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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LLW9NJJwzTc6dXcP7cR7c3y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800112</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico, angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Curi</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Hallal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Singer</surname>
            <given-names>Julio da Motta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>72</fpage>
      <lpage>78</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em portadores de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas hemodinamicamente significativas, participantes de programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, considerados mais graves por: a) n&#227;o terem sido submetidos a tratamento intervencionista; b) apresentarem sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; e c) apresentarem doen&#231;a obstrutiva multiarterial. M&#201;TODOS: Coorte retrospectiva de 381 pacientes, com cinecoronariografia evidenciando obstru&#231;&#245;es hemodinamicamente significativas, o que, pelo vi&#233;s anat&#244;mico, justificaria tratamento intervencionista. Os pacientes foram categorizados pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tratamento intervencionista, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico, e n&#250;mero de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas cr&#237;ticas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita pelos m&#233;todos de Kaplan-Meier e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. RESULTADOS: A probabilidade de sobrevida n&#227;o diferiu quando foram comparados os pacientes submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico com os submetidos a tratamento intervencionista pr&#233;vio (odds ratio [OR] = 0,813; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 0,366-1,809), com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia e sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia no teste de esfor&#231;o (OR = 0,785; IC 95% = 0,366-1,684), e os com obstru&#231;&#227;o em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com obstru&#231;&#245;es em mais de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (OR = 0,824; IC 95% = 0,377-1,798). CONCLUS&#195;O: Nesta coorte, n&#227;o ocorreu evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel nos subgrupos formados por pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico, com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico, angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tales de Carvalho; Ana Luiza Hallal Curi; Dalton Francisco Andrade; Julio da Motta Singer; Magnus Benetti; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina e Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Florian&#243;polis, SC - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em portadores de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas hemodinamicamente significativas, participantes de programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, considerados mais graves por: a) n&#227;o terem sido submetidos a tratamento intervencionista; b) apresentarem sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; e c) apresentarem doen&#231;a obstrutiva multiarterial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Coorte retrospectiva de 381 pacientes, com cinecoronariografia evidenciando obstru&#231;&#245;es hemodinamicamente significativas, o que, pelo vi&#233;s anat&#244;mico, justificaria tratamento intervencionista. Os pacientes foram categorizados pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tratamento intervencionista, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico, e n&#250;mero de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas cr&#237;ticas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita pelos m&#233;todos de Kaplan-Meier e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A probabilidade de sobrevida n&#227;o diferiu quando foram comparados os pacientes submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico com os submetidos a tratamento intervencionista pr&#233;vio (odds ratio [OR] = 0,813; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 0,366-1,809), com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia e sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia no teste de esfor&#231;o (OR = 0,785; IC 95% = 0,366-1,684), e os com obstru&#231;&#227;o em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com obstru&#231;&#245;es em mais de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (OR = 0,824; IC 95% = 0,377-1,798). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nesta coorte, n&#227;o ocorreu evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel nos subgrupos formados por pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico, com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares/reabilita&#231;&#227;o, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; um dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil<sup>1,2</sup>. Para seu tratamento, as modifica&#231;&#245;es para estilo de vida mais saud&#225;vel, incluindo dieta e atividade f&#237;sica regular, s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias importantes da orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Programas estruturados de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca t&#234;m sido apresentados como uma modalidade terap&#234;utica das mais interessantes em termos de custo-efetividade, bastante segura, cuja aus&#234;ncia de contra-indica&#231;&#245;es deve ser recomendada como parte do tratamento<sup>6-11</sup>. Entretanto, nem sempre programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na medida da potencial demanda. Estimulados tamb&#233;m por essa car&#234;ncia, iniciamos nossa experi&#234;ncia com programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca supervisionada em Florian&#243;polis, Estado de Santa Catarina, no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1990.</p>
    <p>Muitos pacientes ingressaram no programa ap&#243;s tratamento intervencionista, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea. Entretanto, entre os pacientes que procuraram o programa, por vezes apenas por iniciativa pr&#243;pria, com ou sem encaminhamento do m&#233;dico assistente, de cujas orienta&#231;&#245;es muitas vezes eles divergiam, havia portadores de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas hemodinamicamente significativas, demonstradas &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, que exibiam evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no teste ergom&#233;trico e, apesar disso, optavam por tratamento exclusivamente cl&#237;nico. Essa demanda, quando correspondia a pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis, era atendida de forma cautelosa, e com o passar do tempo nos proporcionou uma experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica que deve ser avaliada.</p>
    <p>Este estudo observacional teve por objetivo avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos fortes (morte e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) em subgrupos de coronariopatas portadores de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas est&#225;veis, hemodinamicamente significativas, submetidos a tratamento em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, considerados mais graves por n&#227;o terem sido submetidos a tratamento intervencionista, por apresentarem sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e por apresentarem doen&#231;a obstrutiva multiarterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento do estudo</italic> - <italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</italic>: foi realizado estudo observacional, do tipo coorte retrospectiva, em 381 pacientes que consecutivamente iniciaram o programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o entre janeiro de 1992 e dezembro de 2000, que tenham freq&#252;entado pelo menos por tr&#234;s meses programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca supervisionada, perfazendo no m&#237;nimo 36 sess&#245;es nesse per&#237;odo, o que corresponde a uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia semanal de tr&#234;s vezes, e que apresentavam, previamente ao ingresso no programa, cinecoronariografia evidenciando obstru&#231;&#245;es hemodinamicamente significativas, o que, pelo vi&#233;s anat&#244;mico, justificava indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento intervencionista. Em conson&#226;ncia com o que ficou estabelecido anteriormente neste texto, dos bancos de dados do N&#250;cleo de Cardiologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina e da Cl&#237;nica de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiosport, ambos funcionando na cidade de Florian&#243;polis, no Estado de Santa Catarina, sob a mesma coordena&#231;&#227;o, utilizando o mesmo m&#233;todo de atendimento e recursos humanos de forma&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica e acad&#234;mica semelhantes, foram selecionados inicialmente os prontu&#225;rios de 390 pacientes. Destes, pela impossibilidade de atualiza&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es (por perda de contato), foram exclu&#237;dos 9 pacientes (2,6%), o que explica o total de 381 pacientes participantes do estudo. O programa do N&#250;cleo de Cardiologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio atende tanto pacientes do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de como pacientes do sistema de sa&#250;de complementar, ou seja, particulares e portadores de planos de sa&#250;de privados. A Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport atende apenas pacientes particulares e portadores de planos de sa&#250;de privados. </p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o </italic>- Ambos os programas destinam-se a atender indiv&#237;duos nas fases 2 e 3 do processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, tenham ou n&#227;o sido atendidos na primeira fase de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca supervisionada, em ambiente hospitalar. A segunda fase, na qual as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos s&#227;o supervisionadas, foi iniciada imediatamente ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar ou alguns dias ap&#243;s um evento coronariano, durando at&#233; tr&#234;s meses. A terceira fase, tamb&#233;m com sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos supervisionados mas com maior diversidade de atividades, durou at&#233; nove meses. Ap&#243;s cumprir a terceira fase, os pacientes foram orientados a permanecer regularmente ativos, em atividades n&#227;o necessariamente supervisionadas, adequadas a sua disponibilidade e recursos. Nas fases 2 e 3, os pacientes exercitaram-se tr&#234;s a cinco vezes por semana, em sess&#245;es de 40 minutos (em m&#233;dia) de atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bia, realizada por meio de caminhadas ou trotes ao ar livre ou atividades em cicloerg&#244;metros e esteiras ergom&#233;tricas. Fazem parte do protocolo de atividades exerc&#237;cios de alongamento e exerc&#237;cios com pesos, chamados de exerc&#237;cios resistidos, com 12 a 16 repeti&#231;&#245;es em cada s&#233;rie. Todos os pacientes, &#224; &#233;poca de ingresso no programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ergom&#233;trica, na vig&#234;ncia dos medicamentos de uso corrente. Considerando que no per&#237;odo em que os pacientes foram recrutados para o estudo ainda n&#227;o utiliz&#225;vamos rotineiramente o teste cardiopulmonar de esfor&#231;o, tamb&#233;m denominado ergoespirometria, foi aplicado teste ergom&#233;trico convencional, sendo usado o protocolo de Bruce original, exceto para os pacientes mais limitados, para os quais foi utilizado o protocolo de Bruce modificado<sup>12</sup>. Para facilitar as compara&#231;&#245;es de desempenho, j&#225; que foi considerado o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do teste, no caso de ter sido aplicado o Bruce modificado foi considerado o tempo do teste a partir de est&#225;gio correspondente a 1,7 milha por hora e 10% de inclina&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; o primeiro est&#225;gio do protocolo de Bruce original. A partir das freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas m&#225;ximas, observadas no teste ergom&#233;trico, foi calculada a zona-alvo entre 60% e 80% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, para o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. Para o controle da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca-alvo, foi utilizada a escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg<sup>13</sup>, tendo sido os pacientes orientados a se exercitar com intensidade considerada leve ou moderada, correspondendo aos n&#237;veis 11 a 13 da escala, de modo que se mantivessem apenas discretamente ofegantes. O componente aer&#243;bio das sess&#245;es de condicionamento f&#237;sico foi complementado por atividades de aquecimento, alongamento e desaquecimento. Pelo menos duas vezes por semana eram realizados exerc&#237;cios com pesos, em s&#233;ries de exerc&#237;cios com 12 a 16 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca constaram, ainda, sess&#245;es para aprendizado de t&#233;cnicas para melhor controle do estresse, palestras sobre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis de vida, e atividades sociais, como festas de confraterniza&#231;&#227;o com jogos, dan&#231;as de sal&#227;o e excurs&#245;es tur&#237;sticas em grupo.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos </italic>- a) A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi diagnosticada de acordo com quadro cl&#237;nico, evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no teste ergom&#233;trico realizado na vig&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#227;o de uso corrente, discinesias segmentares no ecocardiograma e les&#245;es coronarianas demonstradas na cineangiocoronariografia. Todos os pacientes selecionados para o estudo, ao ingressar na reabilita&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; apresentavam, &#224; cinecoronariografia, pelo menos uma obstru&#231;&#227;o hemodinamicamente significativa, decorrente de placa ateroscler&#243;tica. b) A condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi considerada est&#225;vel quando permitia que o paciente permanecesse nas sess&#245;es de condicionamento f&#237;sico suportando cargas crescentes ou as mesmas cargas estabelecidas inicialmente. Foram, tamb&#233;m, considerados est&#225;veis os pacientes que apresentavam manifesta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas diante de est&#237;mulos de mesma intensidade ou gradativamente maiores. Diante de modifica&#231;&#245;es do quadro cl&#237;nico, que causassem menor toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, os pacientes eram afastados das atividades e encaminhados aos m&#233;dicos assistentes. d) Diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi feito com base no quadro cl&#237;nico, nos dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais, e tamb&#233;m nas ventriculografias obtidas por ecocardiografia, estudo hemodin&#226;mico e medicina nuclear, quando dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o </italic>- Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo todos os pacientes em condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#225;vel, que: a) freq&#252;entaram programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no m&#237;nimo por tr&#234;s meses, perfazendo 36 sess&#245;es supervisionadas (julgados aderentes &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o); b) apresentavam obstru&#231;&#245;es estimadas qualitativamente como superiores a 70% em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. Foram exclu&#237;dos os coronariopatas que n&#227;o se enquadravam nessas condi&#231;&#245;es ou sobre os quais n&#227;o houve possibilidade de atualizar as informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p><italic>Amostra do estudo </italic>- Foram inclu&#237;dos 381 portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, que n&#227;o apresentavam crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, e que ingressaram nos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o entre os anos de 1992 e 2000. A m&#233;dia de idade por ocasi&#227;o do ingresso na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi de 56 anos, sendo 307 (80,6%) homens e 74 (19,4%) mulheres.</p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes - Tratamento pr&#233;vio &#224; entrada no programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o:</italic> neste estudo de coorte, os 381 pacientes estudados foram agrupados inicialmente conforme houvessem ou n&#227;o sido submetidos a tratamento intervencionista, angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, previamente ao ingresso na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Foram, ainda, formados subgrupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na ocasi&#227;o em que ingressaram na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o n&#250;mero de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas cr&#237;ticas. Foram seguidos 263 (69,0%) indiv&#237;duos com tratamento intervencionista, sendo 210 (79,8%) do sexo masculino e 53 (20,2%) do sexo feminino, e 118 indiv&#237;duos (31,0%) com tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo, sendo 97 (82,2%) do sexo masculino e 21 (17,8%) do sexo feminino. Por ocasi&#227;o de ingresso no programa, a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes do grupo de tratamento intervencionista era de 55,8 anos (desvio padr&#227;o, 10,0), e do grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo era de 56,5 anos (desvio padr&#227;o, 9,6). Os demais aspectos cl&#237;nicos referentes aos sujeitos do estudo est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0072-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Tempo de seguimento </italic>- O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo de tratamento intervencionista foi de 975,9 dias (desvio padr&#227;o, 795,0), e do grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo foi de 1.074 dias (desvio padr&#227;o, 828,52).</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis estudadas </italic>- Foram estudados: a) g&#234;nero, b) idade, c) &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), d) hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, f) diabetes melito, g) infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, h) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, i) toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, j) perfil metab&#243;lico (colesterol total [CT], colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade [HDL-colesterol], rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL-colesterol, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade [LDL-colesterol], trigliceridemia), k) tabagismo, e l) uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares. As vari&#225;veis foram analisadas tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; modalidade de tratamento pr&#233;vio, cl&#237;nico ou intervencionista (angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio).</p>
    <p><italic>Desfechos -</italic> Foram considerados desfechos o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e o &#243;bito. A causa de morte foi verificada no atestado de &#243;bito, em prontu&#225;rio de hospital e/ou em entrevista com c&#244;njuges ou parentes pr&#243;ximos. Quando ocorreu infarto seguido de morte, com intervalo de poucas horas, o infarto e a morte foram considerados como partes do mesmo evento.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </italic>- Preliminarmente foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva, sendo utilizadas m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas e propor&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas de interesse foi utilizado o teste do qui quadrado de Pearson. As chances de desfecho do grupo cl&#237;nico foram comparadas com as chances de desfecho do grupo intervencionista por interm&#233;dio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tendo como vari&#225;veis de controle sexo e idade e cada uma das outras vari&#225;veis consideradas individualmente: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o; CT, HDL-colesterol, rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol; trigliceridemia, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, IMC e uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados significativos resultados com p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p><italic>Aspectos &#233;ticos -</italic> O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes -</italic> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis, apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>, foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos com ou sem tratamento intervencionista pr&#233;vio apenas no que se refere ao n&#250;mero de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas, &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e ao uso de betabloqueadores. A doen&#231;a uniarterial foi mais prevalente no grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo (p = 0,019) e a doen&#231;a triarterial e/ou de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, no grupo de tratamento intervencionista (p = 0,001). A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi mais prevalente no grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo (p = 0,002). Betabloqueador foi usado com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia no grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo (p = 0,025). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais vari&#225;veis estudadas, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa.</p>
    <p><italic>Desfechos - </italic>Ocorreram 20 casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e 17 casos de morte, sendo 14 destes relacionados &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. As tr&#234;s mortes de causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram consideradas desfecho do estudo. A incid&#234;ncia total desses eventos coronarianos maiores foi de 34 casos, com incid&#234;ncia de 9,6% no grupo de tratamento intervencionista e de 7,7% no grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo (risco relativo [RR] = 1,25; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 0,60-2,58). Para um &#250;nico indiv&#237;duo, dentre 33 acometidos por evento coronariano maior, foram contabilizados dois desfechos principais, pois ocorreu IAM n&#227;o-fatal e morte de origem card&#237;aca, com intervalo de um ano entre os dois eventos. </p>
    <p>Comparadas as chances de desfechos, IAM ou &#243;bito por causa card&#237;aca, por interm&#233;dio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica controlando para sexo e idade e cada uma das outras vari&#225;veis consideradas individualmente (IMC, tabagismo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, CT, HDL-colesterol, CT/HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, trigliceridemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, IAM pr&#233;vio e uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares), n&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos formados inicialmente de acordo com eventual tratamento intervencionista pr&#233;vio e conforme a presen&#231;a de isquemia e o n&#250;mero de coron&#225;rias obstru&#237;das: a) indiv&#237;duos submetidos a tratamento exclusivamente cl&#237;nico vs. indiv&#237;duos submetidos a tratamento intervencionista (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 0,813; IC 95% = 0,366-1,809); b) pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica vs. pacientes com isquemia (OR = 0,785; IC 95% = 0,366-1,684); c) pacientes com uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria criticamente comprometida vs. pacientes com duas ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias criticamente comprometidas (OR = 0,824; IC 95% = 0,377-1,798). A curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier para os grupos de tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo e angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e/ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o evidenciou diferen&#231;as significativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0072-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Deve ser destacada a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de IAM e morte de causa card&#237;aca entre os grupos comparados conforme o tratamento pr&#233;vio: cl&#237;nico exclusivo vs. tratamento intervencionista (OR = 0,813; IC 95% = 0,366-1,809). Trata-se de algo compreens&#237;vel diante dos resultados do tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo, evidenciado em v&#225;rios estudos<sup>14-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>A inexist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre os eventos coronarianos maiores e o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias com obstru&#231;&#227;o, demonstrada na compara&#231;&#227;o do grupo composto por pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o em uma art&#233;ria vs. o grupo composto por pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o em mais de uma art&#233;ria (OR = 0,824; IC 95% = 0,377-1,798), corrobora os resultados de outros estudos que demonstram inexistir rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a ocorr&#234;ncia desses eventos com o maior grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o e o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias comprometidas<sup>19-21</sup>. Admite-se que a fissura, com ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e trombose, respons&#225;vel pela maioria dos eventos coronarianos ocorre mais freq&#252;entemente em obstru&#231;&#245;es pequenas a moderadas<sup>22,23</sup>. Tem sido verificada a exist&#234;ncia de maior n&#250;mero de coron&#225;rias com obstru&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel que em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, demonstrando um mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o natural de prote&#231;&#227;o do organismo humano, que poderia ser otimizado pelo tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno, no qual h&#225; utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos recursos da reabilita&#231;&#227;o, em especial o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico<sup>24,25</sup>. Al&#233;m da op&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em n&#227;o se submeterem ao tratamento intervencionista, contando ou n&#227;o com a concord&#226;ncia do m&#233;dico assistente, j&#225; que muitas vezes o paciente recusava o tratamento intervencionista proposto, os resultados dos estudos j&#225; referidos<sup>19-25</sup> permitiram que mantiv&#233;ssemos nos programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o esses pacientes com obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas cr&#244;nicas hemodinamicamente significativas, pass&#237;veis de tratamento intervencionista segundo o ponto de vista anat&#244;mico.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar, ainda, que a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do perfil lipoprot&#233;ico plasm&#225;tico, dentre outros benef&#237;cios da terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica plena, contribui para estabilizar as placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, tanto pequenas como grandes, reduzindo consideravelmente a possibilidade de eventos coronarianos agudos<sup>26,27</sup>. S&#227;o, portanto, v&#225;rios os mecanismos a serem considerados para a modifica&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de cardiopatas isqu&#234;micos, inclusive os decorrentes da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<sup>3,7,8</sup>, e outras medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas<sup>4-8</sup>. Deve ser considerada at&#233; mesmo a hip&#243;tese de regress&#227;o no processo de aterosclerose coronariana como mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico, reiterando a oportunidade do tratamento que tamb&#233;m inclua a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>5,7,26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no grupo composto por pacientes submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico exclusivo, quando comparado ao grupo composto por pacientes submetidos a tratamento intervencionista (48,3% vs. 34,2%; IC 95% p= 0,002), n&#227;o ocasionou piores resultados. A inexist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o positiva da isquemia com os desfechos (OR = 0,785; IC 95% = 0,366-1,684) fez com que ela n&#227;o fosse considerada, neste estudo, fator preditivo para eventos coronarianos maiores, o que pode ser interpretado pela hip&#243;tese do precondicionamento isqu&#234;mico, segundo a qual epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos pr&#233;vios preparariam o mioc&#225;rdio para evitar ou suportar melhor subseq&#252;entes epis&#243;dios, inclusive um evento coronariano agudo de maior porte, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Uma das poss&#237;veis conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o intervencionista eletiva seria a supress&#227;o da isquemia, conseq&#252;ente desaparecimento dos mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o, como o precondicionamento isqu&#234;mico e a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, seguida de reestenose, que comprometeria um mioc&#225;rdio, agora, sem prote&#231;&#227;o<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, a falta de rela&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es coronarianas cr&#237;ticas e a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com os eventos coronarianos maiores, IAM e morte, constatada neste estudo, a exemplo do que j&#225; havia sido observado em outros estudos<sup>19-21,28-31</sup>, e a baixa ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>11</sup> s&#227;o alguns dos aspectos que conferem margem de seguran&#231;a aceit&#225;vel &#224; proposta de tratamento cl&#237;nico que incorpore o processo de condicionamento f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, inerentes a uma coorte retrospectiva. Dentre essas limita&#231;&#245;es, podemos citar o fato de n&#227;o existir um grupo controle, composto por pacientes n&#227;o submetidos a tratamento em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, e de a divis&#227;o entre os grupos n&#227;o ter sido aleat&#243;ria. Entretanto, mesmo sem sele&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria os grupos formados apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o muito d&#237;spares, considerando-se a maioria das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Tampouco foi avaliada a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade dos dois tipos de tratamento, o cl&#237;nico exclusivo e o intervencionista acrescido do tratamento cl&#237;nico, algo que seria relevante na compara&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes grupos de tratamento. Essa falta pode ser considerada outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, embora isso s&#243; seria poss&#237;vel em caso de estudo controlado, com pacientes aleatoriamente selecionados para os diferentes tratamentos<sup>8-10,18</sup>. Por outro lado, ressaltemos que o estudo foi realizado com dados obtidos a partir da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, que foi pioneira no momento no qual se iniciou, permitindo discuss&#227;o que reflete o mundo real, diferente das condi&#231;&#245;es de protocolo, desenvolvidos com grupos muito homog&#234;neos de pacientes, em decorr&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios rigorosos de sele&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta coorte de coronariopatas, considerando como desfecho a morte de causa cardiovascular e o IAM, n&#227;o ocorreu evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel nos subgrupos formados por pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico, com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial, submetidos a tratamento em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular supervisionada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tales de Carvalho </p>
        <p> Rua Rubens de Arruda Ramos, 2354/201 </p>
        <p> 88015-702 &#150; Florian&#243;polis, SC </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tales@cardiol.br">tales@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 01/06/04; revisado recebido em 16/08/06; aceito em 20/10/06.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular rehabilitation of patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing medical treatment, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of death and myocardial infarction in subgroups of coronary artery disease patients with hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses undergoing treatment in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program and considered severely ill for: a) not having undergone intervention treatment; b) presenting signs of myocardial ischemia; c) presenting multivessel occlusive disease. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 381 patients presented previous coronary angiography showing hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses, for which, because of the anatomic bias, intervention treatment was indicated. The patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of intervention treatment; presence or absence of ischemia in the exercise test; and number of critical coronary stenoses. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier and logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Survival probability was not different when patients undergoing medical treatment were compared to those undergoing previous intervention treatment (OR 0.813; 95% CI; 0.366-1.809); with and without evidence of ischemia in the exercise test (OR 0.785; 95% CI; 0.366-1.684); and with one-vessel coronary artery disease and with more-than-one-vessel coronary artery disease (OR 0.824, 95% CI; 0.377-1.798). CONCLUSION: In this cohort study, no unfavorable outcome was observed in the subgroups comprised of medically treated patients, with evidence of myocardial ischemia and with multivessel coronary artery disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemic heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>transluminal percutaneous coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular rehabilitation of patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing medical treatment, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass grafting</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tales de Carvalho; Ana Luiza Hallal Curi; Dalton Francisco Andrade; Julio da Motta Singer; Magnus Benetti; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Fisioterapia da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Instituto de Matem&#225;tica e Estat&#237;stica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Florian&#243;polis, SC, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the occurrence of death and myocardial infarction in subgroups of coronary artery disease patients with hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses undergoing treatment in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program and considered severely ill for: a) not having undergone intervention treatment; b) presenting signs of myocardial ischemia; c) presenting multivessel occlusive disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective cohort study of 381 patients presented previous coronary angiography showing hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses, for which, because of the anatomic bias, intervention treatment was indicated. The patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of intervention treatment; presence or absence of ischemia in the exercise test; and number of critical coronary stenoses. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier and logistic regression methods.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Survival probability was not different when patients undergoing medical treatment were compared to those undergoing previous intervention treatment (OR 0.813; 95% CI; 0.366-1.809); with and without evidence of ischemia in the exercise test (OR 0.785; 95% CI; 0.366-1.684); and with one-vessel coronary artery disease and with more-than-one-vessel coronary artery disease (OR 0.824, 95% CI; 0.377-1.798).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this cohort study, no unfavorable outcome was observed in the subgroups comprised of medically treated patients, with evidence of myocardial ischemia and with multivessel coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiovascular diseases/rehabilitation, ischemic heart disease, angioplasty, transluminal percutaneous coronary, myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease is one of the major public health problems in Brazil<sup>1,2</sup>. Changes for a healthier lifestyle, including diet and regular physical activity, are important strategies of the therapeutic management<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Structured cardiac rehabilitation programs have been presented as a very interesting therapeutic modality in terms of cost-effectiveness; they are quite safe and, in the absence of contraindications, should be recommended as part of the treatment<sup>6-11</sup>. However, cardiac rehabilitation programs are not always available in proportion to the potential demand. Encouraged by this need, we started our experience with supervised cardiac rehabilitation programs in the city of Florian&#243;polis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in the early 1990&#146;s. </p>
      <p><italic>Many patients engaged in the program after intervention treatment -</italic> Coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. However, among the patients who sought the program, sometimes on their own initiative, with or without referral of their physician whose advices they frequently disagreed with, some had hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses as demonstrated by coronary angiography, and showed evidences of myocardial ischemia in the exercise test, and, in spite of it, they chose medical treatment alone. When coming from clinically stable patients, this request was cautiously complied with, and with time, it provided us with a clinical experience that should be evaluated. </p>
      <p>The objective of this observational study was to evaluate the occurrence of hard endpoints (death and myocardial infarction) in subgroups of coronary artery disease patients with hemodynamically significant stable coronary stenoses undergoing treatment in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program and who were considered severely ill for: a) not having undergone intervention treatment; b) presenting signs of myocardial ischemia; c) presenting multivessel coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design. Study population -</italic> Retrospective cohort observational study of 381 consecutive patients engaging in a rehabilitation program from January, 1992 to December, 2000 who had attended a supervised cardiac rehabilitation program for at least three months, comprising a minimum of 36 sessions in this period, which corresponds to a frequency of three times a week, and had a coronary angiography performed prior to engaging in the program, showing hemodynamically significant stenoses, for which, because of the anatomic bias, intervention treatment was indicated. According to what was established in the previous paragraph, medical charts from 390 patients were initially selected from the database of the Cardiology and Exercise Medicine Center of <italic>Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina </italic>and from Cardiosport - Prevention and Rehabilitation Clinic, both operating in the city of Florian&#243;polis, Brazil, under the same coordination, and using the same assistance method and human resources with similar technical and academic education. Of these, nine patients (2.6%) were excluded because their information could not be updated (we lost contact), which explains the total of 381 patients participating in the study. The Cardiology and Exercise Medicine Center&#146;s program assists patients both from the public and the private health systems, that is, private patients and those with a health plan. The Cardiosport Clinic assists only private patients and those with a private health plan. </p>
      <p><italic>Rehabilitation program protocol</italic> - Both programs are aimed at assisting individuals in phases 2 and 3 of the rehabilitation process, whether having or not participated in the first phase of the supervised cardiac rehabilitation in a hospital environment. The second phase, in which physical exercise sessions are supervised, started immediately after hospital discharge or a few days after a coronary event, and lasted up to three months. The third phase, also with supervised physical exercise sessions, but with a greater variety of activities, lasted up to nine months. After completing the third phase, the patients were advised to remain regularly active, in not necessarily supervised activities, but adequate to their availability and resources. </p>
      <p>In phases 2 and 3, the patients exercised three to five times a week, in 40-minute sessions (mean) of aerobic activities such as outdoor walking or trotting, or activities in cycle ergometers and treadmills. Stretching and weight exercises, also called resistance exercises, with 12 to 16 repetitions in each series are part of the activity protocol. At admission to the cardiac rehabilitation program, all patients underwent exercise test assessment using their daily medication. Considering that in the period during which the patients were recruited for the study we were not yet routinely using the cardiopulmonary exercise test, also known as ergospirometry, we applied the conventional exercise test with the original Bruce protocol, except in more limited patients, for whom the Modified Bruce protocol was used<sup>12</sup>. Since test duration was considered, so asto facilitate performance comparisons when the Modified Bruce protocol was used, test time was counted from the stage corresponding to 1.7 miles per hour and incline of 10%, which corresponds to the first stage of the original Bruce protocol. Based on the maximum heart rates observed in the exercise test, the target zone was calculated at between 60 and 80% of the maximum heart rate for aerobic exercises. For exercise intensity control, the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale<sup>13</sup> was used in addition to the target heart rate and the patients were advised to exercise with mild to moderate intensity, corresponding to levels 11 to 13 of the scale, so that they would remain only mildly breathless. The aerobic component of the physical conditioning sessions was supplemented by warm-up, stretching and cool-down activities. At least two times a week exercises were performed with weights, in exercise series of 12 to 16 repetitions. The cardiac rehabilitation program also included learning sessions of techniques to improve stress control, lectures on healthy life habits, and social activities, such as gepping-together with games, ballroom dance and group tours. </p>
      <p><italic>Diagnostic criteria -</italic> a) Ischemic heart disease was diagnosed according to clinical manifestations, evidence of myocardial ischemia in the exercise test performed with the medication currently used, regional dyskinesia on the echocardiogram, and coronary lesions demonstrated in the coronary angiography. All patients selected for the study already presented a coronary angiography showing at least one hemodynamically significant stenosis resulting from an atherosclerotic plaque at admission in the study; b) the clinical condition was considered stable when the patient was able to remain in the physical conditioning sessions tolerating progressive loads or the same loads initially established. Patients with ischemic manifestations in response to stimuli of similar or increasingly greater intensity were also considered stable. When changes in the clinical picture leading to lower exercise tolerance occurred, patients would discontinue their activities and were referred to their physicians; d) diagnosis of myocardial infarction was based on clinical manifestations, electrocardiographic and laboratory findings, as well as on ventriculography obtained with echocardiography, hemodynamic study and nuclear medicine imaging, when available. </p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</italic> &#150; All patients with stable clinical condition were included in the study, provided that they: a) participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program for at least three months, in a total of 36 supervised sessions (deemed compliant to rehabilitation); b) presented coronary artery stenoses qualitatively estimated as greater than 70% as observed in coronary angiography. Coronary patients not meeting these criteria or those whose information could not be updated were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p><italic>Study sample</italic> - A total of 381 patients with ischemic heart disease who met the inclusion criteria, who did not meet the exclusion criteria, and who started participating in rehabilitation programs from 1992 to 2000 were included. Mean age at admission in the cardiac rehabilitation program was 56 years; 307 (80.6%) individuals were males and 74 (19.4%) were females. </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics of the patients*</italic> - <italic>Treatment prior to admission in the rehabilitation program</italic>: in this cohort study, the 381 patients studied were initially divided into two groups, according to having or not undergone intervention treatment, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafting prior to admission in the cardiac rehabilitation program. Also, subgroups were formed according to the presence of myocardial ischemia at admission in the cardiac rehabilitation program and number of critical coronary artery stenoses. </p>
      <p>A total of 263 (69.0%) individuals undergoing intervention treatment were followed; 210 (79.8%) were males and 53 (20.2%) were females; 118 (31.0 %) individuals were on medical treatment alone, of which 97 (82.2%) were males and 21 (17.8%) were females. </p>
      <p>At admission in the program, the mean age of patients in the intervention group was 55.8 years, standard deviation 10.0, and that of the medical treatment alone group was 56.5 years, standard deviation 9.6. </p>
      <p>Other clinical aspects regarding the study subjects are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> (attachment 1).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0072-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Follow-up period</italic> - The mean follow-up period of the subjects in the intervention group was 975.9 days, standard deviation 795.0, and of the subjects in the medical treatment alone group was 1074 days, standard deviation 828.52.</p>
      <p><italic>Variables studied - The following variables were studied:</italic> a) gender; b) age; c) body mass index; d) high blood pressure; f) diabetes mellitus; g) previous myocardial infarction; h) LV ejection fraction; i) exercise tolerance; j) metabolic profile (TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C, plasma triglyceride levels; k) smoking; and l) use of cardiovascular medication.</p>
      <p>Variables were also analyzed in relation to the previous treatment, whether medical or intervention treatment (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting). </p>
      <p><italic>Endpoints</italic> - Myocardial infarction and death were considered endpoints. The cause of death was verified in the death certificate, hospital medical chart and/or interview with spouses or close relatives. When death followed myocardial infarction after a few hours, both infarction and death were considered parts of the same event.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - A descriptive analysis was preliminarily performed, using means and standard deviations for the quantitative variables and proportions for the qualitative variables. To evaluate the association between the qualitative variables of interest, the Pearson&#146;s chi-square test was used. </p>
      <p>The likelihood of endpoints in the medical group was compared with that of the intervention group using logistic regression; control variables were gender and age and each of the other variables individually considered: LV ejection fraction; exercise tolerance; TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C; plasma triglyceride levels; smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, body mass index and use of cardiovascular medications.</p>
      <p>Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered significant. </p>
      <p><italic>Ethical aspects</italic> - the project was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics of the patients</italic> - in relation to the different variables shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with or without previous intervention treatment alone as regards the number of coronary stenoses, myocardial ischemia and use of beta-blockers. Single-vessel disease was more prevalent in the medical treatment alone group (p = 0.019), and three-vessel disease and/or main left coronary artery disease was more prevalent in the intervention group (p = 0.001). Myocardial ischemia was more prevalent in the medical treatment alone group (p = 0.002). Beta-blockers were more frequently used in the medical treatment alone group (p = 0.025). In relation to the other variables studied no significant difference was observed. </p>
      <p><italic>Endpoints</italic> - twenty cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 17 deaths occurred, of which 14 were related to ischemic heart disease. The three deaths from non-cardiac causes were not considered study endpoints. The overall incidence of these major coronary events was of 34 cases, with incidences of 9.6% in the intervention group and 7.7% in the medical treatment alone group (RR=1.25; 95%IC=0.60-2.58). For one individual out of the 33 who were affected by a major coronary event, two major endpoints were verified, because non-fatal AMI and cardiac death occurred with a one-year interval between the two events.</p>
      <p>When the likelihood of endpoints, AMI or cardiac death, was compared using logistic regression controlled for gender and age, and considering each variable individually (BMI, smoking, LVEF, exercise tolerance; TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C, Tg, HBP, DM, previous AMI, and use of cardiovascular medications), no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups initially formed according to an occasional previous intervention treatment and to the presence of ischemia and number of stenotic coronary arteries: a) individuals undergoing medical treatment alone versus individuals undergoing intervention treatment (OR 0.813; 95%CI; 0.366-1.809); b) patients without evidence of myocardial ischemia versus patients with ischemia (OR 0.785; 95%IC; 0.366-1.684); c) patients with one critically diseased coronary artery versus patients with two or more critically diseased coronary arteries (OR 0.824, 95%CI; 0.377-1.798). The survival curve estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method for the medical treatment alone and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and/or coronary artery bypass grafting groups did not show significant differences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0072-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We should point out that no significant difference was observed in relation to the incidence of AMI and cardiac death between the groups compared according to the previous treatment: medical treatment alone versus intervention treatment (OR 0.813; 95%CI; 0.366-1.809). This can be understood in light of the results of medical treatment alone shown in several studies<sup>14-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The lack of relation between major coronary events and the number of stenotic arteries demonstrated in the comparison of the group comprised of patients with single-vessel stenosis versus the group comprised of patients with multivessel stenosis (OR 0.824, 95%CI; 0.377-1.798) corroborates the results found in other studies that show lack of a positive correlation between the occurrence of these events and the higher degree of stenosis and number of coronary arteries affected<sup>19-21</sup>. Fissure with atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis, responsible for the great majority of coronary events, is admitted to occur more frequently in mild to moderate stenoses<sup>22,23</sup>. The occurrence of a greater number or coronary stenoses has been verified in patients with stable angina than in patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction, thus demonstrating the human body&#146;s natural adaptation mechanism that could be optimized by a full medical treatment including rehabilitation resources, especially physical exercises<sup>24,25</sup>. In addition to the patients&#146; choice not to undergo intervention treatment, with or without their physician&#146;s support, since patients frequently refused the intervention treatment proposed, the results of the studies mentioned<sup>19-25</sup> allowed us to keep these patients with hemodynamically significant chronic coronary stenoses subject to intervention treatment from the anatomic point of view in the rehabilitation program. </p>
      <p>It is also worth pointing out that among other benefits from the full medical treatment, the normalization of the plasma lipoprotein profile contributes to stabilize atherosclerotic plaques, whether small or large, thus considerably reducing the likelihood of acute coronary events<sup>26,27</sup>. Therefore, several mechanisms are to be considered for modifying the prognosis of patients with ischemic heart diseases, including those resulting from the practice of physical exercises<sup>3,7,8</sup>, and other non-pharmacologic measures<sup>4-8</sup>. Even the hypothesis of regression of the coronary atherosclerotic process should be considered as a pathophysiological mechanism, thus reinforcing the possibility of a treatment that also includes cardiac rehabilitation<sup>5,7,26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The higher prevalence of myocardial ischemia in the group comprised of patients undergoing medical treatment alone, when compared to the group comprised of patients undergoing intervention treatment (48.3% versus 34.2%, 95%CI, p=0.002), did not result in poorer outcomes. Since ischemia was not positively correlated with the endpoints (OR 0.785; 95% CI; 0.366-1.684), it was not considered a predictive factor for major coronary events in this study, and this could be interpreted by the hypothesis of ischemic preconditioning, according to which previous ischemic episodes would prepare the myocardium to prevent or become more resistant to subsequent episodes, including a major acute coronary event, such as myocardial infarction. One of the possible consequences of elective intervention revascularization would be the suppression of ischemia with subsequent loss of the protective mechanisms, such as the ischemic preconditioning and collateral circulation followed by restenosis, which would affect a now unprotected myocardium<sup>28-30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the lack of correlation between the number of critical coronary lesions and myocardial ischemia and major coronary events &#150; AMI and death &#150; verified in this study, and already observed in other studies<sup>19-21,28-31</sup>, and the low incidence of complications in cardiac rehabilitation programs<sup>11</sup> are some of the aspects that provide the proposal of a medical treatment encompassing the physical conditioning process with an acceptable safety margin. </p>
      <p>Our study has limitations inherent to a retrospective cohort. Among these limitations, we can mention the fact that there was no control group comprised of patients not undergoing treatment in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program, and that the groups were not randomly divided. However, even without a randomized selection the characteristics of the groups were not very different, considering the majority of the variables studied. Nor was the cost-effectiveness ratio between the two types of treatment &#150; the medical alone and the intervention plus medical treatment &#150; assessed, which would have been relevant in the comparison of the different treatment groups. This can be considered another study limitation. Nevertheless, it would only have been possible in a controlled study with patients randomly assigned for the different treatments<sup>8-10,18</sup>. On the other hand, we should point out that the study was conducted with data obtained from a medical practice that was new when the study was initiated, thus enabling a discussion that reflects the real world, unlike within protocol conditions which are developed with very homogenous patient groups because of strict selection criteria.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering cardiovascular death and acute myocardial infarction as endpoints, no unfavorable outcome was observed in the subgroups comprised of medically treated patients with evidence of myocardial ischemia and multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing treatment in a supervised cardiovascular rehabilitation program in this cohort of coronary artery disease patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Tales de Carvalho</p>
          <p> Rua Rubens de Arruda Ramos, 2354/ 201</p>
          <p> 88015-702 &#150; Florian&#243;polis, SC &#150; Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="tales@cardiol.br">tales@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received June 1<sup>st</sup>, 2004; revised manuscript received August 16, 2006; accepted October 20, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
