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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MMbchNdmkPSyR53rsSFdBvk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de pacientes portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Martelo Souza da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Nilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munhoz</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Washington</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andr&#233;a</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>8</fpage>
      <lpage>16</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Relatar o perfil de terapias apropriadas (TA) e inapropriadas (TI) do cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) em portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e as complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias do procedimento. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados 155 pacientes (119 homens e 36 mulheres), idade m&#233;dia de 47 (21-88) anos, submetidos ao implante de CDI. Foram divididos em grupos I - pacientes p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) (n = 80), grupo II - cardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40% (n = 45): chag&#225;sicos (n = 18), portadores de cardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (n = 12), hipertensiva (n = 8), hipertr&#243;fica (n = 4) e valvar (n = 3); grupo III - displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (n = 13) e grupo IV- canalopatias: s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (n = 8) e arritmias ventriculares prim&#225;rias (n = 9). Os pacientes eram submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) antes do implante. RESULTADOS: No seguimento m&#233;dio de 26 meses foi observado um alto &#237;ndice (46%) de TA (terapias antitaquicardia e/ou choques) do CDI nos 4 grupos, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Os 4 grupos n&#227;o diferiram na mortalidade total (8,4%) ou arr&#237;tmica (1,3%). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre as TA do CDI e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ou arritmia ventricular indut&#237;vel, com 4% de complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias do procedimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: A alta incid&#234;ncia de TA do CDI e a baixa incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita sugerem que o CDI &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica valiosa no manejo de pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos selecionados previamente com EEF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>morte s&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>terapias apropriadas e inapropriadas</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de pacientes portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvia Martelo Souza da Fonseca; Luiz Gustavo Belo; H&#233;cio Carvalho; Nilson Ara&#250;jo; Cl&#225;udio Munhoz; Leonardo Siqueira; Washington Maciel; Eduardo Andr&#233;a; Jacob Ati&#233;</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Relatar o perfil de terapias apropriadas (TA) e inapropriadas (TI) do cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) em portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e as complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias do procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados 155 pacientes (119 homens e 36 mulheres), idade m&#233;dia de 47 (21-88) anos, submetidos ao implante de CDI. Foram divididos em grupos I &#150; pacientes p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) (n = 80), grupo II &#150; cardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40% (n = 45): chag&#225;sicos (n = 18), portadores de cardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (n = 12), hipertensiva (n = 8), hipertr&#243;fica (n = 4) e valvar (n = 3); grupo III &#150; displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (n = 13) e grupo IV&#150; canalopatias: s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (n = 8) e arritmias ventriculares prim&#225;rias (n = 9). Os pacientes eram submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) antes do implante. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No seguimento m&#233;dio de 26 meses foi observado um alto &#237;ndice (46%) de TA (terapias antitaquicardia e/ou choques) do CDI nos 4 grupos, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Os 4 grupos n&#227;o diferiram na mortalidade total (8,4%) ou arr&#237;tmica (1,3%). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre as TA do CDI e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ou arritmia ventricular indut&#237;vel, com 4% de complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias do procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A alta incid&#234;ncia de TA do CDI e a baixa incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita sugerem que o CDI &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica valiosa no manejo de pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos selecionados previamente com EEF.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> morte s&#250;bita, cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, terapias apropriadas e inapropriadas, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A morte s&#250;bita pode ser definida como morte de ocorr&#234;ncia inesperada que, geralmente, ocorre menos de uma hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas em um indiv&#237;duo sem uma condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via conhecida potencialmente fatal<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, atualmente, &#233; a maior causa de morte nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com uma incid&#234;ncia estimada em 400.000 novos casos por ano s&#243; nos Estados Unidos<sup>1-5 </sup>sendo respons&#225;vel por 50% de todas as mortes cardiovasculares em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>2,4.</sup></p>
    <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca est&#225; associada a bradiarritmias em 15% dos casos e, geralmente, representa um est&#225;gio final da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e uma forma de dissocia&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica irrevers&#237;vel. Mais comumente, a morte s&#250;bita &#233; desencadeada ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de uma taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica r&#225;pida, que degenera em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV)<sup>6</sup>. Menos freq&#252;entemente, as taquicardias ventriculares polim&#243;rficas e as fibrila&#231;&#245;es ventriculares s&#227;o diretamente respons&#225;veis por esses epis&#243;dios. As arritmias polim&#243;rficas s&#227;o os eventos desencadeadores em pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as dos canais i&#244;nicos<sup>3</sup>. As cardiopatias dilatadas e as miocardiopatias hipertr&#243;ficas ocupam o segundo lugar como etiologias de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup>. A miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica responde por 10% dos casos de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Estima-se que a mortalidade anual nesse grupo de pacientes varie de 10 a 50%, dependendo da gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Outras desordens card&#237;acas, tais como, doen&#231;as orovalvares e cong&#234;nitas, doen&#231;as infiltrativas do mioc&#225;rdio adquiridas, dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos fisiol&#243;gicos prim&#225;rios e as doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas de canais i&#244;nicos, notadamente conhecidas por seu perfil arritmog&#234;nico, respondem por um pequeno percentual de casos de morte s&#250;bita<sup>2-5,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior parte das v&#237;timas da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca n&#227;o manifesta sinais ou sintomas espec&#237;ficos que possam identific&#225;-las como indiv&#237;duos sob maior risco antes do evento potencialmente fatal<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>As estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas para a preven&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita podem ser divididas em duas categorias: preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria refere-se &#224; tentativa de evitar um primeiro evento arr&#237;tmico potencialmente fatal, como uma taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou FV. A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria tem como objetivo impedir a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos como esses em pacientes "ressuscitados" ou recuperados de um primeiro evento arr&#237;tmico potencialmente fatal<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, as estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita objetivaram a supress&#227;o de atividades ect&#243;picas ventriculares (extra-s&#237;stoles). Passaram-se muitos anos at&#233; que a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica compreendesse que a supress&#227;o dessas arritmias assintom&#225;ticas n&#227;o s&#243; era inapropriada, como tamb&#233;m perigosa<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1980 foi realizado o primeiro implante de um cardioversor-desfibrilador em um ser humano<sup>11</sup>. At&#233; 1998, mais de 50.000 cardioversores-desfibriladores foram implantados mundialmente<sup>12</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o o n&#250;mero de implantes vem crescendo em curva exponencial. Os cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) foram aprovados pelo FDA no ano de 1985. Inicialmente, sua efic&#225;cia foi testada em estudos observacionais<sup>13.</sup> Os primeiros resultados de estudos randomizados e prospectivos da efic&#225;cia dos cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis foram publicados somente no final da d&#233;cada de 90, mais de dez anos ap&#243;s a sua aprova&#231;&#227;o para uso cl&#237;nico<sup>13,14.</sup></p>
    <p>O benef&#237;cio do CDI, na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em pacientes ressuscitados de eventos arr&#237;tmicos fatais, ou seja, como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, &#233;, atualmente, inquestion&#225;vel<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Objetivos</italic> - Documentar, a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, o perfil de acionamentos apropriados e inapropriados do CDI em pacientes portadores de cardiopatias isqu&#234;micas e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micas e pacientes portadores de patologias menos freq&#252;entes sem acometimento caracter&#237;stico da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, como as arritmias ventriculares prim&#225;rias, doen&#231;a arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (DAVD) e S&#237;ndrome de Brugada. Relatar as complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias do procedimento de implante dos CDIs.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 155 pacientes (119 do sexo masculino e 36 do sexo feminino), com idade m&#233;dia de 47 (21 a 88) anos, submetidos ao implante de CDI entre 1994 e mar&#231;o de 2003, no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e na Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente, no Rio de Janeiro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes foram previamente selecionados em consultas no Ambulat&#243;rio desses hospitais. A anamnese foi dirigida para a busca de epis&#243;dios anteriores de morte s&#250;bita recuperada, arritmias ventriculares documentadas, s&#237;ncope, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, palpita&#231;&#245;es, hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina, classe funcional e outros sintomas relacionados. A hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita e/ou o &#243;bito de familiares em idade jovem eram rotineiramente questionados. Ap&#243;s hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica detalhada, foram solicitados eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de repouso e ecocardiograma bidimensional, com o objetivo principal de avaliar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e regi&#245;es de cicatriz de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, eram solicitados Holter 24h e/ou teste ergom&#233;trico. Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo II por apresentarem, no momento do implante, fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo comprometida, com FEVE &lt; 40%.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a cardiopatia estrutural e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes nos quatro grupos podem ser observadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) antes do implante com indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular sustentada (taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica sustentada ou taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica ou FV). Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do EEF eram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com possibilidade de isquemia coronariana aguda por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas anginosos ou realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco em pacientes selecionados. O EEF foi realizado nos Laborat&#243;rios de Eletrofisiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio e da Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente com equipe m&#233;dica e de enfermagem especializadas.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi realizado com ciclos de 600, 500 e 430 ms, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 3 extra-est&#237;mulos em ponta e trato de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), at&#233; a indu&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de uma arritmia ventricular sustentada, conforme publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores<sup>16-19</sup>. Considerava-se arritmia ventricular sustentada indut&#237;vel ao EEF a taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica, polim&#243;rfica ou a FV com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 30 segundos, observada durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada, em qualquer ciclo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, em ponta ou trato de sa&#237;da de VD e que poderia apresentar revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea ou ser revertida com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular r&#225;pida ou desfibrila&#231;&#227;o externa. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EEF, os pacientes permaneciam internados por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 12 horas.</p>
    <p><italic>O implante do CDI </italic>- Os sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o utilizados foram, nos primeiros dois anos, exclusivamente unicamerais e, posteriormente, de dupla-c&#226;mara. Obedecendo-se &#224; t&#233;cnica convencional do implante de marcapasso card&#237;aco endoc&#225;rdico com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radioscopia, ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via esquerda foram implantados, no caso dos marcapassos bicamerais, dois cabos-eletrodos bipolares endoc&#225;rdicos. Eram realizadas as medidas perioperat&#243;rias das fun&#231;&#245;es antibradicardia: limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o em &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo, amplitudes das ondas P e dos complexos QRS e imped&#226;ncias. Para as fun&#231;&#245;es antitaquicardia, realizava-se um choque de 1 Joule no cabo-eletrodo de cardiovers&#227;o ou desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, para verifica&#231;&#227;o da imped&#226;ncia do sistema, e induzia-se FV com o protocolo de choque sobre a onda T para determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A programa&#231;&#227;o do CDI n&#227;o foi uniforme devido ao grande n&#250;mero de pacientes analisados. De um modo geral, programou-se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 50-60 bpm para a zona de bradicardia, com tr&#234;s zonas de detec&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia (Zona 1 &#150; freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas entre 140 e 160 bpm; Zona 2 &#150; freq&#252;&#234;ncias entre 160 e 180 bpm e Zona 3 &#150; freq&#252;&#234;ncias superiores a 180 bpm). Na zona 3 era rotineiramente ativada a fun&#231;&#227;o de terapia com choque (cardiovers&#227;o ou desfibrila&#231;&#227;o). A energia dos choques foi programada conforme o limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes recebiam alta hospitalar em 24 a 48 horas, em uso das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas que j&#225; eram utilizados antes do implante. Ap&#243;s a alta os pacientes eram avaliados inicialmente com intervalos de 7, 15 dias e 30 dias. Ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s, eram avaliados os acionamentos do CDI com intervalos de tr&#234;s meses, quando era tamb&#233;m acessada a mortalidade global e arr&#237;tmica. A cada consulta ambulatorial, al&#233;m de um exame clinico detalhado, as unidades eram interrogadas quanto a (aos): a) ocorr&#234;ncia de acionamentos apropriados e inapropriados; b) limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o atriais (unidades DDD) e ventriculares; c) medidas da onda R e da onda P; d) imped&#226;ncia do choque.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados acionamentos dos desfibriladores as terapias antitaquicardia (ATP) e os choques deflagrados, evidenciados durante o interrogat&#243;rio do CDI em visitas cl&#237;nicas ambulatoriais.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student, e para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre os 3 grupos, considerando os pacientes com e sem choques, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney, sendo considerado p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. As an&#225;lises de sobrevida dos pacientes foram realizadas com base na estimativa n&#227;o-param&#233;trica de Kaplan-Meier e em modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes </italic>- Nos quatro grupos, observou-se um predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (77% dos pacientes) entre os pacientes submetidos ao implante de CDI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes dos grupos I e II apresentavam importante acometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica foi encorajado ap&#243;s o implante do CDI, com o objetivo de diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de terapias inapropriadas. Nos grupos I e II, 95% e 90% dos pacientes, respectivamente, vinham em uso de amiodarona antes no implante do CDI. No grupo III, 60% dos pacientes vinham em uso de amiodarona e 35%, de sotalol.</p>
    <p><italic>Perfil de acionamentos apropriados dos CDIs</italic> - No seguimento m&#233;dio de 26 meses foi observado um alto &#237;ndice de acionamentos apropriados (terapias antitaquicardia e/ou choques) do CDI nos quatro grupos de cardiopatias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>), sendo constatada uma m&#233;dia de 46% de acionamentos apropriados do CDI. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre a % de pacientes que apresentaram terapias apropriadas do CDI nos quatro grupos de cardiopatias.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Grupo I</italic> - Trinta e cinco dos oitenta (44%) pacientes com infarto pr&#233;vio e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular submetidos ao implante do CDI apresentaram acionamentos apropriados em algum momento do seguimento cl&#237;nico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Os pacientes com e sem acionamentos apropriados do CDI n&#227;o diferiram em idade, sexo e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). N&#227;o foi observada maior mortalidade entre pacientes com e sem acionamentos apropriados do CDI (p =0,18). A amiodarona era a medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica utilizada em 95% dos pacientes com e sem acionamentos. A manuten&#231;&#227;o da droga antiarr&#237;tmica mesmo ap&#243;s o implante do CDI teve como objetivo a tentativa de reduzir as terapias apropriadas do CDI e/ou impedir a ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro choque. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Grupo II</italic> - Observou-se que 48% dos pacientes deste grupo apresentaram algum tipo de terapia apropriada do CDI no seguimento cl&#237;nico. Quando comparadas e analisadas separadamente, as cardiopatias pertencentes ao grupo II n&#227;o diferiram substancialmente no padr&#227;o de acionamentos apropriados do CDIs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica</italic> - Foram avaliados em seguimento m&#233;dio de 39,7 meses (8-72 meses) os acionamentos de 18 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (12 do sexo feminino e seis do sexo masculino) e idade m&#233;dia de 37,3 anos (15-54 anos). Assim como observado no grupo dos pacientes p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) (grupo I), os pacientes chag&#225;sicos com e sem acionamentos n&#227;o diferiram em idade, sexo e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial e a arritmia ventricular indut&#237;vel durante o EEF, bem como o uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas antes e ap&#243;s o implante do CDI n&#227;o influenciaram o padr&#227;o de acionamentos apropriados do CDI. Apenas 1 dos 18 pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentou acionamentos inapropriados do CDI. A an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos eletrogramas intracavit&#225;rios era sugestiva de uma taquicardia supraventricular.</p>
    <p>Foram observados quatro &#243;bitos no seguimento de 1 a 2.920 dias ap&#243;s o implante. A sobrevida foi de 80% em cinco anos. Dois quartos dos &#243;bitos pertenciam ao grupo com acionamentos. Tr&#234;s &#243;bitos foram de origem card&#237;aca (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva) e um n&#227;o-card&#237;aco (pneumonia bacteriana e sepse). A curva Kaplan-Meier de probabilidade de sobrevida pode ser avaliada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>. Cinco entre os 18 (27%) pacientes chag&#225;sicos submetidos ao implante de CDI apresentaram o achado adicional ao EEF de disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Grupo III</italic><bold> -</bold><italic>Displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito (DAVD)</italic> - Foram analisados 13 pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>) com diagn&#243;stico de DAVD. O diagn&#243;stico da DAVD baseou-se em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, anatomopatol&#243;gicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia<sup>18.</sup></p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos pacientes portadores de DAVD, em seguimento m&#233;dio de 51 meses (30 a 67 meses), 8 dos 13 (62%) pacientes apresentaram acionamentos apropriados do CDI. Destes, 90% foram observados nos primeiros 12 meses ap&#243;s o implante do CDI, com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o substancial dos acionamentos ao longo dos anos. Os pacientes com e sem acionamentos apropriados do CDI n&#227;o diferiram em sexo, idade, fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tempo de seguimento, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, mortalidade global e perfil de acionamentos inapropriados do CDI. Outras arritmias observadas durante o EEF desses pacientes inclu&#237;ram arritmias atriais sustentadas, como flutter e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atriais, presentes em dois e um pacientes, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Dos 13 pacientes, quatro (31%) apresentaram acionamentos inapropriados do CDI, um paciente por taquicardia sinusal, dois por taquiarritmia supraventricular e um paciente enquanto manipulava energia el&#233;trica. N&#227;o foram observados acionamentos inapropriados por <italic>oversensing</italic> de onda T. N&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es diretas relacionadas ao implante do CDI, sem qualquer documenta&#231;&#227;o de perfura&#231;&#227;o do VD durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo ventricular. </p>
    <p><italic>Grupo IV &#150; Canalopatias - s&#237;ndrome de Brugada</italic> - Tr&#234;s dos oito pacientes (33%) com diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome de Brugada apresentaram terapias apropriadas do CDI. Tr&#234;s pacientes (37%) apresentaram acionamentos inapropriados do CDI. A an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos eletrogramas intracavit&#225;rios sugeria que esses acionamentos foram decorrentes de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia sinusal em um paciente e taquicardias supraventriculares em dois pacientes. </p>
    <p><italic>Arritmias ventriculares prim&#225;rias</italic> - Nenhum paciente com diagn&#243;stico de FV idiop&#225;tica apresentou acionamentos do CDI, enquanto todos os pacientes com taquicardia ventricular idiop&#225;tica apresentaram algum acionamento do CDI durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p><italic>Acionamentos inapropriados</italic> - Nos quatro grupos analisados, 9,7% apresentaram terapias inapropriadas do CDI em algum momento do seguimento cl&#237;nico. Quarenta e sete por cento do total de acionamentos inapropriados foram observados nos grupo III e IV. Os pacientes portadores de DAVD e s&#237;ndrome de Brugada foram os respons&#225;veis pelo maior n&#250;mero de terapias inapropriadas do CDI. Grande parte dessas terapias foi decorrente de taquiarritmias supraventriculares e ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o destas arritmias, n&#227;o mais foram documentadas terapias inapropriadas do CDI.</p>
    <p>Estatisticamente, os pacientes dos grupos III e IV apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de acionamentos inapropriados quando comparados aos outros dois grupos. Comparando-se o grupo I ao grupo III, obtivemos um valor de p de 0,02; e na an&#225;lise comparativa entre os grupos II e III, o valor de p foi de 0,035. Os grupos I e II n&#227;o diferiram entre si em termos de terapias inapropriadas do CDI<bold>.</bold></p>
    <p><italic>Mortalidade total e arr&#237;tmica</italic> - Foram observados 14 &#243;bitos (11,2% de mortalidade total) no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial dos 155 pacientes. Desses 14 &#243;bitos, oito pertenciam ao grupo I (10% dos 80 pacientes analisados), quatro ao grupo II (8,8% dos 45 pacientes analisados) e dois aos grupos III e IV (6,6% dos 30 pacientes analisados), como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>. Comparativamente, a taxa de mortalidade nos quatro grupos de cardiopatia foi semelhante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento</italic> - Foram observadas duas complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas relacionadas ao implante do CDI. Dois pacientes evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito durante o implante. Dois entre os 155 pacientes apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o tardia no s&#237;tio do implante do gerador, sendo necess&#225;rio o explante da Unidade Geradora e terapia medicamentosa com antibi&#243;ticos. Os dois pacientes apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica satisfat&#243;ria, e suas unidades foram reimplantadas ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o do processo infeccioso. Um paciente apresentou endocardite infecciosa, diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#227;o no eletrodo ventricular </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo principal descrever o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial de pacientes portadores das mais variadas cardiopatias submetidos ao implante de CDI em dois centros de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas no Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>Em teoria, aferindo-se uma maior ou menor incid&#234;ncia dos acionamentos do CDI em cada grupo de pacientes, poder-se-ia inferir o benef&#237;cio individual desta estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita no &#226;mbito da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ambulatorial. Entretanto, sabe-se que isso n&#227;o &#233; totalmente verdadeiro, pois v&#225;rios choques e ou terapias antitaquicardia podem tratar epis&#243;dios arr&#237;tmicos que se resolveriam espontaneamente e n&#227;o necessariamente evoluiriam para &#243;bito<sup>19,20.</sup></p>
    <p>Em vista da aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle em uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, a an&#225;lise de mortalidade global e arr&#237;tmica ficou prejudicada. A tentativa de correlacionar a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de acionamentos do CDI com um pior progn&#243;stico dos pacientes foi uma alternativa v&#225;lida para estimar o beneficio do CDI nas diferentes cardiopatias.</p>
    <p>Tendo como base a acertiva de que uma TA previne um &#243;bito, conclui-se que pelo menos metade dos pacientes estratificados como de alto risco pela hist&#243;ria e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nicas associados a um EEF evoluiria para &#243;bito caso n&#227;o tivesse sido submetida ao implante do CDI. </p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente foi submetido ao implante de CDI sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF pr&#233;vio com indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular sustentada (exceto em tr&#234;s casos bastante espec&#237;ficos, os quais n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na presente an&#225;lise). </p>
    <p>At&#233; a conclus&#227;o do presente estudo, trabalhos randomizados falharam em demonstrar a utilidade desses dispositivos na preven&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita no grupo de pacientes n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos. Embora n&#227;o constitu&#237;ssem a maioria dos pacientes analisados, o grupo de pacientes chag&#225;sicos proporcionou a informa&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica mais importante deste trabalho. Metade dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos submetidos ao implante do CDI e considerados nesta an&#225;lise apresentou acionamentos apropriados do CDI. Como j&#225; descrito anteriormente, esses pacientes j&#225; apresentavam maior risco arr&#237;tmico se considerarmos o grau de acometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Mesmo sob uso de amiodarona, os pacientes eram submetidos ao EEF, e, em caso de arritmia ventricular indut&#237;vel, realizava-se o implante do CDI. Os pacientes chag&#225;sicos revelaram-se um grupo de alto risco de morte s&#250;bita se nos basearmos no alto &#237;ndice de TA observado<sup>21-23.</sup></p>
    <p>Os pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica p&#243;s-infarto constitu&#237;ram o maior grupo de pacientes analisados. Cabe ressaltar que eram pacientes tamb&#233;m j&#225; estratificados pela hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>13,24 </sup>como de maior risco e que tamb&#233;m se beneficiaram, como os pacientes chag&#225;sicos, do implante do CDI. </p>
    <p>O implante de CDI como profilaxia prim&#225;ria foi realizado em pacientes que se apresentavam com s&#237;ncope inexplicada ou TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas, que totalizaram um pequeno n&#250;mero de nossa amostra. Esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram um perfil de acionamento dos CDI muito agressivo e a primeira vista, n&#227;o pareceram se beneficiar da mesma forma que os outros pacientes do implante do CDI; por&#233;m,como eles respondem por uma minoria mesmo no grupo de isqu&#234;micos, seria precipitado concluir que essa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o traz benef&#237;cio para esse grupo de pacientes, pois o contr&#225;rio foi recentemente bem documentado na literatura<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o mais agressivo de acionamentos apropriados do CDI (i.e o maior n&#250;mero de TA por paciente) foi observado no grupo de pacientes portadores de DAVD. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o confirmou a impress&#227;o cl&#237;nica de que este grupo de pacientes, ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco invasiva e n&#227;o-invasiva, n&#227;o se beneficiaria do uso isolado de medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas e que o CDI &#233; obrigat&#243;rio em pacientes selecionados<sup>7,11,13,14</sup>. Observou-se um &#237;ndice expressivo de terapias inapropriadas entre pacientes n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos sem cardiopatia estrutural. Observou-se um n&#250;mero estatisticamente maior de acionamentos inapropriados em pacientes dos Grupos III e IV, refletindo uma maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias supraventriculares nesses pacientes mais jovens e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda significativa, como evidenciado na literatura<sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os valores agudos e cr&#244;nicos da onda R n&#227;o pareceram influenciar a ocorr&#234;ncia de terapias inapropriadas.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre o papel do CDI na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade dos pacientes, observou-se um baixo &#237;ndice de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca na amostra de pacientes, 1,25% em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, 2,2% nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos e nenhum no grupo de pacientes portadores de cardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica sem acometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Na presente an&#225;lise, a etiologia card&#237;aca, notadamente a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foi a respons&#225;vel pelo maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos nos grupos I e II, como demostrado por outros autores<sup>24.</sup></p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum preditor cl&#237;nico ou eletrofisiol&#243;gico independente capaz de identificar os pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos com maior probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de uma TA do CDI, ao contr&#225;rio do observado em relatos de casos ou pequenos estudos observacionais<sup>28-31</sup>. Observou-se um baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias relacionadas ao procedimento, compar&#225;vel aos &#237;ndices observados em outros centros habilitados mundialmente<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo constitui a primeira an&#225;lise nacional do impacto do CDI na evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco de morte s&#250;bita portadores de diferentes cardiopatias de base e graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>O alto &#237;ndice de TA e a baixa documenta&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita nesta popula&#231;&#227;o submetida ao implante do validaram a estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de morte s&#250;bita empregada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Silvia Martelo Souza da Fonseca </p>
        <p> Av. Borges de Medeiros, 3193/505 </p>
        <p> 22470-001 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="smartelo@openlink.com.br">smartelo@openlink.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 03/10/05; revisado recebido em 17/03/06; aceito em 09/05/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical follow-up of patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To report appropriate (AT) and inappropriate (IT) ICD therapies in patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart disease, as well as early and late procedure-related complications. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-five patients (119 male and 36 female), mean age 47 years (21-88), who underwent ICD implantation between 1994 and March 2003 were analyzed. Patients were divided into the following groups: Group I - Post-AMI patients (n = 80); Group II - Patients with nonischemic heart disease and LV ejection fraction &lt; 40% (n = 45), Chagas disease (n = 18), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n= 12), hypertensive disease (n = 8), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 4) and valvular heart disease (n = 3); Group III - Patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (n = 13); and Group IV - Patients with channelopathies: Brugada Syndrome (n = 8) and idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (n = 9). All patients underwent electrophysiological study (EPS) with induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmia ICD implantation. RESULTS: During the 26-month mean follow up, a high rate of appropriate ICD therapies (antitachycardia pacing and/or shock) was observed (46%) in the four groups, with no statistically significant difference. The four groups did not differ in either overall (8.4%) or arrhythmic mortality (1.3%). There was no correlation between appropriate ICD therapies and initial clinical presentation or inducible ventricular arrhythmia at EPS, and a 4% incidence of early and late procedure-related complications was found. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of appropriate ICD therapy and low rate of sudden death in the patients studied suggest that ICD is a valuable strategy in the management of ischemic and nonischemic patients previously selected by means of EPS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sudden death</kwd>
        <kwd>implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</kwd>
        <kwd>appropriate and inappropriate discharges</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemic and nonischemic heart disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical follow-up of patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvia Martelo Souza da Fonseca; Luiz Gustavo Belo; H&#233;cio Carvalho; Nilson Ara&#250;jo; Cl&#225;udio Munhoz; Leonardo Siqueira; Washington Maciel; Eduardo Andr&#233;a; Jacob Ati&#233;</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To report appropriate (AT) and inappropriate (IT) ICD therapies in patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart disease, as well as early and late procedure-related complications.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and fifty-five patients (119 male and 36 female), mean age 47 years (21-88), who underwent ICD implantation between 1994 and March 2003 were analyzed. Patients were divided into the following groups: Group I - Post-AMI patients (n = 80); Group II - Patients with nonischemic heart disease and LV ejection fraction &lt; 40% (n = 45), Chagas disease (n = 18), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n= 12), hypertensive disease (n = 8), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 4) and valvular heart disease (n = 3); Group III - Patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (n = 13); and Group IV - Patients with channelopathies: Brugada Syndrome (n = 8) and idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (n = 9). All patients underwent EPS before ICD implantation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> During the 26-month mean follow up, a high rate of appropriate ICD therapies (antitachycardia pacing and/or shock) was observed (46%) in the four groups, with no statistically significant difference. The four groups did not differ in either overall (8.4%) or arrhythmic mortality (1.3%). There was no correlation between appropriate ICD therapies and initial clinical presentation or inducible ventricular arrhythmia at EPS, and a 4% incidence of early and late procedure-related complications was found.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The high incidence of appropriate ICD therapy and low rate of sudden death in the patients studied suggest that ICD is a valuable strategy in the management of ischemic and nonischemic patients previously selected by means of EPS.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Sudden death, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, appropriate and inappropriate discharges, ischemic and nonischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>Sudden death may be defined as an unexpected death that usually occurs less than one hour after the onset of symptoms in a subject without a known potentially fatal condition<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries, with an estimated incidence of 400,000 new cases per year in the United States alone<sup>1-5,7</sup>, and accounts for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths<sup>2,4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Fifteen percent of the cases are associated with bradyarrhythmias, and SCD usually represents a final stage of heart failure and a form of irreversible electromechanical dissociation. More commonly, cardiac sudden death occurs after the onset of a rapid monomorphic ventricular tachycardia that degenerates into ventricular fibrillation<sup>6</sup>. Less frequently, polymorphic ventricular tachycardias and ventricular fibrillations are directly responsible for these episodes. Generally, polymorphic arrhythmias are the triggering events in patients with ion channel diseases<sup>3</sup>. Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, in turn, are the second leading cause of sudden cardiac deaths<sup>3</sup>, while iIdiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy accounts for 10% of the cases in the adult population.</p>
      <p>Other cardiac disorders, such as congenital and valvular heart diseases, acquired infiltrative myocardial diseases, primary electrophysiological disorders, and genetic ion-channel diseases, notably known for their arrhythmogenic profile, account for a small percentage of sudden death cases<sup>2-5,7.</sup></p>
      <p>Most people who suffer sudden cardiac death do not manifest specific prodromal signs or symptoms that may identify them as being at higher risk before the potentially fatal event<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing sudden death may be divided into two categories: primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention refers to the attempt to prevent a first potentially fatal arrhythmic event, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The aim of secondary prevention is to prevent the recurrence of such events in patients with history of "resuscitated" or aborted sudden death after a first potentially fatal arrhythmic event<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>At first, strategies for preventing sudden death focused on suppressing ventricular ectopic activities (extrasystoles). It took many years for the medical practice to understand that the suppression of these asymptomatic arrhythmias was not only inappropriate but also dangerous<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was first used in humans in1980<sup>10,11</sup>. By 1998, more than 50,000 ICDs had been implanted worldwide<sup>12</sup>. Since then, this figure has been increasing on an exponential curve. These devices were approved by the FDA in 1985. Initially, its effectiveness was tested in observational studies<sup>13</sup>. Only in the 1990s, more than ten years after they had been approved for clinical use, were the first results of randomized and prospective studies about implantable cardioverter-defibrillators published<sup>13,14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ICD benefit in reducing mortality in patients resuscitated from fatal arrhythmic events, that is to say, as secondary prevention, is beyond doubt<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Objectives</italic> - To document the mid and long-term profile of appropriate and inappropriate ICD discharges in patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart diseases and those with less common diseases and no involvement of the left ventricular function, such as idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), and Brugada syndrome and to report early and late implant-related complications. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and fifty-five patients (119 male and 36 female), mean age 47 (21 to 88) underwent ICD implantation between 1994 and March 2003 at the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and at the Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente, Rio de Janeiro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients were previously selected from the outpatient clinic of these two hospitals. Anamnesis focused on previous episodes of resuscitated sudden death, documented ventricular arrhythmias, syncope, presyncope, palpitations, history of myocardial infarction or angina, functional class, and other related symptoms. Family history of sudden death and/or death of relatives at young ages was routinely questioned. After a thorough clinical history, a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram and two-dimensional echocardiogram were requested mostly to assess the left ventricular ejection fraction and scarred areas from myocardial infarction. Based on clinical history, a 24-hour Holter and/or exercise testing were requested. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were included in group II, because at the time of ICD implantation their left ventricular function was compromised, with LVEF &lt; 40%. According to the structural heart disease and the presence or not of left ventricular dysfunction, patients were divided into four groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics of patients of group 4 are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients underwent EPS before implantation with induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmia (sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation). Prior to EPS, it was mandatory that patients with suspected acute coronary ischemia be excluded through evaluation of anginal symptoms or cardiac catheterization in selected patients. The EPS was performed at the Electrophysiological Laboratories of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio and Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Vicente with specialized medical and nursing teams. </p>
      <p>The protocol for ventricular stimulation was performed at the cycle lengths of 600, 500, and 430 ms using up to three extrastimuli delivered to the right ventricular apex and outflow tract, until a sustained ventricular arrhythmia was induced or not, as described in previous studies published in the literature<sup>16,19</sup>. Inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmia at EPS was defined as monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation lasting 30 seconds or longer during the programmed ventricular stimulation, at any cycle, at the right ventricle apex or outflow tract and that reverted spontaneously or could be reverted with rapid ventricular stimulation or external defibrillation. After the EPS, patients remained in hospital for at least 12 hours.</p>
      <p><italic>ICD implantation</italic> - During the first two years, only single-chamber ICDs were used and, later on, dual-chamber ICDs. According to the standard technique for endocardial pacemaker implantation using fluoroscopy, once the left subclavian vein was punctured two bipolar endocardial leads, in the case of dual-chamber pacemaker, were implanted. Subsequently, antibradycardia functions were measured perioperatively: stimulation thresholds in the atrium and ventricle, P-wave and QRS complex amplitudes, and impedance. As for antitachycardia functions, a single one-joule shock was delivered to the cardoverter or defibrillator lead to check system impedance and VF was induced using the protocol for shock on the T-wave to determine the defibrillation threshold.</p>
      <p>ICD programming was not consistent, because of the large number of patients analyzed. Overall, stimulation frequency was programmed at 50-60 bpm for the bradycardia zone, with three tachycardia detection zones (Zone 1 &#150; heart rate between 140 and 160 bpm; Zone 2- heart rate between 160 and 180 bpm, and Zone 3 &#150; heart rate above 180 bpm). In zone 3, the shock therapy function was routinely activated (cardioversion or defibrillation). Shock energy was programmed according to the defibrillation threshold of the surgery.</p>
      <p>Postoperatively, patients stayed in hospital for 24 to 48 hours on the same antiarrhythmic drugs they were taking before implantation. After dismissal, patients were evaluated at 7, 15 and 30-day intervals. After the first month, ICD discharges were evaluated every three months, together with overall and arrhythmic mortality. At every outpatient visit, in addition to a thorough clinical examination, the following questions were raised regarding the devices: a) occurrence of appropriate and inappropriate discharges; b) atrial (DDD mode) and ventricular stimulation thresholds; c) R-wave and P-wave measurements; d) shock impedance.</p>
      <p>Antitachycardia pacing therapy (ATP) and shocks triggered were considered </p>
      <p>ICD discharge, as evidenced in the interviews during the outpatient visits.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Comparisons were made using the Student&#146;s t test for continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney for the means among the three groups (patients with and without shocks considered). P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Survival analysis was based on nonparametric Kaplan-Meir estimates and Cox regression models. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients&#146; general characteristics</italic> - In the four groups, there was a male predominance (77%) among patients undergoing ICD implantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Most patients in groups I and II had major impairment of left ventricular function. After ICD implantation, use of antiarrhythmic drugs was encouraged in order to reduce incidence of inappropriate discharges. In groups I and II, 95% and 90% of the patients, respectively, were using amiodarone before ICD implantation. In group III, 60% of the patients were using amiodarone, and 35%, sotalol.</p>
      <p><italic>Profile of appropriate ICD discharges </italic>- At a mean follow-up of 26 months, a high rate of patients experienced appropriate ICD discharges (antitachycardia pacing and/or shock therapy) in the four groups of heart disease patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), with a mean value of 46%. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of patients who had appropriate ICD discharges in the four groups. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Group I</italic> - Thirty-five of the 80 (44%) patients with previous myocardial infarction and ventricular dysfunction who underwent ICD implantation had appropriate discharges at some point during the clinical follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Patients with and without appropriate ICD discharges did not differ in age, gender, and left ventricular function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). Mortality rate was not higher among patients with and without appropriate ICD discharges (p = 0.18). Amiodarone was the antiarrhythmic drug used in 95% of the patients with and without discharges. The antiarrhythmic drug was maintained after implantation in an attempt to reduce appropriate ICD discharges and/or prevent the first shock from occurring. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Initial clinical presentation and inducible ventricular arrhythmia at the electrophysiological study did not serve as markers to identify patients who did or did not experienced appropriate ICD discharges.</p>
      <p><italic>Group II</italic> - Forty-eight percent of the patients had some kind of appropriate ICD therapy during clinical follow-up. When compared and analyzed separately, Group II heart diseases did not differ significantly in terms of appropriate ICD discharges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Chronic Chagas heart disease</italic> - During a mean follow-up of 39.7 months (8-72 months), ICD discharges of 18 patients with chronic Chagas heart disease (12 female and 6 male), mean age 37.3 (15-54 years), were evaluated. As with the post-AMI group (Group I), chagasic patients with and without ICD discharges did not differ in age, gender, and left ventricular function. Initial clinical presentation and inducible ventricular arrhythmia at EPS, as well as the use of antiarrhythmic drugs before and after implantation, did not influence the appropriate ICD discharge pattern. Only 1 of 18 of the chagasic patients had inappropriate ICD discharges. The retrospective analysis of intracavitary electrograms was suggestive of supraventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <p>There were four deaths during follow-up of from 1 to 2,920 days postimplantation. The five-year survival rate was 80%. Two-fourths of those who died belonged to the group with discharges. Three deaths were cardiac (congestive heart failure) and one was noncardiac (bacterial pneumonia and sepsis). A Kaplan-Meier curve depicting survival probability is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>. Five of 18 (27%) chagasic patients treated with ICD implantation showed the additional finding of sinus dysfunction at EPS. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Group III</italic> - <italic>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia</italic> - Thirteen ARVD patients were analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Tab. 4</xref>). The diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia was based on the clinical, pathoanatomical, and electrocardiographic criteria proposed by the European Society of Cardiology<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In a mean follow-up of 51 months (30 to 67 months), 8 of 13 the patients with arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia had appropriate ICD discharges. Of these, 90% were experienced in the first 12 months after ICD implantation, with a significant decrease in discharges over the years. Patients with and without appropriate ICD discharges did not differ in age, gender, left ventricular function, follow-up time, use of antiarrhythmic drugs, overall mortality and profile of inappropriate ICD discharges. Other arrhythmias detected during the EPS of these patients included sustained atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial flutter and fibrillation, found in two and one patient, respectively. </p>
      <p>Of the 13 patients, four (31%) had inappropriate ICD discharges, one patient for sinus tachycardia, two for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, and one patient while dealing with electricity. No inappropriate discharges due to T-wave oversensing was found.</p>
      <p>There were no complications directly related to the ICD implantation nor any record of right ventricle perforation during the ventricular lead placement. </p>
      <p><italic>Group IV</italic><bold> &#150;</bold><italic>Channelopathies - Brugada Syndrome</italic>: Three of the eight patients (33%) with Brugada syndrome had appropriate ICD therapies. Three patients (37%) had inappropriate ICD discharges. The retrospective analysis of intracavitary electrograms suggested that in one patient these discharges were secondary to sinus tachycardia episodes. In the other two they had been triggered by supraentricular tachycardias.</p>
      <p><italic>Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias</italic> - No patient with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation had ICD discharges, whereas all patients with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia had some ICD discharge during clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p><italic>Inappropriate discharges</italic> - In the four groups analyzed, 9.7% had inappropriate ICD therapies at some point of the clinical follow-up. Forty-seven percent of all inappropriate discharges were found in Groups III and IV. Patients with ARVD and Brugada syndrome accounted for the greatest number of inappropriate ICD therapies. A great part of these therapies were triggered by supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. After these arrhythmias were successfully ablated, inappropriate ICD therapies were no longer documented. </p>
      <p>Statistically, patients in groups III and IV showed higher rates of inappropriate discharges, when compared with those of the other two groups. Comparing Groups I and Group II, we had a <italic>p</italic> value of 0.02; in the comparative analysis of Groups II and III this value was 0.035.Groups I and II did not differ in terms of inappropriate ICD therapies.</p>
      <p><italic>Overall and arrhythmic mortality</italic> - There were 14 deaths (11.2% from overall mortality) in the clinical outpatient follow up of the 155 patients. Of these, eight belonged to Group I (10% of the 80 patients analyzed), four belonged to group II (8.8% of the 45 patients analyzed), and 2 belonged to Groups III and IV (6.6% of the 30 patients analyzed), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>. Comparatively, mortality rates in the four groups of heart disease were similar.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-01-0008-00002-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Procedure-related complications</italic> - Two early procedure-related complications occurred. Two patients died during implantation. Two of the 155 patients experienced late generator pocket infection, requiring pulse-generator explantation and antibiotic therapy. Both patients evolved satisfactorily and had their ICD reimplanted after the infection had resolved. One patient experienced infective endocarditis, diagnosed by the presence of vegetation on the ventricular lead. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The primary purpose of this study is to describe the outpatient clinical follow-up of patients with a wide range of heart diseases that underwent ICD implantation in two reference centers for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in Rio de Janeiro. </p>
      <p>Theoretically, evaluating a higher or lower incidence of ICD discharges in each group of patients, the individual benefit of this therapeutic strategy in preventing sudden death in the outpatient setting could be inferred. Yet, this is not entirely true, because several shocks and/or antitachycardia pacing may treat arrhythmic episodes that would resolve spontaneously and not necessarily evolve to death<sup>19,20</sup>. </p>
      <p>Given the absence of a control group using antiarrhythmic drugs, overall and arrhythmic mortality analysis was compromised. The attempt to correlate ICD discharge greater occurrence with a worse prognosis was a valid alternative to gain insight into the benefit of ICD in different heart diseases.</p>
      <p>Based on the fact that appropriate ICD therapies prevent death, one may conclude that at least half of the patients stratified as at high risk by history and clinical presentation associated with an EPS would be dead had they not undergone ICD implantation. </p>
      <p>No patient underwent ICD implantation without prior EPS with induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmia (except three very specific cases, which were not included in this analysis). </p>
      <p>Until completion of this study, randomized clinical trials failed to demonstrate the utility of these devices in preventing sudden death in the group of non-ischemid patients<sup>44</sup>. Despite not constituting the majority of patients analyzed, the group of patients with Chagas disease provided the most practical information for this study. Half of the chagasic patients who underwent ICD implantation had appropriate ICD discharges. As previously noted, these patients were already at a higher arrhythmic risk, considering their degree of ventricular function involvement. Even under amiodarone, they underwent EPS and, in case of inducible ventricular arrhythmia, ICD implantation was performed. Chagasic patients have proved to be at high risk of sudden death, considereing the high rates of appropriate therapies observed<sup>21-23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Patients with post-AMI ischemic heart disease formed the largest group of patients analyzed. It should be noted that these patients had already been stratified by clinical history and ventricular function<sup>13,24</sup> as at higher risk, and that they also benefited, like the chagasic patients, from the ICD implantation.</p>
      <p>In patients with unexplained syncope or NSVT on 24-hour Holter, that represented a small number of our sample, ICD implantation was performed as primary prophylaxis. These patients did not show a very aggressive pattern of ICD discharge and, at first, seemed not to benefit from ICD implantation to the same extent as the others, but since they were a minority even in the ischemic group, it would be premature to conclude that this strategy is not beneficial for this group of patients, since the opposite was recently well documented in the literature<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p>The most aggressive pattern of appropriate ICD discharges (that is, the highest number of appropriate therapy per patient) was found in the group of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. This information has confirmed the clinical impression that, in fact, this group of patients, after invasive and noninvasive risk stratification, would not benefit from the use of antiarrhythmic medication alone and that ICD is mandatory in selected patients<sup>7,11,13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>A significant rate of inappropriate therapies was observed in nonischemic patients without structural heart disease. The number of inappropriate discharges in patients of Groups III and IV was statistically significantly higher, reflecting a greater incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias in these younger patients without significant left ventricular dysfunction, as evidenced in the literature<sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>Apparently, the acute and chronic values of the R-wave did not influence the occurrence of inappropriate therapies.</p>
      <p>With regard to the ICD role in reducing mortality, the rate of sudden cardiac death was found to be low in the study sample: 1.25% in patients with ischemic heart disease, 2.2% in patients with Chagas disease, and 0% in the group of patients with nonischemic heart disease without involvement of the left ventricular function. In the present analysis, cardiac etiology, notably progression of heart failure, accounted for the greater number of deaths in groups I and II, as it has been reported by other authors<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>No independent clinical or electrophysiological predictor capable of identifying ischemic and nonischemic patients at higher risk of having ICD appropriate discharge was found, unlike what was observed in case reports or small observational studies <sup>28-31</sup>. There was a low rate of early and late procedure-related complications, comparable to those found in other centers throughout the world <sup>32</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first Brazilian study to analyze the impact of ICD in the outcome of patients with different underlying heart diseases and degrees of ventricular dysfunction at high risk of sudden death. The high rate of appropriate ICD therapy and low number of sudden deaths in this ICD-implanted population validate the risk stratification strategy for sudden death employed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Silvia Martelo Souza da Fonseca</p>
          <p> Av. Borges de Medeiros, 3193/505</p>
          <p> 22470-001 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="smartelo@openlink.com.br">smartelo@openlink.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received October 10, 2005; revised manuscript received March 17, 2006; accepted on May 9, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
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