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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MnFwVg3hvVGw38NL6tKqybh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700621</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio relacionado a trauma fechado tor&#225;cico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Janella</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Laurenti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Rob&#233;rio J&#250;nior Damasceno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Patrus Mundim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Roberto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Almeida Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Mater Dei</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e239</fpage>
      <lpage>e242</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-trauma tor&#225;cico fechado (IAM p&#243;s-TTF) &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o rara, potencialmente fatal e muitas vezes n&#227;o reconhecida. A les&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; diagnosticada em menos de 10% dos traumas tor&#225;cicos fechados. A literatura m&#233;dica &#233; escassa quando se trata de IAM p&#243;s-TTF, carecendo de um protocolo fundamentado que oriente na sua identifica&#231;&#227;o. Apresentamos dois casos de IAM p&#243;s-TTF em pacientes jovens, previamente h&#237;gidos, sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Mediante a revis&#227;o de literatura, discutimos os meios diagn&#243;sticos e a orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Conclu&#237;mos que o m&#233;dico emergencista deve estar atento para a possibilidade de IAM em pacientes v&#237;timas de TTF, independentemente da intensidade do trauma.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>trauma</kwd>
        <kwd>dor no peito</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio relacionado a trauma fechado tor&#225;cico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bruno Laurenti Janella; Rob&#233;rio J&#250;nior Damasceno Pinto; Henrique Patrus Mundim Pena; Jos&#233; Guilherme Carneiro; Marcos Roberto de Sousa; Marcos Almeida Magalh&#227;es Andrade J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Mater Dei, Centro de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-trauma tor&#225;cico fechado (IAM p&#243;s-TTF) &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o rara, potencialmente fatal e muitas vezes n&#227;o reconhecida. A les&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; diagnosticada em menos de 10% dos traumas tor&#225;cicos fechados. A literatura m&#233;dica &#233; escassa quando se trata de IAM p&#243;s-TTF, carecendo de um protocolo fundamentado que oriente na sua identifica&#231;&#227;o. Apresentamos dois casos de IAM p&#243;s-TTF em pacientes jovens, previamente h&#237;gidos, sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Mediante a revis&#227;o de literatura, discutimos os meios diagn&#243;sticos e a orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Conclu&#237;mos que o m&#233;dico emergencista deve estar atento para a possibilidade de IAM em pacientes v&#237;timas de TTF, independentemente da intensidade do trauma.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, trauma, dor no peito.</p>
    <p>O IAM p&#243;s-TTF &#233; descrito como uma entidade pouco freq&#252;ente, embora n&#227;o se conhe&#231;am, na literatura revisada, dados precisos quanto &#224; sua real incid&#234;ncia. O diagn&#243;stico precoce &#233; dificultado pelo quadro cl&#237;nico pouco espec&#237;fico, em que o paciente se apresenta no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-trauma. O TTF pode ocasionar les&#245;es no mioc&#225;rdio, nas valvas card&#237;acas, nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e no peric&#225;rdio, levando a complica&#231;&#245;es graves, como arritmias e morte s&#250;bita<sup>1-4</sup>. Ao promover acelera&#231;&#227;o, desacelera&#231;&#227;o ou compress&#227;o direta do t&#243;rax, o trauma pode levar ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pelos seguintes mecanismos propostos: dissec&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, trombose intracoronariana, vasoespasmo e ruptura de placa ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>5,6</sup>. Apresentam-se dois relatos de casos de pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com IAM ap&#243;s terem sofrido TTF e revis&#227;o de literatura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato dos Casos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Caso 1 -</bold> CRVA, homem, 31 anos, previamente h&#237;gido e sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana. V&#237;tima de TTF ("bolada no peito") durante partida de futebol. Evoluiu com dor epig&#225;strica intensa, persistente, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para parte posterior do t&#243;rax. Foi atendido no pronto-socorro de sua cidade cerca de 24 horas ap&#243;s o trauma. Permaneceu em observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com dor persistente apesar do uso de analg&#233;sicos. O exame f&#237;sico e laboratorial de rotina encontrava-se dentro dos limites da normalidade. Foi submetido a videolaparoscopia exploradora para esclarecimento diagn&#243;stico. Durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, foi observado supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, confirmado pelo eletrocardiograma. Houve eleva&#231;&#227;o das enzimas card&#237;acas (troponina T). O ecocardiograma mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada a grave (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 36%), fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pseudonormal, c&#226;maras dilatadas, acinesia de parede anterior e aneurisma apical. Iniciado tratamento medicamentoso para insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi transferido para a unidade coronariana de hospital sediado na capital e submetido a cinecoronariografia, que evidenciou coron&#225;rias direita e circunflexa isentas de les&#245;es, art&#233;ria descendente anterior com trombose extensa em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com acinesia &#226;ntero-apical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2</xref>). Foi mantido tratamento cl&#237;nico com inibidor da enzima conversora da angiostensina (I-ECA), betabloqueador, espironolactona, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, clopidogrel e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM), limitada ao per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Evoluiu em Killip II durante interna&#231;&#227;o, respondendo ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, vindo a receber alta hospitalar com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca compensada, de etiologia isqu&#234;mica secund&#225;ria ao IAM, mantendo-se seu tratamento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial. Ap&#243;s cinco meses, foi submetido a cinecoronariografia, que mostrou descendente anterior com fluxo normal, por&#233;m com acinesia &#226;ntero-apical inalterada.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Caso 2 -</bold> WM, homem, 44 anos, previamente h&#237;gido e sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana, v&#237;tima de acidente automobil&#237;stico, sofreu fratura de t&#237;bia e TTF por cinto de seguran&#231;a. Ap&#243;s quatro dias, foi transferido para o hospital da capital, para cirurgia eletiva de corre&#231;&#227;o da fratura de t&#237;bia. Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, o paciente apresentava-se com dor tor&#225;cica e dispn&#233;ia desencadeada aos pequenos esfor&#231;os. Foi realizado eletrocardiograma que mostrou inatividade el&#233;trica e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede anterior e invers&#227;o de T em parede inferior. O ecocardiograma evidenciou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 33%) e acinesia &#226;ntero-septal. Foi institu&#237;do tratamento cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico. A cinecoronariografia evidenciou imagem sugestiva de pseudo-aneurisma, por tratar-se de um caso relacionado &#224; TTF, por&#233;m n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de aneurisma, do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da descendente anterior com acinesia &#226;ntero-apical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">4</xref>). Evoluiu com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o compensado com tratamento cl&#237;nico intensivo. Foi submetido, a seguir, a angioplastia e implante de stent tubular em art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Seguimento cl&#237;nico parcial (controle), dois meses ap&#243;s, confirmou cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca compensada de etiologia isqu&#234;mica secund&#225;ria ao IAM.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio secund&#225;rio a trauma fechado de t&#243;rax &#233; raramente descrito como complica&#231;&#227;o nas les&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas ao trauma<sup>7</sup>. O assunto &#233; pouco abordado em estudos sistem&#225;ticos, mais freq&#252;entemente encontrado como relato de casos na literatura revisada; portanto, sua preval&#234;ncia e sua incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es, associadas ao mesmo nos exames complementares, podem estar aqu&#233;m da realidade. Embora a aterosclerose coronariana seja a causa mais comum de IAM, 20% dos infartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio em adultos jovens s&#227;o de etiologia n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticas, como embolismo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, status de hipercoagulabilidade, anormalidades coronarianas cong&#234;nitas, dissec&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, espasmo coronariano (incluindo uso de coca&#237;na), vasculites e radia&#231;&#227;o mediastinal<sup>8,9</sup>. O TTF &#233; outro poss&#237;vel mecanismo subjacente de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes jovens. Les&#227;o card&#237;aca clinicamente significativa ocorre em aproximadamente 5% a 20% dos pacientes com trauma de t&#243;rax n&#227;o-penetrante, chegando a 76% nos TTF grave<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mecanismos potenciais de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca n&#227;o-penetrante incluem: r&#225;pida acelera&#231;&#227;o ou desacelera&#231;&#227;o, trauma precordial direto, compress&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o entre o esterno e segmento tor&#225;cico da coluna vertebral, e r&#225;pido aumento da press&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtica por compress&#227;o do abdome ou membros inferiores. Os mecanismos que contribuem para o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio podem incluir: les&#227;o intimal, hemorragia subintimal, trombose intraluminal e espasmo.</p>
    <p>Qualquer art&#233;ria coronariana pode ser acometida, por&#233;m a mais citada nos relatos de caso &#233; a descendente anterior, seguida da coron&#225;ria direita e circunflexa<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A les&#227;o arterial coronariana &#233; mais freq&#252;entemente diagnosticada em pacientes menores de 45 anos (caso 2), v&#237;timas de acidentes automobil&#237;sticos<sup>13</sup>. Traumas de menores intensidades t&#234;m sido raramente reportados como causa de inj&#250;ria coronariana (caso 1)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia, quadro cl&#237;nico inespec&#237;fico e depend&#234;ncia do n&#237;vel de suspeita do cl&#237;nico assistente, o diagn&#243;stico precoce torna-se dif&#237;cil. A dor tor&#225;cica ou abdominal subseq&#252;ente ao trauma pode ser, na maioria das vezes, atribu&#237;da &#224; contus&#227;o das estruturas &#243;sseas e de partes moles, mascarando a dor de origem card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Alto grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de quarta bulha e os exames complementares apropriados devem ser considerados no paciente v&#237;tima de TTF. O eletrocardiograma deve ser realizado em todos os casos suspeitos. A dosagem de enzimas card&#237;acas, a radiografia de t&#243;rax e o ecocardiograma podem auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico de trauma card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) pode apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas associadas ao TTF em at&#233; 70% dos casos, como altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST e da onda T associados a taquicardia sinusal; achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos mais freq&#252;entes, al&#233;m de relatos infrequentes de dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o, arritmias, tamb&#233;m podem ser encontrados. Em ambos os casos mencionados, o ECG foi o ponto de partida para o diagn&#243;stico, antes da suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A altera&#231;&#227;o da enzima card&#237;aca CKMB no TTF sem les&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o se correlaciona com predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es ou progn&#243;stico em longo prazo. Sua eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser considerada espec&#237;fica para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto em pacientes com trauma por sua presen&#231;a no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e em outros &#243;rg&#227;os<sup>17-19</sup>. Dosagem s&#233;rica de troponinas T ou I ajuda no diagn&#243;stico de IAM p&#243;s-TTF, por ter maior especificidade, e pode estar relacionada &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas ao TTF, especialmente quando associadas ao ECG anormal<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma pode mostrar d&#233;ficits segmentares e deve ser solicitado em casos suspeitos de trauma card&#237;aco. &#201; &#250;til tamb&#233;m no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de derrame peric&#225;rdico e les&#227;o valvar. Por&#233;m, os d&#233;ficits segmentares encontrados podem ser secund&#225;rios &#224; contus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (direta da musculatura) ou ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante da hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio a angiografia coronariana deve ser realizada com prop&#243;sitos de confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e pronta institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica de reperfus&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Consideramos que nos dois casos apresentados &#233; muito prov&#225;vel a rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre o trauma e o infarto. Entretanto, n&#227;o podemos descartar a hip&#243;tese de associa&#231;&#227;o apenas temporal entre os eventos ou a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas pr&#233;vias ao trauma (como no caso do aneurisma, por exemplo).</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o exame cl&#237;nico com alto grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma em todos os casos de poss&#237;vel trauma card&#237;aco devam fazer parte do atendimento inicial do paciente v&#237;tima de TTF. O IAM deve ser precocemente considerado no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de pacientes v&#237;timas de TTF, independentemente da intensidade do trauma.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Bruno Laurenti Janella </p>
        <p> Rua Sagarana n.90 Apto. 102 </p>
        <p> 30330-210 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="brunojanella@terra.com.br">brunojanella@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 21/10/05; revisado recebido em 22/04/06; aceito em 02/08/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute myocardial infarction related to blunt thoracic trauma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Sixty-one-year-old male patient with diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome and unstable angina was submitted to coronary angiography and implant of stent. His Blood vell count revealed 40,000 platelets/mm&#179;. Coronary angiography with previous platelet transfusion showed obstruction of 80% of the right coronary artery (RCA). Following the administration of clopidogrel, the patient was submitted to another platelet transfusion and stent implantation in the RCA lesion. No bleeding was observed after the introducers removal. After 6 months, treadmill test was positive and new coronary aniography, in the same conditions, showed in-stent restenosis. This case report suggests that coronary stent implantation in patients with thrombocytopenia is a safe procedure, provided that prophylactic platelet transfusion is performed, although late restenosis may occur.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acute myocardial infarction related to blunt thoracic trauma</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno Laurenti Janella; Rob&#233;rio J&#250;nior Damasceno Pinto; Henrique Patrus Mundim Pena; Jos&#233; Guilherme Carneiro; Marcos Roberto de Sousa; Marcos Almeida Magalh&#227;es Andrade J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Mater Dei, Postgraduate Center, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a rare, potentially fatal and often unrecognized complication of blunt thoracic trauma (BTT). Heart injury is diagnosed in less than 10% of all cases of blunt thoracic trauma. Medical literature is scarce in publications about AMI caused by BTT (AMI-BTT). There is no specific protocol on this issue. We describe two cases of AMI-BTT in young patients who were previously healthy and with no risk factors for coronary artery disease. The diagnostic tools and therapeutic approach are discussed based on a literature review. We conclude that the emergency physician should be alert for the possibility of AMI in victims of BTT, regardless of the intensity of the trauma.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial infarction, trauma, chest pain.</p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is described as a rare complication of blunt thoracic trauma (BTT), although literature reviews do not have accurate data about the true incidence of this condition. Early diagnosis is difficult due to the nonspecific post-trauma clinical picture presented by patients. BTT may cause damage to the myocardium, cardiac valves, coronary arteries and pericardium, leading to serious complications such as arrhythmias and sudden death<sup>1-4</sup>. In promoting acceleration, deceleration or direct compression of the chest, the trauma can cause acute myocardial infarction through the following proposed mechanisms: dissection of coronary arteries, coronary thrombosis, vasospasm and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque<sup>5,6</sup>. We present two case reports of patients who evolved with AMI after a BTT, as well as a review of literature.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Reports</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Case 1</bold> - CRVA, male, 31 years old, previously healthy and with no risk factors for coronary artery disease. Patient was a victim of BTT (he was hit in the chest by a ball) during a soccer game. He evolved with intense and persistent epigastric pain irradiating to the posterior chest region. He was seen at the emergency room in his town about 24 hours after the trauma. Patient remained under clinical observation with persistent pain despite the administration of analgesics. Routine physical and laboratory examination were within the normal limits. An exploratory videolaparoscopy was performed to clarify the diagnosis. ST segment elevation was seen during anesthesia monitoring and this finding was confirmed in the ECG. Cardiac enzymes were elevated (troponin T). The echocardiogram showed moderate to severe systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction of 36%), pseudonormal diastolic function, dilated chambers, akinesia of anterior wall and apical aneurism. Drug treatment for acute coronary insufficiency was started, and the patient was transferred to a Coronary Unit of a hospital in the capital city of Belo Horizonte. Coronary angiography showed right coronary and circumflex arteries free of lesions, anterior descending artery with extensive thrombosis in its middle third, and left ventricle with anteroapical akinesia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">2</xref>). Clinical treatment was maintained with angiontensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, beta-blocker, spironolactone, acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel and anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) that was limited to the hospitalization period. The patient evolved to Killip II during hospitalization, responding to clinical treatment and was discharged from hospital with compensated heart failure of ischemic etiology secondary to AMI, and was followed up at the outpatient clinic. Five months later, the patient underwent coronary angiography which showed anterior descending artery with a normal flow despite unchanged anteroapical akinesia.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Case 2</bold> - WM, man, 44 years old, previously healthy and with no risk factors for coronary artery disease; the patient was involved in a road accident and suffered a tibia fracture and BTT caused by the safety belt. Four days later he was transferred to the hospital in this capital for an elective surgery of tibia fracture correction. Upon the preoperative evaluation, patient presented with chest pain and dyspnea on minimum exertion. The electrocardiogram showed electrical inactivity and ST segment elevation in the anterior wall and inverted T wave in the inferior wall. The echocardiogram evidenced systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction of 33%) and anteroseptal akinesia. Specific clinical treatment was initiated. Coronary angiography evidenced an image suggestive of a pseudoaneurysm, since it was a case related to BTT. However, an aneurysm of the middle third of the anterior descending artery with anteroapical akinesia could not be ruled out (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Figs. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">4</xref>). Patient evolved with acute pulmonary edema compensated with intensive clinical treatment. Patient then underwent angioplasty and placement of a tubular stent in the anterior descending artery. The partial clinical follow-up (control) after two months confirmed dilated cardiomyopathy and compensated heart failure of ischemic etiology secondary to AMI.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e239-00021-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction secondary to a blunt thoracic trauma is rarely described as a complication in cardiac injuries related to trauma<sup>7</sup>. This issue is rarely approached in systematic studies and it is more frequently found as case reports in literature revised; therefore, its prevalence and the incidence of associated abnormalities in ancillary examinations may be underestimated. Although coronary artery atherosclerosis is the most common cause of AMI, 20% of acute myocardial infarctions in young adults have a non-atherosclerotic etiology such as coronary artery embolism, hypercoagulation status, congenital coronary abnormalities, dissection of coronary arteries, coronary artery spasms (including the use of cocaine), vasculitis and mediastinal irradiation<sup>8,9</sup>. BTT is another possible underlying mechanism of acute myocardial infarction in young patients. Clinically significant cardiac injury occurs in approximately 5 to 20% of patients with non penetrating thoracic trauma, and up to 76% in severe cases of BTT<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Potential mechanisms of non-penetrating cardiac injury include fast acceleration or deceleration, direct chest trauma, heart compression between the sternum and thoracic segment of the spine, and fast increase of intra-aortic pressure due to abdominal or lower limb compression. The mechanisms that contribute to myocardial infarction may include intimal injury, subintima hemorrhage, intraluminal thrombosis and spasm.</p>
      <p>Any coronary artery may become involved, although the anterior descending artery is the most commonly cited artery in case reports followed by the right coronary and circumflex arteries<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery injury is more frequently diagnosed in patients under 45 years of age (case 2) victims of road accidents<sup>13</sup>. Minor traumas have rarely been reported as the cause of coronary artery injury (case 1)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Early diagnosis is usually difficult because of low frequency, inespecific clinical picture and the level of suspicion by the assistant physician. Chest or abdominal pain following the trauma can be in most instances attributed to a contusion of bones and soft tissues, which can mask the pain of cardiac origin.</p>
      <p>The high level of clinical suspicion, presence of the fourth heart sound and appropriate diagnostic tests must be considered in patients who suffer a BTT. Electrocardiogram must be performed in all suspected cases. Measurement of cardiac enzymes, chest X-ray and echocardiogram can help in the diagnosis of cardiac trauma.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) may present inespecific abnormalities associated with BTT in up to 70% of cases, with abnormal ST segment and T wave associated with sinus tachycardia being the most frequent electrocardiographic findings, in addition to infrequent reports of conduction disorders and arrhythmias. In both cases mentioned above, the ECG was the starting point for diagnosis before clinical suspicion<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Abnormal levels of the cardiac enzyme CKMB [creatine kinase and its MB isoenzyme] in BTT with no coronary artery injury are not related with prediction of complications or long-term prognosis. The increase of this enzyme can not be considered specific for diagnosis of infarction in patients with trauma, due to its presence in the skeletal muscle and in other organs<sup>17-19</sup>. Serum measurements of troponins T or I help in the diagnosis of post-BTT AMI for having higher specificity; they can also be associated with prediction of cardiac complications related to BTT, especially when associated with an abnormal ECG<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram can show segmental deficits and it must be requested in suspected cases of cardiac trauma. It is also useful in the differential diagnosis of pericardial effusion and valve injury. However, the segmental deficits found can be secondary to myocardial contusion (directly in the muscle) or to acute myocardial infarction<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In cases of suspected diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, coronary angiography must be performed for confirmation of the diagnosis and prompt initiation of specific treatment involving the reperfusion of the affected artery<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>We consider that the two cases presented here are very likely to have a cause-effect relationship between trauma and infarction. However, we can not rule out the hypothesis of the solely temporal association among the events or the presence of coronary injuries previous to the trauma (such as the case of an aneurysm, for example).</p>
      <p>We conclude that the clinical examination with high level of suspicion and an electrocardiogram in all cases of possible cardiac trauma must be part of the initial medical care of patients who have suffered a BTT. Acute myocardial infarction must early be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who are victims of BTT, regardless of the intensity of trauma.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Bruno Laurenti Janella</p>
          <p> Rua Sagarana n.90 Apto. 102</p>
          <p> 30330-210 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="brunojanella@terra.com.br">brunojanella@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 21, 2005; revised manuscript received April 22, 2006; accepted August 2, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
