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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BpXHBK4sSrbT3zw67qtcVrz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco na associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e aneurisma de aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Rom&#233;rio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio de Freitas Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Piech</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Tranchesi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Egito</surname>
            <given-names>Enilton Sergio Tabosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Adib Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>40</fpage>
      <lpage>44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em portadores de aneurisma de aorta (AA), bem como as diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224;s diferentes topografias. Descrever os principais fatores de risco para DAC relacionados a esta associa&#231;&#227;o e suas eventuais diferen&#231;as de acordo com as diferentes topografias. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, aberto, n&#227;o randomizado que avaliou 95 pacientes (62 homens, 33 mulheres, idade 63 &#177; 11,8 anos) com AA. Todos os pacientes, assintom&#225;ticos para DAC, possu&#237;am tomografia computadorizada de aorta e angiografia coronariana. De acordo com a topografia do AA, eles foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: 1) pacientes com AA tor&#225;cica (AAT); 2) com AA toracoabdominal (ATA) e 3) com AA abdominal (AAA). Foi criado um banco de dados com as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e de exames complementares. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada com o teste t de Student ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e qui-quadrado para as categ&#243;ricas, sendo considerado p significante quando &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi de 63,1%, e o AAA apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia quando comparado ao AAT e ATA (76% vs. 70% vs. 30%, p = 0,001). A an&#225;lise comparativa dos fatores de risco para DAC de acordo com a topografia do AA revelou que os pacientes com AAA eram mais tabagistas (74,5% vs. 42,3% vs. 60%, p = 0,01) e dislip&#234;micos (54,2% vs 19,9% vs 60%, p = 0,007). Quanto &#224; gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com AA, 12 (20%) possu&#237;am pelo menos uma les&#227;o coronariana &gt; 70% e 19 (31,6%) &gt; 50%. Quinze pacientes (25%) eram uniarteriais, 11 (18%) biarteriais e 34 (57%) triarteriais. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em portadores de AA a preval&#234;ncia de DAC assintom&#225;tica &#233; elevada, principalmente naqueles com AAA. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem a necessidade de uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para DAC nos portadores de AA, principalmente nos com AAA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>aneurisma a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco na associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e aneurisma de aorta</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Rom&#233;rio Costa Ferro; Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; F&#225;bio de Freitas Guimar&#227;es Guerra; Alexandre Jorge de Lucena; Fabiana Piech Nunes; Sergio Tranchesi Ortiz; Enilton Sergio Tabosa Egito; Luis Carlos Bento de Sousa; Adib Domingos Jatene; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em portadores de aneurisma de aorta (AA), bem como as diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224;s diferentes topografias. Descrever os principais fatores de risco para DAC relacionados a esta associa&#231;&#227;o e suas eventuais diferen&#231;as de acordo com as diferentes topografias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo, aberto, n&#227;o randomizado que avaliou 95 pacientes (62 homens, 33 mulheres, idade 63 &#177; 11,8 anos) com AA. Todos os pacientes, assintom&#225;ticos para DAC, possu&#237;am tomografia computadorizada de aorta e angiografia coronariana. De acordo com a topografia do AA, eles foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: 1) pacientes com AA tor&#225;cica (AAT); 2) com AA toracoabdominal (ATA) e 3) com AA abdominal (AAA). Foi criado um banco de dados com as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e de exames complementares. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada com o teste t de Student ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e qui-quadrado para as categ&#243;ricas, sendo considerado p significante quando &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi de 63,1%, e o AAA apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia quando comparado ao AAT e ATA (76% <italic>vs.</italic> 70% <italic>vs.</italic> 30%, p = 0,001). A an&#225;lise comparativa dos fatores de risco para DAC de acordo com a topografia do AA revelou que os pacientes com AAA eram mais tabagistas (74,5% <italic>vs</italic>. 42,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 60%, p = 0,01) e dislip&#234;micos (54,2% vs 19,9% vs 60%, p = 0,007). Quanto &#224; gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com AA, 12 (20%) possu&#237;am pelo menos uma les&#227;o coronariana <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e 19 (31,6%) <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Quinze pacientes (25%) eram uniarteriais, 11 (18%) biarteriais e 34 (57%) triarteriais. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em portadores de AA a preval&#234;ncia de DAC assintom&#225;tica &#233; elevada, principalmente naqueles com AAA. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem a necessidade de uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para DAC nos portadores de AA, principalmente nos com AAA.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, aneurisma a&#243;rtico, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Aneurisma da aorta (AA) &#233; definido como uma dilata&#231;&#227;o localizada, maior que 50% do di&#226;metro da luz presumida do vaso em um determinado segmento a&#243;rtico<sup>1</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia dos AA tem aumentado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, devido a um aumento na idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o e a um aperfei&#231;oamento nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
    <p>Estima-se que a incid&#234;ncia do AA tor&#225;cico (AAT) seja de seis casos por 100.000 pacientes/ano, enquanto a do AA abdominal (AAA) &#233; de 25 por 100.000 pacientes/ano<sup>2,3</sup>. Cerca de 10% dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AA t&#234;m m&#250;ltiplos aneurismas e em segmentos diferentes da aorta. Aproximadamente 20 a 25% dos indiv&#237;duos que possuem AAT apresentam um AAA concomitante. Os AAA s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes que os AAT e AA toracoabdominal (ATA)<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com estudos populacionais que utilizaram a ultra-sonografia como exame de triagem, a preval&#234;ncia dos AAA variou de 4% a 9% em homens e 1% em mulheres<sup>6</sup>. Os fatores de risco associados a uma maior probabilidade de AAA s&#227;o idade, sexo masculino, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria familiar de AAA e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco e substratos fisiopatol&#243;gicos comuns tem determinado forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre AAA e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>11</sup>. Algumas s&#233;ries revelam preval&#234;ncia da DAC variando entre 40% e 60% em pacientes com AAA<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Hertzer et al observaram que a metade dos &#243;bitos (intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios) na corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dos AAA tinha como causa da morte o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AA e DAC em nosso meio, realizamos o presente estudo procurando verificar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco desta associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de julho de 2003 a julho de 2005, realizamos um estudo prospectivo, aberto, n&#227;o-randomizado que incluiu 95 pacientes (62 homens, 33 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idades de 66 &#177; 11,8 anos). Os crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o no estudo foram diagn&#243;stico de AA confirmado por tomografia computadorizada, possuir angiografia coronariana e n&#227;o apresentar sintomas atribu&#237;veis a DAC ou seu diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio. Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que tinham idade &lt; 18 ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 anos, os que tivessem aneurismas de origem traum&#225;tica, aneurismas dissecados ou rotos e os que n&#227;o concordassem em participar do estudo. Os fatores de risco analisados foram: idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e tabagismo. </p>
    <p>Definiu-se como AA a presen&#231;a de um segmento a&#243;rtico com di&#226;metro maior que 1,5 vezes o esperado para aquela &#225;rea. De acordo com an&#225;lise visual da cinecoronariografia, a DAC foi definida pela presen&#231;a de uma obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria <underline>&gt;</underline> 30%, sendo classificada em discreta (30% &#150; 49%), moderada (50% &#150; 69%) e grave ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram divididos de acordo com a topografia do AA em 3 grupos:</p>
    <p> 1) AAT, quando o aneurisma estivesse localizado na aorta ascendente, no arco ou na aorta descendente acima do diafragma, 2) ATA, quando o aneurisma comprometesse a maior parte da aorta descendente e parte superior da aorta abdominal (Crawford I), toda aorta descendente e abdominal (Crawford II) ou quando acometesse a parte inferior da aorta tor&#225;cica e aorta abdominal (Crawford III), 3) AAA, quando o aneurisma estivesse localizado na aorta abdominal.</p>
    <p>Foi constru&#237;do um banco de dados (SPSS) contendo as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dos exames complementares dos pacientes. Os resultados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e em percentuais. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizado o teste t de Student ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para as vari&#225;veis continuas e Teste do Chi-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, sendo <italic>p</italic> considerado significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 95 pacientes estudados, 26 possuiam AAT (21 na aorta ascendente, 1 no arco e 4 na descendente), 10 pacientes tinham ATA (5 Crawford I, 1 Crawford II e 4 Crawford III) e 59 apresentavam AAA (56 infra-renal), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Pacientes com AA e idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 anos (n = 83 pacientes) tiveram maior preval&#234;ncia da DAC quando comparados com os de idade &lt; 50 anos (n = 12 pacientes) [58 pacientes (69%) vs 2 (16,6%), p = 0,01)].</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi 63,1%, sendo maior no grupo AAA quando comparados aos grupos AAT e ATA [45 pacientes (76%) <italic>v</italic>s 7 (70%) <italic>vs 8 (30</italic>%), p = 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref>]. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a topografia do AA mostrou mais tabagistas e dislip&#234;micos no grupo dos AAA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto ao n&#250;mero e a import&#226;ncia das les&#245;es coronarianas observou-se que: 12 (20%) possu&#237;am pelo menos uma les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e 19 (31,6%) <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Quinze (25%) eram uniarteriais, 11 (18%) biarteriais e 34 (57%) triarteriais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No Grupo AAA, 18 pacientes (40%) apresentaram pelo menos uma les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e vinte e dois (46%) uma <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Nove (20%) eram uniarteriais, 14 (31,1%) biarteriais e 22 (48,8%) triarteriais.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com DAC eram mais idosos (66.7 &#177; 8.1 vs 61.9 &#177; 12.7 anos, p= 0.02), dislip&#234;micos (51,6% <italic>vs</italic> 28,5 %, p =0,04), hipertensos (80% <italic>vs</italic> 60%, p = 0,03) e tabagistas (75% <italic>vs</italic> 45,7%, p = 0,06) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref> ilustra dois pacientes desta s&#233;rie, portadores de AAT e AAA com suas respectivas tomografias computadorizadas e angiografias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando a etiologia dos AA estiver relacionada com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e aos seus fatores de risco, estes passam a ser manifesta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a vascular, que acomete tanto as art&#233;rias de m&#233;dio como as de grande calibre, resultando numa maior probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as arterial cerebrovascular, renal e coronariana concomitante, o que aumenta a morbimortalidade dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia da DAC deste estudo &#233; semelhante &#224; de outras s&#233;ries da literatura, tal como a de Hetzer et al, em que 1000 pacientes portadores de AA foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana antes da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do aneurisma, evidenciando DAC em 60% deles<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, 75% dos pacientes que eram portadores de DAC possu&#237;am o acometimento aneurism&#225;tico no segmento abdominal, mais precisamente infra-renal, seguido de 13,3% envolvendo a aorta tor&#225;cica e 11,6% a toracoabdominal, sugerindo, desta forma, maior associa&#231;&#227;o entre AAA e DAC. </p>
    <p>Os determinantes para esta associa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o a etiologia e substratos fisiopatol&#243;gicos comuns. Sabe-se que o suprimento de oxig&#234;nio e nutrientes para a metade externa da parede a&#243;rtica, incluindo parte da camada m&#233;dia e realizado pelos <italic>vasa vasorum</italic>. Entretanto, a camada m&#233;dia da aorta infra-renal em seres humanos n&#227;o possui <italic>vasa vasorum</italic> e por isso a por&#231;&#227;o interna da m&#233;dia deve receber nutrientes e oxig&#234;nio atrav&#233;s de mecanismo de difus&#227;o do sangue do l&#250;men a&#243;rtico<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aterosclerose provoca espessamento da &#237;ntima, que dificulta a difus&#227;o de nutrientes para a camada m&#233;dia. Assim, tem-se uma situa&#231;&#227;o de hipoxemia, que predisp&#245;e ao aparecimento de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas na m&#233;dia, culminando com processo de degenera&#231;&#227;o desta camada e de seus componentes el&#225;sticos, o que enfraquece a parede da aorta, propiciando o surgimento de aneurismas<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os AAT ascendentes s&#227;o resultantes da degenera&#231;&#227;o c&#237;stica da m&#233;dia (DCM), levando ao enfraquecimento da parede a&#243;rtica<sup>16</sup>. A DCM est&#225; relacionada com a idade e HAS, que s&#227;o fatores de risco para DAC.</p>
    <p>Os Aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente est&#227;o associados &#224; aterosclerose e a seus fatores de risco<sup>17</sup>. Aneurismas que se estendem pela aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal apresentam caracter&#237;sticas etiopatog&#234;nicas de ambos os segmentos.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, os pacientes com AAA eram mais velhos, dislip&#234;micos e tabagistas quando comparados aos com AAT e ATA, desta forma com perfil cl&#237;nico de maior risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e suas manisfesta&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com e sem DAC revelou que os fatores de risco foram mais frequentes no grupo de pacientes que eram portadores de coronariopatia, entretanto apenas HAS e dislipidemia foram estatisticamente significantes. Houve tend&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no tabagismo.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia e a quantidade de fatores de risco para DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foram elevadas, sendo que pacientes com AAA apresentaram mais fatores de risco para DAC, assim como maior preval&#234;ncia desta doen&#231;a, o que &#233; explicado pela etiologia e fisiopatologia semelhantes destas enfermidades.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida cinco anos ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de AAA gira em torno de 70%, e a DAC respons&#225;vel por cerca de 1/3 das mortes<sup>18</sup>. Testes n&#227;o-invasivos, considerados como de triagem para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, apresentam algumas limita&#231;&#245;es nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Alguns autores recomendam angiografia coronariana de rotina em pacientes portadores de AAA que ser&#227;o submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou com endopr&#243;teses. Existe rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre tamanho do AA e gravidade da DAC.<sup>19,20</sup></p>
    <p>A elevada presen&#231;a de les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> a 50% e o n&#250;mero de pacientes biarteriais ou triarteriais na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada sugerem a necessidade de cuidadosa avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria quanto ao risco de DAC em pacientes portadores de AA, principalmente naqueles com AAA. Esses pacientes uma vez apresentando fatores de risco devem ser considerados para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva da DAC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da DAC em pacientes com AA foi elevada, principalmente naqueles com aneurismas que comprometiam a aorta abdominal.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que, nos pacientes com aneurismas que comprometam a aorta abdominal, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia pr&#233; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; fortemente recomendada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 123 </p>
        <p> 04040-030 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="doliveira@hcor.com.br">doliveira@hcor.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 24/11/05; revisado recebido em 17/02/06; aceito em 04/02/06.</p>
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        <mixed-citation>20. Bayazit M, Gol MK, Battaloglu B, Tokmakoglu    H, Tasdemir O, Bayazit K. Routine coronary arteriography before abdominal aortic    aneurysm repair. Am J Surg. 1995; 170: 246-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Routine coronary arteriography before abdominal aortic aneurysm repair</article-title>
          <source>Am J Surg.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>246</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>170</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bayazit</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gol</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Battaloglu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokmakoglu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tasdemir</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayazit</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence and risk factors for combined coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CAD prevalence in patients with aortic aneurysm, as well as differences related to aneurysm topographies. To describe the primary risk factors for CAD related to this association and their occasional differences according to AA topographies. METHODS: This was an open, prospective, nonrandomized study that evaluated 95 patients (66 men and 33 women, mean age 63 &#177; 11.8). All patients, asymptomatic for CAD, had undergone aortic CT and coronary angiography. According to the AA topography, they were classified into three groups: 1) patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA); 2) thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA); and 3) abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A database was created to store information from clinical data and complementary examinations. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student&#8217;s t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: CAD prevalence was 63.1%, and AAA was more prevalent than TAA and TAAA (76% vs. 70% vs. 30%, p = 0.001). The comparative analysis of CAD risk factors based on the aortic aneurysm topography revealed that smoking and dyslipidemia were more prevalent among AAA patients (74.5% vs. 42.3% vs. 60%, p = 0.01 and (54.2% vs. 19.9% vs. 60%, p = 0.007, respectively). As for coronary lesion severity in the population of AA patients, 12 (20%) had at least one lesion &gt; 70% and 19 (31.6%), &gt; 50%. Fifteen patients (25%) had single-vessel disease, 11 (18%) had two-vessel disease, and 34 (57%) had three-vessel disease. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic CAD is highly prevalent in AA patients, particularly among those with AAA. Study results suggest the need for diagnostic stratification for CAD in patients with AA, especially those with AAA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevalence of and risk factors for combined coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Rom&#233;rio Costa Ferro; Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; F&#225;bio de Freitas Guimar&#227;es Guerra; Alexandre Jorge de Lucena; Fabiana Piech Nunes; Sergio Tranchesi Ortiz; Enilton Sergio Tabosa Egito; Luis Carlos Bento de Sousa; Adib Domingos Jatene; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o and Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD) prevalence in patients with aortic aneurysm, as well as differences related to aneurysm topographies. To describe the primary risk factors for CAD related to this association and their occasional differences according to AA topographies.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This was an open, prospective, nonrandomized study that evaluated 95 patients (62 men and 33 women, mean age 63 &#177; 11.8). All patients, asymptomatic for CAD, had undergone aortic CT and coronary angiography. According to the AA topography, they were classified into three groups: 1) Patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA); 2) thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA); and 3) abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A database was created to store information from clinical data and complementary examinations. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student&#146;s t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> CAD prevalence was 63.1%, and AAA was more prevalent than TAA and TAAA (76% <italic>vs.</italic> 70% <italic>vs. </italic>30%, p = 0.001). The comparative analysis of CAD risk factors based on the aortic aneurysm topography revealed that smoking and dyslipidemia were more prevalent among AAA patients (74.5% <italic>vs.</italic> 42.3% <italic>vs. </italic>60%, p = 0.01 and (54.2% <italic>vs</italic>. 19.9% <italic>vs.</italic> 60%, p = 0.007, respectively). As for coronary lesion severity in the population of AA patients, 12 (20%) had at least one lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% and 19 (31.6%), <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Fifteen patients (25%) had single-vessel disease, 11 (18%) had two-vessel disease, and 34 (57%) had three-vessel disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Asymptomatic CAD is highly prevalent in AA patients, particularly among those with AAA. Study results suggest the need for diagnostic stratification for CAD in patients with AA, especially those with AAA.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysm, risk factors.</p>
      <p>Aortic aneurysm (AA) is defined as a localized dilation greater than 50% the expected normal luminal diameter of that given aortic segment&#170;. Its incidence has been rising in the last decades, owing both to the increase in the mean age of the population and improvement in diagnostic methods.</p>
      <p>The incidence of thoracic AA (TAA) is estimated at six cases per 100,000 patients/year, while Abdominal AA (AAA) is estimated at 25 per 100,000 patients/year<sup>b,c</sup>. Around 10% of the patients diagnosed with AA have multiple aneurysms and in different segments of the aorta. Approximately 20 to 25% of the subjects with TAA have concomitant AAA. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are more common than thoracic aortic aneurysms and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms<sup>d,e</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to population-based studies using ultrasonography as their screening tool, AAA prevalence ranged from 4% to 9% in men and 1% in women<sup>6</sup>. The major risk factors for AAA include: age, male gender, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, family history of AAA, and atherosclerotic disease<sup>7,8,9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of common risk factors and pathophysiological substrates has established a strongly correlation between AAA and coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>11</sup>. Some series have reported a CAD prevalence ranging from 40% to 60% in AAA patients<sup>12,13</sup>.Hertzer et al noted that acute myocardial infarction accounted for half of the deaths (intra- and postoperative) in the surgical correction of AAA<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between AA and CAD, as well as the prevalence of and risk factors for this association.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From July 2003 to July 2005 we conducted an open, prospective, nonrandomized trial involving 95 patients (66 men and 33 women, mean age 63 &#177; 11.8). Inclusion criteria were the following: diagnosis of AA confirmed by computed tomography and coronary angiography examination, but presenting neither CAD symptoms nor known CAD. Among the excluded patients were those younger than 18 or 80 years or older, those with traumatic, dissected or ruptured aneurysms, and those who refused to participate in the study. The following risk factors were analyzed: age, gender, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and smoking.</p>
      <p>The presence of AA was defined as an aortic segment exceeding 1.5 times the expected diameter of that area. Based on angiographic visual analysis, CAD was defined as the presence of a coronary obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 30%, and was classified as mild (30% &#150; 49%), moderate (50% &#150; 69%), and severe ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%).</p>
      <p>Patients included were divided into three groups according to AA topography: 1) TAA, aneurysm located in the ascending aorta, aortic arch or descending aorta above the diaphragm; 2) TAAA, aneurysm involving most part of the descending aorta and upper portion of the abdominal aorta (Crawford I), the entire descending and abdominal aorta (Crawford II) or the lower portion of the thoracic and abdominal aorta (Crawford III), and 3) AAA, aneurysm located in the abdominal aorta). </p>
      <p>A database was created (SPSS) containing patients&#146; information from clinical data and supplementary examinations. Results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and percentages. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student&#146;s t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 95 patients studied, 26 had TAA (21 in the ascending aorta, 1 in the aortic arch and 4 in the descending aorta), 10 had one TAAA (5 Crawford I, 1 Crawford II and 4 Crawford III), and 59 had one AAA (56 infrarenal), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>AA patients age 50 or older (n = 83 patients) showed higher prevalence of CAD when compared with those younger than 50 (n = 12 patients) [58 patients (69%) <italic>vs.</italic> 2 (16.6%), p = 0.01).</p>
      <p>CAD prevalence was 63.1%, and was higher in the AAA group than in the TAA and TAAA groups [45 patients (76%) <italic>vs.</italic> 7 (70%) <italic>vs. </italic>8 (30%), p = 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>]. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Risk factors distribution is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. A comparative analysis based on AA topography revealed a greater number of smokers and dyslipidemic patients in the AAA group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>With respect to the number and importance of the coronary lesions, it was found that: 12 (20%) patients had at least one lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% and 19 (31,6%), <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Fifteen (25%) patients had single-vessel disease, 11 (18%) had two-vessel disease, and 34 (57%) had three-vessel disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the AAA group, 18 patients (40%) had at least one lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% and 22 (46%) had one lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Nine (20%) had single-vessel disease, 14 (31.1%) had two-vessel disease, and 22 (48.8%) had three-vessel disease.</p>
      <p>CAD patients were older (66.7 &#177; 8.1 <italic>vs</italic>. 61.9 &#177; 12.7, p = 0.02), dyslipidemic (51.6% <italic>vs.</italic> 28.5 %, p = 0.04), hypertensive (80% <italic>vs.</italic> 60%, p = 0.03) and smokers (75% <italic>vs.</italic> 45.7%, p = 0.06) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref> depicts two patients of this series with TAA and AAA and their respective computed tomography and coronary angiography. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0040-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When the AA etiology is related to atherosclerotic disease and its risk factors, the latter become manifestations of the vascular disease, which affects both medium and large arteries, making patients more likely to develop cerebrovascular, renal, and coronary diseases, all of which hike mortality rates.</p>
      <p>The high CAD prevalence found in this study is similar to that of other series reported in the literature, such as that of Hetzer et al, in which 1000 patients with AA underwent coronary angiography prior to surgical repair of the aneurysm, and 60% of them were found to have CAD<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our series, 75% of the CAD patients had abdominal aortic aneurysm, more precisely infrarenal aneurysm, followed by 13.3% of thoracic aortic aneurysm and 11.6% of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, suggesting a greater association between AAA and CAD. </p>
      <p>This association is determined by common etiology and pathophysiological substrates. It is known that oxygen and nutrient supply to the outer half of the aortic wall, including part of the media layer, is provided by the <italic>vasa vasorum</italic>. However, in humans, the media layer of the infrarenal aorta does not have <italic>vasa vasorum</italic> and, therefore, the inner part of the media should receive nutrients and oxygen through the blood diffusion mechanism of the aortic lumen<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis causes a thickening of the intima, which impairs the nutrient diffusion to the media layer. Thus, hypoxemia occurs, predisposing to the development of ischemic lesions in the media and eventually causing the degeneration of this layer and its elastic components. This degeneration weakens the aortic wall and makes it prone to aneurysms<sup>f</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms result from cystic medial degeneration (CMD), leading to the weakening of the aortic wall<sup>16</sup>. Cystic medial degeneration is related to age and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), known risk factors for CAD.</p>
      <p>Descending thoracic aortic aneurysms are associated with atherosclerosis and its risk factors<sup>17</sup>. Aneurysms that extend to the thoracic and abdominal aorta have etiopathogenic characteristics of both segments.</p>
      <p>In this study, AAA patients tended to be older, dyslipidemic and smokers, compared with the TAA and TAAA, thus presenting a clinical profile of higher risk of atherosclerotic disease and its manifestations.</p>
      <p>When patients with and without CAD were compared, risk factors were found to be more frequent in the coronary disease group; yet only SAH and dyslipidemia were statistically significant. A trend towards statistical significance was noted for smoking.</p>
      <p>Both the prevalence and quantity of risk factors for CAD in the population studied were high, and AAA patients showed more risk factors for CAD, as well as a higher prevalence of this disease. This might be explained by the similar etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases.</p>
      <p>The five-year survival after AAA surgical repair is around 70%, and CAD accounts for about one-third of the deaths<sup>18</sup>. Non-invasive tests, considered screening tools for myocardial ischemia, have some limitations in this population. Some authors recommend routine coronary angiography to AAA patients scheduled for elective surgery or stenting. There is a direct relationship between aortic aneurysm size and CAD severity<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The high incidence of lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> a 50% and the number of patients with two-or three-vessel disease in our population suggest that a careful preoperative evaluation is warranted regarding CAD risk in patients with aortic aneurysm, especially those with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Patients with risk factors should be considered for invasive stratification of CAD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CAD prevalence in patients with aortic aneurysm was high, especially those with abdominal aortic aneurysms. In our opinion, in patients with aneurysms involving the abdominal aorta, preinterventional coronary angiography is highly recommended.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira</p>
          <p> Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 123</p>
          <p> 04040-030 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="doliveira@hcor.com.br">doliveira@hcor.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 24, 2005; revised manuscript received January 17, 2006; accepted February 04, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
