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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vPXJbkQg9c4nmZjcgRW4CSh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do &#237;ndice de normaliza&#231;&#227;o internacional medidos em dispositivo port&#225;til (Hemochron Jr.) e por metodologia convencional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De Piano</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strunz</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Abi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>34</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados do &#205;ndice de Normaliza&#231;&#227;o Internacional (INR) obtidos pelo teste r&#225;pido com os do m&#233;todo convencional nos pacientes em terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina s&#243;dica. M&#201;TODOS: Para 383 pacientes tratados com varfarina (idade m&#233;dia: 56,5 anos; 207 mulheres), o INR foi determinado em sangue capilar pelo equipamento Hemochron Jr. e comparado com os resultados de amostras de plasma venoso analisadas pelo teste convencional realizado em equipamento Coag-A-Mate. Foram avaliados os resultados do desempenho global das amostras e dos seguintes subgrupos: INR &lt; 2,0, entre 2,0 a 3,5 e &gt; 3,5. RESULTADOS: A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de INR dos dois m&#233;todos resultou em um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) de 0,86. Entretanto, a an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias entre os resultados dos dois testes, considerando os tr&#234;s subgrupos, apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,001): 0,14 &#177; 0,21 (INR &lt; 2,0); 0,54 &#177; 0,31 (2,0 &lt; INR &lt; 3,5) e 1,64 &#177; 1,10 (INR&gt; 3,5). O c&#225;lculo do teste t-pareado de Student resultou em um p &lt; 0,001 para os tr&#234;s subgrupos analisados. CONCLUS&#195;O: A ado&#231;&#227;o do teste r&#225;pido para monitoramento da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral apresenta restri&#231;&#245;es. Esse m&#233;todo subestimou a intensidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos tr&#234;s subgrupos estudados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>testes de coagula&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do &#237;ndice de normaliza&#231;&#227;o internacional medidos em dispositivo port&#225;til (Hemochron Jr.) e por metodologia convencional</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana Pereira Almeida De Piano; C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro Strunz; Antonio de P&#225;dua Mansur; Roberto Abi Rached</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar os resultados do &#205;ndice de Normaliza&#231;&#227;o Internacional (INR) obtidos pelo teste r&#225;pido com os do m&#233;todo convencional nos pacientes em terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina s&#243;dica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Para 383 pacientes tratados com varfarina (idade m&#233;dia: 56,5 anos; 207 mulheres), o INR foi determinado em sangue capilar pelo equipamento Hemochron Jr. e comparado com os resultados de amostras de plasma venoso analisadas pelo teste convencional realizado em equipamento Coag-A-Mate. Foram avaliados os resultados do desempenho global das amostras e dos seguintes subgrupos: INR &lt; 2,0, entre 2,0 a 3,5 e &gt; 3,5. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de INR dos dois m&#233;todos resultou em um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) de 0,86. Entretanto, a an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias entre os resultados dos dois testes, considerando os tr&#234;s subgrupos, apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,001): 0,14 &#177; 0,21 (INR &lt; 2,0); 0,54 &#177; 0,31 (2,0 <underline>&lt;</underline> INR <underline>&lt;</underline> 3,5) e 1,64 &#177; 1,10 (INR&gt; 3,5). O c&#225;lculo do teste t-pareado de Student resultou em um p &lt; 0,001 para os tr&#234;s subgrupos analisados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ado&#231;&#227;o do teste r&#225;pido para monitoramento da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral apresenta restri&#231;&#245;es. Esse m&#233;todo subestimou a intensidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos tr&#234;s subgrupos estudados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Varfarina, testes de coagula&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea/m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>Antagonistas da vitamina K, utilizados na terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, t&#234;m se mostrado bastante efetivos na preven&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em circunst&#226;ncias cl&#237;nicas diversas<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns pacientes necessitam tratamento com anticoagulante oral por um longo per&#237;odo, tais como pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo venoso, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nica<sup>5</sup>, hist&#243;ria familiar de trombofilia. O anticoagulante oral mais utilizado em nosso meio &#233; a varfarina s&#243;dica. Esse medicamento tem como efeito biol&#243;gico a inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o dependentes de vitamina K (fatores II, V, VII, IX e X)<sup>1,3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A dose ideal para uma anticoagula&#231;&#227;o eficaz e segura deve ser individualizada. Os fen&#244;menos hemorr&#225;gicos s&#227;o as principais complica&#231;&#245;es dessa terapia<sup>4,5</sup>. Em raz&#227;o disso, o tratamento e a preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica exigem um controle laboratorial peri&#243;dico e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de testes padronizados<sup>1,3</sup>. Atualmente, h&#225; um consenso de que o melhor exame para controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral &#233; o &#237;ndice de normaliza&#231;&#227;o internacional (INR) do tempo de protrombina. </p>
    <p>O exame para determina&#231;&#227;o do INR pode ser realizado diariamente enquanto n&#227;o se atinge o n&#237;vel adequado de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e posteriormente a intervalos peri&#243;dicos<sup>1-3</sup>. Essa periodicidade, no entanto, ocasiona mudan&#231;as na rotina e qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Com a finalidade de facilitar o controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e diminuir o tempo de espera dos pacientes entre a coleta e obten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, foram desenvolvidos equipamentos que realizam a an&#225;lise em amostras obtidas por pun&#231;&#227;o digital e que permitem uma r&#225;pida dosagem do INR (teste r&#225;pido)<sup>6-9</sup>. Por&#233;m, se discute se os resultados obtidos por testes r&#225;pidos e convencionais s&#227;o equivalentes.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um teste r&#225;pido, Hemochron Jr., para monitoramento da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral comparando-o ao m&#233;todo convencional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Casu&#237;stica -</italic> Pacientes que compareceram ao Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas do InCor para realizar o controle de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral e que utilizavam o medicamento (varfarina s&#243;dica) h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses foram convidados a participar do protocolo. </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 383 pacientes com idades de treze a 86 anos (56,5 &#177; 13,9), sendo 54,0% do sexo feminino, e distribu&#237;dos da seguinte forma: 36%, portadores de pr&#243;tese valvar; 24%, com arritmia; 7%, ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular cerebral; 6%, com tromboembolismo venoso; 5%, de portadores de marcapasso e 22%, de outras causas.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes no momento da coleta das amostras responderam a um question&#225;rio no qual constavam: nome, registro, idade, sexo, peso, diagn&#243;stico principal, motivo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, dose semanal do anticoagulante, uso de outros medicamentos com as respectivas doses e presen&#231;a de fen&#244;menos hemorr&#225;gicos nos &#250;ltimos dez dias.</p>
    <p>Foram eliminados do estudo pacientes que apresentaram problemas na coleta de material biol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p><italic>Determina&#231;&#227;o do TP pelo m&#233;todo convencional - </italic>As amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em tubos contendo uma solu&#231;&#227;o de citrato de s&#243;dio a 3,8%. Amostras de plasma foram obtidas a partir de centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 2.500 rpm por dez minutos e ent&#227;o testadas utilizando-se o equipamento automatizado MTX Coag-A-Mate, Organon Teknika, Biomeurieux, (Marcy-L&#146;Etoile, France), e kit espec&#237;fico, contendo uma solu&#231;&#227;o de tromboplastina, extra&#237;da de c&#233;rebro de coelho, cujo ISI (&#205;ndice de Sensibilidade Internacional) era de 1,2.</p>
    <p>Um pool de plasmas normais foi ensaiado diariamente a partir de amostras coletadas de indiv&#237;duos normais. Controles de qualidade externos (internacional e nacional) foram utilizados para garantir a confiabilidade dos testes.</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com o INR obtido:</p>
    <p>&#149; INR &lt; 2,0 - pacientes insuficientemente anticoagulados.</p>
    <p>&#149; 2,0 <underline>&lt;</underline> INR <underline>&lt;</underline> 3,5 - pacientes adequadamente anticoagulados.</p>
    <p>&#149; INR&gt;3,5 - pacientes excessivamente anticoagulados.</p>
    <p>Determina&#231;&#227;o do TP pelo teste r&#225;pido - Amostras de sangue capilar foram obtidas por pun&#231;&#227;o digital e uma gota de sangue foi aplicada ao dispositivo port&#225;til Hemocron Jr. II, ITC, NJ, USA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A tromboplastina utilizada foi extra&#237;da de c&#233;rebro de coelho apresentando um ISI igual a 1,0.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O teste utiliza uma l&#226;mina que cont&#233;m tromboplastina liofilizada, estabilizadores e tamp&#245;es. Para detec&#231;&#227;o do co&#225;gulo h&#225; uma s&#233;rie de detectores &#243;pticos alinhados com o canal da l&#226;mina teste. A velocidade com que a amostra de sangue passa entre os dois detectores &#233; medida. Quando um co&#225;gulo come&#231;a a se formar, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo &#233; diminu&#237;do e o movimento fica mais lento. A detec&#231;&#227;o &#243;ptica eletr&#244;nica de um co&#225;gulo de fibrina na amostra de sangue encerra o teste automaticamente, fazendo que o temporizador do instrumento exiba o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o em segundos. Os resultados do TP, j&#225; corrigido para o valor no plasma e do INR s&#227;o exibidos alternadamente.</p>
    <p>A calibra&#231;&#227;o era feita diariamente, como tamb&#233;m o ensaio de controles internos comercializados pelo fabricante. Um curso de treinamento de opera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo foi dado aos profissionais do laborat&#243;rio que realizaram as dosagens.</p>
    <p><italic>Estat&#237;stica -</italic> Os valores de INR dos dois equipamentos foram analisados no grupo total e nos tr&#234;s subgrupos, &lt; 2,0; entre 2,0 e 3,5, e &gt; 3,5 pelo teste t-pareado de Student, por correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e pelo teste Bland-Altman, para avalia&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as entre resultados. O valor de p&lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os 383 participantes do protocolo encontravam-se distribu&#237;dos da seguinte forma: 101 (26%) pacientes com INR&lt; 2,0 (insuficientemente anticoagulados); 237 (62%) com INR entre 2,0 e 3,5 (adequadamente anticoagulados); e 45 (12%) com INR&gt; 3,5 (excessivamente anticoagulados). </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) obtido por meio da compara&#231;&#227;o do desempenho global entre os dois m&#233;todos foi de 0,86 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Quando dividimos os valores de INR nos subgrupos, os coeficientes caem para 0,65 (&lt; 2,0), 0,72 (entre 2,0 e 3,5) e 0,55 (&gt; 3,5).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Bland Altman aos valores obtidos resultou em diferen&#231;as significativas, tanto para o grupo total como para os subgrupos. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que o aumento da m&#233;dia do INR foi acompanhado por um aumento significativo das diferen&#231;as de INR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Pela an&#225;lise da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores medidos nas tr&#234;s categorias verificamos uma concord&#226;ncia de resultados entre as duas metodologias de apenas 66% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), com uma alta porcentagem de pacientes adequadamente anticoagulados pelo m&#233;todo convencional, mas que se apresentavam insuficientemente anticoagulados pelo teste r&#225;pido. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No subgrupo com INR&gt;3,5 foram ainda detectados, ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste r&#225;pido, dois resultados considerados aberrantes, por apresentarem mais do que 50% de desvio do valor real de INR: 7,2 e 9,4 pelo m&#233;todo convencional contra 3,4 e 2,4, respectivamente, pelo teste r&#225;pido.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do teste t-pareado de Student resultou em diferen&#231;as significativas entre as duas metodologias para os tr&#234;s subgrupos analisados (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A demanda de pacientes em terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral tem aumentado muito nos &#250;ltimos anos, sobrecarregando os centros que realizam seu monitoramento.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o desse fato, o uso de dispositivos de teste r&#225;pido tem sido adotado como uma forma de contornar a dificuldade de acesso dos pacientes a esses centros. O objetivo maior do uso desses testes &#233; a melhoria na qualidade de vida do paciente pela maior flexibilidade de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia e menor desconforto<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em diversos estudos realizados para valida&#231;&#227;o de diferentes dispositivos port&#225;teis os n&#237;veis de exatid&#227;o dos testes foram considerados aceit&#225;veis clinicamente<sup>6-9</sup>. Entretanto, alguns autores relatam problemas na confiabilidade dos resultados desses dispositivos, apontando para necessidade de uma melhor calibra&#231;&#227;o e o uso de controles de qualidade externos<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, avaliamos o desempenho do equipamento Hemochron Jr. diante dos resultados obtidos pelo m&#233;todo convencional. Apesar da boa correla&#231;&#227;o observada para o desempenho global dos testes (r = 0,86), a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos testes t-pareado de Student e Bland Altman (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>) resultou em diferen&#231;as significativas (p &lt; 0,001) entre as duas metodologias. </p>
    <p>Para um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes com resultados situados na faixa terap&#234;utica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), os valores obtidos pelo teste r&#225;pido foram inferiores a 2,0 (24%). Esses resultados apresentam relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, uma vez que mais varfarina seria prescrita a esses pacientes, o que poderia resultar em tend&#234;ncia de sangramento. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m na faixa referente aos pacientes excessivamente anticoagulados, observamos que os valores obtidos com o teste r&#225;pido encontram-se subestimados. Nessa faixa detectamos, ali&#225;s, dois resultados considerados aberrantes, em que pacientes com alto risco de sangramento deixariam de ser tratados se os valores adotados fossem os do teste r&#225;pido.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi executado por profissionais treinados de forma a diminuirmos os erros na fase pr&#233;-anal&#237;tica. Assim, acreditamos que as diferen&#231;as observadas n&#227;o devem ser totalmente relacionadas &#224; coleta ou mesmo &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o inadequada da amostra no dispositivo. Uma das explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis diz respeito &#224;s diferen&#231;as de matriz dos dois m&#233;todos. Tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a, nas amostras de sangue total, de prote&#237;nas plaquet&#225;rias com atividade moduladora da coagula&#231;&#227;o pode ter contribu&#237;do para os desvios observados.</p>
    <p>Os dados apresentados neste trabalho apontam para a falta de exatid&#227;o do teste r&#225;pido, impondo, dessa forma, restri&#231;&#245;es ao seu uso no monitoramento da terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro Strunz </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="labcelia@incor.usp.br">labcelia@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/10/05; revisado recebido em 15/02/06; aceito em 24/02/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison between international normalized ratio using a portable device and conventional methodology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: to compare the international normalized ratio (INR) measured by a point-of-care (POC) testing device with that measured by the conventional method in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy with warfarin sodium. METHODS: The INR of 383 warfarin-treated patients (mean age: 56.5 years; 207 female) was measured in capillary blood using the Hemochron Jr. device and compared with that of venous plasma samples determined by the conventional method performed in a Coag-A-Mate analyzer. Results were evaluated globally and for the following subgroups: INR &lt; 2.0, from 2.0 to 3.5, and &gt; 3.5. RESULTS: Using both methods, the comparison between INR values yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.86. However, mean differences in INR in both tests, considering the three subgroups, proved to be statistically significant (p &lt;0.001): 0.14 &#177; 0.21 (INR&lt; 2.0); 0.54 &#177; 0.31 (2.0 &lt; INR &lt; 3.5), and 1.64 &#177; 1.10 (INR&gt; 3.5). Paired Student&#8217;s t-test analysis revealed a p value &lt; 0.001 for the three subgroups studied. CONCLUSION: The use of point-of-care testing for monitoring oral anticoagulation has some limitations. Anticoagulation intensity was underestimated by this method in the three subgroups studied.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>blood coagulation tests</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparison between international normalized ratio using a portable device and conventional methodology</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana Pereira Almeida De Piano; C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro Strunz; Antonio de P&#225;dua Mansur; Roberto Abi Rached</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the international normalized ratio (INR) measured by a point-of-care (POC) testing device with that measured by the conventional method in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy with warfarin sodium. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The INR of 383 warfarin-treated patients (mean age: 56.5 years; 207 female) was measured in capillary blood using the Hemochron Jr. device and compared with that of venous plasma samples determined by the conventional method performed in a Coag-A-Mate analyzer. Results were evaluated globally and for the following subgroups: INR &lt; 2.0, from 2.0 to 3.5, and &gt; 3.5.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Using both methods, the comparison between INR values yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.86. However, mean differences in INR in both tests, considering the three subgroups, proved to be statistically significant (p &lt;0.001): 0.14 &#177; 0.21 (INR&lt; 2.0); 0.54 &#177; 0.31 (2.0 <underline>&lt;</underline> INR <underline>&lt;</underline> 3.5), and 1.64 &#177; 1.10 (INR&gt; 3.5). Paired Student&#146;s t-test analysis revealed a p value &lt; 0.001 for the three subgroups studied.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The use of point-of-care testing for monitoring oral anticoagulation has some limitations. Anticoagulation intensity was underestimated by this method in the three subgroups studied.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Warfarin, blood coagulation tests/methods.</p>
      <p>Vitamin K antagonists, used in oral anticoagulant therapy, have been proven highly effective in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events in a variety of clinical situations<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some patients require long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, such as those with recurrent venous thromboembolism, chronic atrial fibrillation, mechanical prosthetic valves, and family history of thrombophilia. Warfarin sodium is the oral anticoagulant most widely used nowadays. This drug acts by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, V, VII, IX e X)<sup>1,3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The optimal dosage regimen to provide effective and safe anticoagulation should be established for each patient. Bleeding is the major complication of this therapy<sup>4,5</sup>. Therefore, treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disease require periodical laboratory control and the use of standard tests<sup>1,3</sup>. It is currently agreed that the best examination for monitoring oral anticoagulation is the international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time (PT).</p>
      <p>The INR may be determined daily until an adequate level of anticoagulation is achieved, after which it may be performed at periodic intervals<sup>1-3</sup>. This periodicity, however, changes patients&#146; routine, thus affecting their quality of life.</p>
      <p>In order to facilitate anticoagulation monitoring and reduce the waiting time from blood collection to test results, devices have been developed that analyze samples obtained by fingerstick and allow rapid INR measurement (point-of-care testing)<sup>6-9</sup>. It has been debated, however, as to whether results from point-of-care testing and standard methods are equivalent.</p>
      <p>This study aims, therefore, at evaluating the effectiveness of a point-of-care testing device, Hemochron Jr., in monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy, compared with the conventional method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Case series - </italic>Patients who came to the Heart Institute Clinical Laboratory for oral anticoagulation monitoring and who had been taking warfarin sodium for at least three months were invited to participate in the study. </p>
      <p>Three hundred and eighty-three patients ranging in age from13 to 86 years (56.5&#177;13.9), 54.0% of whom were female, were selected and distributed as follows: 36%, with heart valve prosthesis; 24% with arrhythmia; 7% after an stroke episode; 6% with venous thromboembolism; 5% with a pacemaker; and 22% associated with other causes.</p>
      <p>At the time of blood sampling, all patients completed a questionnaire covering the following: name, hospital ID, age, gender, main diagnosis, reason for anticoagulation, weekly dosage of the anticoagulant drug, use of other medications and their respective dosages, and bleeding events within the last 10 days.</p>
      <p>Patients that experienced problems during sampling were eliminated from the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Conventional prothrombin time measurement - </italic>Venous blood samples were collected into tubes containing 3.8% sodium citrate solution. Plasma samples were obtained by centrifugation at 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes and tested using the Coag-A-Mate MTX II automated analyzer, Organon Teknika, Biomerieux, (Marcy-L&#146;Etoile, France), and a specific kit containing rabbit-brain thromboplastin with an ISI (International Sensitivity Index) of 1.2.</p>
      <p>A plasma pool prepared with samples collected from normal subjects was assayed daily. External quality controls (international and national) were used to assure test reliability. Results were divided into three groups, according to the INR obtained.</p>
      <p>INR &lt; 2.0: inadequately anticoagulated patients</p>
      <p>2.0 <underline>&lt;</underline> INR <underline>&lt;</underline> 3.5: adequately anticoagulated patients</p>
      <p>INR &gt; 3.5: overanticoagulated patients </p>
      <p><italic>Point-of-care prothrombin time measurement - </italic>Capillary blood samples were obtained by fingerstick, and one blood drop was dispensed into the Hemochron Jr. II portable device, ITC, NJ, USA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Rabbit-brain thromboplastin (ISI = 1.0) was used.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The device has a cuvette containing lyophilized thromboplastin, stabilizers, and buffers. Clot detection is performed by a series of optical detectors aligned with the channel of the test cuvette. The speed at which the blood sample moves between both detectors is measured. As clot formation begins, blood flow is blocked and the movement slows. The electronic optical detection of a fibrin clot in the blood sample automatically terminates the test, causing the instrument&#146;s timer to display the clotting time in seconds. PT, already corrected for plasma value, and INR results appear alternately on the display. </p>
      <p>Calibration was carried out daily, as well as internal control tests provided by same manufacturer. A training course for proper device operation was provided for all laboratory personnel that performed measurements.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>INR values for both devices were analyzed in the whole group and in the three subgroups, namely, &lt; 2.0; from 2.0 to 3.5, and &gt; 3.5, using the paired t test, the Bland-Altman test, and Pearson&#146;s correlation to evaluate result differences. A p-value &lt; 0,05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 383 study participants were distributed as follows: 101 (26%) patients with INR &lt; 2.0 (inadequately anticoagulated), 237 (62%) with INR between 2.0 and 3.5 (adequately anticoagulated) and 45 (12%) with INR &gt; 3.5 (overanticoagulated). </p>
      <p>Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient (r) obtained by comparing global performance of the two methods was 0.86 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). When INR values were divided into the subgroups, coefficients dropped to 0.65 (&lt; 2.0), 0.72 (between 2.0 and 3.5), and 0.55 (&gt; 3.5). The Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated significant differences for both the whole group and subgroups. In addition, an increase in mean INR was accompanied by a significant increase in INR differences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). Frequency distribution of values measured in the three categories showed an agreement of only 66% between both methodologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), with a high percentage of patients adequately anticoagulated by the conventional method yet inadequately anticoagulated by the POC test. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0031-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the subgroup with INR &gt; 3.5, two aberrant results, that is, showing more than 50% deviation from the true INR, were detected after the point-of-care test: 7.2 and 9.4 by the conventional method <italic>versus</italic> 3.4 and 2.4, respectively, by the point-of-care test.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis using the paired Student&#146;s t test showed significant differences between both methodologies for the three subgroups analyzed (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The number of patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy has been increasing sharply in recent years, overloading monitoring centers. Hence, point-of-care testing devices have been used as a means of surpassing this problem. These tests are primarily intended to improve the patient&#146;s quality of life, in that they provide greater flexibility, higher frequency and less discomfort<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>In a number of studies carried out to validate different portable devices, accuracy levels of POC tests were considered clinically acceptable<sup>6-9</sup>. On the other hand, some authors reported problems regarding the reliability of test results, pointing to the need of better calibration and use of external quality controls<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we evaluated the performance of the Hemochron Jr. device by comparing its results with those obtained with the standard method. In spite of the good correlation found in global performance (r = 0.86), paired Student&#146;s t-test and Bland Altman test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>) revealed significant differences (p &lt;0.001) between both methodologies. </p>
      <p>For a significant number of patients within the therapeutic range (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), POC values were lower than 2.0 (24%). These results are clinically relevant, because these patients would be prescribed higher doses of warfarin, thereby becoming prone to bleeding. In addition, overanticoagulated patients had their values underestimated by point-of-care testing. In this overanticoagulated group, two aberrant results were detected, in which patients at high risk of bleeding would be left untreated if the values taken into account were those of the point-of-care testing.</p>
      <p>This study was carried out by trained professionals, to reduce the likelihood of errors during the preanalytical phase. Thus, we believe that the differences found should not be entirely related to inadequate sample collection or even management of the sample in the device. One of the possible explanations is related to differences between the matrixes in both methods. Also, the presence of platelet proteins with modulating activities of coagulation in whole blood samples may have contributed to the deviations observed. </p>
      <p>Data presented in this study indicate lack of accuracy of point-of-care testing, thereby restricting its use for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> C&#233;lia Maria C&#225;ssaro Strunz</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="labcelia@incor.usp.br">labcelia@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 19, 2005; revised manuscript received February 15, 2006; accepted February 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
