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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vrgV9MZL8fbPgKLyk6F5TTJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700619</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eventos tromb&#243;ticos em dois irm&#227;os com trombofilia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e234</fpage>
      <lpage>e235</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Apresentaremos &#224; seguir o caso cl&#237;nico de dois irm&#227;os com diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es de fen&#244;menos tromb&#243;ticos, nos quais foi constatado a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Trombofilia</kwd>
        <kwd>trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eventos tromb&#243;ticos em dois irm&#227;os com trombofilia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Pereira Silva; Carlos Roberto Martins Rodrigues</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Fortaleza, CE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentaremos &#224; seguir o caso cl&#237;nico de dois irm&#227;os com diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es de fen&#244;menos tromb&#243;ticos, nos quais foi constatado a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Trombofilia, trombose.</p>
    <p>A trombofilia pode se dar pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais fatores gen&#233;ticos, ou pela presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como obesidade m&#243;rbida, c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias intestinais, ou por persist&#234;ncia de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pedes ou mesmo por condi&#231;&#245;es que temporariamente aumentam a tend&#234;ncia &#224; coagula&#231;&#227;o, como cirurgia recente, trauma, imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, gravidez, uso de anovulat&#243;rio oral ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os tipos de trombofilia herdados, encontram-se a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina 20210A, a muta&#231;&#227;o do fator V, a defici&#234;ncia de prote&#237;na C, a defici&#234;ncia de prote&#237;na S, a defici&#234;ncia de antitrombina III e a hiper-hemocisteinemia<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato dos Casos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Caso 1 -</bold> Paciente do sexo feminino, 28 anos, internada com quadro de dor precordial prolongada associada a n&#225;usea e dispn&#233;ia. Informava ser tabagista de 20 cigarros/dia e sedent&#225;ria. N&#227;o apresentava outros antecedentes patol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava PA de 120/80 mmHg, FC = 80 bpm. Ausculta Card&#237;aca - Ritmo Card&#237;aco Regular em 3 Tempo por B4. Restante do exame f&#237;sico normal.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma apresentava supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de V1 a V3. O ecocardiograma mostrava hipocinesia anterior e apical. Submetida a cateterismo card&#237;aco, quatro dias ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio de dor, o exame mostrou trombos em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, com fluxo lento nessa coron&#225;ria, sugerindo que tenha havido recanaliza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>Realizada pesquisa de causa de trombofilia, com execu&#231;&#227;o de TAP, TTPA, anticardiolipina, prote&#237;na C, prote&#237;na S, antitrombina III, FAN, VDRL, todos com resultados normais. A pesquisa de muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina foi positiva, no padr&#227;o heterozig&#243;tico.</p>
    <p>Na consulta de retorno ap&#243;s a alta, a paciente encontrava-se assintom&#225;tica, em uso de aspirina, atorvastatina e ramipril. Eletrocardiograma revelava onda Q de V1 a V3 e ecocardiograma de controle mostrava acinesia &#226;ntero-septal.</p>
    <p><bold>Caso 2 -</bold> Paciente do sexo masculino, 30 anos de idade, passou a apresentar epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#227;o associados a tontura. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s dias, procurou assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. N&#227;o havia antecedentes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico era normal, exceto pelo ritmo card&#237;aco irregular. O eletrocardiograma mostrava fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 bpm.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais eram normais. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi normal (medida do &#225;trio esquerdo de 3,2 cm) e o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico mostrou trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa de trombofilia foi negativa exceto por muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina.</p>
    <p>O paciente recebeu alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de varfarin e recomenda&#231;&#227;o de manter INR em torno de 2,0. Na consulta de retorno ap&#243;s a alta, o paciente apresentava-se assintom&#225;tico, sem novos epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina 20210A, tamb&#233;m chamada de muta&#231;&#227;o do fator II, &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o no c&#243;digo gen&#233;tico que leva ao aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de protrombina. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o foi descrita em 1996 e ocorre em 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o branca dos Estados Unidos. A maioria dos portadores dessa doen&#231;a s&#227;o heterozigotos para essa muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. A muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina ocorre com igual freq&#252;&#234;ncia nos dois sexos. Sua presen&#231;a aumenta o risco de desenvolver trombose venosa profunda em duas a tr&#234;s vezes. Mulheres com a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina aumentam o risco de desenvolver trombose venosa profunda em dezesseis vezes se estiverem utilizando anovulat&#243;rio oral. Parece haver evid&#234;ncia de que a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina ocorra mais comumente em mulheres que tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es na gravidez (perda fetal depois da 20&#170; semana, descolamento prematuro da placenta e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose e trombose foi reconhecida h&#225; muito tempo, mas apenas recentemente compreendeu-se que alguns fatores hemost&#225;ticos afetam n&#227;o apenas a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo, mas tamb&#233;m t&#234;m efeito aterog&#234;nico direto. A aterosclerose &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o complexa que resulta da intera&#231;&#227;o entre m&#250;ltiplos fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais. Numerosos polimorfismos e muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas relacionados ao sistema hemost&#225;tico e aos determinantes vasculares que modulam a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico foram identificados na d&#233;cada passada<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando se fala em instabilidade da doen&#231;a coronariana, vem &#224; mente o conceito de "placa vulner&#225;vel". Alguns autores prop&#245;em que se chame aten&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m para o termo "sangue vulner&#225;vel", &#224;quele que &#233; propenso a trombose. Alguns polimorfismos plaquet&#225;rios como o da glicoprote&#237;na GPIIIa, Ib-alfa gene 5T/C Kozak, fator V e fator VII, t&#234;m sido relatados como fatores de risco independentes para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa, polig&#234;nica e multifatorial, resultado da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o patrim&#244;nio gen&#233;tico do indiv&#237;duo e v&#225;rios fatores ambientais. Embora cada fator de risco para insufici&#234;ncia coronariana esteja parcialmente sob controle gen&#233;tico, a hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana tamb&#233;m &#233; importante preditor, sugerindo a exist&#234;ncia de suscetibilidade gen&#233;tica adicional para essa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Alguns pacientes que tiveram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o apresentam nenhum fator de risco tradicional, tamb&#233;m sugerindo a contribui&#231;&#227;o de um componente gen&#233;tico n&#227;o caracterizado. Estudos gen&#233;ticos de liga&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lises de genes-candidatos t&#234;m identificado um <italic>l&#243;cus</italic> e v&#225;rios genes-candidatos na predisposi&#231;&#227;o para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dropinski e cols. publicaram o caso de um paciente de 32 anos que teve dois epis&#243;dios de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sem nenhum fator de risco cl&#225;ssico para aterosclerose. Exames laboratoriais revelaram s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide prim&#225;ria, muta&#231;&#227;o do fator V de Leiden e hiper-hemocisteinemia leve, que podem ter sido fatores predisponentes para oclus&#227;o das coron&#225;rias<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos que sugerem que a muta&#231;&#227;o em genes espec&#237;ficos da coagula&#231;&#227;o podem exercer uma base gen&#233;tica para o risco cardiovascular s&#227;o, no entanto, &#224;s vezes, conflitantes. Wu e Tongalis revisaram estudos cl&#237;nicos que examinavam o papel do polimorfismo do nucleot&#237;deo nos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o e na atividade plaquet&#225;ria para determinarem se gen&#243;tipos espec&#237;ficos est&#227;o correlacionados com hist&#243;ria de eventos arteriais tromb&#243;ticos (s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou acidente vascular cerebral). Foi realizada uma metan&#225;lise dos estudos do fator II, fator V de Leiden, fator VII e glicoproteina IIIa. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo do fator II ou fator V com doen&#231;a coronariana. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o do fator V com AVC e da GP III a com doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observa-se que algumas arritmias card&#237;acas podem levar a altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de marcadores hemost&#225;ticos, dependendo da fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Sakurai e cols. realizaram estudo comparando tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes: um grupo com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, outro com <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e o terceiro em ritmo sinusal. Foram avaliados os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de marcadores de atividade plaquet&#225;ria (fator 4 plaquet&#225;rio e betatromboglobulina), o estado tromb&#243;tico (complexo trombina-AT III e fragmentos 1 e 2 da protrombina) e o estado fibrinol&#237;tico (d-d&#237;mero e complexo inibidor plasmina-alfa 2-plasmina). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de marcadores hemost&#225;ticos entre o grupo de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e o grupo de ritmo sinusal. No entanto, os pacientes com <italic>flutter</italic> atrial que apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo alterada tiveram maiores n&#237;veis de d-d&#237;mero e de betatromboglobulina que os pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo normal<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No primeiro caso deste artigo, a paciente apresentava alguns fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coronariana, como tabagismo e sedentarismo. Mas tratava-se apenas de dois fatores de risco entre os dez tradicionais. Portanto, h&#225; uma grande probabilidade de que a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina tenha sido o grande respons&#225;vel pela oclus&#227;o da coron&#225;ria. No segundo caso, sabe-se que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em si &#233; considerada um fator de risco para forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. No entanto, a muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada um fator de risco adicional para a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo encontrado nessa paciente.</p>
    <p>Como li&#231;&#227;o a ser tirada dos casos citados, consideramos que pacientes jovens que apresentem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio devem ser investigados quanto &#224; trombofilia e o mesmo deve ser feito em seus familiares.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ricardo Pereira Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Rep&#250;blica do L&#237;bano, 630/1002 </p>
        <p> 60160-140 &#150; Fortaleza, CE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rpsilva@cardiol.br">rpsilva@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido 25/04/05; revisado recebido em 09/02/06; aceito em 17/03/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thrombotic events in two siblings with thrombophilia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We describe the clinical case of two siblings with different presentations of thrombotic phenomena, in which prothrombin mutation was observed.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Thrombotic events in two siblings with thrombophilia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ricardo Pereira Silva; Carlos Roberto Martins Rodrigues</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Fortaleza, CE, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We describe the clinical case of two siblings with different presentations of thrombotic phenomena, in which prothrombin mutation was observed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Thrombophilia, thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Thrombophilia may be due to the presence of one or more genetic factors, or chronic diseases such as morbid obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, or the persistence of antiphospholipid antibodies or even transient conditions that temporarily predispose to clot formation, such as recent surgery, trauma, prolonged bed rest, pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most common causes of inherited thrombophilia are: prothrombin 20210A mutation, factor V Leiden mutation, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Reports</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Case 1 -</bold> A 28-year-old female patient admitted because of prolonged thoracic pain with nausea and dyspnea. She smoked 20 cigarettes/day and led a sedentary lifestyle<italic>.</italic> Her medical history was otherwise unremarkable.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg and heart rate was 80 bpm. Cardiac auscultation revealed a regular rate rhythm with a S4. The remainder of physical examination was normal.</p>
      <p>The ECG showed ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V3. Echocardiogram showed anterior-apical hypokinesia. The patient underwent cardiac catheterization four days after the pain episode, and the exam indicated the presence of thrombi in the anterior descending coronary artery with slow flow in this artery, suggesting that there had been spontaneous recanalization.</p>
      <p>The cause of her thrombophilia was investigated. PT, APPT, anticardiolipin antibodies, protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, ANF and VDRL tests were performed, and no alterations were detected. Test for prothrombin mutation was positive in heterozygous pattern. At the time of the follow-up visit after hospital discharge, the patient was asymptomatic and receiving aspirin, atorvastatin and ramipril. The electrocardiogram revealed Q wave from V1 to V3, and the control echocardiogram showed antero-septal akynesia.</p>
      <p><bold>Case 2 -</bold> A 30-year-old male patient presented with complaints of tachycardia and dizziness for three days. He had no antecedents of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Physical examination was normal except for the irregular cardiac rhythm. ECG indicated atrial fibrillation and heart rate of 120.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests were normal. Transthoracic echocardiogram was normal (measurement of the left atrium was 3.2 cm), but transesophageal echo showed a thrombus in the left atrium.</p>
      <p>Test for thrombophilia was negative except for prothrombin mutation.</p>
      <p>Upon discharge, the patient was taking warfarin and was instructed to keep INR at about 2.0. At the follow-up visit, patient was asymptomatic, with no new episodes of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prothrombin 20210A mutation, also called factor II mutation, is a change in the genetic code that leads to increased prothrombin production. This condition was first described in 1996 and is found in 2% of the caucasian population in the USA. Most carriers of this disease are heterozygous for this genetic mutation. Prothrombin mutation occurs with equal frequency in both sexes. Its presence is associated with a 2-3-fold increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis. Women with prothrombin mutation and using oral contraceptives are at a 16-fold increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis. It also seems that prothrombin mutation affects more frequently women who had complication during pregnancy (fetal loss after the 20th week, premature placenta separation and preeclampsia)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relationship between atherosclerosis and thrombosis has been recognized a long time ago, but only recently it was understood that certain hemostatic factors affect not only thrombus formation, but have also a direct atherogenic effect. Atherosclerosis is a complex disorder that results from the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Several polymorphisms and mutations in genes related to the hemostatic system, and to vascular determinants that modulate the bioavailability of nitric oxide, have been identified in the last decade<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>When one reads about "coronary artery disease instability", the concept of "vulnerable plaque" comes to mind. Some authors propose that we also pay atention to "vulnerable blood", as that prone to thrombosis. Some platelet polymorphisms such as GI IIIa, Ib-alfa gene 5T/C Kozak sequence, factor V and factor VII have been reported as independent risk factors for myocardial infaction<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction is a complex, polygenic, multifactorial condition that results from the interaction between the genetic patrimony and many environmental factors. Although each risk factor for coronary disease is partially controlled by genetics, familial history of coronary heart disease is also an important predictor, suggesting the presence of additional genetic susceptibility for this condition.</p>
      <p>Some patients who suffered an acute myocardial infarction did not have any of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, supporting the role of a genetic component that has not been characterized. Genetic linkage studies and candidate gene analysis have identified a locus and several candidate genes in the predisposition to acute myocardial infarction<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dropinski related the case of a 32-year-old man who had suffered two episodes of myocardial infaction without having any of the classic risk factors for atherosclerosis. Laboratory tests disclosed primary antiphospholipid syndrome, Leiden factor V mutation and mild hyperhomocysteinemia that may be predisposing factors for coronary occlusion<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, studies suggesting that mutation in specific coagulation genes may act as a genetic basis for cardiovascular risk are, sometimes, contradictory. Wu reviewed clinical studies that examined the role of nucleotide polymorphism in coagulation factors and in platelet activity to determine if specific genotypes are correlated with history of thrombotic arterial events (acute coronary syndrome or stroke). A meta-analysis of factor II, Leiden factor V, factor VII and GPIIIa studies was performed, and no correlation between polymorphism of factor II or factor V and coronary heart disease was found. Correlation was found between factor V and CVA, as well as between GP II and coronary artery disease<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been observed that certain cardiac arrhythmias may change plasma levels of hemostatic markers, depending on the left atrial appendage function. Sakurai conducted a study comparing three groups of patients: one group with atrial fibrillation, the second one with atrial flutter and the third with sinus rhythm. Plasma levels of platelet activity markers were evaluated (platelet factor IV and beta-thromboglobulin), thrombotic state (complex thrombin-AT III and fragments 1 and 2 of prothrombin) and fibrinolytic state (d-dimer and plasmin-alfa-2-plasmin inhibitor complex) were evaluated.</p>
      <p>No difference was found in the plasma levels of hemostatic markers between the atrial flutter group and the sinus rhythm group. However, patients with atrial flutter and altered left atrial appendage function had greater levesl of d-dimer and beta-thromboglobulin than patients with normal left atrial appendage function<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the first case of this report, the patient had some classic risk factors for coronary disease, such as cigarette smoking and sedentarism. But these were just two among the ten traditional risk factors. Therefore, it is very likely that the prothrombin mutation was responsible for coronary occlusion. In the second case, atrial fibrillation alone is, in itself, considered a risk factor for clot formation. However, prothrombin mutation may also be considered an additional risk factor for the clot formation in this patient.</p>
      <p>The lesson to be learned from these cases is that young patients who experience myocardial infarction, as well as their relatives, should be tested for thrombophilia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ricardo Pereira Silva</p>
          <p> Rua Rep&#250;blica do L&#237;bano, 630/1002</p>
          <p> 60160-140 &#150; Fortaleza, CE, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rpsilva@cardiol.br">rpsilva@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 25, 2005; revised manuscript received February 09, 2006; accepted March 17, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
