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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3JsKcvnWZ4gNryvgCDr3ZxC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700623</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desafios t&#233;cnicos e complica&#231;&#245;es da dupla substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar na presen&#231;a de an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral pequenos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pettersson</surname>
            <given-names>Gosta B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gillinov</surname>
            <given-names>A. Marc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lytle</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cleveland</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cleveland Clinic</institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e247</fpage>
      <lpage>e249</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Mulher de 57 anos portadora de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica com comprometimento das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral foi submetida a uma substitui&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica. A presen&#231;a de an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral pequenos contribuiu para uma s&#233;rie de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-operat&#243;rias, como oclus&#227;o do &#243;stio coronariano esquerdo e dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular do tipo III. O sulco foi reparado com generoso enxerto aut&#243;logo peric&#225;rdico fresco de camada dupla sobreposto por uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo folheto. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a paciente desenvolveu insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria prolongada, pneumonia, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tempor&#225;ria e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. No final, ela recebeu alta sem problemas residuais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desafios t&#233;cnicos e complica&#231;&#245;es da dupla substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar na presen&#231;a de an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral pequenos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando A. Atik; Gosta B. Pettersson; A. Marc Gillinov; Bruce W. Lytle</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The Cleveland Clinic Foundation - Cleveland, Ohio, EUA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 57 anos portadora de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica com comprometimento das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral foi submetida a uma substitui&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica. A presen&#231;a de an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral pequenos contribuiu para uma s&#233;rie de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-operat&#243;rias, como oclus&#227;o do &#243;stio coronariano esquerdo e dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular do tipo III. O sulco foi reparado com generoso enxerto aut&#243;logo peric&#225;rdico fresco de camada dupla sobreposto por uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo folheto. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a paciente desenvolveu insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria prolongada, pneumonia, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tempor&#225;ria e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. No final, ela recebeu alta sem problemas residuais.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral pequenos representa um desafio t&#233;cnico em caso de necessidade de dupla substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar<sup>1</sup>. As considera&#231;&#245;es sobre sele&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese valvar abrangem o orif&#237;cio efetivo da pr&#243;tese implantada, os di&#226;metros nativos do anel e da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a superf&#237;cie corporal, e a idade e o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica do paciente. Esses s&#227;o importantes elementos que devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o para evitar o uso de uma pr&#243;tese desproporcional ao paciente e suas conhecidas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste sentido, o limitado espa&#231;o dispon&#237;vel para o implante de duas pr&#243;teses valvares esquerdas exige boa estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica e cuidadosa prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Relatamos aqui um caso em que an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral de dimens&#245;es reduzidas contribu&#237;ram para uma s&#233;rie de complica&#231;&#245;es na dupla substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 57 anos, com hist&#243;ria de febre reum&#225;tica apresentou-se com falta de ar mediante esfor&#231;o e edema perif&#233;rico. O ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio revelou valva a&#243;rtica com tr&#234;s v&#225;lvulas, com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica 3+ e estenose a&#243;rtica leve; insufici&#234;ncia mitral 3+ devido ao arqueamento da c&#250;spide anterior e estenose mitral leve (&#225;rea valvar 1,8 cm<sup>2</sup>); e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide 3+ com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita de 41 mmHg. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda estava preservada, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 60%, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 4,5 cm, e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 2,4 cm; o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo era de 3,7 cm.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia foi realizada para tratar a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica sintom&#225;tica que afetava as valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral, a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide funcional e a doen&#231;a uniarterial que comprometia a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, detectada incidentalmente na coronariografia.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina, foi institu&#237;da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea atrav&#233;s de canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta e de duas veias cavas. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita por meio de leve hipotermia sist&#234;mica e cardioplegia sang&#252;&#237;nea fria intermitente anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada. O acesso &#224; mitral foi obtido atrav&#233;s de uma incis&#227;o transeptal estendida ao teto do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a cirurgia consistiu de substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral por pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica de peric&#225;rdio bovino Carpentier-Edwards de 25 mm (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica por pr&#243;tese Carpentier-Edwards Magna de 19 mm (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), reparo da valva tric&#250;spide com um anel MC3 de 26 mm (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com enxerto de veia safena invertida para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. Tanto a valva mitral quanto a valva a&#243;rtica apresentavam aspecto reum&#225;tico, folhetos espessados e fus&#227;o das comissuras. O mecanismo de insufici&#234;ncia mitral era restri&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;spide posterior relacionada com calcifica&#231;&#227;o e fus&#227;o entre as cordas tend&#237;neas prim&#225;rias e secund&#225;rias e o m&#250;sculo papilar p&#243;stero-medial. A v&#225;lvula n&#227;o-coronariana da valva a&#243;rtica tinha uma perfura&#231;&#227;o rente &#224; comissura com a v&#225;lvula coronariana esquerda. Tendo em vista a gravidade do processo patol&#243;gico valvar, a &#250;nica estrat&#233;gia poss&#237;vel era a dupla substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
    <p>Os an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral eram pequenos e pouco male&#225;veis por causa da calcifica&#231;&#227;o anelar. Foi necess&#225;ria a remo&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides anterior e posterior com a as cordas tend&#237;neas correspondentes, seguida por desbridamento da &#225;rea calcificada, para o implante de uma biopr&#243;tese mitral de 25 mm. A reduzida base da aorta dificultou o implante de uma biopr&#243;tese de 19 mm. Ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica, a inspe&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio coronariano esquerdo revelou uma poss&#237;vel obstru&#231;&#227;o pela pr&#243;tese. Essa suspeita foi confirmada ap&#243;s o desclampeamento da aorta. Embora o cora&#231;&#227;o come&#231;asse a ejetar, o ecocardiograma intra-operat&#243;rio demonstrou claramente a exist&#234;ncia de d&#233;ficit de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar na distribui&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias interventricular anterior esquerda e circunflexa, apesar da presen&#231;a de certo fluxo para o tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Tomou-se a decis&#227;o de revascularizar ambas as art&#233;rias com dois segmentos invertidos de veia safena. O procedimento foi realizado com parada cardiopl&#233;gica e delicada retra&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, por causa da presen&#231;a da biopr&#243;tese mitral. O desmame da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea exigiu a administra&#231;&#227;o de baixa dose de inotr&#243;pico, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 20 minutos, ocorreu hemorragia maci&#231;a de origem posterior, exigindo nova institui&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia. Efetuada a parada card&#237;aca cardiopl&#233;gica, o septo interatrial foi reaberto, encontrando a dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular do tipo III, que se estendia de um ponto imediatamente lateral &#224; base do m&#250;sculo papilar &#226;ntero-lateral, em sentido obl&#237;quo para a direita, at&#233; as proximidades do anel mitral na posi&#231;&#227;o de cinco horas. A biopr&#243;tese foi retirada e a aten&#231;&#227;o foi direcionada para a ruptura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O reparo consistiu de um generoso enxerto de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo fresco de camada dupla. O enxerto foi afixado ao endoc&#225;rdio ventricular profundamente na lacera&#231;&#227;o com suturas interrompidas de polipropileno 3-0 sobre l&#226;minas de teflon e ao &#225;trio esquerdo com suturas cont&#237;nuas. Uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo folheto de 25 mm foi implantada sobre o anel reconstru&#237;do por meio de suturas atrav&#233;s do enxerto peric&#225;rdico e do anel mitral. A recupera&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica exigiu tempo prolongado de reperfus&#227;o, uso de inotr&#243;picos em doses elevadas e introdu&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. A hemorragia diminuiu, mas em virtude do desenvolvimento de coagulopatia o t&#243;rax foi mantido aberto.</p>
    <p>O t&#243;rax foi fechado no terceiro dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi removido no quarto dia e a administra&#231;&#227;o de inotr&#243;picos foi suspensa no sexto dia. A paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria prolongada e pneumonia, sendo necess&#225;ria traqueostomia. O desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda exigiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise durante alguns dias. Cerca de um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a cirurgia a paciente recebeu alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e sem apresentar problemas residuais, com a c&#226;nula de traqueostomia removida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse relato ilustra os diversos aspectos cir&#250;rgicos que podem complicar o curso operat&#243;rio de pacientes que necessitam substitui&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica mas t&#234;m an&#233;is pequenos. &#201; necess&#225;ria a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es, seguida de pronta interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As modernas pr&#243;teses valvares de alto desempenho t&#234;m an&#233;is de fixa&#231;&#227;o menores, influenciando o implante cir&#250;rgico na redu&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade da pr&#243;tese. A inser&#231;&#227;o de uma pr&#243;tese de tamanho apropriado na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral pode deformar o anel a&#243;rtico e reduzir a sua capacidade de se adaptar ao formato da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica. Quando os an&#233;is s&#227;o pequenos, o uso de biopr&#243;teses, que s&#227;o mais flex&#237;veis que as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, e a preserva&#231;&#227;o de uma quantidade maior de fibrosa intervalvar entre as duas pr&#243;teses podem facilitar a dupla substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar. Entretanto, a nossa paciente tinha um anel mitral t&#227;o pequeno que at&#233; mesmo uma pr&#243;tese de 25 mm de di&#226;metro foi implantada com dificuldade. Em seguida, houve uma s&#233;rie de complica&#231;&#245;es. A oclus&#227;o aguda do &#243;stio coronariano esquerdo foi conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de um espa&#231;o muito limitado para o implante de uma pr&#243;tese de 19 mm; o anel pequeno, combinado com a presen&#231;a de uma pr&#243;tese mitral, fez com que a parte posterior da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica se inclinasse para cima, comprometendo o &#243;stio coronariano esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Por fim, a dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular do tipo III foi multifatorial, provavelmente causada pela remo&#231;&#227;o completa do aparelho subvalvar mitral, manipula&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o durante a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tamanho excessivo da pr&#243;tese e uso de biopr&#243;tese, cuja estrutura tem uma haste na posi&#231;&#227;o de 6 horas. Essa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; perigos&#237;ssima e est&#225; associada a uma taxa de mortalidade elevada, complicada pelo tempo prolongado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A corre&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de farto enxerto peric&#225;rdico aut&#243;logo e reconstru&#231;&#227;o do sulco atrioventricular a partir do endoc&#225;rdio<sup>4</sup>. O enxerto deve ser generoso e n&#227;o exercer tens&#227;o, revestindo delicadamente o endoc&#225;rdio e a ruptura. Na substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, utilizamos uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica para evitar o contato entre a haste e o enxerto endoc&#225;rdico. Efetuamos o tamponamento da regi&#227;o posterior do mediastino durante 24 horas antes do fechamento do t&#243;rax, para sustentar e fixar o reparo. Alguns grupos preconizam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de reparo card&#237;aco ex-vivo ou auto-transplante como op&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>, um bom indicador do n&#237;vel de desespero gerado por essa complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A amplia&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is a&#243;rtico e mitral, seguida por reconstru&#231;&#227;o da fibrosa intervalvar com enxerto, evitaria esse problema<sup>6</sup>. Entretanto, essa cirurgia &#233; tecnicamente dif&#237;cil e exige exposi&#231;&#227;o perfeita, excelente conhecimento da anatomia cir&#250;rgica e considera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas relacionadas &#224; justaposi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese mitral com a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita por meio de uma abordagem transeptal estendida ou sec&#231;&#227;o da veia cava superior para estender a atriotomia at&#233; a teto atrial esquerdo. &#201; preciso tomar o cuidado de n&#227;o usar uma pr&#243;tese mitral grande com essa abordagem. Al&#233;m disso, a aproxima&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de transi&#231;&#227;o (anel da pr&#243;tese mitral, enxerto e tr&#237;gono fibroso) deve ser perfeita, para evitar escape perivalvar, hem&#243;lise e sangramento. Podem ser empregadas pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nica ou biol&#243;gica, com resultados semelhantes<sup>7</sup>. O risco cir&#250;rgico e os resultados a m&#233;dio-prazo relatados com o emprego dessa t&#233;cnica por grupos experientes s&#227;o aceit&#225;veis<sup>8</sup>. O implante anat&#244;mico de homoenxerto ou pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica sem suporte (<italic>stentless</italic>) sobre uma pr&#243;tese mitral de tamanho aceit&#225;vel constitui outra abordagem ao paciente com an&#233;is pequenos.</p>
    <p>Resumindo, a cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica em pacientes com an&#233;is pequenos exige uma abordagem cuidadosa, por vezes incluindo amplia&#231;&#227;o e reconstru&#231;&#227;o da fibrosa intervalvar para evitar o emprego de uma pr&#243;tese desproporcional ao paciente e a ocorr&#234;ncia de graves complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernando A. Atik </p>
        <p> 9500 Euclid Avenue / H35 </p>
        <p> Cleveland, Ohio, 44195 &#150; USA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="atikf@ccf.org">atikf@ccf.org</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/11/05; revisado recebido em 08/12/05; aceito em 08/12/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Technical challenges and complications of double valve replacement in the presence of small aortic and mitral annuli</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A 57 year old female with rheumatic heart disease affecting both aortic and mitral valves underwent double valve replacement. The presence of small aortic and mitral annuli contributed to a series of intraoperative complications: left coronary ostium occlusion and type III atrioventricular groove disruption. The latter was repaired with a generous fresh autologous pericardial double layer patch and implant of a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis over the patch. Postoperatively, the patient developed prolonged respiratory insufficiency and pneumonia, transient myocardial dysfunction and acute renal failure. She was eventually discharged home without residual defects.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Technical challenges and complications of double valve replacement in the presence of small aortic and mitral annuli</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando Antibas Atik; Gosta B. Pettersson; A. Marc Gillinov; Bruce W. Lytle</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Cleveland Clinic Foundation - Cleveland, Ohio, EUA</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 57 year old female with rheumatic heart disease affecting both aortic and mitral valves underwent double valve replacement. The presence of small aortic and mitral annuli contributed to a series of intraoperative complications: left coronary ostium occlusion and type III atrioventricular groove disruption. The latter was repaired with a generous fresh autologous pericardial double layer patch and implant of a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis over the patch. Postoperatively, the patient developed prolonged respiratory insufficiency and pneumonia, transient myocardial dysfunction and acute renal failure. She was eventually discharged home without residual defects.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricle, left valve replacement, valve disease.</p>
      <p>The combination of small aortic and mitral aortic annuli poses a technical challenge when double valve replacement is necessary<sup>1</sup>. Considerations about valve selection include the effective orifice of the implanted valve, sizes of the annulus and left ventricular outflow tract, body surface area, patient age and level of physical activity; these factors are important elements in avoiding patient-prosthesis mismatch and its clinical consequences<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The limited space available to implant two left-sided prostheses demands a good surgical strategy and careful attention to myocardial protection. We herein report such a case in which small aortic and mitral annuli contributed to a series of complications at double valve replacement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 57 year-old female with past medical history of rheumatic fever presented with shortness of breath on exertion. and peripheral edema. Preoperative echocardiography revealed a trileaflet aortic valve, with 3+ aortic regurgitation and mild aortic stenosis, 3+ mitral regurgitation due to doming of the anterior leaflet with mild mitral stenosis (valve area 1.8 cm<sup>2</sup>), and 3+ tricuspid regurgitation with right ventricular systolic pressure of 41 mmHg. The left ventricular function was preserved, with ejection fraction of 60%, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of 4.5 cm, left ventricular end-systolic diameter of 2.4 cm; the left atrial diameter was 3.7 cm.</p>
      <p>The operation was performed to address symptomatic rheumatic heart disease affecting the aortic and mitral valves, functional tricuspid regurgitation and single vessel coronary artery disease affecting the right coronary artery, which was detected incidentally on coronary angiogram.</p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted through aortic and double venous cannulation after heparin administration. Myocardial protection was achieved through mild systemic hypothermia and intermittent antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. The mitral valve was approached through an extended transeptal incision.</p>
      <p>The operation initially consisted of mitral valve replacement with a 25 mm Carpentier-Edwards pericardial prosthesis (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), aortic valve replacement with a 19 mm Carpentier-Edwards Magna prosthesis (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), tricuspid valve repair with a 26 mm MC3 ring (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) and coronary artery bypass grafting with reversed saphenous vein graft to right coronary artery. Both mitral and aortic valves were typically rheumatic in appearance with thickened leaflets and fusion of the commissures. The mechanism of mitral regurgitation was restriction of the posterior leaflet related to calcification and fusion between primary and secondary cords and the posteromedial papillary muscle. The noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve had a perforation close to the commissure with the left coronary cusp. Due to the severity of the valve pathology, double valve replacement was the only possible strategy.</p>
      <p>Both the mitral and aortic annuli were small and somewhat non pliable because of annular calcification. Removal of the anterior and posterior leaflets with corresponding chordae tendinae in addition to calcium debridement were necessary to allow implantion of a 25 mm size mitral bioprosthesis. The small aortic root made implantation of a 19 mm bioprosthesis challenging. After aortic valve replacement, inspection of the left coronary ostium suggested the possibility of obstruction by the prosthesis. This suspicion was confirmed after the aorta was unclamped. Although the heart began to eject, intraoperative echocardiography clearly demonstrated wall motion abnormalities in the distribution of the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, despite the presence of some flow into the left main trunk. The decision was made to revascularize both arteries with two segments of reversed saphenous vein. The procedure was performed with cardioplegic arrest, gently retracting the heart because of the presence of the mitral bioprosthesis. Weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass required low-dose inotropes, with normalization of ventricular contraction.</p>
      <p>After 20 minutes, massive bleeding arising posteriorly occurred, requiring emergent institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. The heart was arrested and the interatrial septum was reopened; a type III atrioventricular dissociation was found, extending from just lateral to the base of the anterolateral papillary muscle obliquely towards the right and approaching the mitral annulus at the 5 o'clock position. The bioprosthesis was explanted and attention turned to the left ventricular disruption. The repair consisted of a generous fresh autologous pericardial double layer patch. This was affixed to the ventricular endocaridium deep to the tear using interrupted pledgeted 3-0 polypropylene sutures and to the left atrium using running sutures. A 25 mm bileaflet mechanical prosthesis was implanted over the reconstructed annulus taking sutures throught the pericardial patch and the annulus. Myocardial recovery required extended reperfusion time, high-dose inotropes and eventually an intra-aortic balloon pump. Bleeding improved, but coagulopathy developed, requiring delayed chest closure.</p>
      <p>Postoperatively, the chest was closed on the 3<sup>rd</sup> day, the intra-aortic balloon removed on the 4<sup>th</sup> day, and inotropes discontinued on the 6<sup>th</sup> day. The patient had prolonged respiratory insufficiency and pneumonia and required tracheostomy. Transient acute renal failure required dialysis for a few days. The patient was eventually discharged home approximately 1 month after surgery with her tracheostomy removed, in good condition without residual defects.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This report illustrates several surgical aspects that may complicate the operative course of patients requiring both aortic and mitral valve replacement in the setting of small annuli. Moreover, early recognition of potential complications, followed by prompt intervention is essential when facing these complications.</p>
      <p>Modern high-performance prosthetic valves have in common reduced sewing rings that impact surgical implantation by reducing the flexibility of the valve. Insertion of a properly sized prosthesis in the mitral position deforms the aortic annulus and reduces its abilty to conform to the shape of the aortic prosthesis. When the annuli are small, use of bioprostheses, which are more flexible than mechanical valves, and preservation of more intervalvar fibrosa between the two prostheses may facilitate double valve replacement. However, our patient had such a small mitral annulus that even a 25 mm diameter prosthesis was implanted with difficulty. Then, a series of complications occurred. Acute occlusion of the left coronary ostium was a consequence of a very limited space to implant a 19 mm aortic prosthesis; the small annulus, combined with the presence of a mitral prosthesis, caused the aortic prosthesis to tilt upward posteriorly, compromising the left coronary ostium.</p>
      <p>Finally, type III atrioventricular groove rupture was multifactorial, likely due to complete removal of the mitral sub-valvular apparatus, manipulation of the heart during myocardial revascularization, prosthesis oversize and use of a bioprosthesis which by design has a strut at 6 o'clock. This complication is extremely dangerous and it carries an elevated mortality, complicated by the prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time. Correction was successfully performed using a large autologous pericardial patch and reconstruction of the atrioventricular groove from the endocardium<sup>4</sup>. The patch must be generous and under no tension, softly covering the endocardium and the rupture. At mitral valve re-replacement, we used a mechanical prosthesis to avoid contact between a strut and the endocardial patch. We packed the posterior mediastinum for 24 hours before closing the chest, in order to support and secure the repair. Some groups have advocated bench repair of the heart and auto-transplantation as an option<sup>5</sup>, a good indicator of the level of desperation felt when encountering this complication.</p>
      <p>Enlargement of the aortic and mitral annuli, followed by patch reconstruction of the intervalvular fibrosa would be a useful procedure to prevent this problem<sup>6</sup>. However, this operation is difficult and requires perfect exposure and understanding of the surgical anatomy and the geometrical considerations relating to the juxtaposition of the mitral prosthesis and the left ventricular outflow tract. Exposure is by extended transseptal approach or division of the superior vena cava to extend the atriotomy to the dome. Care must still be taken not to oversize the mitral prosthesis with this involved approach. Moreover, the approximation of transitional areas (mitral prosthesis ring, patch and fibrous trigone) must be perfect to avoid leakage and hemolysis. Either mechanical or biological prosthesis can be used, with similar results<sup>7</sup>. The reported surgical risk and midterm outcomes with this technique in experienced hands have been acceptable<sup>8</sup>. Anatomical implantation of a homograft or stentless aortic prosthesis on top of an acceptable sized mitral prosthesis is another approach to the patient with small annuli.</p>
      <p>In summary, double valve replacement with combined small aortic and mitral annuli is a surgical entity that requires a very thoughtful approach, sometimes including enlargement and reconstruction of the intervalvular fibrosa to avoid patient-prosthesis mismatch and hazardous complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fernando A. Atik</p>
          <p> 9500 Euclid Avenue / H35</p>
          <p> Cleveland, Ohio, 44195 &#150; USA</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="atikf@ccf.org">atikf@ccf.org</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 24, 2005; revised Manuscript received December 8, 2005; accepted December 8, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
