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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5h8NgvnQ9C8WryXtZZn35zS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700620</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hematoma da aorta ascendente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir Ant&#244;nio G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ben&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Judas</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha Correia Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e236</fpage>
      <lpage>e238</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>&#201; relatado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino com idade de 71 anos, dando entrada no pronto-atendimento com palidez cutaneomucosa, acompanhada de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dor tor&#225;cica. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o foi evidenciada altera&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda. A radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciava alargamento importante do mediastino. Ao ecocardiograma, a aorta ascendente media 47 mm, no n&#237;vel do tronco pulmonar. Um dia ap&#243;s o eco, o paciente foi submetido a exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RNM), quando se evidenciou aorta ascendente de 62 mm, sem evidenciar fluxo em falsa luz ou "flap" intimal, mas mostrando hematoma intramural da aorta ascendente, estendendo-se da raiz da aorta at&#233; um ter&#231;o proximal do arco a&#243;rtico. Procedeu-se a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, sendo realizada substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e parte do arco a&#243;rtico (hemiarco), com preserva&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica pela suspens&#227;o das comissuras. Paciente evolui bem sem intercorr&#234;ncia, recebendo alta no nono dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Enfatizamos nesse relato de caso a semelhan&#231;a do quadro cl&#237;nico do hematoma intramural da aorta com o quadro de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta, a import&#226;ncia de se estabelecer diagn&#243;stico correto e o melhor tratamento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Aorta ascendente</kwd>
        <kwd>hematoma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hematoma da aorta ascendente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Noedir Ant&#244;nio G. Stolf; Anderson Ben&#237;cio; Gustavo I. Judas; Roberto Rocha Correia Veiga Giraldez; Wilson Mathias J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; relatado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino com idade de 71 anos, dando entrada no pronto-atendimento com palidez cutaneomucosa, acompanhada de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dor tor&#225;cica. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o foi evidenciada altera&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda. A radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciava alargamento importante do mediastino. Ao ecocardiograma, a aorta ascendente media 47 mm, no n&#237;vel do tronco pulmonar. Um dia ap&#243;s o eco, o paciente foi submetido a exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RNM), quando se evidenciou aorta ascendente de 62 mm, sem evidenciar fluxo em falsa luz ou "flap" intimal, mas mostrando hematoma intramural da aorta ascendente, estendendo-se da raiz da aorta at&#233; um ter&#231;o proximal do arco a&#243;rtico. Procedeu-se a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, sendo realizada substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e parte do arco a&#243;rtico (hemiarco), com preserva&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica pela suspens&#227;o das comissuras. Paciente evolui bem sem intercorr&#234;ncia, recebendo alta no nono dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Enfatizamos nesse relato de caso a semelhan&#231;a do quadro cl&#237;nico do hematoma intramural da aorta com o quadro de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta, a import&#226;ncia de se estabelecer diagn&#243;stico correto e o melhor tratamento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Aorta ascendente, hematoma.</p>
    <p>Hematoma intramural da aorta (HIM) &#233; uma doen&#231;a a&#243;rtica aguda causada por sangramento dentro da parede do vaso, por&#233;m, diferentemente da dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda cl&#225;ssica (DA), sem evid&#234;ncia de ruptura na camada &#237;ntima ou fluxo na falsa luz<sup>1</sup>. Historicamente, atribui-se sua origem &#224; ruptura da vasavasorum dentro da parede da aorta<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, alguns autores t&#234;m utilizado o termo para definir a entidade como uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o de uma perfura&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima (incapaz de ser visibilizada) por &#250;lcera penetrante da parede da aorta<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tais hematomas, assim como as dissec&#231;&#245;es de aorta, envolvem aorta ascendente, arco a&#243;rtico ou ambos (tipo A), ou aorta descendente (tipo B). As apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta e sua formas variantes, entre elas os HIM, s&#227;o indistingu&#237;veis<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, os HIM representam pelo menos 6% de todas as s&#237;ndromes a&#243;rticas agudas n&#227;o-traum&#225;ticas, e em alguns estudos de aut&#243;psia representam 5% a 13% do n&#250;mero total delas<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural dos HIM pode envolver a progress&#227;o para ruptura e ou dissec&#231;&#227;o, ou a regress&#227;o com desaparecimento da les&#227;o. Muitos autores acreditam que o HIM &#233; um passo na evolu&#231;&#227;o para dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A abordagem dessa doen&#231;a varia de acordo com sua localiza&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce para pacientes portadores do tipo A em que n&#227;o se encontram fatores complicadores, tais como instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, dor, ruptura, imin&#234;ncia de ruptura ou sinais de tamponamento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Neste artigo &#233; relatado o caso de um paciente portador de HIM em aorta ascendente complicado, que foi submetido a tratamento cir&#250;rgico com sucesso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, de 71 anos, internado com hist&#243;ria de dor intensa em regi&#227;o pr&#233;-cordial, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o cervical, de in&#237;cio abrupto, tipo pontada, associada a n&#225;useas e picos subfebris. Refere hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica com controle inadequado.</p>
    <p>&#192; radiografia de t&#243;rax, evidenciaram-se &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada e alargamento de mediastino com eletrocardiograma sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico constatou ectasia da aorta (47 mm) na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da aorta ascendente, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica discreta com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado. Foi realizada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RNM), um dia ap&#243;s o ecocardiograma, cujo achado foi de hematoma intramural de aorta ascendente medindo 62 mm em sua por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e236-00020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ao cateterismo card&#237;aco, evidenciou-se les&#227;o maior que 90% na art&#233;ria interventricular anterior e na primeira diagonal, essa &#250;ltima de pequena import&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi ent&#227;o submetido a tratamento cir&#250;rgico convencional com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), sendo realizada revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do ramo interventricular anterior com enxerto da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda e substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente por tubo de Dacron n&#250;mero 28. Em raz&#227;o da extens&#227;o do hematoma para o arco a&#243;rtico, canulou-se o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico (TBC) para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CEC. Foi ent&#227;o resfriado a 20&#176;C e promovida parada circulat&#243;ria com perfus&#227;o cerebral seletiva anter&#243;grada pelo TBC. A aorta foi aberta, sendo constatado hematoma intramural dissecando a camada m&#233;dia, sem orif&#237;cio de entrada, estendendo-se desde junto aos seios de valsalva at&#233; um ter&#231;o proximal do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o da delamina&#231;&#227;o no coto proximal e distal foi feita com tiras de Dacron dentro e fora da aorta, com posterior sutura do tubo (interposi&#231;&#227;o de enxerto de Dacron - 28 mm).</p>
    <p>O paciente teve boa evolu&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tendo recebido alta hospitalar no 9&#186;PO, sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o do hematoma intramural da aorta na literatura &#233; datada de 1920, quando foi demonstrado um hematoma intramural espont&#226;neo da parede da aorta sem a presen&#231;a de um "flap" intimal<sup>4</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, cerca de duzentos casos, a maioria envolvendo a aorta descendente, s&#227;o descritos na literatura, e a maioria dos estudos que descrevem os HIM tem analisado uma pequena casu&#237;stica<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; maior preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em homens (61%) com m&#233;dia de idade para o sexo masculino e feminino de 63 e 68, respectivamente, e com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica de 53%. A forma n&#227;o-traum&#225;tica &#233; a mais freq&#252;ente, sendo encontrada com incid&#234;ncia de 94%. A insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e os d&#233;ficits de pulso s&#227;o vistos menos freq&#252;entemente nos HIM do que nos casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta. A presen&#231;a de sintomas como dor no peito e/ou no dorso esteve presente em mais de 80% dos casos<sup>2</sup>. Tal sintoma tamb&#233;m &#233; o mais comum achado para os casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o, sendo o tempo de aparecimento dos sintomas similar para ambos os casos. As diferen&#231;as quanto ao quadro cl&#237;nico dizem respeito ao tempo requerido para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a e a necessidade de um maior n&#250;mero de exames no HIM em rela&#231;&#227;o aos quadros de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda cl&#225;ssicos<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; bem conhecido que os HIM tipo A podem progredir para dissec&#231;&#227;o com tamponamento card&#237;aco ou ruptura da aorta em alguns pacientes tratados clinicamente. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que tal progress&#227;o ocorre na maioria das vezes dentro de um per&#237;odo de at&#233; sete dias do in&#237;cio dos sintomas<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos empregados, o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico representa uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica bastante r&#225;pida e de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o com sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia entre 90% e 99%<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A tomografia computadorizada (TC) &#233; um valioso m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico, sendo capaz de evidenciar uma fraqueza de parede e diferenci&#225;-la de uma trombose intramural. A vantagem da TC sobre o ecocardiograma &#233; a melhor visibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos vasos do arco a&#243;rtico e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o HIM ou com a DA. No entanto, existe a desvantagem da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de contraste<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A RNM constitui um m&#233;todo de imagem adicional que pode ser usado no diagn&#243;stico do HIM. Hematomas subagudos com forma&#231;&#227;o de meta-hemoglobina produzem um aumento na intensidade do sinal em T1. Entretanto, pode ser mais dif&#237;cil detectar casos agudos de HIM, os quais podem simular um processo ateroscler&#243;tico na parede do vaso<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos hematomas, a aortografia n&#227;o &#233; o m&#233;todo mais apropriado para diagn&#243;stico. A imagem &#233; sempre negativa, pela aus&#234;ncia de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre a falsa luz e a luz verdadeira.</p>
    <p>O alto risco de uma conduta n&#227;o cir&#250;rgica no hematoma tipo A se reflete na taxa de 55% de mortalidade precoce com o tratamento medicamentoso (cerca de 20% evoluem para dissec&#231;&#227;o). Considerando dados globais de mortalidade precoce, temos 12% para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico e 24% para o tratamento medicamentoso, tais dados confirmam uma tend&#234;ncia de melhor progn&#243;stico com a cirurgia<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentes trabalhos asi&#225;ticos, entretanto, t&#234;m relatado taxas de mortalidade mais baixas &#150; em torno de 7% &#150; com o tratamento medicamentoso<sup>6</sup>. Um dos fatores que podem explicar tal diferen&#231;a &#233; o diagn&#243;stico precoce com o pronto in&#237;cio do tratamento medicamentoso; al&#233;m disso, o monitoramento pr&#243;ximo desses doentes quanto &#224; progress&#227;o para dissec&#231;&#227;o e uma eventual necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o levou a aumento de mortalidade<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A discrep&#226;ncia entre tais dados revela a import&#226;ncia de se estabelecer fatores preditivos de evolu&#231;&#227;o para os HIM. Hematoma proximal envolvendo a aorta ascendente aparece como um preditor importante para progress&#227;o precoce para dissec&#231;&#227;o, e um di&#226;metro maior que 50 mm na tomografia computadorizada ou uma espessura maior que 12 mm na parede da aorta dentro de duas semanas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas resultam em valores preditivos positivos e negativos de 80% e 100%, respectivamente<sup>8,9</sup>. A progress&#227;o tardia (mais de trinta dias) &#233; associada &#224; idade jovem, s&#237;ndrome de Marfan e aus&#234;ncia de terap&#234;utica com betabloqueadores<sup>6,8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa e uma maior mortalidade e morbidade da cirurgia da aorta, acreditamos que o tratamento cl&#237;nico nos pacientes com hematoma intramural da aorta ascendente ainda &#233; fact&#237;vel. Entretanto, a op&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico deve ser considerada, uma vez que a sobrevida nesse grupo &#233; superior quando comparada ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, mesmo que essa conduta ainda precise de mais suporte baseado em investiga&#231;&#245;es com s&#233;ries mais representativas. No presente relato, o paciente apresentava dor persistente e derrame peric&#225;rdico que refor&#231;aram a indica&#231;&#227;o. Na aorta ascendente a opera&#231;&#227;o consiste na substitui&#231;&#227;o desse segmento do vaso enquanto que na descendente existe a possibilidade do procedimento endovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Anderson Ben&#237;cio </p>
        <p> Alameda Franca, 63/12 </p>
        <p> 01422-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="benicio@cardiol.br">benicio@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/10/05, revisado recebido em 11/11/05; aceito em 11/11/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>It is reported the case of a 71 year old male patient admitted to the emergency service pale and with systemic arterial hypertension and thoracic pain. In the diagnostic investigation, there was no evidence of compatible with acute myocardial ischemia. The thorax x-ray showed important enlargement of the mediastinum. In the echocardiogram the ascending aorta measured 47mm, at the level of the pulmonary artery. One day after the echo, submitted to exam of magnetic resonance (RNM), the ascending aorta had a diameter of 62mm, without false lumen flow or intimal "flap", but showing intramural hematoma envolving the ascending aorta and the proximal portion of the aorta. It was submitted to the surgical correction, being accomplished by resection of the ascending aorta and part of the aortic arch (hemiarch), with preservation of the aortic valve with suspension of the comissures. The patient had ununventfull recovery, being discharged in the 9th postoperative day. We emphasized the similarity of the clinical presentation of the intramural hematoma of the aorta with that of aortic dissection, the importance of establishing correct diagnosis and the best treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Noedir Ant&#244;nio G. Stolf; Anderson Ben&#237;cio; Gustavo I. Judas; Roberto Rocha Correia Veiga Giraldez; Wilson Mathias J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a 71-year-old male patient who was admitted to the emergency room with pallor of the skin and mucous membranes accompanied by systemic hypertension and chest pain. Diagnostic investigation did not show any alteration compatible with acute myocardial ischemia. Chest radiography showed a significant enlargement of the mediastinum. Echocardiogram revealed a 47-mm ascending aorta at the pulmonary trunk. One day after the echocardiogram was performed the patient underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that showed a 62-mm ascending aorta, with no evidence of flow within the false lumen or intimal flap, but with an intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta which extended from the aortic root to the proximal third of the aortic arch. Surgical correction was performed with replacement of the ascending aorta and part of the aortic arch (hemiarch), with aortic valve-sparing with commissural resuspension. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged in the ninth postoperative day. In this case report we emphasize the similarity between the clinical presentation of aortic intramural hematoma and that of aortic dissection, the importance of a correct diagnosis and the best treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ascending aorta, hematoma.</p>
      <p>Intramural hematoma of the aorta (IMH) is an acute aortic disease caused by a hemorrhage within the aortic wall, but, unlike classic acute dissection (AD), without an evident tear in the intima or flow in the false lumen<sup>1</sup>. Historically, its origin is attributed to the rupture of the vasa vasorum within the aortic wall<sup>1</sup>. However, some authors have used the term to define this condition as a possible complication of an intimal rupture (which cannot be visualized) due to a penetrating ulcer of the aortic wall<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>These hematomas, like aortic dissections, involve the ascending aorta, aortic arch or both (type A), or the descending aorta (type B). Clinical presentations of patients with aortic dissection and its variant forms, among them the IMH, are indistinguishable<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, IMHs account for at least 6% of all non-traumatic acute aortic syndromes and in some autopsy studies they account for 5% to 13% of the total number of these cases<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The natural history of IMHs may involve progression to rupture and or dissection, or regression with resolution of the lesion. Many authors believe that IMH is a step in the progression to aortic dissection<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Management of this condition varies according to its location; however there is no consensus as to early surgical indication for patients with type-A lesions in whom no complicating factors such as hemodynamic instability, pain, rupture, imminent rupture or signs of cardiac tamponade are found.</p>
      <p>This article reports the case of a patient with a complicated intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta who underwent a successful surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy-one-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital with a history of severe chest pain radiating to the cervical region, with a sudden onset and stabbing character, accompanied by nausea and low-grade fever. He reported systemic hypertension inadequately controlled.</p>
      <p>Chest radiography showed enlargement of the cardiac silhouette and mediastinum. No significant alterations were observed in the electrocardiogram. Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed aortic ectasia (47 mm) at the mid-ascending aorta, mild aortic regurgitation with preserved ventricular function and moderate pericardial effusion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed one day after the echocardiogram, and showed a 62-mm intramural hematoma at the mid-ascending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-e236-00020-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization evidenced a greater-than-90% lesion in the anterior interventricular artery and a non-significant lesion in the first diagonal artery.</p>
      <p>The patient then underwent conventional surgical treatment with extracorporeal circulation (ECC), and revascularization of the anterior interventricular branch, with a left internal thoracic artery graft and replacement of the ascending aorta by a 28-mm Dacron tube were performed. Due to the extension of the hematoma into the aortic arch, the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) was cannulated to perform the ECC. The patient was cooled down to 20&#186;C and circulatory arrest with antegrade selective cerebral perfusion was started through the BCT. The aorta was opened, showing an intramural hematoma dissecting the media without intimal tear, extending from the sinuses of Valsalva up to the proximal third of the aortic arch.</p>
      <p>The delamination in the proximal and distal stump was corrected with Dacron bands inside and outside the aorta, with further suturing of the tube (interposition of a 28-mm Dacron graft).</p>
      <p>The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged in the ninth postoperative day.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The first description of aortic intramural hematoma in the literature dates back to 1920, when a spontaneous intramural hematoma of the aortic wall without an intimal flap was demonstrated<sup>4</sup>. Since then, approximately two hundred cases, most of which involving the descending aorta, were described in the literature, and most of the studies describing IMH have analyzed small case series<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is a higher prevalence in males (61%) with a mean age for both males and females of 63 and 68 years, respectively, and previous history of systemic hypertension in 53%. The non-traumatic form is the most frequent, with a 94% incidence. Aortic regurgitation and pulse deficits are less frequent in IMH than in aortic dissection. Symptoms such as chest and/or back pain were present in more than 80% of the cases<sup>2</sup>. This symptom is also the most common finding in dissection cases, and the time for the onset of symptoms is similar for both conditions. Differences regarding clinical presentation refer to the time required for the diagnosis of the disease and a greater number of tests required in IMH in relation to the classic cases of acute dissection<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The possibility of progression of type A IMH to dissection with cardiac tamponade or aortic rupture in some patients medically treated is well known. Studies have demonstrated that most often such progression occurs within a period of up to seven days from the onset of symptoms<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards the diagnostic methods used, transesophageal echocardiogram represents a very fast and easy-to-perform diagnostic tool with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between 90% and 99%<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Computed tomography (CT) scan is a valuable diagnostic method that can evidence a weakness in the wall and differentiate it from intramural thrombosis. The advantage of the CT scan over the echocardiogram is a better visualization of vessels of the aortic arch and their relation with IMH or AD. However, the use of a contrast medium is a disadvantage<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>MRI is an additional imaging method that can be used in the diagnosis of IMH. Subacute hematomas with formation of methemoglobin produce increased signal intensity in T1-weighted images. However, it may be more difficult to detect acute cases of IMH which can mimic an atherosclerotic process in the vessel wall<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In hematomas, aortography is not the most appropriate diagnostic method. The image is always negative because of the lack of communication between the false and the true lumen.</p>
      <p>The high risk of a non-surgical management of type A hematoma is reflected in the 55% early mortality rate with pharmacological treatment (approximately 20% progress to dissection). Considering global data on early mortality, the rate is of 12% for surgical treatment and 24% for pharmacological treatment. These data corroborate a tendency for a better prognosis with surgery<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent Asian studies, however, have reported lower mortality rates &#150; of approximately 7% - with pharmacological treatment<sup>6</sup>. One of the factors that could explain this difference is the early diagnosis with prompt pharmacological treatment. In addition, a close monitoring of these patients regarding progression to dissection and an occasional need for surgical intervention did not result in increased mortality<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The discrepancy between these data reveals the importance of establishing predictive factors of the progression of IMHs. A proximal hematoma involving the ascending aorta is an important predictor for the early progression to dissection, and a greater-than-50mm diameter in computed tomography or a greater-than-12mm aortic wall thickness within two weeks after the onset of symptoms result in positive and negative predictive values of 80% and 100%, respectively<sup>8,9</sup>. Late progression (more than thirty days) is associated with young age, Marfan syndrome and absence of treatment with beta-blockers<sup>6,8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering an older population and a higher mortality and morbidity of surgery of the aorta, we believe that the medical treatment in patients with intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta is still feasible. However, the option of surgical treatment should be considered, since survival in this group is higher when compared with medical treatment, even though this management still lacks more support from investigations with more representative case series. In the present report, the patient had a persistent pain and pericardial effusion that supported the surgical indication. In the ascending aorta, the operation consists of the replacement of this vessel segment whereas in the descending exist the possibility of the endovascular procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Anderson Ben&#237;cio</p>
          <p> Alameda Franca, 63/12</p>
          <p> 01422-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="benicio@cardiol.br">benicio@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received october 21, 2005; revised manuscript received November 11, 2005; accepted November 11, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
