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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8KXMk8X6b95BmbrGRQx9fNc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel tratados por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas no novo mil&#234;nio: o que os caracteriza?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G. M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Centemero</surname>
            <given-names>Marinella Patrizia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio de Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Gomes Taques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar os perfis cl&#237;nico/angiogr&#225;fico e relacionados ao procedimento de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel atendidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio e tratados por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de uma casu&#237;stica consecutiva de 1.413 pacientes, selecionados a partir de um banco de dados informatizado e revascularizados percutaneamente no tri&#234;nio 2002-2004. N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (74%) e hipercolesterolemia (65%) foram os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coronariana mais observados. Antecedentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram respectivamente observados em 28% e 24% dos casos. Os subgrupos mais comumente tratados foram o IIB (48%) e IIIB (28%). O clopidogrel foi prescrito a 51% dos pacientes, enquanto os inibidores IIb IIIa foram utilizados em 7%. Doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial na cinecoronariografia diagn&#243;stica ocorreu em 42% dos casos. Les&#245;es-alvo tipo B2 ou C foram tratadas em 64%, das quais 94% situavam-se em vasos naturais. Les&#245;es reesten&#243;ticas foram dilatadas em 5% dos pacientes. Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas utilizando os stents coronarianos, a maioria dos quais (67%) do tipo convencional. CONCLUS&#213;ES: 1) os subgrupos IIB e IIIB foram os mais comumente tratados (76%); 2) o clopidogrel foi o antitromb&#243;tico mais prescrito (51%); 3) a coronariopatia multiarterial foi observada em 42% dos casos, com predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es-alvo complexas e situadas em vasos naturais; 4) a t&#233;cnica de dilata&#231;&#227;o predominante foi o implante dos stents coronarianos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angina inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel tratados por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas no novo mil&#234;nio: o que os caracteriza?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Daniele da Silva Peixoto; Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Marinella Patrizia Centemero; &#193;urea Jacob Chaves; J&#250;lio de Paiva Maia; Alberto Gomes Taques Fonseca; Luiz Alberto Piva e Mattos; Fausto Feres; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar os perfis cl&#237;nico/angiogr&#225;fico e relacionados ao procedimento de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel atendidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio e tratados por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de uma casu&#237;stica consecutiva de 1.413 pacientes, selecionados a partir de um banco de dados informatizado e revascularizados percutaneamente no tri&#234;nio 2002-2004. N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (74%) e hipercolesterolemia (65%) foram os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coronariana mais observados. Antecedentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram respectivamente observados em 28% e 24% dos casos. Os subgrupos mais comumente tratados foram o IIB (48%) e IIIB (28%). O clopidogrel foi prescrito a 51% dos pacientes, enquanto os inibidores IIb IIIa foram utilizados em 7%. Doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial na cinecoronariografia diagn&#243;stica ocorreu em 42% dos casos. Les&#245;es-alvo tipo B2 ou C foram tratadas em 64%, das quais 94% situavam-se em vasos naturais. Les&#245;es reesten&#243;ticas foram dilatadas em 5% dos pacientes. Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas utilizando os <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, a maioria dos quais (67%) do tipo convencional. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> 1) os subgrupos IIB e IIIB foram os mais comumente tratados (76%); 2) o clopidogrel foi o antitromb&#243;tico mais prescrito (51%); 3) a coronariopatia multiarterial foi observada em 42% dos casos, com predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es-alvo complexas e situadas em vasos naturais; 4) a t&#233;cnica de dilata&#231;&#227;o predominante foi o implante dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angina inst&#225;vel, angioplastia coronariana.</p>
    <p>A angina inst&#225;vel (AI) constitui-se em uma das mais relevantes emerg&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas, em raz&#227;o de sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia acentuada e de sua expressiva morbidade e mortalidade<sup>1,2</sup>. Por exemplo, nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, a cada ano, aproximadamente 1,3 milh&#227;o de pacientes s&#227;o hospitalizados por essa afec&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>, o que demonstra a necessidade de instituir nessa popula&#231;&#227;o a melhor forma de tratamento dispon&#237;vel. </p>
    <p>Na segunda metade da d&#233;cada passada, tr&#234;s estudos randomizados comprovaram a superioridade da estrat&#233;gia invasiva, a qual implica cinecoronariografia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica precoce sempre que poss&#237;vel, sobre a conservadora<sup>4-6</sup>. Nesse contexto, as interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas (ICP) constituem-se no m&#233;todo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;entemente utilizado, o que foi possibilitado pelo desenvolvimento da farmacologia antitromb&#243;tica adjunta (heparina fracionada, inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb IIIa e clopidogrel) e pela introdu&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, que tornaram os resultados dos procedimentos mais seguros e previs&#237;veis<sup>4-6</sup>. Mais recentemente, a introdu&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos proporcionou significante redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos cl&#237;nicos tardios, pela substancial diminui&#231;&#227;o das taxas de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica e cl&#237;nica<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o visou o esclarecimento de quais s&#227;o as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas/angiogr&#225;ficas e relacionadas ao procedimento percut&#226;neo de uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de pacientes (p) submetidos a ICP na vig&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel em um hospital terci&#225;rio de grande movimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Procedeu-se a an&#225;lise retrospectiva de todos os p admitidos com esse diagn&#243;stico e tratados por meio de ICP em nosso Servi&#231;o, entre 1.1.2002 e 31.12.2004. Nesse per&#237;odo, foram tratados 1.413 p com AI, correspondendo a 25% do total de casos dilatados.</p>
    <p>Os p foram identificados a partir de um banco de dados informatizado, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos de forma consecutiva. N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o. Os diferentes subgrupos de AI foram discriminados segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Braunwald<sup>9</sup>. Informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de risco na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o foram discriminadas em raz&#227;o de n&#227;o estarem especificamente mencionadas no banco de dados.</p>
    <p>As ICP com implante das endopr&#243;teses coronarianas foram realizadas pela t&#233;cnica convencional de libera&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima, com implante direto ou pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, o que era deixado a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista intervencionista. </p>
    <p>O esquema farmacol&#243;gico adjunto consistiu de: 1) heparina n&#227;o-fracionada, na dose de 100UI/kg peso, administrada imediatamente antes do procedimento com o objetivo de atingir um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado de 250 segundos ou mais; 2) aspirina (200 mg/dia), iniciada pelo menos na v&#233;spera da interven&#231;&#227;o e mantida indefinidamente; 3) clopidogrel (dose de ataque de 300 mg, seguida por 75 mg/dia) ou ticlopidina (500 mg/dia), ambas com pr&#233;-tratamento m&#237;nimo de um dia. A dura&#231;&#227;o dessa associa&#231;&#227;o variou de trinta dias a um ano. Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb IIIa foram utilizados nas doses habituais, quando indicados.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise da angiografia coronariana pr&#233;-procedimento, eram consideradas significativas les&#245;es com di&#226;metro de estenose superior a 50%; as les&#245;es-alvo foram classificadas de acordo com a proposta da For&#231;a-Tarefa Americana<sup>10</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi avaliada globalmente pela an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#245;es - </italic>1) considerou-se sucesso prim&#225;rio a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma estenose residual inferior a 50%, na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (&#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia) na fase hospitalar; </p>
    <p>2) Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de novas ondas Q no eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e/ou por eleva&#231;&#245;es da CKMB superiores a tr&#234;s vezes o valor normal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> discrimina as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de base. Dentre os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, os mais comumente observados foram hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e hipercolesterolemia. Dentre os diab&#233;ticos, 233 (57%) eram tratados por meio de hipoglicemiantes orais e 62(15%) eram dependentes de insulina.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0026-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Braunwald (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), a maioria dos casos situou-se nos subgrupos II e IIIB.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0026-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica adjunta, o clopidogrel foi prescrito a 51% dos p e a ticlopidina a 49% dos casos, enquanto os inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb IIIa foram administrados em 7%. No grupo completo, todos foram medicados com aspirina e uma das tienopiridinas.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era preservada (FEVE &gt; 55%) na maioria dos p (856 - 61%). Quanto &#224; extens&#227;o da coronariopatia, 824 p (58%) eram uniarteriais, 370 p (26%) biarteriais e 188 p (16%) tinham os tr&#234;s vasos acometidos. As les&#245;es-alvo de maior complexidade (B2 ou C) foram as mais freq&#252;entemente tratadas (62%); evid&#234;ncias angiogr&#225;ficas de trombos intracoron&#225;rios foram observadas em 13% dos casos. Na maioria absoluta dos p foram dilatados vasos naturais (94%). Les&#245;es reesten&#243;ticas foram tratadas em 5% dos casos.</p>
    <p>Obteve-se revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa em 73% dos p. Todos os casos foram tratados por meio do implante dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos. A t&#233;cnica de implante direto das endopr&#243;teses foi empregada em 63% dos casos. <italic>Stents</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos foram utilizados em 33% dos implantes, a maioria dos quais (80%) com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus. ICP multiarterial foi realizada em 18% dos casos.</p>
    <p>Sucesso do procedimento ocorreu em 96% dos casos. As complica&#231;&#245;es maiores na fase hospitalar foram: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-ICP em 1% e &#243;bito em 0,1%. N&#227;o houve casos de cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia acentuada e a morbidade e mortalidade significativa tornaram a AI foco de uma s&#233;rie de estudos cl&#237;nicos na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, os quais conclu&#237;ram que uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva, alicer&#231;ada na indica&#231;&#227;o rotineira e precoce de cinecoronariografia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, traz benef&#237;cios consistentes aos p acometidos<sup>4-6,11,12</sup>; nessas circunst&#226;ncias, os ensaios cl&#237;nicos recentes<sup>4-6,11-13</sup> demonstraram que as ICP s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por cerca de dois ter&#231;os das revasculariza&#231;&#245;es. A despeito dessa observa&#231;&#227;o, tanto no nosso meio quanto na literatura internacional, trabalhos contempor&#226;neos que discutam esse tema de forma espec&#237;fica s&#227;o raros. Por exemplo, no ensaio cl&#237;nico PCI CURE<sup>14</sup>, uma exce&#231;&#227;o a essa regra, nenhuma das trinta refer&#234;ncias discute especificamente o assunto. Adicionalmente, devemos salientar que o pr&#243;prio estudo PCI &#150; CURE &#233;, em realidade, uma an&#225;lise de um subgrupo e n&#227;o uma investiga&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de maior porte.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo, que avaliou 1.413 casos consecutivos tratados por meio de ICP em um &#250;nico centro, demonstrou que: 1) a faixa et&#225;ria m&#233;dia dos p situou-se pouco acima dos sessenta anos; 2) alta preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, em especial hipercolesterolemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; 3) cerca de um ter&#231;o dos p apresenta antecedentes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; 4) o subgrupo III da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Braunwald, crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o isolado presente em todos os estudos contempor&#226;neos<sup>4-6,12,13</sup>, foi diagnosticado em um ter&#231;o dos casos tratados.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> compara nossos dados com os dos principais ensaios cl&#237;nicos de AI, inclusive com os de uma metan&#225;lise<sup>7</sup> recentemente publicada que envolveu 9.212 p participantes de sete estudos, dentre os quais o FRISC II, TACTICS &#150; TIMI 18 e RITA III. Idade e sexo foram observados de forma similar. No entanto, em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e dos antecedentes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica foram marcadamente superiores. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o talvez reflita a distin&#231;&#227;o entre o chamado mundo real, do qual nosso material &#233; um reflexo, e o universo mais restrito das investiga&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas, limitadas por crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o preestabelecidos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0026-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a aferida no subgrupo III da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Braunwald, presente em 37% dos casos dilatados em nosso Servi&#231;o, contrastando com os 100% observados em todos os demais estudos mencionados, ocorreu em raz&#227;o dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;rem apenas p atendidos com angina nas &#250;ltimas 24-48 horas, ao contr&#225;rio da nossa coorte, que tamb&#233;m abrangeu os casos tratados no per&#237;odo mencionado, sem distin&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos. Dessa forma, constata-se que os p dos subgrupos I e II de Braunwald, provavelmente a maioria no mundo real, foram mal avaliados na literatura internacional recente.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de aspirina com os tienoprid&#237;nicos foi prescrita a todos os pacientes, em raz&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico propriamente dito<sup>15</sup> e pelo fato de todos terem sido tratados com o implante dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos<sup>16</sup>. A conduta atual de normatizar o pr&#233;-tratamento<sup>16,17</sup>, tanto com o clopidogrel quanto com a ticlopidina, possibilitou que se utilizassem os inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb IIIa em apenas 7% dos p, com resultados cl&#237;nicos favor&#225;veis em mais de 95% dos casos; outro fato que provavelmente influenciou o baixo porcentual de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de abciximab ou tirofiban foi a constata&#231;&#227;o de que a maioria dos diagn&#243;sticos de AI indicou a classe II de Braunwald, ou seja, casos de uma urg&#234;ncia relativamente menor.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados angiogr&#225;ficos, predominaram os casos com les&#245;es-alvo de maior complexidade (B2/C), em geral com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada, o que vem ao encontro aos relatos pr&#233;vios da literatura<sup>18,19</sup>, nos quais predominam os casos com aterosclerose obstrutiva significante. Por tratarem esses tipos morfol&#243;gicos de estenose de uma forma mais eficaz, segura e previs&#237;vel que os demais instrumentos de dilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana, os <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos tornaram-se a principal op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica quando se considera a indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP<sup>7,8,10</sup>; neste estudo todos os casos foram tratados por meio dessa t&#233;cnica, n&#250;mero bem pr&#243;ximo aos 84% citados no PCI-CURE<sup>14</sup>. Os resultados obtidos na fase hospitalar, com elevada taxa de sucesso do procedimento e raras complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, ratificam essa afirma&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, tanto nos casos de AI quanto nas demais formas cl&#237;nicas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, os <italic>stents</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, utilizados em 33% dos p dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, proporcionaram uma melhora significante da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia, pela marcada redu&#231;&#227;o das revasculariza&#231;&#245;es adicionais decorrentes da reestenose coronariana<sup>20,21</sup> No entanto, recente investiga&#231;&#227;o europ&#233;ia de custo-efetividade com os <italic>stents</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos demonstrou que os casos de AI est&#227;o entre os que n&#227;o auferem benef&#237;cio significativo quando utilizados de forma rotineira<sup>22</sup>. Deve-se salientar ainda que o porcentual relativamente baixo de uso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos foi limitado em especial pelo fato do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, fonte predominante de custeio dos procedimentos efetuados em nosso hospital, n&#227;o autorizar o implante destes dispositivos.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es - </italic>1) o presente estudo avaliou uma coorte de 1.413 p tratados por meio de ICP em um hospital terci&#225;rio, na vig&#234;ncia de AI. Embora ele represente um perfil claro desses casos, as caracter&#237;sticas observadas n&#227;o necessariamente expressam o perfil cl&#237;nico/angiogr&#225;fico de todos os casos que se apresentem com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em institui&#231;&#245;es semelhantes; </p>
    <p>2) como j&#225; exposto, estudos de natureza semelhante, que proporcionariam uma compara&#231;&#227;o mais precisa, s&#227;o incomuns. Dessa forma, os dados obtidos foram comparados aos dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos normativos de maior express&#227;o, nos quais apenas uma parcela dos casos foi tratada por meio de ICP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o identificou as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas nos casos de AI avaliados: 1) pacientes do sexo masculino, com elevada preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para coronariopatia; 2) das formas cl&#237;nicas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de AI, predominaram os subgrupos IIB e IIIB da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Braunwald; 3) os tienopirid&#237;nicos foram prescritos em 100% dos casos, enquanto os inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb IIIa foram utilizados em de 7% dos p; 4) predominaram as les&#245;es-alvo de maior complexidade, situadas em vasos naturais; 5) todos os casos foram tratados por meio do implante dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, um ter&#231;o dos quais com libera&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura </p>
        <p> Rua Cayowa&#225;, 683/102 </p>
        <p> 05018-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lftanajura@uol.com.br">lftanajura@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 17/11/05; revisado recebido em 03/01/06; aceito em 04/02/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Unstable angina patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention in the new millennium: what characterizes them?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and angiographic profiles of patients with unstable angina seen at a tertiary hospital and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Study of a consecutive series of 1413 patients, selected from a computerized database, who underwent percutaneous revascularization in the three-year period of 2002-2004. There were no inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Systemic arterial hypertension (74%) and hypercholesterolemia (65%) were the classical risk factors for coronary disease most frequently observed. Coronary artery bypass grafting and history of myocardial infarction were found in 24% and 28% of the cases, respectively. The subgroups most commonly treated were the IIB (48%) and IIIB (28%). Clopidogrel was prescribed for 51% of the patients and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, for 7%. Multivessel disease evidenced by coronary angiography was detected in 42% of the cases. Type B2 or C lesions were treated in 64%, 94% of which in native vessels. Restenotic lesions were dilated in 5% of the patients. All interventions were performed using coronary stents, the majority of which (67%) were standard bare-metal stents. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Subgroups IIB and IIIB were the most frequently treated (76%); 2) Clopidogrel was the most prescribed antithrombotic agent (51%); 3) Multivessel coronary artery disease was found in 42% of the cases, most of which were complex target lesions located in native vessels; 4) Coronary stent implantation was the chief dilation technique used.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Unstable angina</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Unstable angina patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention in the new millennium: what characterizes them?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Daniele da Silva Peixoto; Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura; Amanda G. M. R.; Marinella Patrizia Centemero; &#193;urea Jacob Chaves; J&#250;lio de Paiva Maia; Alberto Gomes Taques Fonseca; Luiz Alberto Piva e Mattos; Fausto Feres; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To identify clinical and angiographic profiles of patients with unstable angina seen at a tertiary hospital and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Study of a consecutive series of 1413 patients, selected from a computerized database, who underwent percutaneous revascularization in the three-year period of 2002-2004. There were no inclusion/exclusion criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Systemic arterial hypertension (74%) and hypercholesterolemia (65%) were the classical risk factors for coronary disease most frequently observed. Coronary artery bypass grafting and history of myocardial infarction were found in 24% and 28% of the cases, respectively. The subgroups most commonly treated were the IIB (48%) and IIIB (28%). Clopidogrel was prescribed for 51% of the patients and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, for 7%. Multivessel disease evidenced by coronary angiography was detected in 42% of the cases. Type B2 or C lesions were treated in 64%, 94% of which in native vessels. Restenotic lesions were dilated in 5% of the patients. All interventions were performed using coronary stents, the majority of which (67%) were standard bare-metal stents.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> 1) Subgroups IIB and IIIB were the most frequently treated (76%); 2) Clopidogrel was the most prescribed antithrombotic agent (51%); 3) Multivessel coronary artery disease was found in 42% of the cases, most of which were complex target lesions located in native vessels; 4) Coronary stent implantation was the chief dilation technique used.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Unstable angina, coronary angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Unstable angina (UA) is one of the most important medical emergencies because of its high frequency and expressive morbidity and mortality<sup>1,2</sup>. For example, in the United States, approximately 1.3 million patients (p) are hospitalized for this condition each year<sup>3</sup>, a figure that underscores the need for providing the best available treatment for this population. </p>
      <p>In the second half of the last decade, three randomized clinical trials have proved the superiority of invasive strategy involving coronary angiography and early myocardial revascularization, whenever possible, over the conservative approach<sup>4-6</sup>. In this context, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the revascularization method most widely used. This has been made possible by the development of adjunctive antithrombotic drug therapy (fractionated heparin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel) and the advent of coronary stents, after which procedural outcomes have become safer and more predictable<sup>4-6</sup>. More recently, the introduction of drug-eluting stents has resulted in a significant drop in late clinical events, by considerably reducing angiographic and clinical restenosis rates<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>This investigation sought to identify the main angiographic/clinical features related to the percutaneous procedure in a consecutive series of patients (p) who underwent PCI in the presence of unstable angina in a very busy tertiary hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on all unstable angina patients admitted to our Service and treated by PCI between 01/01/2002 and 12/31/2004. In this period, 1413 UA patients were treated, a number corresponding to 25% of all dilated cases.</p>
      <p>Patients were selected from a computerized database, in which they were consecutively included. There were no inclusion/exclusion criteria. The different UA subgroups were classified according to Braunwald&#146;s proposal<sup>9</sup>. Information related to electrocardiographic and/or biochemical risk markers at hospital admission were not provided, because they were not specified in the database.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous coronary interventions with coronary stenting were performed using the conventional technique of optimal deployment, with direct implantation or predilation, which was left to the discretion of the interventional cardiologist. </p>
      <p>The adjunctive pharmacological regimen consisted of the following: 1) unfractionated heparin at 200 IU/kg of body weight administered immediately before the procedure in order to reach an activated clotting time (ACT) of 250 seconds or more; 2) aspirin (200 mg/day), initiated at least one day prior to the intervention and maintained indefinitely; 3) clopidogrel (loading dose of 300 mg, followed by 75 mg/day) or ticlopidine (500 mg/day), both with at least one day of pretreatment. This association was maintained by a period ranging from 30 days to one year. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used at the usual doses, when indicated.</p>
      <p>With respect to preprocedural angiographic analysis, lesions with diameter stenosis greater than 50% were considered significant; target lesions were classified according to the American Task-Force proposal<sup>10</sup>. Left ventricular function was evaluated globally by left ventricular ejection fraction analysis (LVEF).</p>
      <p><italic>Definitions -</italic> 1) residual stenosis less than 50%, in the absence of major complications (death, myocardial infarction or emergency CABG), was considered successful; 2) myocardial infarction was characterized by the presence of new-onset Q-waves on a 12-lead electrocardiogram and/or a rise in CK-MB levels higher than three times the upper limit of normal.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the primary baseline clinical characteristics. Among the classical risk factor for coronary artery disease, the most commonly observed were systemic arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Among the diabetic, 233 (57%) were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents 62 (15%) and were insulin-dependent.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0026-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>According to Braunwald&#146;s classification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), most cases fell into subgroups IIB and IIIB.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0026-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As to adjunctive clinical therapy, clopidogrel was prescribed for 51% of the patients and ticlopidine, for 49%, whereas glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were administered to 7%. All patients were medicated with aspirin and a thienopyridine.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular function was preserved (LVEF &gt; 55%) in most patients (856 - 61%). As for the extension of heart disease, 824 patients (58%) had single-vessel disease, 370 (26%) had two-vessel disease, and 188 (16%) had three-vessel disease. Target lesions of greater complexity (B2 or C) were the most frequently treated (62%); angiographic evidence of intracoronary thrombi was found in 13% of the cases. In the overwhelming majority of patients, dilation was performed in native vessels (94%). Restenotic lesions were treated in 5% of the cases.</p>
      <p>Complete revascularization was achieved in 73% of the cases. All patients received endovascular stents, 63% of whom by direct implantation. Drug-eluting stents were used in 33%, most of them (80%) were sirolimus-eluting stents. Multivessel PCI comprised 18% of the cases.</p>
      <p>Ninety-six percent of the procedures were successful. Major in-hospital complications included: post-PCI myocardial infarction in 1% and death in 0.1%. No emergency surgeries were required.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The marked frequency and significant morbidity and mortality associated with unstable angina have prompted a series of clinical trial in the last decade. These trials concluded that invasive strategy, based on routine and early indication for coronary angiography and myocardial revascularization, yields consistent benefits to patients<sup>4-6,11,12</sup>. In these circumstances, recent clinical trials<sup>4-6,11-13</sup> have demonstrated that PCI accounts for around two-thirds of the revascularizations. Despite this observation, in both Brazilian and international literature, contemporary papers addressing this subject specifically are scant. For example, in the PCI-CURE<sup>14</sup> clinical trial, an exception to this rule, none of the 30 references discusses this subject in particular. In addition, it should be emphasized that the PCI&#150;CURE study itself is, in fact, a subgroup analysis, rather than a specific larger investigation.</p>
      <p>The present study, which assessed 1413 consecutive cases treated with PCI in a single center, demonstrated the following: 1) patients&#146; mean age range was slightly over 60 years; 2) there was a high prevalence of classical risk factors for coronary disease, particularly hypercholesterolemia and systemic arterial hypertension; 3) approximately one-third of the patients had past history of myocardial revascularization; 4) subgroup III of Braunwald&#146;s classification, an isolated inclusion criterion found in all contemporary studies<sup>4-6,12,13</sup>, was diagnosed in one-third of the treated cases.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> compares our data with that of the main UA clinical trials, including a recently published meta-analysis involving 9212 participants in seven studies, among them FRISC II, TACTICS&#150;TIMI 18 and RITA III. Age and gender were observed in similar manner. However, the presence of classical risk factors for coronary disease and history of percutaneous or surgical revascularization was notably higher in our study. This observation may reflect the distinction between the so-called real world, of which our material is a reflex, and the more strict universe of scientific investigations limited by preestablished inclusion and exclusion criteria. The difference in subgroup III of the Braunwald&#146;s classification, found in 37% of the dilated cases in our Service and contrasting with the 100% reported by all aforesaid studies, is explained by the fact that these clinical trials included only anginal patients seen within the past 24 to 48 hours, unlike our cohort, which included also cases treated in the mentioned period, regardless of subgroup. It is found, therefore, that patients belonging to subgroups I and II of Braunwald&#146;s classification, probably the majority in the real-world setting, were poorly evaluated in recent international literature.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0026-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The association of aspirin and thienopyridines was prescribed for all patients not only because of their clinical condition itself<sup>15</sup>, but also because all of them had undergone coronary stenting<sup>16</sup>. The current pretreatment approach<sup>16,17</sup>, with either clopidogrel or ticlopidine, allowed glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors to be used in only 7% of the patients, with favorable clinical results in more than 95%. Another fact that may have accounted for the low use of abciximab or tirofiban was that most UA diagnoses indicated Braunwald&#146;s class II, that is to say, cases of relatively less urgency.</p>
      <p>With regard to angiographic data, more complex target lesion (B2/C) was prevalent, usually with preserved left ventricular function. This is consistent with previous literature reports<sup>18,19</sup>, in which significant obstructive atherosclerosis predominates. Because coronary stents treat these morphological types of stenosis more effectively, safely and predictably than the other dilation devices, they became the treatment of choice when PCI is considered<sup>7,8,10</sup>. In this study, all patients were treated with this technique, a figure approaching the 84% reported by the PCI-CURE study<sup>14</sup>. The high success rates and rare major complications of the in-hospital outcomes corroborate this statement. More recently, both in UA and other clinical presentations of coronary disease, drug-eluting stents, used in 33% of the patients in our investigation, yielded significant improvement in late clinical outcome, based on a marked decrease in additional revascularizations secondary to coronary restenosis<sup>20,21</sup>. Nevertheless, a recent European investigation on the cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting stents demonstrated that UA cases are among those that do not offer significant benefit when used routinely<sup>22</sup>. Of note is that the relatively small percentage of drug-eluting stents used in our study was especially due to the fact that the Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (Brazilian national health care system), the chief financial source of the procedures performed in our hospital, does not authorize the implantation of these devices.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations </italic>- This study evaluated a cohort of 1413 patients treated with PCI in a tertiary hospital in the presence of UA. Although it presents a clear profile of these cases, the characteristics observed do not necessarily express the clinical/angiographic profile of all the cases presenting non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes in this kind of institutions. As already stated, similar studies providing a more accurate comparison are scarce. Accordingly, our data were compared with those of larger normative clinical trials, in which only part of the cases were treated with PCI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This investigations identified the following characteristics in the UA cases evaluated: 1) male patients, with high prevalence of classical risk factors for coronary disease; 2) of the clinical forms of unstable angina presented, subgroups IIB and IIIB of Braunwald&#146;s classification predominated; 3) thienopyridines were administered to all patients, whereas glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 7%; 4) target lesions of greater complexity, located in native vessels, predominated; 5) all patients were treated with coronary stent implantation, one-third of whom with drug-eluting stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura</p>
          <p> Rua Cayowa&#225;, 683/102</p>
          <p> 05018-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lftanajura@uol.com.br">lftanajura@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 17, 2005; revised manuscript received January 3, 2006; accepted February 4, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
