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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">77dRwx7BWZNNmjm6YWd3qBH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dieta vegetariana e n&#237;veis de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De Biase</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Grigoletto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Francine Carrocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gianini</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>39</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar os valores de triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) entre indiv&#237;duos vegetarianos e on&#237;voros. M&#201;TODOS: Foram coletadas amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas de 76 indiv&#237;duos, de ambos os sexos, que foram separados em quatro grupos de dieta: on&#237;voro, ovolacto, lacto e vegetariano restrito (ou "vegan"). Foram dosados: CT, LDL, HDL e TG. RESULTADOS: Para as taxas de CT, LDL e TG, observa-se diferen&#231;a significante entre as amostras, sendo o maior valor nos on&#237;voros, havendo decr&#233;scimo nos vegetarianos, de acordo com o grau de restri&#231;&#227;o de produtos de origem animal, sendo a menor taxa observada nos "vegans". A m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o do CT foram de 208,09 &#177; 49,09 mg/dl no grupo de on&#237;voros, e 141,06 &#177; 30,56 mg/dl no de vegan (p &lt; 0,001). Os valores de LDL foram, para on&#237;voros e "vegans", respectivamente, 123,43 &#177; 42,67 mg/dl e 69,28 &#177; 29,53 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,001). Para o TG, esses valores foram 155,68 &#177; 119,84 mg/dl e 81,67 &#177; 81,90 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,01). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de HDL, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as amostras, mas a propor&#231;&#227;o HDL/CT foi significantemente maior nos "vegans" (p = 0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: A dieta vegetariana associou-se a menores valores de TG, CT e LDL em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dieta on&#237;vora.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dieta vegetariana</kwd>
        <kwd>colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dieta vegetariana e n&#237;veis de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Simone Grigoletto De Biase; Sabrina Francine Carrocha Fernandes; Reinaldo Jos&#233; Gianini; Jo&#227;o Luiz Garcia Duarte</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar os valores de triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) entre indiv&#237;duos vegetarianos e on&#237;voros. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram coletadas amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas de 76 indiv&#237;duos, de ambos os sexos, que foram separados em quatro grupos de dieta: on&#237;voro, ovolacto, lacto e vegetariano restrito (ou "vegan"). Foram dosados: CT, LDL, HDL e TG. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Para as taxas de CT, LDL e TG, observa-se diferen&#231;a significante entre as amostras, sendo o maior valor nos on&#237;voros, havendo decr&#233;scimo nos vegetarianos, de acordo com o grau de restri&#231;&#227;o de produtos de origem animal, sendo a menor taxa observada nos "vegans". A m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o do CT foram de 208,09 &#177; 49,09 mg/dl no grupo de on&#237;voros, e 141,06 &#177; 30,56 mg/dl no de vegan (p &lt; 0,001). Os valores de LDL foram, para on&#237;voros e "vegans", respectivamente, 123,43 &#177; 42,67 mg/dl e 69,28 &#177; 29,53 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,001). Para o TG, esses valores foram 155,68 &#177; 119,84 mg/dl e 81,67 &#177; 81,90 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,01). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de HDL, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as amostras, mas a propor&#231;&#227;o HDL/CT foi significantemente maior nos "vegans" (p = 0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A dieta vegetariana associou-se a menores valores de TG, CT e LDL em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dieta on&#237;vora.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Dieta vegetariana, colesterol, triglic&#233;rides.</p>
    <p>A literatura existente afirma ocorrer associa&#231;&#227;o entre os altos n&#237;veis de colesterol s&#233;rico e a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as arteriais, especialmente a aterosclerose, que pode levar, dentre outros problemas, ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidentes vasculares cerebrais<sup>1-6</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que o aumento do colesterol est&#225; tamb&#233;m implicado como fator de risco para o mal de Alzheimer<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O colesterol &#233; transportado no sangue por meio de lipoprote&#237;nas. Entre elas est&#227;o: a lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL), a lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), e a lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL). Diferentemente da VLDL e LDL, a HDL n&#227;o possui a apolipoprote&#237;na B-100, que &#233; reconhecida pelos tecidos, tendo, portanto, comportamento e fun&#231;&#227;o totalmente diferentes dessas outras. Ela &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo transporte reverso, que leva principalmente o colesterol dos tecidos para o f&#237;gado<sup>3</sup>, e, dessa forma, ajuda a proteger o indiv&#237;duo contra o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Assim, se a pessoa apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o elevada entre lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade e de baixa densidade, a probabilidade de desenvolver aterosclerose fica consideravelmente diminu&#237;da<sup>4</sup>. Segundo o estudo Vahit<sup>9</sup> (Veterans Affairs High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial), uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 1 mg/dl no HDL resulta em aumento de 3%-4% na incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. N&#237;veis elevados de triglic&#233;rides tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido associados &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as coronarianas por aterosclerose<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cliffton e Nestel<sup>10</sup> sugerem que o tipo de dieta teria pouca influ&#234;ncia nos n&#237;veis de colesterol s&#233;rico; eles seriam determinados, quase que exclusivamente, pela atividade metab&#243;lica, a qual seria express&#227;o da carga gen&#233;tica, e pela idade e sexo do indiv&#237;duo. H&#225;, no entanto, evid&#234;ncias de que o consumo moderado de &#225;lcool provoca um aumento na fra&#231;&#227;o HDL e estimula o transporte reverso de l&#237;pides<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pesquisas mostram tamb&#233;m que determinadas dietas, como a Mediterr&#226;nea, colaboram para um melhor perfil colesterol&#234;mico<sup>13</sup>. Da mesma forma, outros estudos conclu&#237;ram que indiv&#237;duos com dieta vegetariana t&#234;m menores n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios sang&#252;&#237;neos, principalmente LDL e triglic&#233;rides, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que comem carne<sup>14-18, 19, 20-22</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, os estudos sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico em pessoas vegetarianas ainda s&#227;o escassos. Temos conhecimento de tr&#234;s estudos: o trabalho de Mancilha-Carvalho e Crews<sup>14</sup>, que avalia os lip&#237;dios sang&#252;&#237;neos em &#237;ndios yanomamis; o estudo de Navarro e cols.<sup>15</sup>, que estuda press&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea, perfil lip&#237;dico e outros par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos entre peruanos vegetarianos, semivegetarianos e on&#237;voros; e a tese de doutorado de Navarro<sup>16</sup>, que compara achados eletroencefalogr&#225;ficos, press&#227;o arterial, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e perfil lip&#237;dico, dentre outras vari&#225;veis, em indiv&#237;duos adventistas do s&#233;timo dia de S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
    <p>H&#225; tr&#234;s tipos de dieta vegetariana: a pura, ou restrita, ou total, que n&#227;o utiliza nenhum produto de origem animal como alimento (esse tipo &#233; tamb&#233;m denominado de <italic>vegan</italic>); a lactovegetariana, que tem como produtos de origem animal somente o leite e seus derivados; e a ovolacto, que permite tamb&#233;m a ingest&#227;o de ovos<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol total (CT) e suas fra&#231;&#245;es (LDL e HDL), em indiv&#237;duos vegetarianos, comparando-os aos on&#237;voros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal. Participaram 76 indiv&#237;duos, todos volunt&#225;rios, sendo a maior parte deles residente na regi&#227;o da pesquisa. Desses, 22 eram on&#237;voros e 54 vegetarianos que foram subdivididos em tr&#234;s grupos, sendo dezenove ovolactos, dezessete lactos e dezoito vegetarianos restritos. O recrutamento de indiv&#237;duos vegetarianos foi feito em restaurantes vegetarianos, igrejas adventistas do s&#233;timo dia, seitas de religiosos Hare-Khrisna e centros esp&#237;ritas, al&#233;m de ter sido divulgada chamada por meio do Centro de Imprensa da Universidade, em r&#225;dios, TV e jornais, solicitando que poss&#237;veis participantes entrassem em contato. </p>
    <p>Todos os participantes receberam previamente uma carta de esclarecimento com explica&#231;&#245;es acerca dos procedimentos, riscos e benef&#237;cios dessa pesquisa e assinaram termo de consentimento, tendo o estudo sido iniciado ap&#243;s a sua aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foi aplicado um question&#225;rio sobre dados pessoais: nome, sexo, idade, tipo de dieta, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, peso e altura, e uso de estatinas, a todas as pessoas. Em seguida, foi realizada a coleta sang&#252;&#237;nea, ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o de jejum pelo per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de doze horas, a qual foi feita seguindo os procedimentos padr&#245;es de obten&#231;&#227;o de amostra de sangue. </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises das amostras foram feitas no Laborat&#243;rio Central do Conjunto Hospitalar (CHS) com o qual a Universidade mant&#233;m conv&#234;nio. O equipamento utilizado para a dosagem dos TG, CT e HDL foi o Dade Behring-Dimension AR e o reagente do Kit Flex Cartriabe da Dade Behring-Dimension&#174; IVD (2 &#186;C a 5 &#186;C).</p>
    <p>As medidas da concentra&#231;&#227;o de CT, TG e HDL foram obtidas por meio de m&#233;todo bioqu&#237;mico enzim&#225;tico; as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL foram calculadas a partir desses valores, utilizando-se a F&#243;rmula de Friedwald. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, para decidir sobre o emprego de ANOVA foram utilizados dois crit&#233;rios: dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o NORMAL e vari&#226;ncias entre as amostras homog&#234;neas. Caso n&#227;o preenchessem esses dois crit&#233;rios, era utilizado o Kruskal-Wallis. O teste exato de Fischer foi usado na an&#225;lise de tabagismo porque a tabela de conting&#234;ncia tinha c&#233;lula com valor esperado menor que 5, o que contra-indica a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do c<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o procedimento foi o seguinte: eram colocados no modelo inicial a vari&#225;vel desfecho (lip&#237;dio), a vari&#225;vel dieta e todos os fatores investigados, mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Retiravam-se dos modelos subseq&#252;entes os fatores com p &gt; 0,05, um por vez, e seguindo a ordem decrescente de p (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia). No modelo final, portanto, ficavam retidos o desfecho em estudo, a vari&#225;vel dieta e os fatores com p &lt; 0,05. Assim, os resultados encontrados para a regress&#227;o lip&#237;dios e dieta independem dos outros fatores.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0035-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> encontram-se os dados sobre as caracter&#237;sticas das amostras segundo os fatores investigados. Observa-se que as amostras s&#227;o semelhantes quanto a sexo, idade, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e IMC. Entretanto, existem diferen&#231;as significantes no consumo de &#225;lcool (p &lt; 0,001) com maior propor&#231;&#227;o entre os on&#237;voros (4 em 22) que entre os vegetarianos (9 em 54, sendo seis nos lactovegetarianos, tr&#234;s nos ovolactos e nenhum nos restritos) O mesmo ocorre com o uso de tabaco, mas apenas cinco indiv&#237;duos referiram esse uso, sendo quatro do grupo de on&#237;voros e um do de lactovegetariano. N&#227;o houve refer&#234;ncia ao uso de estatina em nenhum grupo. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> descrevem-se os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos lip&#237;dios das amostras segundo a dieta. Para as taxas de CT, LDL e TG, observam-se diferen&#231;as significantes entre as amostras, sendo o maior valor nos on&#237;voros e decr&#233;scimo de acordo com o grau de restri&#231;&#227;o de produtos de origem animal, com menor taxa observada nos <italic>vegans</italic>. A m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o do CT foram de 208,09 &#177; 49,09 mg/dl no grupo de on&#237;voros e 141,06 &#177; 30,56 mg/dl no de <italic>vegan</italic> (p &lt; 0,001). Os valores de LDL foram, para on&#237;voros e <italic>vegans</italic>, respectivamente, 123,43 &#177; 42,67 mg/dl e 69,28 &#177; 29,53 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,001). Para o TG, esses valores foram 155,68 &#177; 119,84 mg/dl e 81,67 &#177; 81,90 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0035-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao de HDL, observa-se que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significante entre as amostras, mas a propor&#231;&#227;o HDL/CT foi significantemente maior nos <italic>vegans</italic> (p = 0,01). </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de lip&#237;dios, fatores associados e tipo de dieta. Observa-se, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste por diferentes vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o (indicados em cada modelo), que os tr&#234;s grupos de vegetarianos apresentam taxas significantemente menor de CT, LDL e TG, e que os "vegans", al&#233;m disso, apresentam propor&#231;&#227;o significantemente maior de HDL/CT. Assim, as vari&#225;veis consumo de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica e IMC n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das, pois n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com os valores nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0035-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A literatura indica que a dieta vegetariana parece ter papel protetor vascular. Os resultados por n&#243;s obtidos foram semelhantes aos de v&#225;rios estudos, que, no entanto, n&#227;o fizeram a subdivis&#227;o por grupo de vegetarianos. </p>
    <p>Melby e cols.<sup>17</sup>, em estudo com americanos de descend&#234;ncia africana, pesquisaram o perfil lip&#237;dico de 66 vegetarianos, 56 semivegetarianos e 45 on&#237;voros, e constataram que os vegetarianos apresentaram os menores valores para CT, LDL e TG. Navarro e cols.<sup>15</sup>, em estudo com indiv&#237;duos peruanos, encontraram menor concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de CT e LDL entre os vegetarianos. O mesmo autor, em sua tese de doutorado<sup>16</sup>, realizada com pessoas adventistas de S&#227;o Paulo, novamente verificou que os indiv&#237;duos vegetarianos possu&#237;ram menores n&#237;veis de CT e LDL. </p>
    <p>J&#225; Harman e Parnell<sup>18</sup>, estudando pessoas adventistas do s&#233;timo dia na Nova Zel&#226;ndia, n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a entre o perfil lip&#237;dico de vegetarianos e on&#237;voros, mas os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos para os dois grupos mostraram-se menores do que os observados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral daquele pa&#237;s. Para os autores, a influ&#234;ncia do estilo de vida conseq&#252;ente &#224; religi&#227;o, com menores n&#237;veis de estresse, aus&#234;ncia de consumo de &#225;lcool e cafe&#237;na, bem como a proibi&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, poderia explicar os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos baixos obtidos nesses grupos. </p>
    <p>West e Haies<sup>21</sup>, estudando 233 vegetarianos pareados com 233 n&#227;o-vegetarianos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao local de resid&#234;ncia, sexo, idade, estado civil, peso, altura e ocupa&#231;&#227;o, observaram que o CT foi significantemente menor no primeiro grupo e que, no segundo, o n&#237;vel de colesterol aumentava &#224; medida que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do consumo de carne aumentava. </p>
    <p>Cooper e cols.<sup>22</sup> fizeram um estudo interessante sobre a influ&#234;ncia da dieta vegetariana sobre os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos, pois dividiram quinze indiv&#237;duos em dois grupos: um com a dieta americana habitual (em que os indiv&#237;duos deveriam comer pelo menos um assado e uma por&#231;&#227;o de carne vermelha por dia e n&#227;o poderiam ultrapassar a quantidade de um ovo por semana) e outro com dieta vegetariana. Essas pessoas seguiam uma dessas duas dietas por tr&#234;s semanas e depois havia a troca da dieta entre os grupos, que a seguiam por mais tr&#234;s semanas. Detectou-se que durante a ingesta da dieta vegetariana houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significante do CT e do LDL independentemente do grupo, e que durante o per&#237;odo vegetariano cerca de 30% a menos de calorias eram consumidas. Portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol poderia ter sido conseq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o da absten&#231;&#227;o da carne em si, mas da menor ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica. Esse estudo, por&#233;m, tem bastante import&#226;ncia j&#225; que exclui a influ&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis gen&#233;ticas e estilo de vida.</p>
    <p>Mancilha-Carvalho e Crews<sup>14</sup> fizeram um estudo com &#237;ndios yanomamis. Esses &#237;ndios possuem estilo de vida bastante diferente dos indiv&#237;duos que vivem no mundo industrializado. Sua dieta &#233; baseada numa agricultura local com ra&#237;zes, batata doce, cana-de-a&#231;&#250;car, complementada com frutas selvagens e insetos. Os yanomamis n&#227;o criam animais, e a carne que entra em sua dieta prov&#233;m da ca&#231;a, sendo relativamente rara. Possuem pouco acesso a a&#231;&#250;car processado, sal, &#225;lcool, leite e derivados e ovos. Nesse estudo, compara-se o perfil lip&#237;dico dos &#237;ndios yanomamis brasileiros com os perfis de homens americanos de estudos como o NHANES (Nathional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-1976-80) e o LRC (Lipid Research Clinics Population). Quando foram comparados os americanos do estudo NHANES com os &#237;ndios yanomamis, verificou-se que os &#237;ndios apresentaram menores taxas s&#233;ricas de CT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos americanos para ambos os sexos, e quando foram comparados os americanos do estudo LRC com os yanomamis verificou-se que esses apresentaram taxas menores de CT, LDL e HDL para os dois sexos. Um dado interessante &#233; que a coleta sang&#252;&#237;nea dos &#237;ndios yanomamis foi feita sem o conhecimento do tempo decorrido desde a &#250;ltima alimenta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a hora da colheita. </p>
    <p>Em nossa amostra, os vegetarianos restritos apresentaram taxas significantemente menores que os on&#237;voros, no que se refere a CT, LDL e TG, e propor&#231;&#227;o HDL/CT significantemente maior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo e tabagismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Para os lactovegetarianos e ovolactovegetarianos, as taxas de CT, LDL e TG s&#227;o significantemente menores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>). Dessa forma, nossos resultados sinalizam para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre baixos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e dieta vegetariana, estando em concord&#226;ncia com os autores citados acima. No entanto, discordam de Cliffton e Nestel<sup>10</sup>, que consideram o componente metab&#243;lico como fator determinante dos n&#237;veis de colesterol s&#233;rico. </p>
    <p>A partir dessas observa&#231;&#245;es pode-se especular a respeito do uso da dieta vegetariana, especialmente da <italic>vegan</italic>, como medida coadjuvante na preven&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento e mesmo no tratamento das dislipidemias. &#201; importante ressaltar, no entanto, que nosso estudo analisa apenas a dieta vegetariana com um &#250;nico foco, o dos lip&#237;dios, numa amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. H&#225;, em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa dieta, alguns contrapontos relatados; entre eles, o mais comum e mais estudado &#233; a defici&#234;ncia da cobalamina, levando a anemia megalobl&#225;stica<sup>24,25</sup>. Pode haver tamb&#233;m a defici&#234;ncia de ferro associada, mascarando o quadro da anemia megalobl&#225;stica<sup>24</sup>. Ainda, existem relatos de uma maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hiposp&#225;dia<sup>26</sup> e valores mais altos de homociste&#237;na entre pessoas vegetarianas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as on&#237;voras<sup>27</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foram descritos casos de hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito em crian&#231;as amamentadas exclusivamente com leite de m&#227;e <italic>vegan</italic> (em regi&#227;o onde nem todos os sais eram iodados)<sup>28</sup>, e neuropatia &#243;tica bilateral, diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada da vis&#227;o e outros problemas visuais em paciente <italic>vegan</italic> (houve melhora significante no quadro ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o multivitam&#237;nica)<sup>29</sup>. Levando-se em conta todos esses dados, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que a indica&#231;&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dieta vegetariana para fins preventivos e/ou terap&#234;uticos seja feita.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a dieta vegetariana associou-se a menores valores de TG, CT e LDL em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dieta on&#237;vora. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Dra. S&#237;lvia Pierre Irazusta e a Patr&#237;cia Marconi Patto Pinho o aux&#237;lio nas an&#225;lises laboratoriais; &#224;s empresas Syslab Ltda., Beckinton e Dickison (BD) e RCL Ltda. a ajuda com equipamentos; ao nutricionista George Guimar&#227;es; &#224; Dra. Noemi Grigoletto De Biase; &#224; Sra. Maria Jos&#233; Carrocha; ao Parque Ecol&#243;gico Vis&#227;o Futuro de Porangaba e a todos os volunt&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Luiz Garcia Duarte </p>
        <p> Rua Ara&#231;atuba, 64 </p>
        <p> 18060-480 &#150; Sorocaba, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jolubel@uol.com.br">jolubel@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 14/10/05; revisado recebido em 26/12/05; aceito em 28/12/05.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and triglycerides levels</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Compare levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) among vegetarians and omnivores. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 76 individuals - both males and females - separated in four different diet groups: omnivores, lacto-ovo vegetarians, lacto vegetarians, and restricted vegetarians (or vegans). Dosing was done for: TC, LDL, HDL and TG. RESULTS: Significant difference was reported for TC, LDL and TG levels among the samples. Higher levels were reported by omnivores, with decreased levels for vegetarians as animal products were restricted, with lowest levels having been reported by vegans. Mean and standard deviation for TC were 208.09 &#177; 49.09 mg/dl in the group of omnivores, and 141.06 &#177; 30.56 mg/dl in the group of vegans (p &lt; 0.001). LDL values for omnivores and vegans were respectively: 123.43 &#177; 42.67 mg/dl and 69.28 &#177; 29.53 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.001). As for TG, those values were 155.68 &#177; 119.84 mg/dl and 81.67 &#177; 81.90 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.01). As for HDL level no difference was reported between the samples, but HDL/TC ratio was significantly higher in vegans (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Vegetarian diet was associated to lower levels of TG, TC and LDL as compared to the diet of omnivores.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vegetarian diet</kwd>
        <kwd>cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>triglycerides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and triglycerides levels</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Simone Grigoletto De Biase; Sabrina Francine Carrocha Fernandes; Reinaldo Jos&#233; Gianini; Jo&#227;o Luiz Garcia Duarte</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Catholic University at S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Compare levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) among vegetarians and omnivores.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Blood samples were collected from 76 individuals &#150; both males and females &#150; separated in four different diet groups: omnivores, lacto-ovo vegetarians, lacto vegetarians, and restricted vegetarians (or vegans). Dosing was done for: TC, LDL, HDL and TG.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Significant difference was reported for TC, LDL and TG levels among the samples. Higher levels were reported by omnivores, with decreased levels for vegetarians as animal products were restricted, with lowest levels having been reported by vegans. Mean and standard deviation for TC were 208.09 &#177; 49.09 mg/dl in the group of omnivores, and 141.06 &#177; 30.56 mg/dl in the group of vegans (p &lt; 0.001). LDL values for omnivores and vegans were respectively: 123.43 &#177; 42.67 mg/dl and 69.28 &#177; 29.53 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.001). As for TG, those values were 155.68 &#177; 119.84 mg/dl and 81.67 &#177; 81.90 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.01). As for HDL level no difference was reported between the samples, but HDL/TC ratio was significantly higher in vegans (p = 0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Vegetarian diet was associated to lower levels of TG, TC and LDL as compared to the diet of omnivores.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Vegetarian diet, cholesterol, triglycerides.</p>
      <p>Literature brings evidence of the association between cholesterol high serum levels and the prevalence of arterial diseases, especially atherosclerosis, which may lead, among other problems, to myocardial infarction and cerebral vascular accidents<sup>1-6</sup>. Recent evidence has suggested that increased cholesterol levels have also been found to be a risk factor for Alzheimer disease<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cholesterol is transported in the blood by lipoproteins. Among them are: very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Differently from VLDL and LDL, HDL does not contain the apolipoprotein B-100, which is recognized by the tissues. Therefore, HDL reports fully distinctive behavior and function as compared to the others. It is responsible for reverse transportation, carrying basically the cholesterol from tissues to the liver<sup>3</sup>, and therefore helps protect individuals against atherosclerosis. Therefore, if an individual reports high ratio between high density and low density lipoproteins, the probability of developing atherosclerosis is significantly reduced<sup>4</sup>. According to the Vahit<sup>9</sup> Study (Veterans Affairs High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial), a 1 mg/dl HDL reduction results in 3%-4% increase in coronary artery disease prevalence. High levels of triglycerides have also been associated to higher prevalence of coronary diseases from atherosclerosis<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cliffton and Nestel<sup>10</sup> have suggested that the type of diet would have little influence on serum cholesterol, to be determined almost exclusively by metabolic activity, which in its turn would be the expression of individuals&#146; genetic load, age, and gender. However, there is evidence that moderate consumption of alcohol increases HDL fraction and stimulates reverse transportation of lipids<sup>11, 12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Research also shows that certain diets &#150; as the Mediterranean diet &#150; contribute for a better cholesterolemic profile<sup>13</sup>. Likewise, other studies have concluded that individuals under vegetarian diets have lower lipid blood levels, especially LDL, as well as triglycerides, as compared to individuals who eat meat <sup>14-18,19, 20-22 </sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, studies on the lipid profile of vegetarians are still rare. Three studies have been made available: the trial by Mancilha-Carvalho and Crews<sup>14</sup>, investigating blood lipids in the Yanomami; the trial by Navarro et al<sup>15</sup>, investigating blood pressure, lipid profile and other biochemical parameters among vegetarians, semi-vegetarians and omnivores in Peru; and Navarro&#146;s<sup>16</sup> doctorate dissertation comparing electroencephalographic findings, blood pressure, bone mass index (BMI) &#150; among other variables &#150; in Seventh Day Adventists in S&#227;o Paulo City. </p>
      <p>The three types of vegetarian diets are: restricted or total: with no animal product in their food (this type is also called vegan); lacto vegetarians: from animal products, only milk and by-products are included; and lacto-ovo, which also allows the inclusion of eggs<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>This paper objective was to compare the ratio between triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and their fractions (LDL and HDL) among vegetarians, to compare them with omnivores.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out. Seventy-six voluntary individuals participated. Most of them were residents in the area the research took place. From those, 22 were omnivores, and 54 were vegetarians. Vegetarians were divided into 3 groups: 19 lacto-ovo vegetarians, 17 lacto vegetarians, and 18 total vegetarians. Recruiting of vegetarians was carried out at vegetarian restaurants, at Seventh-day Adventist Churches, among Hare-Krishna members, and at spiritualistic centers. Newspapers and the University Press Center also released announcements giving possible participants instructions on how to join in. </p>
      <p>All participants were sent a letter prior to the study, with explanation on procedures, and risks and benefits involved. They all signed an informed consent, and the study was started after the approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>Participants filled out a questionnaire with the following personal information: name, gender, age, type of diet, physical exercise practice, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, weight and height, the use of statins. Blood was then collected after fasting was confirmed for at least 12 hours. Blood collection was carried out in compliance with standard procedures for blood samples. </p>
      <p>Sample analysis was carried out at the Hospital Complex Central Laboratory (Laborat&#243;rio Central do Conjunto Hospitalar-CHS) through a working agreement with the University. The dosing equipment used for TG, TC and HDL was Dade Behring-Dimension AR, and reactant for Kit Flex Cartriabe was by Dade Behring-Dimension<sup>TM</sup> IVD (2 &#186;C a 5 &#186;C).</p>
      <p>Concentration measures for TC, TG and HDL were obtained through enzyme biochemical method; LDL concentrations were calculated based on those values and following Friedwald&#146;s formula.</p>
      <p>As for statistical analysis, two criteria were used to decide on the use of ANOVA: data with NORMAL distribution and variances among homogeneous samples. Should those two criteria not be met, Kruskal-Wallis would be used. Fischer exact test was used for smoking habits analysis since the contingency table had one cell expected to be lower than 5, which contra-indicates the use of c<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>For the multivariate analysis, the procedure was the following: in the initial model the variable outcome (lipid), the variable diet, and all factors under investigation were included, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Factors as p &gt; 0.05 were removed from subsequent models &#150; one by one &#150; following p decreasing order (level of significance). Therefore, in the final model under study, the variable diet and p &lt; 0.05 factors were kept. So, results found for lipid regression and diet were not dependent on other factors. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0035-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows data on the characteristics of samples following factors under investigation. The samples are shown to be similar in regard to gender, age, physical exercise and BMI. However, there are significant differences in alcohol consumption (p &lt; 0.001), with higher level among omnivores (4 in 22) as compared to vegetarians (9 in 54, being 6 among lacto vegetarians, 3 among lacto-ovo and none among vegans). The same was shown for the use of tobacco, but only 5 individuals referred use, being 4 in the omnivore group and 1 in the lacto vegetarian group. No reference was made to the use of statins in any of the groups. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> describes samples of lipid serum level per diet. Significant difference was reported for TC, LDL and TG levels among the samples. Higher values were reported by omnivores, with decreased levels as animal products were restricted, with lowest levels having been reported by vegans. Mean and standard deviation for TC were 208.09 &#177; 49.09 mg/dl in the group of omnivores, and 141.06 &#177; 30.56 mg/dl in the group of vegans (p &lt; 0.001). LDL values for omnivores and vegans were respectively: 123.43 &#177; 42.67 mg/dl and 69.28 &#177; 29.53 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.001). For TG, those values were 155.68 &#177; 119.84 mg/dl and 81.67 &#177; 81.90 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0035-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As for HDL level no difference was reported between the samples, but HDL/TC ratio was significantly higher among vegans (p = 0.01).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows results of regression analysis between lipid serum level, associated factors, and type of diet. Even after adjustment for different confusion variables (as indicated in each model), the three groups of vegetarians reported significantly lower TC, LDL, and TG levels; vegans additionally reported significantly higher HDL/TC ratio. So, variables such as alcohol consumption, physical exercise and BMI were not included, since they were not shown to be statistically significant for data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0035-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Literature gives evidence that vegetarian diet seems to play a role in vascular protection. Results from the present study were similar to those of a number of other studies, which did not, however, investigate the subdivision among vegetarians. </p>
      <p>In a study with African Americans, Melby et al<sup>17</sup> investigated the lipid profile of 66 vegetarians, 56 semi-vegetarians and 45 omnivores. They found that vegetarians reported the lowest TC, LDL, and TG levels. In a study with individuals in Peru, Navarro et al<sup>15</sup> found the lowest TC and LDL serum concentration among vegetarians. In his doctorate dissertation the same author confirmed lowest TC and LDL levels among vegetarian Adventists in S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
      <p>Harman and Parnell<sup>18</sup>, in their turn, while investigating Seventh Day Adventists in New Zealand, did not find differences between the lipid profile of vegetarians and omnivores, although lipid levels for both groups showed to be lower than what could be observed for the population in general in that country. In the authors&#146; point of view, life style associated to religion, lower stress levels, no alcohol or caffeine consumption, as well as smoking prohibition could explain low lipid levels in those groups. </p>
      <p>While studying 233 vegetarians paired with 233 non-vegetarians and taking into account residence location, sex, age, marital status, body weight, height and occupation, West and Haies<sup>21</sup> have observed that TC was significantly lower in the first group, whereas in the second group TC level increased as meat consumption increased. </p>
      <p>In an interesting study on the influence of vegetarian diet on lipid levels, Cooper et al<sup>22</sup> divided 15 individuals into 2 groups: one group followed the regular American diet (with individuals having a weekly average of 1 egg per day, one commercial baked good per day, and at least one serving of red meat per day); the other group was made up of vegetarians. Participants complied with one of those two types of diets for three weeks. Then, the groups switched diets, and complied with it for another three weeks. It was found that vegetarian diet significantly decreased TC and LDL levels irrespective of the group, and also that in the vegetarian period calorie intake was approximately 30% lower. Therefore, cholesterol reduction could have been a result of lower calorie intake, rather than abstaining from eating meat. The study is quite relevant, though, since it excludes the influence of genetic variables and lifestyle.</p>
      <p>Mancilha-Carvalho and Crews<sup>14</sup> conducted a study with Yanomami Indians. That population has quite a different lifestyle from the individuals living in the industrialized world. Their diet is based on local agriculture, including roots, sweet potato, sugar cane, added by wild fruits and insects. The Yanomami do not raise animals, and the meat they include in their diet comes from hunting, and therefore, it is relatively rare. They have little access to processed sugar, salt, alcohol, milk and its by-products, and eggs. In the study, the lipid profile of Brazilian Yanomamis is compared to American men from studies such as the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-1976-80) and LRC (Lipid Research Clinics Population). When compared to the Americans in the NHANES study, the Yanomamis reported lower TC serum levels as compared to Americans &#150; both males and females. When compared to Americans in the LRC study, the Yanomamis were found to have lower TC, LDL, and HDL levels &#150; also both males and females. One interesting aspect is that blood collection of the Yanomamis was carried out with no data in the time span between their last meal and the time of collection. </p>
      <p>In our sample, vegans reported significantly lower levels as compared to omnivores in regard to TC, LDL, and TG, and significantly higher ratio HDL/TC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), even after age, gender and smoking habits had been adjusted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). As for lacto-ovo vegetarians and lacto-vegetarians, TC, LDL, and TG levels have been found to be significantly lower (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>). So, our results point towards the association between low lipid levels and vegetarian diet - in agreement with the authors mentioned earlier. However, they disagree with Cliffton and Nestel<sup>10</sup>, who consider the metabolic component as determining factor for serum cholesterol levels. </p>
      <p>Based on such observations, one could speculate on the use of vegetarian diet &#150; especially vegan &#150; as coadjutant action in preventing or treating dyslipidemias. Nonetheless, it is important to point out that the present study investigated vegetarian diet under one single focus - lipids &#150; in a sample from the general population. Other counterpoints have been reported, though. Among them, the most common and the most widely investigated is cobalamin deficiency, which leads to megaloblastic anemia<sup>24,25</sup>. Iron deficiency may also be associated, thus masking the megaloblastic anemia condition<sup>24</sup>. There are also reports of higher prevalence of hypospadia<sup>26</sup> and higher levels of homocysteine among vegetarians as compared to omnivores<sup>27</sup>. Additionally, congenital hypothyroidism cases have been reported in children breast fed exclusively with vegan mothers&#146; milk (in regions where not all salts are iodated)<sup>28</sup>, as well as bilateral optical neuropathy, severe sight impairment, and other visual problems in vegan patients (there has been significant improvement of the condition after multivitamin supplement administration)<sup>29</sup>. Taking all that into account, further studies are required before indicating the vegetarian diet for prevention and/or therapeutic purposes. </p>
      <p>Concluding, vegetarian diet was associated to lower levels of TG, TC and LDL as compared to the diet of omnivores. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank Dr S&#237;lvia Pierre Irazusta and Patr&#237;cia Marconi Patto Pinho for their help in laboratory analyses; the companies Syslab Ltda, Beckinton and Dickison (BD) and RCL Ltda for their help with equipment; nutritionist George Guimar&#227;es; Dr Noemi Grigoletto De Biase; Ms Maria Jos&#233; Carrocha; Ecological Park Vis&#227;o Futuro, in Porangaba, and all volunteers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Luiz Garcia Duarte</p>
          <p> Rua Ara&#231;atuba, 64</p>
          <p> 18060-480 &#150; Sorocaba, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jolubel@uol.com.br">jolubel@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received October 14, 2005; revised manuscript received December 26, 2005; accepted December 28, 2005.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
