained directly. In a study similar to this one, comparing indirect methods, Kaplan <italic>et al.</italic><sup>6</sup> evaluated 23 subjects aged between 24 and 43, in that two were women. Of them, 11 subjects performed an exercise protocol in steady-state on a cycle-ergometer, beginning with 25-50 W and with increments of equal magnitude every 10-15 minutes, during a period of 45 minutes, to compare the values measured based on inductance cardiography and CO<sub>2 </sub>rebreathing. Another group of 20 subjects did a progressive ramp test, on a cycle-ergometer, with increments of 15&#150;30 W&#183;min<sup>-1 </sup>until exhaustion. In this case, the objective was to compare the values measured based on the inductance and O<sub>2 </sub>uptake. The authors reported limits of agreement of &#177; 2.8 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> in the first group, corresponding to a variability of 21%, and of &#177; 2.8 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> in the second group, corresponding to 22%.</p>
      <p>Charloux et <italic>al.</italic><sup>24</sup> published a study in which they compared impedance cardiography with Fick&#146;s Direct Method. Subjects with different clinical conditions participated in the study, with a total of 40 patients, of which 14 had sleep apnea and 26 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The subjects performed steady-state exercise on a cycle-ergometer in supine position with loads between 10 and 50 W. The results revealed a difference of 0.29 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> between the methods and limits of agreement between -2.34 and 2.92 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>; the authors reveal that in only 9.3% of the cases did the differences between the method exceed 20%. </p>
      <p>Some studies have analyzed other methods. Davis <italic>et al.</italic><sup>25</sup>, for instance, reported limits of agreement of &#177; 20% between CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing and Fick&#146;s Direct Method in 18 patients with severe pulmonary disease. Espersen et <italic>al.</italic><sup>26</sup> compared the methods of thermodilution and CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing with Fick&#146;s Direct Method, in 11 apparently healthy subjects during exercise performed at 50 W. The differences found were 2.3 and -0.2 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, between thermodilution and CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing and between the first one and Fick&#146;s Direct Method. In another study analyzing the validity of a variation of the CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing method, Olszowka et <italic>al.</italic><sup>27</sup> reported, in 14 subjects, from rest to maximal exercise, coefficients of variation for mean values of Q between 3 and 4%, in comparison with the traditional method. The differences were between 3 to 5% in the comparison with Fick&#146;s Direct Method and between 2 to 5% as regards the thermodilution. The same authors mentioned a similar study, of the same group, in which coefficients of variation between 11 and 22% were found in comparison between thermodilution and acetylene rebreathing. Finally, Tordi et <italic>al.</italic><sup>28</sup>, in a recent study, compared non-invasive methods (impedance and CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing) in eight young men during three different bouts of steady-state exercise controlled by HR (120, 140 and 160 bpm). The authors reported an r of 0.85 and a mean difference of 0.06 L&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> (corresponding to 0.12 %) in the three intensities. In the lowest intensity, the mean of the values of Q estimated by impedance was lower than the estimated by CO<sub>2 </sub>rebreathing. However, this trend reversed in higher intensities. This behavior was explained by the authors as resulting from a limitation of the CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing method in steady-state conditions for high intensities, due to progressive acidemia (decrease in blood pH). </p>
      <p>In this study, the estimates were compared at two different times, 50% and 100% of the maximal exertion load during incremental exercise. This strategy allowed the perception of a reasonable agreement between the methods (differences of @ 6% to 8.5% and limits of agreement of @ 24% to 28%), although the variation between the values obtained from both increase as the absolute values of Q increase. When approaching maximum values, Q estimated based on oxygen uptake tended to be lower than the Q measured by the impedance cardiography technique, and we also observed an upward trend of the difference between the values estimated according to the proximity to maximal exertion. </p>
      <p>This behavior was similar to that observed by Tordi et <italic>al.</italic><sup>28</sup>, in the comparison between impedance and CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing. Although these authors have justified this behavior in view of the limitations of the CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing method, we may theorize that, at higher intensities, the impedance method would tend to overestimate Q values in view of artifacts in the impedance curves measured. However, it becomes clear that absolute and relative values for differences and limits of agreement approach those obtained by other studies that compare direct and indirect methods to measure Q. Additionally, they fell within the &#177;15% range of variation reported in the work carried out by Miles e Gotshall<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In summary, this study suggests a good agreement in the estimate of Q in elderly subjects, between the impedance cardiography and oxygen uptake-based methods. The results seem to be compatible with those of other studies which compare methods of measurement during exercise in young subjects or in subjects with cardiorespiratory conditions. However, additional studies should be conducted to further the process of validation of the Q estimate method based on oxygen uptake in elderly subjects, either by comparing direct methods or by verifying the reproducibility of the measurement during the exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maur&#237;cio Nunes Rodrigues</p>
          <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Atividade F&#237;sica e Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de-UERJ</p>
          <p> Rua S&#227;o Francisco Xavier, 524/8133-F</p>
          <p> 20550-900 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rodriguesm@ig.com.br">rodriguesm@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received September 21, 2005; revised manuscript received April 11, 2006; accepted April 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
