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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5xkZQVXVTvGHTty8LSgRjTQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica em obesos graves assintom&#225;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Victor</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cynthia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Odwaldo Barbosa e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Becker</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Juazeiro do Norte </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>58</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica por meio da ecocardiografia Doppler em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com obesidade grave. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados, por meio de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, 30 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, com IMC m&#233;dio de 49,2&#177;8,8 kg/m&#178;, sem hist&#243;ria de cardiopatia pr&#233;via. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento de c&#226;maras esquerdas em 42,9% da amostra, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 54,6%, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em 82,1%, com padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico do tipo hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica em metade dos casos. A indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda com a altura diagnosticou significativamente mais hipertrofia do que a indexa&#231;&#227;o com a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (p = 0,0053), sendo esse &#237;ndice mais apropriado para determina&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular em obesos. Correla&#231;&#245;es entre hipertrofia ventricular esquerda com tempo de obesidade e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos foram positivas, bem como correla&#231;&#245;es entre o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e indicadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este estudo mostrou que o ecocardiograma, realizado em portadores de obesidade grave assintom&#225;ticos, revelou altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais comuns na miocardiopatia da obesidade, que podem associar-se ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias e morte s&#250;bita, possibilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia da obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica em obesos graves assintom&#225;ticos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira Rocha; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor; Maria Cynthia Braga; Odwaldo Barbosa e Silva; M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves Becker</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Faculdade de Medicina de Juazeiro do Norte - Recife, PE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica por meio da ecocardiografia Doppler em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com obesidade grave. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados, por meio de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, 30 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, com IMC m&#233;dio de 49,2&#177;8,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sem hist&#243;ria de cardiopatia pr&#233;via. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se aumento de c&#226;maras esquerdas em 42,9% da amostra, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 54,6%, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em 82,1%, com padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico do tipo hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica em metade dos casos. A indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda com a altura diagnosticou significativamente mais hipertrofia do que a indexa&#231;&#227;o com a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (p = 0,0053), sendo esse &#237;ndice mais apropriado para determina&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular em obesos. Correla&#231;&#245;es entre hipertrofia ventricular esquerda com tempo de obesidade e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos foram positivas, bem como correla&#231;&#245;es entre o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e indicadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este estudo mostrou que o ecocardiograma, realizado em portadores de obesidade grave assintom&#225;ticos, revelou altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais comuns na miocardiopatia da obesidade, que podem associar-se ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias e morte s&#250;bita, possibilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, cardiomiopatia da obesidade, ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Obesidade grave, definida pelo &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que predisp&#245;e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural ou hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>1-3</sup>. Adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para suportar o intenso metabolismo do tecido adiposo e o elevado consumo de oxig&#234;nio. </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas encontradas na obesidade grave podem virtualmente comprometer todos os sistemas do organismo, podendo apresentar-se como barreiras no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, nitidamente mais dificultado<sup>4</sup>. A semiologia cardiovascular, aliada a m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos mais precisos, possibilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares, aparentemente saud&#225;veis, mas que podem ser portadores de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas, vindo eventualmente a desencadear situa&#231;&#245;es amea&#231;adoras da vida ou produtoras de doen&#231;as incapacitantes<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na obesidade grave, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco eleva-se &#224; custa de aumento no volume circulante, ocasionando um estado de pr&#233;-carga cronicamente elevada, o que favorece aumento nas dimens&#245;es ventriculares, no estresse parietal e na massa ventricular esquerda, levando ao desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular (HVE) do tipo exc&#234;ntrica<sup>6-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; descrever caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em portadores de obesidade grave por meio de ecocardiografia, e analisar fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de HVE. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados por um &#250;nico observador, em estudo transversal, 30 pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos, candidatos a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, por meio de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os pacientes com janela ac&#250;stica inadequada. O protocolo de pesquisa inclu&#237;a tamb&#233;m avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo de obesidade e de fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, dislipidemia, tabagismo e presen&#231;a da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Dados antropom&#233;tricos de peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foram avaliados no momento do exame, obtendo-se o &#237;ndice de massa corporal<sup>10</sup> (IMC: peso em kg/altura ao quadrado) e a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea<sup>11 </sup>[SC: 0,0001 x 71,84x (peso em kg)<sup>0,425</sup> x (altura em cm)<sup>0,725</sup>]. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es preconizadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>12</sup>, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de manguito apropriado &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica como valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, ou pelo uso de anti-hipertensivo. Diabete melito foi definido de acordo com o Consenso Nacional sobre Diabetes, 2000<sup>13</sup>. Dislipidemia foi definida pela classifica&#231;&#227;o laboratorial proposta pelas III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias, 2000<sup>14</sup>. O colesterol LDL foi calculado usando-se a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup>14</sup> (LDL = colesterol total &#150;colesterol HDL &#150; TG/5; v&#225;lida se TG &lt; 400 mg/dl).</p>
    <p>Foi considerado como tabagista o paciente que relatava j&#225; ter fumado mais de 100 cigarros durante sua vida, estando com o v&#237;cio ativo na &#233;poca da entrevista<sup>15</sup>. O tempo de obesidade foi primariamente obtido da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica do paciente, com valida&#231;&#227;o pelos dados do prontu&#225;rio, quando dispon&#237;veis. Foi subtra&#237;da a idade atual do paciente pela idade de in&#237;cio da obesidade, para c&#225;lculo do tempo de obesidade em anos. A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi definida utilizando os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos do NCEP ATPIII<sup>16</sup>, onde deveriam estar presentes pelo menos tr&#234;s dos cinco crit&#233;rios: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &gt;102 cm nos homens e &gt;88 cm nas mulheres; glicemia de jejum &gt;110 mg/dl; triglicer&#237;deos &gt;150 mg/dl; colesterol com lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade &lt;40 mg/dl nos homens e &lt;50 mg/dl nas mulheres; press&#227;o artererial sist&#243;lica &gt;130 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado pelo mesmo operador, utilizando o aparelho ATL, modelo HDI, com segunda harm&#244;nica e transdutor mec&#226;nico de 2,25 MHz. As medidas obtidas diretamente ao modo unidimensional foram di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico da aorta e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo, utilizando o corte paraesternal longitudinal; di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE), parede posterior em di&#225;stole (PPVED) e septo interventricular em di&#225;stole (SIVD), utilizando o corte paraesternal transverso ao n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares. As medidas calculadas indiretamente foram os volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE (VSVE e VDVE), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento sist&#243;lico ventricular (delta D%), com volumes calculados pela f&#243;rmula de Teicholz, espessura parietal relativa, massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexada &#224; superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (MVE/SC) e massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexada &#224; altura (MVE/altura<sup>2</sup>). </p>
    <p>Para c&#225;lculo da MVE, foi utilizado a f&#243;rmula da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, modificada por Devereux<sup>17</sup>: 0,8 [1,04(SIVD +DDVE + PPVED)<sup>3</sup> &#150; (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>] + 0,6. Para indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular e c&#225;lculo da presen&#231;a de HVE, foram utilizados dois crit&#233;rios. A MVE foi indexada &#224; SC, utilizando o c&#225;lculo da SC pela f&#243;rmula de Du Bois<sup>18</sup>, obtendo-se o par&#226;metro MVE/SC. A MVE foi tamb&#233;m indexada pela altura, como recomendado para pacientes obesos, utilizando a altura elevada ao quadrado, conforme proposto por Rosa e cols.<sup>19</sup>, obtendo-se o par&#226;metro MVE/altura<sup>2</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de HVE foi dado quando a rela&#231;&#227;o MVE/altura<sup>2 </sup>estava aumentada. A classifica&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do VE baseou-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o da MVE e da espessura parietal relativa (SIVD + PPVED/DDVE), conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi realizada pela an&#225;lise do fluxo transmitral, com Doppler puls&#225;til, usando o m&#233;todo descrito por Nishimura e Tajik<sup>20</sup>, com avalia&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de pico das ondas E e A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE), e com o Doppler em cores em modo M, considerando a exist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica quando a velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;pice, estava inferior a 45 cm/s<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os valores referenciais utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref><sup>21,22</sup>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A base de dados foi processada em formato Excel e as an&#225;lises foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS (Statistical package for social science), vers&#227;o 8.0. Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva para expor os resultados obtidos. As vari&#225;veis mensuradas foram apresentadas por meio de tabelas ou gr&#225;ficos, incluindo tamb&#233;m o uso de algumas medidas descritivas (m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o). A an&#225;lise comparativa das vari&#225;veis qualitativas foi realizada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste Qui quadrado de independ&#234;ncia, ao passo que para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o linear simples, sendo consideradas correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes aquelas que apresentaram p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. </p>
    <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes selecionados para o estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p> A idade m&#233;dia foi de 37,8&#177;10,48. Dezoito eram do sexo masculino. O IMC variou de 40,2 a 70,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, com m&#233;dia de 49,2&#177;8,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Sete pacientes (23,3%) encontravam-se na faixa de superobesos (IMC &gt;55 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal variou de 106 a 170 cm, com m&#233;dia de 139,9&#177;17,5.</p>
    <p>Vinte e cinco (83%) pacientes eram hipertensos. Desses, 19 (63,3%) faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e estavam com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados no momento da entrevista. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia foi de 133,4&#177;16,2 mmHg e a diast&#243;lica (PAD) 85,6&#177;10,1 mmHg. Vinte e tr&#234;s pacientes (76%) preencheram, pelo menos, um dos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos para o diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia, e oito (26%) eram diab&#233;ticos. Dois pacientes eram tabagistas (6,6%), 19 (63%) tinham obesidade h&#225; mais de 15 anos. O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi encontrado em 70% da amostra . </p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente avaliado apresentava sinais cl&#237;nicos compat&#237;veis com IC. O exame f&#237;sico apresentou-se pouco expressivo em 56,2% da amostra. A semiologia do sistema cardiovascular revelou como achados mais freq&#252;entes ausculta card&#237;aca com bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas, <italic>ictus cordis</italic> impercept&#237;vel e edema de membros inferiores. Sopros e quarta bulha foram auscultados em apenas 9,3% da amostra, ao passo que a presen&#231;a de refluxos diagnosticados ao ecocardiograma (tric&#250;spide, pulmonar ou mitral) foi 21,9%. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler colorido. Um exame interpret&#225;vel n&#227;o p&#244;de ser obtido em duas pacientes do sexo feminino, com IMC &gt; 55 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>e com mamas muito volumosas. Essas pacientes foram, ent&#227;o, exclu&#237;das dessa an&#225;lise, restando um grupo com 28 pacientes, os quais tiveram ecocardiograma considerado satisfat&#243;rio para as vari&#225;veis analisadas. Dificuldade t&#233;cnica na obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi relatada em 57,1% dos exames, sobretudo nas mulheres e para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras direitas. A medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o utilizando o m&#233;todo de Simpson n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel pela dificuldade em definir os bordos endoc&#225;rdicos em grande parte da amostra. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas avaliadas. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Cinq&#252;enta e quatro por cento dos pacientes tinham aumento de &#225;trio esquerdo e 42,9%, aumento do VE. A espessura m&#233;dia do SIVD foi 12,6&#177;2,5 mm e da PPVED, 11,9&#177;2,1 mm. VSVE e VDVE estiveram acima dos limites considerados normais em 25% e em 42,8% dos casos, respectivamente, mas os valores m&#233;dios estiveram dentro dos limites normais. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi encontrada em 10,7% dos casos. Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi observado em 54,6% dos casos . Os padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi diagnosticada em 46,4% da amostra, utilizando o crit&#233;rio MVE/SC, e em 82,1%, utilizando o crit&#233;rio MVE/altura<sup>2</sup>. Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre as vari&#225;veis MVE/SC e MVE/altura<sup>2</sup>, utlizando o teste do Qui quadrado, que revelou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p = 0,0053).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es realizadas foram entre a presen&#231;a de HVE, utilizando o crit&#233;rio MVE/altura<sup>2</sup> com a PAS, DDVE e tempo de obesidade, utilizando regress&#227;o linear simples (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref>). Correlacionou-se tamb&#233;m o IMC com a presen&#231;a de HVE e com par&#226;metros de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos com ecocardiografia avaliando obesos graves t&#234;m sido pouco descritos na literatura, talvez pelo dificuldade operacional do exame com esse grupo de indiv&#237;duos, que freq&#252;entemente apresentam janela ac&#250;stica limitada.</p>
    <p>A miocardiopatia da obesidade &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica distinta, descrita em estudos de necropsia, com o primeiro relato ocorrendo em 1933, por Smith e Willius<sup>23</sup>. Estudos utilizando ecocardiografia s&#243; foram feitos posteriormente, ap&#243;s melhor aprimoramento t&#233;cnico do m&#233;todo, com os primeiros trabalhos descritos por Alexander, a partir de 1978<sup>24</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, os resultados t&#234;m sido uniformes em demonstrar a presen&#231;a de HVE, elevadas press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular, incid&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi uma entidade muito mais diagnosticada quando utilizou-se o crit&#233;rio MVE indexado &#224; altura elevada ao quadrado. O diagn&#243;stico de HVE pelo crit&#233;rio MVE/SC ocorreu em apenas 46,4% dos casos, mostrando uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de HVE pelo crit&#233;rio MVE/altura<sup>2</sup>, sendo essa, portanto, uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais adequada para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia ventricular em obesos. Hensen e cols.<sup>27</sup> estabeleceram que a indexa&#231;&#227;o da MVE pela altura deveria ser uma abordagem a ser seguida nos pacientes com obesidade. A f&#243;rmula de Du Bois, utilizada no c&#225;lculo da superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, &#233; inadequada para pacientes com peso acima de 150 kg<sup>28</sup>. Entretanto, essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o tem sido negligenciada com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, na maioria dos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia, o que pode estar levando a um subdiagn&#243;stico de uma entidade relacionada a um maior risco cardiovascular .</p>
    <p>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC e com o tempo de obesidade, corroborando a hip&#243;tese da obesidade grave ser um fator causal de hipertrofia. As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas podem estar presentes, mesmo sem nenhum sinal cl&#237;nico de cardiopatia, representando uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica da miocardiopatia da obesidade.</p>
    <p>Os padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE encontrados neste estudo estiveram de acordo com outros autores<sup>6,7,29,30</sup>, com HVE exc&#234;ntrica sendo a anormalidade geom&#233;trica mais freq&#252;ente, encontrada em 50% da amostra. Dentro dos conceitos fisiopatol&#243;gicos estabelecidos, sobretudo nos trabalhos de Alexander<sup>7,31</sup> e Alpert<sup>6,29,32,33</sup>, a hipertrofia ventricular observada na obesidade &#233; exc&#234;ntrica em sua ess&#234;ncia. Entretanto, em pacientes portadores de HAS associada &#224; obesidade, uma entidade considerada por muitos autores, existe um duplo est&#237;mulo para o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia, que passar&#225; a ser conc&#234;ntrica ou mista. Independentemente do tipo, existe um risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos portadores dessa entidade<sup>34,35</sup>. </p>
    <p>O remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico do VE descrito em estudos hemodin&#226;micos como associado a &#237;ndice card&#237;aco diminu&#237;do, elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e reduzido volume plasm&#225;tico circulante<sup>36</sup>, foi visto em apenas dois casos (7,1%), corroborando o modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico proposto para a obesidade grave, onde o volume circulante &#233; elevado e a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica &#233; normal ou baixa. </p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi encontrada em 10,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Foram utilizados dois &#237;ndices que medem o desempenho da fase de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, largamente incorporados na pr&#225;tica. Outros &#237;ndices poss&#237;veis de obten&#231;&#227;o no ecocardiograma como o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, velocidade m&#233;dia de encurtamento circunferencial e volume ejetado por s&#237;stole n&#227;o foram utilizados, pela dificuldade t&#233;cnica no alinhamento para aquisi&#231;&#227;o do Doppler e pela pouca praticabilidade, sobretudo nos pacientes com janela ac&#250;stica limitada. Embora sens&#237;veis a mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VE, esses &#237;ndices s&#227;o muito dependentes das condi&#231;&#245;es de pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga do VE<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi encontrada em 54,6% dos casos, fato esperado na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Tem sido descrito na literatura que disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ocorre em pacientes com obesidade grave independentemente do desenvolvimento de HAS, com pequena correla&#231;&#227;o com HVE<sup>37</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A correlacionou-se positivamente com o IMC, enquanto a avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do TDE apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com essa vari&#225;vel. Embora o valor de p n&#227;o tenha sido significativo (p=0,068), houve uma tend&#234;ncia a diminuir o TDE &#224; medida que o IMC aumentou, sugerindo que os padr&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de maior gravidade, isto &#233;, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &gt; 2 e TDE &lt;160 ms, s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes em pacientes com maior IMC. </p>
    <p> V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m descrito a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento do IMC e a maior preval&#234;ncia dos componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, indicando que a obesidade relaciona-se com um perfil de risco desfavor&#225;vel para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A elevada preval&#234;ncia dos componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na amostra, associada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es diagnosticadas ao ecocardiograma, como hipertofia ventricular esquerda e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, justifica a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o semiol&#243;gica mais profunda e espec&#237;fica nesses pacientes, mesmo em uma faixa et&#225;ria jovem, sobretudo para aqueles que ir&#227;o submeter-se &#224; procedimentos que possam levar a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, como a cirurgia bari&#225;trica. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que portadores de obesidade grave apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais que podem associar-se ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias e morte s&#250;bita. O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, exame de f&#225;cil acesso e baixo custo, permite identificar os pacientes de maior risco cardiovascular, possibilitando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas contra o processo de remodelamento ventricular e a evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem ao Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Geral do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, pelo encaminhamento dos pacientes e colabora&#231;&#227;o na coleta de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira Rocha </p>
        <p> Rua Odete Matos de Alencar, 338 &#150; Lagoa Seca </p>
        <p> 63040-270 &#150; Juazeiro do Norte, PE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="elainegoncalves@cardiol.br">elainegoncalves@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 04/10/05; revisado recebido em 15/05/06; aceito em 02/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Abergel</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brochet</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiography evaluation for asymptomatic patients with severe obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the systolic and diastolic function of asymptomatic patients with severe obesity using a Doppler echocardiography. METHODS: Thirty candidates for bariatric surgery, with an average BMI of 49.2 &#177; 8.8 Kg/m&#178; and no previous history of heart disease were evaluated through transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Enlarged left chambers were observed in 42.9% of the sample, diastolic dysfunction in 54.6% and left ventricular hypertrophy in 82.1%, of which 50% of the cases presented the geometric pattern of eccentric hypertrophy. Indexation of left ventricular mass to height resulted in a significantly higher number of diagnoses for hypertrophy than indexation to body surface area (p = 0.0053), demonstrating that this index is more appropriate to determine ventricular hypertrophy in obese people. Correlations between left ventricular hypertrophy with obesity duration and pressure levels were positive as well as correlations between body mass index and diastolic dysfunction indicators. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that echocardiograms performed on asymptomatic severely obese patients can detect alterations in the cardiac structure that are common in cases of obesity cardiomyopathy and can be associated with the development of heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death, enabling the identification of patients with greater cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Left ventricular hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>severe obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography evaluations for asymptomatic patients with severe obesity</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira Rocha; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor; Maria Cynthia Braga; Odwaldo Barbosa e Silva; M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves Becker</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Faculdade de Medicina de Juazeiro do Norte - Recife, PE, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the systolic and diastolic function of asymptomatic patients with severe obesity using a Doppler echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty candidates for bariatric surgery, with an average BMI of 49.2 &#177; 8.8 Kg/m2 and no previous history of heart disease were evaluated through transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Enlarged left chambers were observed in 42.9% of the sample, diastolic dysfunction in 54.6% and left ventricular hypertrophy in 82.1%, of which 50% of the cases presented the geometric pattern of eccentric hypertrophy. Indexation of left ventricular mass to height resulted in a significantly higher number of diagnoses for hypertrophy than indexation to body surface area (p = 0.0053), demonstrating that this index is more appropriate to determine ventricular hypertrophy in obese people. Correlations between left ventricular hypertrophy with obesity duration and pressure levels were positive as well as correlations between body mass index and diastolic dysfunction indicators.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study demonstrated that echocardiograms performed on asymptomatic severely obese patients can detect alterations in the cardiac structure that are common in cases of obesity cardiomyopathy and can be associated with the development of heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death, enabling the identification of patients with greater cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Left ventricular hypertrophy, obesity cardiomyopathy, severe obesity, echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Severe obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) <underline>&gt;</underline> 40Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. It is a condition that can cause left ventricular dysfunction, even in the absence of structural heart disease or systemic hypertension<sup>1-3</sup>. Hemodynamic adaptations are required to support the intense adipose tissue metabolism and increased oxygen consumption. </p>
      <p>Physiopathological alterations associated with severe obesity can virtually compromise all body systems and can hinder clinical diagnosis, making the process much more difficult<sup>4</sup>. Cardiovascular semiology, in conjunction with more precise diagnostic methods, can identify apparently healthy, high risk patients for cardiovascular events who have structural cardiac alterations that could lead to life threatening situations or the development of incapacitating diseases<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>In severe obesity, cardiac output is elevated due to the increased blood volume causing a chronically elevated pre-load condition which in turn increases ventricle size, wall stress and left ventricular mass, leading to the development of eccentric ventricular hypertrophy (EVH)<sup>6-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the left ventricle (LV) in severely obese patients, found during an echocardiography and to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of EVH. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty male and female candidates for bariatric surgery were evaluated using a transthoracic echocardiography, by a single observer, as part of a cross sectional study. Patients with an inadequate acoustic window were excluded in the analysis. The study protocol also included an evaluation of obesity duration and cardiovascular risk factors such as systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking and the presence of metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>Anthropometric data (weight, height and abdominal circumference) were evaluated during the examination to obtain the body mass index<sup>10</sup> (BMI: weight in Kg / height squared) and body surface area<sup>11 </sup>[BSA: 0.0001 x 71.84 x (weight in Kg)<sup>0.425</sup> x (height in cm)<sup>0.725</sup>]. Blood pressure measurements were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>12</sup> (Brazilian Hypertension Society) using the appropriate size cuff in relation to arm circumference. Systemic hypertension was defined as systolic pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg and/or diastolic pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg or by the use of anti-hypertensive medication. Diabetes mellitus was defined according to the Consenso Nacional sobre Diabetes, 2000<sup>13</sup> (Brazilian Diabetes Consensus, 2000). Dyslipidemia was defined according to the laboratory classification proposed by the III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias, 2000<sup>14</sup> (Brazilian Dyslipidemia Guidelines Third Edition, 2000). LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald formula<sup>14</sup> (LDL = total cholesterol &#150; HDL cholesterol &#150; TG/5; valid if TG &lt; 400mg/dl).</p>
      <p>Patients who reported during the interview that they currently smoked and had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime were classified as smokers<sup>15</sup>. Obesity duration was obtained from the patient&#146;s medical history and confirmed by medical records, when available. Obesity duration, in years, was calculated using the patient&#146;s current age minus the onset age. The presence of metabolic syndrome was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of NCEP ATPIII<sup>16</sup>, which includes the presence of at least three of the following five criteria: abdominal circumference &gt;102cm for men and &gt;88cm for women; fasting glucose &gt;110mg/dl; triglycerides &gt;150mg/dl; HDL cholesterol &lt;40mg/dl in men and &lt;50mg/dl in women; systolic blood pressure &gt;130mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 85mmHg.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographs were performed by the same technician, using an ATL, model HDI machine with a second harmonic and a 2.25 MHz mechanical transducer. Direct measurements obtained using the mono-dimensional mode were diastolic aortic diameter (AoD) and left atrial systolic diameter (Las), using the parasternal long axis view; LV diastolic diameter (LVDD); LV systolic diameter (LVSD); LV posterior wall in diastole (LVPWD); and interventricular septum in diastole (IVSD) using the parasternal short axis view at the papillary muscle level. Volume measurements calculated indirectly using the Teicholz formula were LV systolic and diastolic volumes (LVSV and LVDV), ejection fraction (EF) and ventricular fractional shortening during systole (delta D%). Other measurements calculated indirectly included relative wall thickness, left ventricle mass indexed to the body surface area (LVM / BSA) and left ventricle mass indexed to height (LVM / height<sup>2</sup>). </p>
      <p>LVM was calculated using the American Society of Echocardiography formula modified by Devereux<sup>17</sup>: 0.8 [1.04 (IVSD +LVDD + LVPWD)<sup>3</sup> &#150; (LVDD)<sup>3</sup>] + 0.6. Two criteria were used for ventricular mass indexation and to calculate the presence of EVH. LVM was indexed to BSA using the Du Bois<sup>18</sup> formula, resulting in the LVM / BSA parameter. According to the recommendations for obese patients LVM was also indexed to height, using height squared, as proposed by Rosa and associates<sup>19</sup>, resulting in the LVM / height<sup>2</sup> parameter. When the LVM / height<sup>2 </sup>ratio was elevated, EVH was diagnosed. The LV geometric classification was based on the evaluation of LVM and relative wall thickness (IVSD + LVPWD / LVDD) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Diastolic function was assessed by analyzing transmitral flow using the pulsatile Doppler echocardiography described by Nishimura and associates<sup>20</sup>, evaluating the peak velocities of the E and A waves, E/A ratio and E-wave deceleration time (EDT). Using the M-mode color imaging Doppler, diastolic dysfunction was determined when the flow propagation velocity towards the apex was less than 45cm/s<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>The reference values used for the echocardiography evaluation are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref><sup>21,22</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The database was created in Excel and the analyses were performed using the program SPSS (Statistical package for social science), version 8.0. A descriptive analysis was performed to demonstrate the results obtained. The measured variables were presented using tables or graphs and also included some descriptive measures (mean and standard deviation). The comparative analysis of the qualitative variables was conducted using the independent chi-square test. Simple linear regression was used for the quantitative variables. Statisticaly significant correlations were established as p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p>The research protocol was approved by the institution&#146;s Ethics Committee and the patients selected for the study signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age was 37.8 &#177; 10.48 years. Eighteen of the patients were male. The BMI varied from 40.2 to 70.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, with an average of 49.2 &#177; 8.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Seven patients (23.3%) were classified as super-obese (BMI &gt;55 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Abdominal circumferences varied from 106 to 170cm, with an average of 139.9 &#177; 17.5.</p>
      <p>Twenty-five patients (83%) were hypertensive, of which 19 (63.3%) were using ati-hypertensive medication and had their pressure levels under control at the time of the interview. The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 133.4 &#177; 16.2 mmHg and average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 85.6 &#177; 10.1 mmHg. Twenty-three patients (76%) met at least one of the criteria established for the diagnosis of dyslipidemia and eight (26%) were diabetics. Two patients were smokers (6.6%) and 19 (63%) had been obese for more than 15 years. The metabolic syndrome diagnosis was established for 70% of the sample.</p>
      <p>None of the patients evaluated, presented clinical signs compatible with heart failure. For 56.2% of the sample, the physical examination was insignificant. The most common findings during the cardiovascular system semiology were: hyper-resonant sounds during cardiac auscultation, imperceptible <italic>ictus cordis</italic> and edema in the lower limbs. Auscultation of heart murmurs and fourth heart beats were only found in 9.3% of the sample, while 21.9% presented refluxes during the echocardiogram (tricuspid, pulmonary or mitral). </p>
      <p>All patients underwent a two dimensional color Doppler echocardiography. An interpretable examination could not be obtained in two female patients with a BMI &gt; 55Kg/m2 and large breasts. Therefore, these patients were excluded from the analysis leaving a group of 28 patients who had satisfactory echocardiograms for the variables analyzed. Technical difficulties to obtain images were reported in 57.1% of the tests, mainly in the case of the female patients and for evaluation of right chambers. It was not possible to use the Simpson method to measure ejection fraction due to difficulties in defining the endocardial edges for a large part of the sample. The echocardiography variables evaluated, comprising averages and standard deviations, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Fifty-four percent of the patients had enlarged left atriums and 42.9% had enlarged LV. The average IVSD thickness was 12.6 &#177; 2.5mm and LVPWD was 11.9 &#177; 2.1mm. LVSV and LVDV were above normal limits in 25% and 42.8% of the cases, respectively, but the average values were within normal limits. Systolic dysfunction was found in 10.7% of the cases Diastolic dysfunction was observed in 54.6% of the cases. The LV geometric patterns are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in 46.4% of the sample using the LVM / BSA criterion, and in 82.1% using the LVM / height<sup>2</sup> criterion. A comparative analysis using the chi-square test between the variables LVM / BSA and LVM / height<sup>2</sup>, revealed a significantly statistical difference (p = 0.0053).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Simple linear regression was used for comparisons between the presence of EVH with the criterion LVM / height<sup>2</sup>, SBP, LVDD and obesity duration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>). Comparisons were also conducted between BMI, the presence of EVH and the diastolic dysfunction parameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0052-00009-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is very little information in medical literature regarding studies using an echocardiography to evaluate severely obese patients, possibly due to the operational difficulties involved in this test for these patients who often present a limited acoustic window.</p>
      <p>Obesity cardiomyopathy is a distinct clinical entity that is described in necropsy studies and was first reported by Smith and Willius<sup>23</sup> in 1933. The first studies using echocardiographs began in 1978 and were conducted by Alexander after the technique had been improved<sup>24</sup>. From that time on, consistent results have been obtained for the detection of EVH, elevated ventricular filling pressures, variable incidences of systolic dysfunction and ventricular dilation<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p>The results of the present study show that left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed more often when the criterion of LVM indexed to height squared was used. The diagnosis of EVH using the LVM / BSA criterion was determined in only 46.4% of the cases, revealing a statistically significant difference in relation to the EVH diagnosis using the LVM / height<sup>2</sup> criterion and therefore presents a more precise correlation for the diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy in obese persons. Hanse and associates<sup>27</sup> established that the indexation of LVM to height is an approach that should be used for obese patients. The Du Bois formula, used to calculate body surface area, is not suitable for patients who weigh more than 150Kg<sup>28</sup>. Nevertheless, this recommendation is often neglected in most echocardiograph laboratories; that could result in an under diagnosis of an entity related to higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy presented a positive correlation with elevated BMI and obesity duration, confirming the hypothesis that severe obesity is a causal factor of hypertrophy. Alterations in the cardiac structure can be present, even without any clinical sign of heart disease, representing a sub-clinical manifestation of obesity cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>The LV geometric patterns found in 50% of the patients involved in this study agree with other authors<sup>6,7,29,30</sup> in that eccentric EVH is the most common geometric abnormality associated with obesity. Within the physiopathological concepts established, especially in the studies of Alexander<sup>7,31</sup> and Alpert<sup>6,29,32,33</sup>, excentric ventricular hypertrophy is associated with obesity. Nevertheless, in obese patients with SH, many authors agree that there is a double stimulus to develop hypertrophy that could be concentric or mixed. Regardless of the type, there is an increased risk for patients with ventricular hypertrophy to develop heart failure<sup>34,35</sup>. </p>
      <p>Concentric remodeling, the LV geometric pattern described in hemodynamic studies as associated with a diminished cardiac index, elevated peripheral vascular resistance and reduced plasmatic volumes<sup>36</sup>, was only seen in two cases (7.1%), confirming the physiopathological model proposed for severe obesity, in which the blood volume is elevated and the peripheral vascular resistance is normal or low. </p>
      <p>Systolic dysfunction was found in 10.7% of the study population. Two widely used indexes to measure the performance of the LV ejection phase were used. Other indexes that can be obtained using an echocardiogram such as, cardiac output, average velocity of circumferential shortening and systole ejection volume were not used due to the technical alignment difficulties for Doppler acquisition and the impracticability, especially in patients with a limited acoustic window. Even though these indexes are sensitive to changes in LV contractile function they are highly dependent on the LV pre and post load conditions<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction was found in 54.6% of the cases, which was expected for the study population. It has been described in literature that severely obese patients have diastolic dysfunction regardless of SH development with a small correlation to EVH<sup>37</sup>. Evaluation using the E/A ratio had a positive correlation with BMI, while the evaluation using EDT had a negative correlation with this variable. Even though the p value was not significant (p=0.068), there was a tendency for EDT to diminish as the BMI increased, suggesting more severe diastolic dysfunction patterns, that is, an E/A ratio &gt;2 and EDT &lt;160ms, are found more often in patients with a higher BMI. </p>
      <p>Various authors have described the association between an increased BMI and a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome elements, indicating that obesity represents an unfavorable risk profile for cardiovascular disease. The elevated prevalence of metabolic syndrome elements in the sample, associated with alterations diagnosed during the echocardiogram, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, justifies a more in-depth and specific semiological evaluation for these patients, even at a younger age, especially for those who will be submitted to procedures that could cause hemodynamic instability, such as bariatric surgery. </p>
      <p>The results of the present study demonstrate that patients with severe obesity present structural cardiac alterations that could be associated with the development of heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death. The echocardiography study, a readily available and economical test, makes it possible to identify patients with higher cardiovascular risk, enabling the implementation of preventative measures to control the ventricular remodeling process and cardiomyopathy evolution. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank the Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Geral do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, for the patient referrals and cooperation in the data collection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira Rocha</p>
          <p> Rua Odete Matos de Alencar, 338 &#150; Lagoa Seca</p>
          <p> 63040-270 &#150; Juazeiro do Norte, PE, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="elainegoncalves@cardiol.br">elainegoncalves@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received October 04, 2005; revised manuscript received May 15, 2006; accepted August 02, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
