<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vZfWmfS73zhmTZyWvhW8Dbp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700622</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ruptura do septo interventricular ap&#243;s trauma tor&#225;cico fechado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Peixoto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Virginia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Aparecida de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thom</surname>
            <given-names>Anneliese</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaccur</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miaira</surname>
            <given-names>Marly Akiko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Beraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e243</fpage>
      <lpage>e246</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos a seguir um caso de ruptura do septo interventricular ap&#243;s trauma tor&#225;cico automobil&#237;stico com evolu&#231;&#227;o relativamente benigna a despeito da extens&#227;o da les&#227;o anat&#244;mica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ruptura do septo interventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>traumatismos card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ruptura do septo interventricular ap&#243;s trauma tor&#225;cico fechado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello; Maria Virginia Santana; Maria Aparecida de Paula Silva; C&#233;sar Esteves; Carlos Pedra; Anneliese Thom; Paulo Chaccur; Marly Akiko Miaira; Pedro Beraldo Andrade; Alejandra Borges Rodrigues</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos a seguir um caso de ruptura do septo interventricular ap&#243;s trauma tor&#225;cico automobil&#237;stico com evolu&#231;&#227;o relativamente benigna a despeito da extens&#227;o da les&#227;o anat&#244;mica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ruptura do septo interventricular, traumatismos card&#237;acos, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular.</p>
    <p>A contus&#227;o card&#237;aca representa a forma mais comum de trauma card&#237;aco n&#227;o penetrante, sendo respons&#225;vel pela g&#234;nese da ruptura de septo interventricular (RSIV) adquirido nessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Esta foi primeiramente descrita por Hewett em 1847<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, o trauma tor&#225;cico n&#227;o penetrante &#233; uma causa rara de RSIV, habitualmente de evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fatal, sendo associada a impactos de alta energia, e com freq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o diagnosticada precocemente porque negligenciada<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ananmese</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Adolescente de 18 anos sexo masculino, 75 kg, sem antecedentes pr&#233;vios, relatando acidente automobil&#237;stico recente (40 dias antes da interna&#231;&#227;o), seguido de traumatismo cr&#226;nio-encef&#225;lico e trauma tor&#225;cico contuso. Atendido em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, evoluiu na ocasi&#227;o com perda prolongada da consci&#234;ncia e contus&#245;es pulmonares m&#250;ltiplas que n&#227;o necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o, recebendo alta hospitalar ap&#243;s observa&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, referia estar assintom&#225;tico do ponto de vista cardiovascular. No per&#237;odo de convalescen&#231;a, ap&#243;s 10 dias do evento, relatou o aparecimento r&#225;pido e progressivo de dispn&#233;ia aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os associados a vibra&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica intensa que acompanhava o ritmo card&#237;aco. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico, tendo sido diagnosticado com sopro card&#237;aco e logo encaminhado a este servi&#231;o. Na consulta inicial apresentava dispn&#233;ia para caminhar 100 metros e grande dificuldade para transpor terrenos inclinados. Isso o obrigava a in&#250;meras interrup&#231;&#245;es no trajeto, associado a incapacidade marcante para o desempenho funcional, por&#233;m, mantinha-se sem preju&#237;zo na toler&#226;ncia ao dec&#250;bito. Negava na ocasi&#227;o palpita&#231;&#227;o, dor tor&#225;cica, tontura ou dispn&#233;ia aos pequenos esfor&#231;os. Informava uso regular de maconha e bebidas alco&#243;licas; negava uso de drogas injet&#225;veis ou coca&#237;na.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Exame f&#237;sico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Press&#227;o arterial 120/70 mmHg em membros superiores, pulso 80 bpm, em bom estado geral, corado, hidratado, acian&#243;tico, sem baqueteamentos. Exame pulmonar sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios com murm&#250;rio vesicular universalmente aud&#237;vel. Aparelho cardiovascular evidenciou <italic>ictus cordis</italic> hipercin&#233;tico, fr&#234;mito palp&#225;vel ++/4 na borda esternal esquerda baixa, sopro card&#237;aco +++/4, holossist&#243;lico, regurgitativo, na borda esternal esquerda com irradia&#231;&#227;o para a direita. Segunda bulha com desdobramento fisiol&#243;gico e normofon&#233;tica. Abdome sem hepatomegalias, ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos preservados, indolor e sem defesas. Pulsos palp&#225;veis, sim&#233;tricos e normais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Exames complementares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Eletrocardiograma, radiografia tor&#225;cica, ecocardiograma e desenho esquem&#225;tico podem ser avaliados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figuras 01 a 04</xref>. Na ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, o ecocardiograma bidimensional evidenciou ampla RSIV muscular trabecular, com extens&#227;o para regi&#227;o infundibular, FE = 0,74, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) de 39 mm e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) 70 mm. Cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo e direito confirmou a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de RSIV, evidenciando amplo <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita. As medidas de press&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 01</xref>) evidenciaram hiperfluxo pulmonar importante sem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar associada (rela&#231;&#227;o Rp/Rs = 0,05 e Qp/Qs= 4:1).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Corrigida a ruptura do septo interventricular, atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana, com perfus&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por cardioplegia cristal&#243;ide. Identificada cardiomegalia &#224; custa de &#225;trio direito, ventr&#237;culo direito e tronco pulmonar, e RSIV de aproximadamente 3 cm localizado abaixo da banda moderadora na por&#231;&#227;o mediana do septo. Realizado ventriculosseptoplastia com <italic>patch</italic> de peric&#225;rdio bovino utilizando 15 fios de ethibond 2.0 (pontos em U) ancorados com teflon. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato evoluiu com sangramento cir&#250;rgico necessitando de revis&#227;o de hemostasia. Atualmente, encontra-se em acompanhamento ambulatorial regular, assintom&#225;tico, em classe funcional I. Ecocardiograma bidimensional de controle no terceiro m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio evidenciou FE de 0,72 e regress&#227;o importante da cavidade ventricular esquerda para DDVE de 55 mm al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de RSIV residual na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-muscular septal medindo 3 mm. Radiografia tor&#225;cica de controle sem hiperfluxo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A contus&#227;o card&#237;aca que culmina com a evolu&#231;&#227;o para RSIV pode ser conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios fatores que resultam da intera&#231;&#227;o entre as for&#231;as que agem sobre o tecido card&#237;aco no momento do impacto. Parmley classificou as causas de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca em 7 categorias: (a) for&#231;as de a&#231;&#227;o direta, (b) for&#231;as indiretas, (c) for&#231;as bidirecionais ou compressivas, (d) desacelera&#231;&#227;o, (e) for&#231;as explosivas, (f) concuss&#227;o e (g) a combina&#231;&#227;o destas, seja agindo diretamente sobre o t&#243;rax ou dorso, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da altera&#231;&#227;o brusca do movimento linear pela desacelera&#231;&#227;o ou mudan&#231;a abrupta deste<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A compress&#227;o empregada pela caixa tor&#225;cica sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, mais especificamente entre o esterno e a coluna tor&#225;cica com resultante aumento abrupto da press&#227;o intracard&#237;aca durante a di&#225;stole tardia ou s&#237;stole isovolum&#233;trica, quando as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas est&#227;o cheias e as valvas est&#227;o fechadas, impossibilita o al&#237;vio imediato da press&#227;o interna, constituindo o principal evento na g&#234;nese da contus&#227;o tecidual e da ruptura. A les&#227;o coronariana secund&#225;ria &#224; contus&#227;o, entretanto, constitui outro mecanismo poss&#237;vel e poderia ser responsabilizada pelos casos de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de infarto, necrose local e posterior ruptura muscular<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A verdadeira incid&#234;ncia do RSIV ap&#243;s trauma tor&#225;cico, assim como a participa&#231;&#227;o dos agentes etiol&#243;gicos em particular, permanece desconhecida na literatura. Entretanto, al&#233;m do trauma contuso fechado, les&#245;es penetrantes, les&#245;es coronarianas agudas, endocardite bacteriana e as iatrog&#234;nicas decorrentes de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos ou terap&#234;uticos t&#234;m sido descritas como formas adquiridas de RSIV. Publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias avaliando aut&#243;psia de 207.548 casos de &#243;bito secund&#225;rio a acidente automobil&#237;stico identificaram RSIV em 30 casos (0,01%), sendo que em apenas 0,002% os defeitos se apresentaram de forma isolada. Nesta s&#233;rie, a ruptura da parede livre ventricular foi a forma mais comum de apresenta&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,6</sup>. Por outro lado, s&#233;ries cl&#237;nicas t&#234;m variado a incid&#234;ncia entre 10% a 75% na presen&#231;a de trauma tor&#225;cico intenso<sup>2</sup>. A presen&#231;a de contus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem sido estimada em 15% das v&#237;timas de trauma tor&#225;cico fatal avaliados em s&#233;ries de autopsia<sup>7</sup>. No Brasil, por exemplo, em 2002, ocorreram 33.288 mortes por acidente automobil&#237;stico de acordo com dados do Datasus<sup>8</sup>; destas, 22.928 mortes ocorreram em indiv&#237;duos entre 15 e 49 anos de idade. Somente no estado de S&#227;o Paulo foram 1.046 mortes, em 2000, entre indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 24 anos. Muitos destes indiv&#237;duos faleceram secundariamente a traumas m&#250;ltiplos, entre eles traumatismo craniano e/ou tor&#225;cico. Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de dados confi&#225;veis quanto &#224; incid&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas a trauma tor&#225;cico fechado, tais n&#250;meros podem nos oferecer condi&#231;&#245;es de avaliar a dimens&#227;o do problema, especialmente se levarmos em considera&#231;&#227;o que, na revis&#227;o feita por Parmley, a ruptura card&#237;aca foi a forma mais comum de inj&#250;ria, ocorrendo em 64% dos casos<sup>2,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente caso, in&#250;meros elementos corroboram o diagn&#243;stico de origem traum&#225;tica do defeito septal: (a) hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via negativa para sintomas card&#237;acos, lembrando a natureza da atividade profissional do paciente, (b) eletrocardiograma sem sinais de sobrecarga ventricular e (c) radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciando &#225;rea card&#237;aca sem preju&#237;zo, incompat&#237;veis com a extens&#227;o do RSIV avaliada pelo ecocardiograma. Campbell, ao estudar a hist&#243;ria natural do defeito cong&#234;nito, demonstrou que 27% dos indiv&#237;duos portadores de grandes defeitos morrem por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;ria antes dos 20 anos de idade e 53% antes dos 40 anos, se n&#227;o forem tratados adequadamente<sup>9</sup>. Tais dados sugerem ser remota a possibilidade de este paciente ter evolu&#237;do at&#233; a adolesc&#234;ncia sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio ou evolu&#231;&#227;o fatal para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Para favorecer o diagn&#243;stico &#233; necess&#225;rio um alto &#237;ndice de suspeita cl&#237;nica, visando prevenir primariamente as potenciais conseq&#252;&#234;ncias letais da ruptura ventricular. In&#250;meros m&#233;todos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na atualidade, tais como ECG, marcadores enzim&#225;ticos, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e ecocardiograma (convencional ou transesof&#225;gico).</p>
    <p>A forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pode ser aguda, subaguda ou tardia, na depend&#234;ncia da magnitude da inj&#250;ria e conseq&#252;ente necrose local<sup>2</sup>. Na revis&#227;o feita por Rotman e cols.<sup>3</sup>, o sopro card&#237;aco esteve inicialmente presente em poucos casos, sendo que na maioria tornou-se aparente entre 4 e 12 dias, enquanto que o surgimento de mais de um ponto de ruptura foi apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum. Os sintomas t&#234;m um amplo espectro cl&#237;nico. Podem variar desde casos assintom&#225;ticos, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, dor anginosa, dispn&#233;ia ou palpita&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; quadros mais graves de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica rapidamente progressiva para dispn&#233;ia aos moderados esfor&#231;os (CF II) no presente caso, sem evolu&#231;&#227;o para dispn&#233;ia de dec&#250;bito ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca franca a despeito do grande defeito septal. Rotman e cols.<sup>3</sup>,ao analisarem esta quest&#227;o, advertem que o espectro sintom&#225;tico pode n&#227;o estar direcionado necessariamente ao aparelho cardiovascular, podendo ser dominado pelo comprometimento de outros &#243;rg&#227;os atingidos com conseq&#252;ente surgimento dos sintomas cardiovasculares ap&#243;s o retorno &#224;s atividades normais no per&#237;odo de convalescen&#231;a. Nesse caso, ao revisar 38 casos de RSIV traum&#225;tica, encontrou 08 indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e 24 indiv&#237;duos com sintomas compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dispn&#233;ia ou palpita&#231;&#245;es, sendo que a dor tor&#225;cica anginosa, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca rapidamente progressiva, o choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte foram apresenta&#231;&#245;es menos comuns.</p>
    <p>Os sinais detectados ao exame cl&#237;nico s&#227;o semelhantes aos do defeito cong&#234;nito. A radiografia tor&#225;cica evidencia habitualmente cardiomegalia, hiperfluxo pulmonar e/ou congest&#227;o pulmonar proporcionais ao grau do defeito<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficas para contus&#227;o e incluem anormalidades do segmento ST e da onda T. Arritmias ventriculares e atriais podem estar presentes, sendo raro o relato de bloqueio atrioventricular<sup>3</sup>. Apesar de &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, tem baixa sensibilidade e especificidade, mascarados especialmente por altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas e/ou pr&#233;vias. Em uma s&#233;rie com 50 pacientes, a dosagem s&#233;rica seriada de CPK/CKMB esteve alterada em 20% dos pacientes estudados, detectando apenas 50% dos casos de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca posteriormente diagnosticada por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Nessa s&#233;rie, a rela&#231;&#227;o CPK/CKMB obteve sensibilidade e especificidade de 10% e 77,5%, respectivamente<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#233; um m&#233;todo &#250;til, podendo identificar d&#233;ficit da movimenta&#231;&#227;o segmentar, dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras, al&#233;m de avaliar a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e espessura mioc&#225;rdica. &#201; capaz de oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e esquerda e excluir potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es como hematomas, tamponamentos, entre outras. Por&#233;m, por influ&#234;ncias diversas, dificuldades t&#233;cnicas podem estar presentes em cerca de 20% dos casos<sup>3</sup>, al&#233;m de possuir valor limitado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da motilidade ventricular direita, bem como no estudo do trato de sa&#237;da deste. Weiss e cols.<sup>10</sup>, estudando 22 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico de contus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, identificou que apenas 27% dos pacientes tinham ECG altamente sugestivo, e advoga o uso rotineiro deste m&#233;todo para todos os pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica. Em seu estudo, a detec&#231;&#227;o de sinais compat&#237;veis com contus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica esteve associada a significativa mortalidade. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tem a vantagem de ser uma t&#233;cnica minimamente invasiva, avalia de forma localizada anormalidades da motilidade e fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares tanto esquerda quanto direita<sup>10</sup>. A decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica quanto ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico segue os mesmos par&#226;metros utilizados para o defeito cong&#234;nito.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello </p>
        <p> Rua Itamiami, 137/623 </p>
        <p> 04120-100 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="peixotomello@cardiol.br">peixotomello@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/11/05; revisado recebido em 04/05/06; aceito em 01/06/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular septal rupture following blunt chest trauma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report a case of ventricular septal rupture following chest trauma resulting from a car accident. The outcome was relatively favorable despite the extension of the anatomic lesion.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ventricular septal rupture following blunt chest trauma</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello; Maria Virginia Santana; Maria Aparecida de Paula Silva; C&#233;sar Esteves; Carlos Pedra; Anneliese Thom; Paulo Chaccur; Marly Akiko Miaira; Pedro Beraldo Andrade; Alejandra Borges Rodrigues</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report a case of ventricular septal rupture following chest trauma resulting from a car accident. The outcome was relatively favorable despite the extension of the anatomic lesion. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular septal rupture, post-traumatic ventricular septal defect.</p>
      <p>Cardiac contusion is the most common form of nonpenetrating cardiac trauma and is responsible for the ventricular septal rupture (VSR) resulting from this condition. It was first described by Hewett in 1847<sup>1</sup>. However, nonpenetrating chest trauma is a rare cause of VSR with a usually non-fatal progression and is associated with high-energy impacts. Early diagnosis is infrequent because the condition is disregarded<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Medical history</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male, 18 years old, 75 Kg, with no relevant past history, reports recent car accident (40 days prior to hospital admission) followed by head trauma and blunt chest trauma. He was seen in an emergency service where he progressed with prolonged loss of consciousness and multiple pulmonary contusions which did not require intervention and was discharged after a short period of observation. At that time, he reported no cardiovascular complaints. In the recovery period, 10 days after the event, he reported the sudden and progressive onset of dyspnea on moderate exertion associated with an intense chest vibration following the heart rhythm. He sought medical care and was diagnosed with a heart murmur and was soon referred to this service. In the first visit he presented with dyspnea after a 100-m walk and had a severe difficulty to walk on inclined surfaces. This would force him to stop several times along the way, and he showed a markedly incapacity for functional performance. However, he could easily stand the supine position. At that time he denied palpitations, chest pain, dizziness or dyspnea on mild exertion. He reported a regular consumption of marijuana and alcoholic beverages, and denied use of inject drugs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Physical examination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure 120/70mmHg in the arms, pulse 80bpm, good general conditions, good color, well hydrated, no cyanosis or clubbing. Pulmonary examination showing normal vesicular breath sounds with no adventitious sounds. Cardiovascular examination revealed hyperkynetic apical impulse, a grade 2/4 palpable thrill in the left lower sternal border, and a grade 4/6 holosystolic, decrescendo heart murmur in the left sternal border radiating to the right. Normal S2 with physiologic splitting. Abdominal examination showed no liver enlargement, normal bowel sounds, no tenderness or guarding. Pulses were palpable, symmetric and normal.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, echocardiogram, and schematic drawing are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figures 1 to 4</xref>. By the time the diagnosis was made, the two-dimension echocardiogram showed a large muscular trabecular VSR extending to the infundibular region, EF = 0.74, left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD) of 39mm and left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) of 70mm. Left and right cardiac catheterization confirmed the suspected diagnosis of VSR showing a large left-to-right shunt. Pressure measurements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>) revealed a significantly increased pulmonary blood flow with no associated pulmonary hypertension (Rp/Rs ratio = 0.05 and Qp/Qs = 4:1).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e243-00022-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The ventricular septal rupture was corrected via median sternotomy with myocardial protection and perfusion using crystalloid cardioplegia. Cardiomegaly resulting from right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary trunk enlargement, and an approximately 3-cm VSR located below the moderator band in the mid-septal region were identified. A ventriculoseptoplasty was performed with bovine pericardial patch using 15 2-0 Ethibond sutures (U stitches) anchored with Teflon. In the immediate postoperative period the patient presented surgical bleeding requiring surgical intervention for hemostasis. He has been followed on a regular outpatient basis, asymptomatic and in functional class I. Control two-dimension echocardiogram in the third postoperative month revealed an EF of 0.72 and a significant decrease in the left ventricular chamber to a LVDD of 55mm, in addition to a residual 3-mm VSR in the mid-septal muscular region. Control chest radiograph showed no increased pulmonary blood flow.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac contusion culminating with VSR may be the consequence of several factors resulting from the interaction between forces that act on the cardiac tissue at the moment of the impact. Parmley classified the causes of cardiac injury in seven categories: (a) direct action forces, (b) indirect action forces, (c) bidirectional or compressive forces, (d) deceleration, (e) explosive forces, (f) concussion, and (g) combination of the previous, acting directly over the thorax or back as a consequence of a sudden change in the linear movement due to a deceleration or sudden change in movement<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The compression exerted by the rib cage on the heart, more specifically between the sternum and the thoracic column with a resulting sudden increase in the intracardiac pressure during late diastole or isovolumetric systole, when the heart chambers are full and the valves are closed, makes an immediate relief of the inner pressure impossible, and thus resulting the major event in the genesis of tissue contusion and rupture. However, coronary lesion secondary to contusion is another possible mechanism and could account for the cases with late clinical presentation, as a consequence of infarction, local necrosis and further muscle rupture<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The real incidence of VSR following chest trauma, as well as the participation of the etiologic agents in particular, remains unknown in the literature. However, in addition to blunt trauma, penetrating lesions, acute coronary lesions, bacterial endocarditis and iatrogenic endocarditis due to diagnostic or therapeutic procedures have been described as acquired forms of VSR. Previous publications analyzing autopsies of 207548 cases of death secondary to car accidents identified VSR in 30 (0.01%) of the cases, and in only 0.002% the defects were isolated. In this series, rupture of the free ventricular wall was the most common form of presentation<sup>1,6</sup>. On the other hand, the incidence in clinical series has ranged from 10% to 75% in the presence of severe chest trauma<sup>2</sup>. The presence of myocardial contusion has been estimated at 15% of fatal chest trauma victims assessed in autopsy series<sup>7</sup>. In Brazil, in 2002, for example, there were 33288 deaths by car accidents according to data from DATASUS<sup>8</sup>. Of these, 22928 deaths occurred among individuals between 15 and 49 years of age. In the State of Sao Paulo alone 1046 deaths occurred among individuals from 15 to 24 years of age in 2000. Many of these individuals died secondarily to multiple trauma including head and/or chest trauma. Despite the lack of reliable data on the incidence of cardiac complications related to blunt chest trauma, these numbers can offer conditions to assess the magnitude of the problem, especially if we take into account that in Parmley's review cardiac rupture was the most common form of injury, accounting for 64% of the cases<sup>2,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present case, several elements corroborate the diagnosis of a traumatic etiology for the septal defect: (a) past medical history negative for cardiac symptoms, recalling the nature of the patient's professional activity; (b) no signs of ventricular overload in the electrocardiogram; (c) chest radiograph showing a normal cardiac silhouette, incompatible with the extension of the VSR found in the echocardiogram. When Campbell studied the natural history of the congenital defect, he demonstrated that 27% of individuals with large defects die of ventricular dysfunction and secondary pulmonary hypertension before 20 years of age, and 53% before 40 years of age, if not properly treated<sup>9</sup>. These data suggest that the likelihood of this patient to have progressed until adolescence without being diagnosed or to have had a fatal progression due to heart failure is very remote.</p>
      <p>To facilitate the diagnosis, a high index of clinical suspicion is necessary, aiming primarily at preventing the potential lethal consequences of the ventricular rupture. Several methods such as ECG, enzyme markers, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and echocardiography (whether conventional or transesophageal) are currently available.</p>
      <p>The clinical presentation may be acute, subacute or late, depending on the extension of the injury and subsequent local necrosis<sup>2</sup>. In Rotman's review, cardiac murmur was detected in the initial presentation in few cases, and in the majority it became apparent between four and 12 days, whereas the occurrence of more than one point of rupture was an uncommon presentation. Symptoms are very wide ranging. There may be asymptomatic cases, atypical chest pain, anginal pain, dyspnea or palpitation, or more severe presentations with progressive heart failure, cardiogenic shock and death. The clinical presentation rapidly progressing to dyspnea on moderate exertion (FC II) without progressing to dyspnea in the supine position or overt heart failure despite the large septal defect is worth noting in the present case. When Rotman et al<sup>3</sup> analyzed this issue, they advised that the range of symptoms may not necessarily be oriented to the cardiovascular system, and the impairment of other organs affected may be more prominent with a consequent occurrence of cardiovascular symptoms when resuming daily activities in the recovery period. In this case, when reviewing 38 cases of traumatic VSR, we found eight asymptomatic individuals and 24 individuals with symptoms compatible with heart failure, dyspnea or palpitations. Anginal chest pain, rapidly progressive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and death were less common presentations.</p>
      <p>The clinical signs detected in the physical examination are similar to those in the congenital defect. Chest radiograph usually shows cardiomegaly, increased pulmonary blood flow and/or pulmonary congestion proportional to the degree of the defect<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Electrographic alterations are unspecific for contusion and include ST segment and T wave abnormalities. Ventricular and atrial arrhythmias may be present, and atrioventricular block is hardly ever reported<sup>3</sup>. Despite being useful in the initial assessment, they have a low sensitivity and specificity, and are especially masked by unspecific and/or previous alterations. In a series of 50 patients, serial plasma determinations of CPK/CKMB were not normal in 20% of the patients studied, detecting only 50% of the cases of cardiac injury, further diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiogram. In this series, the ratio CPK/CKMB had a sensitivity and specificity of 10% and 77.5%, respectively<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram is a useful method and may identify a segmentary motion deficit and chamber dilation, in addition to assessing the extension of the lesion and myocardial width. It can provide important information on the right and left ventricular function and rule out potential complications such as hematomas and tamponade. However, on account of several influences, technical difficulties may be present in approximately 20% of the cases<sup>3</sup>, in addition to being of limited value in the assessment of the right ventricular motion, as well as in the study of the right ventricular outflow tract. Weiss studied 22 patients with myocardial contusion diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiogram and verified that only 27% of the patients had a highly suggestive ECG; he recommends the routine use of this method for all patients under clinical suspicion. In his study, the presence of signs compatible with myocardial contusion was associated with a significant mortality. Transesophageal echocardiogram has the advantage of being a minimally invasive procedure, assessing motion abnormalities locally, and both left and right ventricular function<sup>10</sup>. Therapeutic decision regarding surgical treatment follows the same parameters used in congenital defects.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello</p>
          <p> Rua Itamiami, 137/623</p>
          <p> 04120-100 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="peixotomello@cardiol.br">peixotomello@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 16, 2005; revised Manuscript received May 4, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
