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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fzgxtJ9sWhXdVcYhBnBwYmg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700613</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ecocardiografia em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com osteossarcoma tratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ranulfo Pinheiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrilli</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Maria Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oporto</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Lourdes de F&#225;tima Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>763</fpage>
      <lpage>771</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pela ecocardiografia em pacientes com osteossarcoma tratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 55 pacientes com osteossarcoma com ou sem met&#225;stase submetidos &#224; quimioterapia (QT) com seis ciclos de doxorrubicina, divididos em dois grupos, conforme o uso de dexrazoxane. Grupo I: 37 pacientes, os quais receberam dexrazoxane (28 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,4 anos). Grupo II: 18 pacientes, que n&#227;o receberam dexrazoxane (15 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,1 anos). Foram realizadas quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: 1) antes do in&#237;cio da QT (avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial); 2) at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o terceiro ciclo; 3) at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o quinto ciclo e 4) at&#233; quatro semanas ap&#243;s o sexto ciclo da QT (avalia&#231;&#227;o final). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pela porcentagem de encurtamento (PE) com o ecocardiograma. Altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ou toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica foi definida com valores de PE iguais ou inferiores a 29% e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da PE, em valor absoluto, igual ou superior a 10 unidades do valor inicial de cada paciente. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; idade, sexo e ra&#231;a. A dose cumulativa de doxorrubicina foi significantemente maior no grupo II em todas as fases do tratamento: 174 x 203 mg/m&#178;; 292 x 338 mg/m&#178; e 345 x 405 mg/&#178; (p &lt; 0,0001). A ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios previamente definidos, foi de sete indiv&#237;duos no grupo I (18,92%) e de dois no grupo II (11,1%), diferen&#231;a n&#227;o significativa (p=0,248). A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa nas m&#233;dias da PE ao longo do per&#237;odo de estudo (p=0,967). Entretanto foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,029) entre as m&#233;dias da PE dos grupos I e II nas avalia&#231;&#245;es 2 (35,67 x 37,21%), 3 (34,95 x 38,47%) e 4 (35,26 x 38,22%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os dados do presente estudo indicam que, nos pacientes com osteossarcoma ltratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, avaliada pela m&#233;dia da porcentagem de encurtamento, apresentou melhor desempenho no grupo que recebeu a administra&#231;&#227;o de dexrazoxane. A ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, por&#233;m, foi semelhante entre os dois grupos de pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>osteossarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>dexrazoxane</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ecocardiografia em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com osteossarcoma tratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ranulfo Pinheiro de Matos Neto; Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Petrilli; C&#233;lia Maria Campos Silva; Orlando Campos Filho; Victor Manuel Oporto; Lourdes de F&#225;tima Gon&#231;alves Gomes; Marcelo Goulart Paiva; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Camargo Carvalho; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pela ecocardiografia em pacientes com osteossarcoma tratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 55 pacientes com osteossarcoma com ou sem met&#225;stase submetidos &#224; quimioterapia (QT) com seis ciclos de doxorrubicina, divididos em dois grupos, conforme o uso de dexrazoxane. Grupo I: 37 pacientes, os quais receberam dexrazoxane (28 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,4 anos). Grupo II: 18 pacientes, que n&#227;o receberam dexrazoxane (15 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,1 anos). Foram realizadas quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: 1) antes do in&#237;cio da QT (avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial); 2) at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o terceiro ciclo; 3) at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o quinto ciclo e 4) at&#233; quatro semanas ap&#243;s o sexto ciclo da QT (avalia&#231;&#227;o final). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pela porcentagem de encurtamento (PE) com o ecocardiograma. Altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ou toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica foi definida com valores de PE iguais ou inferiores a 29% e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da PE, em valor absoluto, igual ou superior a 10 unidades do valor inicial de cada paciente. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; idade, sexo e ra&#231;a. A dose cumulativa de doxorrubicina foi significantemente maior no grupo II em todas as fases do tratamento: 174 x 203 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; 292 x 338 mg/m<sup>2</sup> e 345 x 405 mg/<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0,0001). A ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios previamente definidos, foi de sete indiv&#237;duos no grupo I (18,92%) e de dois no grupo II (11,1%), diferen&#231;a n&#227;o significativa (p=0,248). A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa nas m&#233;dias da PE ao longo do per&#237;odo de estudo (p=0,967). Entretanto foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,029) entre as m&#233;dias da PE dos grupos I e II nas avalia&#231;&#245;es 2 (35,67 x 37,21%), 3 (34,95 x 38,47%) e 4 (35,26 x 38,22%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os dados do presente estudo indicam que, nos pacientes com osteossarcoma ltratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, avaliada pela m&#233;dia da porcentagem de encurtamento, apresentou melhor desempenho no grupo que recebeu a administra&#231;&#227;o de dexrazoxane. A ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, por&#233;m, foi semelhante entre os dois grupos de pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ecocardiografia, osteossarcoma, doxorrubicina, dexrazoxane</p>
    <p>Atualmente, as crian&#231;as com neoplasia apresentam probabilidades cada vez maiores de cura das suas enfermidades. A introdu&#231;&#227;o de antraciclinas na quimioterapia (QT) de neoplasias malignas &#233; um dos sucessos mais espetaculares da oncologia moderna. De acordo com dados provenientes de autores americanos, mais de 50% das crian&#231;as foram curadas entre 1974 e 1990 com o uso dessa classe de agente citost&#225;tico<sup>1</sup>. O seu largo espectro de atividade antitumoral abrange, em especial, as neoplasias hematol&#243;gicas, tais como os linfomas e as leucemias, e os tumores s&#243;lidos, entre os quais est&#227;o os tumores de mama, tire&#243;ide, ov&#225;rio, o sarcoma de partes moles e o osteossarcoma<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O emprego de agentes antiem&#233;ticos modernos (inibidores dos receptores de serotonina) e de fatores estimuladores de col&#244;nias de granul&#243;citos diminu&#237;ram a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica de efeitos adversos, tais como n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e neutropenia. Isso permitiu o aumento das doses de antraciclinas<sup>3</sup>. O problema da toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida por este medicamento, por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o foi superado por completo, atuando como um empecilho para o uso de doses maiores, com possibilidades de aumento do potencial terap&#234;utico. Assim, essa quest&#227;o ainda permanece em aberto, a despeito do fato de os primeiros relatos de toxicidade card&#237;aca terem sido publicados h&#225; quase tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Billingham e cols.<sup>5</sup> foram os primeiros a descrever, de forma sistem&#225;tica, as altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas e ultra-estruturais nas les&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas por antraciclinas. Os autores descreveram dois tipos distintos de les&#227;o no mi&#243;cito: 1) perda miofibrilar e 2) degenera&#231;&#227;o vacuolar. Ambos os tipos de les&#227;o, numa fase mais avan&#231;ada, evolu&#237;ram com degenera&#231;&#227;o da mitoc&#244;ndria, seguida pelo aparecimento de figuras de mielina e desintegra&#231;&#227;o nuclear, culminando com a morte do mi&#243;cito e conseq&#252;ente fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Comprovadamente, v&#225;rios mecanismos est&#227;o envolvidos na patog&#234;nese do dano mioc&#225;rdico induzido por antraciclinas, os quais s&#227;o independentes de sua a&#231;&#227;o antitumoral. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos associa os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (radicais livres), tais como o &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) e o radical hidroxila (OH<sup>-</sup>), respons&#225;veis pela peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica de v&#225;rios s&#237;tios celulares, entre eles a membrana celular, o envolt&#243;rio nuclear e a membrana de diversas organelas citoplasm&#225;ticas, principalmente a mitoc&#244;ndria e o ret&#237;culo citoplasm&#225;tico, resultando numa cadeia de rea&#231;&#245;es autocatal&#237;ticas respons&#225;veis pela destrui&#231;&#227;o do mi&#243;cito<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O dano mioc&#225;rdico causado pela antraciclina depende de uma ampla variabilidade individual e de um conjunto de fatores de risco que contribuem para aument&#225;-lo, tais como a dose cumulativa total de doxorrubicina, o esquema de administra&#231;&#227;o (infus&#227;o r&#225;pida ou lenta), o uso associado de outros agentes citost&#225;ticos, o uso pr&#233;vio ou concomitante de irradia&#231;&#227;o no mediastino e a idade inferior a 15 anos ou superior a 65 anos<sup>10-14</sup>. Desses, a dose cumulativa de antraciclina &#233; considerada o principal fator de risco implicado no desenvolvimento de toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica a ela relacionada<sup>10,12,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida pela doxorrubicina ou an&#225;logos pode-se manifestar em qualquer fase da quimioterapia ou mesmo meses ou anos ap&#243;s o seu t&#233;rmino. S&#227;o descritas quatro formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o. A toxicidade aguda ocorre logo ap&#243;s ou poucos dias depois da infus&#227;o da doxorrubicina e caracteriza-se por manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas inespec&#237;ficas e usualmente transit&#243;rias, tipicamente altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T e do segmento ST, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e taquicardia sinusal<sup>16</sup>. A toxicidade subaguda habitualmente aparece alguns dias ou semanas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima dose da droga e sua principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o &#233; a pericardite t&#243;xica e/ou miocardite (s&#237;ndrome de miopericardite), que usualmente &#233; atenuada pela descontinuidade da antraciclina<sup>3,17</sup>. A toxicidade cr&#244;nica pode ter um in&#237;cio precoce, quando ocorre durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da quimioterapia, ou tardio, quando ocorre ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo. Ambas apresentam-se sob a forma de uma miocardiopatia difusa, com quadro cl&#237;nico semelhante ao de outras miocardiopatias dilatadas<sup>3,13,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversas estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido utilizadas para evitar ou minimizar o dano card&#237;aco causado pela doxorrubicina: utiliza&#231;&#227;o de doses cumulativas em n&#237;veis considerados mais seguros, administra&#231;&#227;o da droga de forma lenta (6 a 72 horas), monitoriza&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio de exames complementares (ecocardiograma, angiocardiografia com radionucl&#237;deo, bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica etc.) e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas que possam atuar como protetores mioc&#225;rdicos (dexrazoxane, probucol etc)<sup>11,12,18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>O dexrazoxane &#233; amplamente reconhecido como um agente protetor contra a toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida por antraciclinas. Atualmente &#233; a &#250;nica droga liberada para esse fim nos Estados Unidos. Por ser uma subst&#226;ncia n&#227;o-polar e hidrossol&#250;vel, alcan&#231;a facilmente o citoplasma da c&#233;lula card&#237;aca, onde &#233; hidrolisado na forma de an&#233;is abertos, o que lhe confere uma forte capacidade de quelar o ferro, modo pelo qual previne a forma&#231;&#227;o do composto ferro-doxorrubicina, envolvido na forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres implicados na les&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>20</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a efic&#225;cia do dexrazoxane em proteger o mioc&#225;rdio contra a toxicidade causada pela doxorrubicina em adultos e crian&#231;as<sup>18,21,22</sup>. Entretanto na literatura h&#225; poucos estudos a respeito do uso de dexrazoxane em crian&#231;as com osteossarcoma e nenhum em nosso meio. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma em pacientes com osteossarcoma tratados com doxorrubicina associada ou n&#227;o a dexrazoxane.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes</italic> - foram avaliados 55 pacientes acompanhados no Instituto de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica e no Setor de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP&#150;EPM), de maio de 1996 a fevereiro de 2001. O presente estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica M&#233;dica em Pesquisa da UNIFESP&#150;EPM. Um termo de consentimento foi obtido dos familiares dos pacientes ou, quando poss&#237;vel, do pr&#243;prio paciente, ap&#243;s as devidas explica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os mesmos indicados pelo Protocolo IV (1996) do Grupo Brasileiro de Tratamento de Osteossarcoma &#150; GBTO, descritos a seguir: 1) pacientes com osteossarcoma n&#227;o induzidos por radia&#231;&#227;o, recentemente diagnosticados, de alto grau de malignidade, comprovado com bi&#243;psia e n&#227;o tratados previamente; 2) pacientes com osteossarcoma de qualquer localiza&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com ou sem met&#225;stase; 3) pacientes com idade at&#233; 21 anos; 4) pacientes sem evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a cardiovascular atual ou pregressa, com base na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma; 5) pacientes com fun&#231;&#245;es renal e hep&#225;tica normais.</p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, n&#227;o-randomizado, em que foram formados dois grupos de pacientes de forma seq&#252;encial, conforme o uso de dexrazoxane. O grupo I foi formado pelos pacientes que n&#227;o receberam o dexrazoxane, pois ainda n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel em nosso meio e o grupo II foi formado, subseq&#252;entemente, pelos pacientes que receberam dexrazoxane, a partir de quando este se tornou dispon&#237;vel em nosso servi&#231;o. O grupo I foi constitu&#237;do de 37 pacientes, 28 do sexo masculino e nove do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,4 anos. O grupo II foi constitu&#237;do de 18 pacientes, 15 do sexo masculino e 3 do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,1 anos.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes foram tratados de acordo com o Protocolo IV (1996) do Grupo Brasileiro de Tratamento de Osteossarcoma &#150; GBTO. A quimioterapia consistiu da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das seguintes drogas: cisplatina, carboplatina, doxorrubicina e ifosfamida. Para diminuir a toxicidade renal induzida pela ifosfamida foi utilizado o Mesna (medicamento protetor renal). A doxorrubicina foi utilizada em seis ciclos, tr&#234;s na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e tr&#234;s na fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, na dose de 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> para o grupo I e de 70 mg/m<sup>2</sup> para o grupo II, e administrada por via endovenosa, em infus&#227;o r&#225;pida de 30 minutos. O dexrazoxane foi utilizado na propor&#231;&#227;o de 20:1 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose de doxorrubicina, miligrama a miligrama, e administrado por via endovenosa, em infus&#227;o r&#225;pida de 15 minutos, iniciada cerca de 30 minutos antes da infus&#227;o da doxorrubicina.</p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiograma -</italic> Foi realizado por um &#250;nico observador, o qual n&#227;o tinha conhecimento da dose de antraciclina utilizada pelos pacientes, tampouco sabia qual deles estava recebendo o dexrazoxane. Os equipamentos utilizados foram o Ultramak 9 (ATL &#150; Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothel, WA-USA) e o Philips SD 800 (Irvine, CA, USA), com transdutores de 2,5 e 5,0 MHz, capazes de obter imagens nos modos uni e bidimensionais, al&#233;m da an&#225;lise da velocidade de fluxo pelas t&#233;cnicas de Doppler espectral e de mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Foram realizadas quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: 1) realizada at&#233; duas semanas antes do in&#237;cio da quimioterapia (avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial); 2) realizada at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o terceiro ciclo de doxorrubicina; 3) realizada at&#233; duas semanas ap&#243;s o quinto ciclo de doxorrubicina e 4) realizada at&#233; quatro semanas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima dose de doxorrubicina (avalia&#231;&#227;o final). Os pacientes eram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. As imagens foram obtidas nos planos cl&#225;ssicos e gravadas em videoteipe (VHS) para an&#225;lise posterior. Foi realizado um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo. As medidas dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (Dd) e sist&#243;lico (Ds) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), pelo modo M ou bidimensional foram utilizadas para an&#225;lise. O Dd foi obtido no ponto de m&#225;xima deflex&#227;o posterior diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE e o Ds no ponto de m&#225;xima deflex&#227;o anterior da mesma parede, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>15</sup>. O par&#226;metro usado para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi o percentual de encurtamento (PE, em porcentagem), que corresponde ao percentual de redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo ap&#243;s sua contra&#231;&#227;o e pode ser calculado como (DdVE-DsVE)/(DdVE) x 100 (%). Valores maiores ou iguais a 30% s&#227;o considerados normais. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi definida de acordo com o relat&#243;rio do Comit&#234; de Cardiologia do Grupo de Estudo de Crian&#231;as com C&#226;ncer dos Estados Unidos como PE igual ou inferior a 29%, e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de encurtamento, em valor absoluto, igual ou superior a 10 unidades do valor do exame realizado antes do in&#237;cio da quimioterapia de cada paciente<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Exames laboratoriais -</italic> No momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma foram anotadas a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de cada paciente. Por ocasi&#227;o do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram anotados os n&#237;veis sang&#252;&#237;neos de hemoglobina e creatinina mais recentes.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> A an&#225;lise descritiva da idade foi expressa como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto a dose cumulativa e o percentual de encurtamento foram expressos como m&#233;dia e erro-padr&#227;o. Para avaliar a dose cumulativa, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, os di&#226;metros da cavidade ventricular esquerda e a porcentagem de encurtamento, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas. O sexo, a ra&#231;a e a incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram avaliados com o teste exato de Fisher. A idade, o peso, a altura e a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal foram analisadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student<italic>.</italic> Para todos os testes realizados, o n&#237;vel descritivo p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo I, foram realizados 140 exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos; oito exames n&#227;o foram realizados, cinco por n&#227;o comparecimento do paciente e tr&#234;s devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, n&#227;o relacionado com a toxicidade card&#237;aca. No grupo II, foram realizados 59 exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos; treze exames n&#227;o foram realizados, dez por n&#227;o comparecimento do paciente e tr&#234;s devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, n&#227;o relacionado com a toxicidade card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto ao sexo (teste exato de Fisher: p = 0,731), ra&#231;a (Teste exato de Fisher: p = 0,334), idade (teste <italic>t</italic> de Student: p = 0,86), peso (teste <italic>t</italic> de Student: p = 0,719), altura (teste <italic>t</italic> de Student: p = 0,563), ASC (teste <italic>t</italic> de Student: p = 0,563) e &#224; presen&#231;a de met&#225;stase no in&#237;cio do tratamento (teste exato de Fisher: p = 1,000), como mostram as <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">4</xref>. Do mesmo modo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos I e II em todas as fases do estudo quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p=0,554), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (p= 0,95) e diast&#243;lica (p=0,465), como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>. Ambos os grupos apresentaram m&#233;dias dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina superiores a 8,0g/dl e de creatinina s&#233;rica inferior a 1,0&#181;mol/l, na ocasi&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 6</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da dose cumulativa foi cerca de 15% maior no grupo II, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo I, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es dois, tr&#234;s e quatro. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostra que o grupo I apresentou valores significativamente maiores de dose cumulativa de doxorrubicina (an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas: <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,0001) nas avalia&#231;&#245;es 2, 3 e 4, como mostram a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela7">tabela 7</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tabela7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva das m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o da PE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma, ao longo das quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es, encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 8</xref>. O comportamento da PE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao longo do seguimento foi avaliado pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas. Dessa an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica resultou que h&#225; intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupo e avalia&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,356), o que indica que o comportamento de ambos os grupos foi igual ao longo do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,967) das m&#233;dias da porcentagem de encurtamento ao longo do tempo, em cada grupo. H&#225; diferen&#231;a, por&#233;m, significativa (p= 0,029) entre as m&#233;dias da porcentagem de encurtamento dos dois grupos, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es 2, 3 e 4, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios previamente definidos, considerando todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, foi de sete indiv&#237;duos (18,92%) no grupo I e de dois indiv&#237;duos (11,1%) no grupo II. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela9">Tabela 9</xref>. No grupo I, dos sete pacientes que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, cinco evolu&#237;ram com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da mesma, antes do t&#233;rmino da quimioterapia. No grupo II, os dois pacientes que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica evolu&#237;ram com normaliza&#231;&#227;o desta antes do t&#233;rmino da quimioterapia.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Virtualmente, todos os pacientes em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento ou com tratamento pr&#233;vio com base em doxorrubicina podem desenvolver toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida por esse agente quimioter&#225;pico. Por esse motivo, a cada novo protocolo de tratamento de neoplasias, algumas medidas s&#227;o tomadas, a fim de se evitar ou pelo menos reduzir esse efeito.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista da preven&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida pela doxorrubicina, o presente estudo apresenta alguns aspectos importantes, tais como: 1) o uso da dose total de doxorrubicina dividida em seis ciclos, com intervalos, em m&#233;dia, de tr&#234;s semanas; 2) em cada ciclo, a dose da doxorrubicina foi fracionada ao meio e dada em dois dias consecutivos, o que reduz ainda mais o pico do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da droga, sem comprometer a &#225;rea sob a curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica; 3) o emprego da doxorrubicina numa dose-limite cumulativa de 360 a 420mg/m<sup>2</sup>; 4) o uso de dexrazoxane em um dos grupos de pacientes e 5) a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardigr&#225;fica seriada, com a finalidade de identificar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas precoces e individualizar a dose de doxorrubicina, caso necess&#225;rio. A administra&#231;&#227;o da doxorrubicina em infus&#227;o r&#225;pida de 30 minutos contrap&#245;e-se, por&#233;m, &#224; tend&#234;ncia de muitos centros oncol&#243;gicos que preferem utilizar a doxorrubicina em infus&#227;o prolongada de 6 a 72 horas, sob a alega&#231;&#227;o de que, dessa forma, haveria menor risco de toxicidade card&#237;aca<sup>19,24-27</sup>. Por&#233;m, apesar deste argumento ser v&#225;lido, existem alguns aspectos negativos relacionados ao uso da doxorrubicina em infus&#227;o prolongada, que n&#227;o a tornam unanimemente aceita. Um deles &#233; o aumento significativo da mucosite<sup>28,29</sup>. Outro aspecto negativo &#233; a possibilidade de haver maior tend&#234;ncia de a c&#233;lula tumoral se tornar resistente<sup>30</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, aumenta o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, requer bomba de infus&#227;o e cateter de acesso venoso central, o que a torna uma abordagem desconfort&#225;vel para o paciente e aumenta o risco de bacteremia. No conjunto, esses fatores tornam o tratamento mais oneroso, aspecto importante em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Nos Estados Unidos, recomenda-se uma dosagem de dexrazoxane 10 vezes superior &#224; da doxorrubicina (10:1), isto &#233;, para cada 1mg/m<sup>2</sup> de doxorrubicina, 10mg/m<sup>2</sup> de dexrazoxane<sup>20</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o dexrazoxane &#233; ministrado a partir do momento em que o paciente atinge uma dose cumulativa de doxorrubicina igual ou superior a 300mg/m<sup>2</sup>. No presente estudo, o dexrazoxane foi utilizado apenas nos pacientes do grupo II, numa quantidade 20 vezes superior &#224; da doxorrubicina (20:1), a partir da primeira dose do quimioter&#225;pico, em conformidade com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o feita na Europa<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os dois grupos quanto aos fatores predisponentes ou de risco para desenvolver toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica por doxorrubicina, tais como idade, sexo e ra&#231;a, o que indica que ambos s&#227;o compar&#225;veis nesses aspectos. Al&#233;m disso, nenhum paciente recebeu radioterapia no mediastino; por isso essa forma de tratamento n&#227;o foi considerada um fator de risco para a toxicidade card&#237;aca. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados laboratoriais durante o per&#237;odo de quimioterapia mostrou que os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina e creatinina n&#227;o constitu&#237;ram um fator de interfer&#234;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros avaliados, pois se mantiveram dentro de n&#237;veis aceit&#225;veis (acima de 7,0 g/dl) nos dois grupos estudados.</p>
    <p>Entre as demais drogas utilizadas no tratamento dos pacientes deste estudo, al&#233;m da doxorrubicina, apenas a ifosfamida pode causar toxicidade<sup>32,33</sup>. Embora a toxicidade card&#237;aca da ifosfamida possa ser potencializada pela associa&#231;&#227;o com doxorrubicina<sup>13</sup>, ambos os grupos receberam doses semelhantes deste medicamento e, por isso, n&#227;o se pode inferir que a associa&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos resultou em aumento da toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios previamente definidos, nos grupos I (18,92%) e II (11,1%), n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p= 0,248). Al&#233;m disso, nenhum dos dois grupos apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da m&#233;dia dos valores da porcentagem de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao longo do tempo, em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es. Com base nessas informa&#231;&#245;es pode-se deduzir que o dexrazoxane n&#227;o exerceu n&#237;tida influ&#234;ncia quanto &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Entretanto, existe uma considera&#231;&#227;o importante a ser feita. A m&#233;dia da porcentagem de encurtamento foi maior no grupo II do que no grupo I, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es dois, tr&#234;s e quatro, o que sugere algum grau de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica exercida pelo dexrazoxane. Essa hip&#243;tese &#233; refor&#231;ada pelo fato de que a toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida pela doxorrubicina &#233; dependente da dose e em cada uma dessas avalia&#231;&#245;es, o grupo II recebeu uma m&#233;dia de dose cumulativa cerca de 15% maior do que o grupo I, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,001)<sup>34,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados diferem, em parte, daqueles encontrados na literatura, pois diversos estudos indicaram um grau de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica exercido pelo dexrazoxane mais evidente, motivo pelo qual muitos protocolos indicam uma dose maior de doxorrubicina, quando o dexrazoxane &#233; empregado. Wexler e cols.<sup>36</sup>, num estudo controlado, avaliaram o efeito do dexrazoxane em crian&#231;as com sarcoma de partes moles durante o per&#237;odo de QT com doxorrubicina.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados com angiografia por radionucl&#237;deo e toxicidade card&#237;aca foi definida como uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 45% ou diminui&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor pr&#233;-quimioterapia. De acordo com os autores, houve menor incid&#234;ncia de toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica no grupo que recebeu o dexrazoxane (22% x 67%), ainda que este grupo tenha recebido uma dose cumulativa m&#233;dia de doxorrubicina maior (410mg/m<sup>2</sup> x 310mg/m<sup>2</sup>). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo que recebeu o protetor mioc&#225;rdico apresentou maior sobrevida, em parte secund&#225;ria &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos. Rubio e cols.<sup>22</sup>, num estudo controlado feito com crian&#231;as com osteossarcoma durante o per&#237;odo de QT, consideraram como toxicidade card&#237;aca uma porcentagem de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor ou igual a 28% ou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o, em valor absoluto, igual ou superior a 10 unidades em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor pr&#233;-quimioterapia, e encontraram consider&#225;vel diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de toxicidade card&#237;aca subcl&#237;nica no grupo que recebeu dexrazoxane (14% x 27%).</p>
    <p>Schiavetti e cols.<sup>37</sup> estudaram dois grupos de pacientes com v&#225;rios tipos de tumores s&#243;lidos, durante o per&#237;odo de quimioterapia com doxorrubicina ou an&#225;logo, com e sem dexrazoxane, e encontraram menor incid&#234;ncia de toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica, definida como uma porcentagem de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor ou igual a 28%, no grupo que recebeu dexrazoxane (zero% x 13,3%).</p>
    <p>A porcentagem de encurtamento sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; recomendada como &#237;ndice para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de pacientes em tratamento ou tratados com antraciclinas pelo Comit&#234; de Cardiologia do Grupo de Estudo de Crian&#231;as com C&#226;ncer dos Estados Unidos<sup>23</sup>. De fato, v&#225;rios estudos tomaram como base a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e/ou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, demonstrando a sua aplicabilidade<sup>28,34,39</sup>. Entretanto sabe-se que este &#237;ndice apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, principalmente no contexto do paciente em quimioterapia. De fato, ele &#233; afetado por algumas vari&#225;veis que podem influenciar a pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, particularmente durante a fase de quimioterapia, tais como anemia, febre, infus&#227;o de volume e fal&#234;ncia renal<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mesmo com altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas do mioc&#225;rdio, quando a p&#243;s-carga est&#225; reduzida (vasodilata&#231;&#227;o por febre), a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pode ser normal, e, quando est&#225; aumentada (por exemplo, sobrecarga h&#237;drica), esses &#237;ndices podem estar diminu&#237;dos<sup>41</sup>. Segundo McKillop e cols.<sup>42</sup>, a porcentagem de encurtamento apresentou uma sensibilidade de 37% e uma especificidade de 72% em predizer subseq&#252;ente desenvolvimento de ICC em pacientes tratados com antraciclinas. Todavia os autores consideraram como anormal uma porcentagem de encurtamento inferior a 25%, o que diminuiu a sensibilidade e especificidade do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>Outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tais como a porcentagem de espessamento da parede posterior e o estresse sist&#243;lico da parede posterior, talvez pudessem detectar, se usados no presente estudo, uma poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a do comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os grupos I e II, uma vez que n&#227;o dependem da pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga<sup>43</sup>. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a de que n&#227;o foi utilizado nenhum crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Desde o final da d&#233;cada de 1980 muitos estudos acrescentaram a informa&#231;&#227;o de que a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos pacientes tratados com antraciclinas altera-se at&#233; mesmo antes da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, motivo pela qual ela passou a ser muito valorizada nesse contexto<sup>44-46</sup>. As novas t&#233;cnicas com Doppler tecidual e o ecocardiograma por estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina tamb&#233;m poderiam contribuir para a avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos pacientes sob risco de toxicidade card&#237;aca por antraciclinas, por apresentarem maior sensibilidade quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica<sup>47-50</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem outras limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, que podem ter influenciado os resultados. Ele n&#227;o foi randomizado e os grupos foram tratados e formados em &#233;pocas diferentes. As ocorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas com eventuais sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a quimioterapia ou ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo do estudo n&#227;o foram consideradas na an&#225;lise. Outra raz&#227;o: um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes foi incluso em ambos os grupos. Embora a porcentagem de encurtamento seja um par&#226;metro muito utilizado e com alto grau de reprodutibilidade e baixa variabilidade interobservadores, &#233; importante ressaltar o fato de que o ecocardiograma &#233; um m&#233;todo dependente do operador, que, apesar de experiente, pode ter eventualmente influenciado os resultados obtidos. Entretanto os exames foram realizados por um &#250;nico observador, sem o conhecimento de qual grupo ou em que fase do tratamento estava o paciente.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es da porcentagem de encurtamento, por terem ocorrido durante o per&#237;odo de QT e, na sua grande maioria, transit&#243;rias, podem ser classificadas como manifesta&#231;&#245;es de toxicidade aguda. Conv&#233;m salientar que os dados obtidos neste estudo se referem ao per&#237;odo da quimioterapia com doxorrubicina e n&#227;o devem ser extrapolados para fases posteriores, em m&#233;dio e longo prazos, quando a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; mais acentuada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados do presente estudo indicam que, nos pacientes com osteossarcoma tratados com doxorrubicina com e sem dexrazoxane, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, avaliada pela m&#233;dia da porcentagem de encurtamento sist&#243;lico, apresentou melhor desempenho no grupo que recebeu a administra&#231;&#227;o do dexrazoxane. A ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, por&#233;m, foi semelhante entre os dois grupos de pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento:</bold> UNIFESP-EPM e CAPES.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ranulfo Pinheiro de Matos Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 964 - casa 17 </p>
        <p> 04039-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ranulfopmatos@hotmail.com">ranulfopmatos@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/11/04; revisado recebido em 16/02/06; aceito em 07/03/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left ventricular systolic function assessed by echocardiography in children and adolescents with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with dexrazoxane</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular (LV) systolic function by means of echocardiography in patients with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with dexrazoxane. METHODS: The study analyzed 55 patients with osteosarcoma, with or without metastasis, undergoing a six-cycle chemotherapy regimen of doxorubicin, who were divided into two groups according to dexrazoxane use. Group I: Thirty-seven patients who did not receive dexrazoxane (28 males, average age 15.4 years). Group II: Eighteen patients who did receive dexrazoxane (15 males, average age 15.1 years). Four echocardiographic evaluations were performed: 1) before the beginning of the chemotherapy (initial evaluation); 2) up to two weeks after the third cycle; 3) up to two weeks after the fifth cycle; and 4) up to four weeks after the sixth cycle of chemotherapy (final evaluation). The left ventricular systolic function was assessed by the fractional percentage of systolic shortening (FS%) on echocardiography. Alterations in the contractile function or cardiac toxicity were defined as FS% values equal to or lower than 29%, and/or by a drop in FS% by an absolute value equal to or greater than 10 units of the baseline value of each patient. RESULTS: No significant difference as to age, gender, and race was observed between the groups. The cumulative dose of doxorubicin was significantly higher in group II throughout all phases of the treatment: 174 x 203 mg/m&#178;; 292 x 338 mg/m&#178; and 345 x 405 mg/&#178; (p &lt; 0.0001). According to previously established criteria, the incidence of LV systolic dysfunction was not significantly different (p=0.248) between patients in group I (18.92%) and patients in group II (11.1%). The variance analysis with repeated measurements did not show significant differences in the means of fractional percentage of systolic percentage (FS%) throughout the study (p=0.967). However, a significant difference (p=0.029) was observed between the FS% means in groups I and II at evaluations 2 (35.67 x 37.21%), 3 (34.95 x 38.47%) and 4 (35.26 x 38.22%). CONCLUSION: Data in this study show that in patients with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or combined with dexrazoxane, the LV systolic function, as assessed by the fractional percentage of systolic shortening mean, showed a better performance in the group that received dexrazoxane. On the other hand, the occurrence of systolic dysfunction was similar in both groups.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Left ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>osteosarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>dexrazoxane</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Left ventricular systolic function assessed by echocardiography in children and adolescents with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with dexrazoxane</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ranulfo Pinheiro de Matos Neto; Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Petrilli; C&#233;lia Maria Campos Silva; Orlando Campos Filho; Victor Manuel Oporto; Lourdes de F&#225;tima Gon&#231;alves Gomes; Marcelo Goulart Paiva; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Camargo Carvalho; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate left ventricular (LV) systolic function by means of echocardiography in patients with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with dexrazoxane.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study analyzed 55 patients with osteosarcoma, with or without metastasis, undergoing a six-cycle chemotherapy regimen of doxorubicin, who were divided into two groups according to dexrazoxane use. Group I: Thirty-seven patients who did not receive dexrazoxane (28 males, average age 15.4 years). Group II: Eighteen patients who did receive dexrazoxane (15 males, average age 15.1 years). Four echocardiographic evaluations were performed: 1) before the beginning of the chemotherapy (initial evaluation); 2) up to two weeks after the third cycle; 3) up to two weeks after the fifth cycle; and 4) up to four weeks after the sixth cycle of chemotherapy (final evaluation). The left ventricular systolic function was assessed by the fractional percentage of systolic shortening (FS%) on echocardiography. Alterations in the contractile function or cardiac toxicity were defined as FS% values equal to or lower than 29%, and/or by a drop in FS% by an absolute value equal to or greater than 10 units of the baseline value of each patient.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No significant difference as to age, gender, and race was observed between the groups. The cumulative dose of doxorubicin was significantly higher in group II throughout all phases of the treatment: 174 x 203 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; 292 x 338 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and 345 x 405 mg/<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0.0001). According to previously established criteria, the incidence of LV systolic dysfunction was not significantly different (p=0.248) between patients in group I (18.92%) and patients in group II (11.1%). The variance analysis with repeated measurements did not show significant differences in the means of fractional percentage of systolic percentage (FS%) throughout the study (p=0.967). However, a significant difference (p=0.029) was observed between the FS% means in groups I and II at evaluations 2 (35.67 x 37.21%), 3 (34.95 x 38.47%) and 4 (35.26 x 38.22%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Data in this study show that in patients with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or combined with dexrazoxane, the LV systolic function, as assessed by the fractional percentage of systolic shortening mean, showed a better performance in the group that received dexrazoxane. On the other hand, the occurrence of systolic dysfunction was similar in both groups.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Left ventricular function, echocardiography, osteosarcoma, doxorubicin, dexrazoxane.</p>
      <p>Currently, children with neoplasms have increasingly higher chances of being cured of their diseases. The introduction of anthracyclines in chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of malignant neoplasms is one of the greatest advances in modern oncology. According to data from North-American investigators, more than 50% of children treated with this class of cytostatic agent were cured between 1974 and 1990<sup>1</sup>. Its broad spectrum of antitumoral activity especially encompasses the treatment of hematological neoplasms such as lymphomas and leukemia, and solid tumors including breast, ovarian, and thyroid cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and osteosarcoma<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of new antiemetic drugs (serotonin receptor inhibitors) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors reduced the clinical significance of adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and neutropenia. This allowed increases in the doses of anthracyclines<sup>3</sup>. On the other hand, the cardiotoxicity induced by this drug has not yet been entirely overcome, and it remains a major impediment to administering higher doses that could enhance its therapeutic potential. Therefore, this is an issue that remains unsolved, despite the fact that the first reports on cardiac toxicity were published approximately three decades ago<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Billingham et al<sup>5</sup> were the first to systematically describe the histological and ultrastructural alterations in anthracycline-induced cardiac lesions. These authors described two distinct types of lesion in the myocyte: (1) myofibrillar loss, and (2) vacuolar degeneration. At a more advanced stage, both types of lesion progressed to mitochondrial degeneration followed by the formation of myelin figures and nuclear disintegration, culminating with myocyte death and resulting myocardial fibrosis. It has been proven that several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the myocardial injury induced by anthracyclines, which are independent of their antitumoral activity. However, most studies associate cardiotoxic effects to the formation of reactive oxygen types (free radicals) such as the superoxide anion (O2<sup>-</sup>) and the hydroxyl radical (OH<sup>-</sup>). These are responsible for the lipid peroxidation of several cellular sites including cell membranes, nuclear membranes, and the membranes of several cytoplasmatic organelles, mainly mitochondria and the cytoplasmatic reticulum, leading to a chain of autocatalytic reactions responsible for the destruction of the myocyte<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The anthracycline-induced injury to the myocardium depends on an ample individual variability and on a set of risk factors that contribute to increase the injury, such as the total cumulative dose of doxorubicin, administration form (rapid or slow infusion), combination with other cytostatic agents, previous or concomitant irradiation of the mediastinum, and patients under 15 years or over 65 years of age<sup>10-14</sup>. Of these, the cumulative dose of anthracycline is considered the main risk factor involved in the development of anthracycline-induced myocardic toxicity<sup>10,12,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac toxicity induced by doxorubicin or similar drugs may manifest itself during any stage of the chemotherapy, or even months or years after the end of the treatment. Four different forms of cardiac toxicity are described. Acute toxicity takes place immediately or a few days after the infusion of doxorubicin and is characterized by nonspecific electrocardiographic findings, typically transient changes in T wave and ST segment, conduction disorders, and sinus tachycardia<sup>16,17</sup>. Subacute toxicity usually occurs a few days or weeks after the last dose of the drug, and its main manifestation is toxic pericarditis and/or myocarditis (myopericarditis syndrome), which is usually reduced upon discontinuation of anthracyclin<sup>3,18</sup>. Chronic toxicity may have an early onset during the first year following the end of the chemotherapy, or a late onset, when it occurs after this period. Both types of toxicity manifest themselves under the form of a diffuse myocardiopathy, with clinical symptoms similar to those of other dilated myocardiopathies<sup>3,13,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several strategies have been employed to avoid or minimize the cardiac injury caused by doxorubicin: administration of cumulative doses at levels considered more secure, slow infusion of the drug (6 to 72 hours), periodical monitoring of the cardiac function by supplementary tests (echocardiogram, radionuclide angiography, endomyocardial biopsy etc) and the use of drugs that may act as protective agents of the myocardium (dexrazoxane, probucol etc)<sup>11,12,20,25,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dexrazoxane is widely recognized as a protective agent against anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity. It is currently the only drug authorized for this indication in the United States. Since it is a hydrosoluble nonpolar substance, dexrazoxane easily reaches the cytoplasm of the cardiac cell where it is hydrolyzed in the shape of open rings, acquiring a strong iron-chelating property by which it prevents the production of the iron-doxorubicin compound involved in the formation of the free radicals that cause cardiac injury<sup>19</sup>. Several studies have shown the efficacy of dexrazoxane in protecting the myocardium against the toxicity caused by doxorubicin in adults and children<sup>20-22</sup>. However, there are few studies on the use of dexrazoxane in children with osteosarcoma in medical literature, none in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of the left ventricular systolic function by means of echocardiography in patients with osteosarcoma treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with dexrazoxane.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - Fifty-five patients were followed up at the <italic>Instituto de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica</italic> (Institute of Pediatric Oncology) and at the <italic>Setor de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> &#150; <italic>Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP </italic>&#150;<italic> EPM</italic> (Department of Pediatric Oncology of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo), from May 1996 to February 2001. This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of UNIFESP &#150; EPM. An informed consent form was signed by the patients' families or, whenever possible, by the patient himself/herself, after the necessary explanations were given.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were the same as those for the Protocol IV (1996) of the <italic>Grupo Brasileiro de Tratamento de Osteossarcoma </italic>&#150;<italic> GBTO</italic> (Brazilian Group of Osteosarcoma Treatment &#150; GBTO), as follows: (1) patients recently diagnosed with highly malignant osteosarcoma not induced by irradiation, confirmed by biopsy and not previously treated; (2) patients with osteosarcoma at any primary site with or without metastases; (3) patients under the age of 21; (4) patients with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, current or previous, based on clinical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and echocardiogram; (5) patients with normal kidney and liver functions.</p>
      <p>This is a prospective non-randomized study with two sequential groups formed according to dexrazoxane use. Group I consisted of patients who did not receive dexrazoxane as the drug was not yet available in our context, and Group II was subsequently formed by patients who received dexrazoxane when this agent became available at our institution. Group I consisted of 37 patients, 28 males and 9 females, average age 15.4 years. Group II consisted of 18 patients, 15 males and 3 females, average age 15.1 years.</p>
      <p>Patients were treated according to Protocol IV (1996) of the <italic>Grupo Brasileiro de Tratamento de Osteossarcoma &#150; GBTO</italic> (Brazilian Group of Osteosarcoma Treatment &#150; GBTO). The chemotherapy regimen included the following drugs: cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin and ifosfamide. In order to reduce kidney toxicity induced by ifosfamide, the renoprotective agent Mesna was used. Doxorubicin was intravenously administered in six cycles, three in the preoperative phase and three in the postoperative phase, in doses of 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for group I and 70 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for group II (in rapid infusions of 30 minutes each). Dexrazoxane was used at a rate of 20:1 relative to the dose of doxorubicin, milligram to milligram, and administered intravenously in rapid 15-minute infusions begun approximately 30 minutes before the doxorubicin infusion.</p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiogram -</italic> Was performed by one single operator, blinded to dose of anthracycline given to the patients and to which patients were receiving dexrazoxane. The equipment used were Ultramak 9 (ATL &#150; Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothel, WA-USA) and Philips SD 800 (Irvine, CA, USA), with 2.50 and 5.0 MHz transducers, capable of obtaining uni- and bidimensional images, as well as an analysis of the flow rate by Doppler spectral techniques and color flow mapping. Four echocardiographic evaluations were performed: 1) up to two weeks before the beginning of the chemotherapy (initial evaluation); 2) up to two weeks after the third cycle of doxorubicin; 3) up to two weeks after the fifth cycle of doxorubicin; and 4) up to four weeks after the administration of the last dose of doxorubicin (final evaluation). Patients were positioned in the left lateral decumbent position. Echocardiogram images were obtained in the conventional planes and recorded on video-tape (VHS) for posterior analysis. A complete echocardiographic examination was performed. Measurements of the diastolic diameter (Dd) and systolic diameter (Sd) of the left ventricule (LV) by M or bidimensional mode were utilized for the analysis. Dd was obtained at the point of maximum diastolic posterior deflection of the posterior LV wall, and the Sd at the point of maximum anterior deflection of the same wall, according to American Society of Echocardiography recommendations<sup>15</sup>. The parameter used to evaluate the left ventricular systolic function was the fractional percentage of systolic shortening (FS%) that corresponds to the percentage of reduction of the left ventricular diastolic diameter after its contraction and that can be calculated as (DdLV-SdLV)/(DdLV) x 100 (%). Values equal to or higher than 30% are considered normal. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was defined according to the report of the Committee of Cardiology of the Group of Studies of Children with Cancer in the United States as FS% equal to or less than 29%, and/or a drop in FS% by an absolute value equal to or greater than 10 units of the value recorded before the beginning of chemotherapy of each patient<sup>22,24</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory exams</italic> - Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure for each patient were recorded during the echocardiogram, as well as the most recent blood hemoglobin and creatinine values.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The descriptive analysis of age was expressed as mean and standard deviation, whereas the cumulative dose and the shortening percentage were expressed as mean and standard error. Variance analysis with repeated measurements was used to evaluate the cumulative dose, clinical characteristics, diameters of the left ventricular cavity, and the shortening percentage. Gender, race and the incidence of ventricular dysfunction were evaluated with Fisher's exact test. Age, weight, height and body surface area were calculated with the t Student test. For all tests performed, a p<italic>&lt;</italic>0.05 descriptive level was considered as significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In Group I, 140 echocardiographic exams were performed and eight were not performed, five because the patients missed the exam, and three due to deaths not related to cardiac toxicity. In Group II, 59 echocardiographic exams were performed; thirteen were not performed because the patients missed the exam, and three due to deaths not related to cardiac toxicity.</p>
      <p>No significant difference was observed between the groups as to gender (Fisher's exact test: p <italic>=</italic> 0.731)<italic>,</italic> race ( Fisher's exact test: p <italic>=</italic> 0.334<italic>),</italic> age (t Student test: p <italic>=</italic> 0.86<italic>),</italic> weight (t Student test: p <italic>=</italic> 0.719<italic>),</italic> height <italic>(</italic>t Student test<italic>:</italic> p <italic>=</italic> 0.563), BSA (t Student test: p <italic>=</italic> 0.563), and presence of metastases at the beginning of the treatment (Fisher's exact text: p <italic>=</italic> 1.000) as <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="e13t3-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">4</xref> show. Likewise, there was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II throughout the study as to heart rate (p = 0.554), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.95) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.465) as shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="e13t5-body2">Table 5</xref>. Both groups had hemoglobin level means greater than 8.0 g/dl, and serum creatinine levels lower than 1.0 &#181;mol/l during the echocardiographic evaluations, as shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="e13t6-body2">Table 6</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e13t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e13t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e13t6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The cumulative dose mean was approximately 15% greater in Group II, as compared to Group I, in evaluations two, three and four. The statistical analysis shows that Group I presented values significantly greater of cumulative doses of doxorubicin (repeated measurement variance analysis: <italic>p &lt;</italic> 0.0001) in evaluations 2, 3 and 4 as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela7-body2">Table 7</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tabela7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e13t8-body2">Table 8</xref> shows the descriptive analysis of means and standard deviations of the left ventricle FS% on echocardiogram during the four evaluations. The left ventricular FS% behavior throughout the follow-up was evaluated as per the repeated measurements variance analysis. The conclusion of this statistical analysis was that there is interaction between group and evaluation (p = 0.356), which indicates that the behavior of both groups was similar throughout the study. Moreover, there is no significant difference (p = 0.967) between the means of shortening fraction percentage during the study in each group. On the other hand, there is a significant difference (p = 0.029) between the means of shortening fraction percentage in both groups in evaluations 2, 3 and 4, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e13t8-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>According to criteria previously defined and taking into account all evaluations, seven patients had left ventricular systolic dysfunction in group I (18.92%), and two patients in group II (11.1%). The statistical analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, as shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela9-body2">Table 9</xref>. In group I, out of the seven patients who had systolic dysfunction, five progressed towards normal levels before the end of the chemotherapy. In group II, the two patients who had systolic dysfunction progressed towards normal levels even before the end of the chemotherapy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela9-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0763-00013-gt09-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Virtually all patients undergoing chemotherapy, or those who had been previously treated with doxorubicin, may develop cardiac toxicity induced by this chemotherapic agent. For this reason, with the development of each new protocol for the treatment of neoplasms, a few measures are taken to prevent, or at least reduce, this effect.</p>
      <p>Concerning the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity, this study had a few important aspects such as: (1) the total dose of doxorubicin was divided into six cycles, with average intervals of three weeks; (2) in each cycle, the dose of doxorubicin was divided in half and given on two consecutive days, which reduces even more the peak of the drug's serum level without compromising the area under the curve of plasma concentration; (3) cumulative dose limit of doxorubicin between 360 and 420mg/m<sup>2</sup>; (4) administration of dexrazoxane to one of the groups; and (5) the serial echocardiograhic evaluation in order to identify early cardiac changes and individualize the doxorubicin dose, if necessary. On the other hand, the administration of doxorubicin in rapid 30-minute infusions is opposed to the trend in many oncology centers that prefer to administer doxorubicin in prolonged infusions (6 to 72 hours), claiming that this approach would produce a smaller cardiac toxicity risk<sup>25-29</sup>. However, despite the soundness of this argument, there are some negative aspects related to prolonged infusions of doxorubicin that keep it from being unanimously accepted. One of them is the significant increase of mucositis<sup>30,31</sup>. Another negative aspect is the possibility of tumor cells becoming resistant<sup>32</sup>. Moreover, it increases the duration of hospital stays, requires an infusion pump and central venous access catheter, making this approach uncomfortable for the patient and increasing the risk of bacteremia. In short, these factors increase the cost of the treatment, which is an important aspect to be considered in our environment.</p>
      <p>In the United States, the recommended dosage of dexrazoxane is 10 times that of doxorubicin (10:1), i.e., for each 1 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of doxorubicin, 10mg/m<sup>2</sup> of dexrazoxane are used<sup>19</sup>. Also, dexrazoxane is administered from the moment the patient reaches a cumulative dose of doxorubicin equal to or greater than 300mg/m<sup>2</sup>. In this study, dexrazoxane was used only for patients in group II, in an amount 20 times that of the doxorubicin (20:1) from the first dose of the chemotherapic agent, according to the recommendation made in Europe<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>There was no significant difference between the two groups as to predisposing factors or risk factors to develop doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity such as age, gender, and race, indicating that both drugs are comparable in these aspects. Moreover, as none of the patients received radiotherapy of the mediastinum, this form of treatment was not considered a risk factor for cardiac toxicity. The evaluation of laboratory data over the chemotherapy period showed that the levels of hemoglobin and creatinine were not interfering factors regarding the parameters evaluated, since they remained within acceptable levels (above 7.0 g/dl) in the two groups studied.</p>
      <p>Among the other drugs used for the treatment of the patients in this study, beside doxorubicin only ifosfamide may cause toxicity<sup>34,35</sup>. Although the cardiac toxicity caused by ifosfamide may be potentialized by the association with doxorubicin<sup>13</sup>, both groups received similar doses of this medication and, therefore, it is impossible to infere that the association of these drugs resulted in an increased myocardial toxicity.</p>
      <p>In this study, the occurrence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to criteria previously defined showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.248) in group I (18.92%) and in group II (11.1%). Moreover, none of the two groups presented significant changes in the mean values of shortening fraction throughout the study, in all evaluations. Based on this information, it is possible to deduct that dexrazoxane did not have a clear influence as to myocardial protection. Nonetheless, there is an important consideration to be made. The mean shortening fraction was greater in group II than in group I, in evaluations number two, three and four, suggesting some level of myocardial protection granted by dexrazoxane. This hypothesis is corroborated by the fact that doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity is dose-dependent, and in each one of these evaluations, group II received an cumulative dose mean approximately 15% greater than group I, a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001)<sup>36,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>These results partially differ from those found in medical literature, since several studies indicated a more evident level of myocardial protection granted by dexrazoxane, reason why many protocols indicate a greater dose of doxorubicin when dexrazoxane is being administered. In a controlled study, Wexler et al<sup>38</sup> evaluated the effect of dexrazoxane in children with soft tissue sarcomas over the period of chemotherapy with doxorubicin. Patients were evaluated by radionuclide angiography, and the cardiac toxicity was defined as an ejection fraction less than 45% or a drop in ejection fraction equal to or greater than 20% in relation to the pre-chemotherapy value. According to the authors, the incidence of myocardial toxicity in the group who received dexrazoxane was lower (22% x 67%), although this group had received a greater average cumulative dose of doxorubicin (410mg/m<sup>2</sup> x 310mg/m<sup>2</sup>). Moreover, the group that received the myocardial protective agent showed a longer survival, in part secondary to the decrease in cardiac events. In a controlled study conducted in children with osteosarcoma during chemotherapy, Rubio et al<sup>22</sup> considered as cardiac toxicity a percentage of shortening of the left ventricle equal to or smaller than 28%, or a drop in FS% by an absolute value equal to or greater than 10 units of the value recorded before the beginning of chemotherapy. The authors found a considerable decrease of the incidence of subclinical cardiac toxicity in the group that received dexrazoxane (14% x 27%). Schiavetti et al<sup>39</sup> analyzed two groups of patients with several different types of solid tumors during the period of chemotherapy with doxorubicin or a similar drug, associated or not with dexrazoxane, and found a smaller incidence of cardiac toxicity, defined as a shortening percentage of the left ventricle equal to or smaller than 28% in the group that received dexrazoxane (zero% x 13.3%).</p>
      <p>The fractional percentage of systolic shortening (FS%) is recommended as an index to be used for monitoring the systolic function of patients already treated or being currently treated with anthracyclines, by the Committee of Cardiology of the Studies of Children with Cancer in the United States<sup>24</sup>. Indeed, several studies based on the shortening fraction and/or the ejection fraction to evaluate the left ventricular systolic function showed the applicability of this index<sup>36,41,42</sup>. However, it is known that it has some limitations in evaluating the left ventricular systolic function, mainly when the patient is undergoing chemotherapy. Undoubtedly, this index is affected by some variables that may influence the pre and postload of the left ventricle, primarily during chemotherapy, such as anemia, fever, volume infusion, and renal failure<sup>42</sup>. Even with histological myocardial changes, when the postload is reduced (vasodilatation due to fever), the shortening fraction may remain unchanged, and when it is increased (for instance, due to hydric overload), these indices may be reduced<sup>43</sup>. According to McKillop et al, the shortening fraction showed 37% sensitivity and 72% specificity to predict the subsequent development of CHF in patients treated with anthracyclines. Nevertheless, the authors considered a shortening percentage smaller than 25% as abnormal, and this reduced the sensitivity and specificity of the method. Had they been used in this study, perhaps other echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular systolic function, such as the percentage of thickening and the systolic stress of the posterior wall, could detect a potential difference in the extent of injury of the left ventricle between groups I and II, as they are not influenced by pre and postload<sup>45</sup>. Another limitation of this study refers to the fact that it did not include any criteria for diastolic function evaluation. Since the late 1980s, different studies began to consider that the left ventricular diastolic function in patients treated with anthracyclines is affected even before the systolic function, reason why it became an important aspect within this context<sup>46-48</sup>. New techniques with tissue Doppler and the dobutamine stress echocardiogram might also help in the cardiac evaluation of patients who are under the risk of developing anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity, since they are more sensitive tools for the diagnosis of myocardial toxicity<sup>49-50</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other limitations in this study may have influenced the results. This was not a randomized study, and the groups were formed and treated at different periods. The clinical events with occasional signs of heart failure over the course of chemotherapy or after the study period were not included in the analysis. Another reason is the relatively small number of patients participating in both groups. Although the shortening fraction is a parameter widely used and with a high level of reproducibility and small interobserver variability, it is important to emphasize the fact that the echocardiogram is a method that relies on the operator who, despite his/her experience, may have accidentally influenced the results obtained. However, the tests were performed by one single observer who did not know in which group or treatment phase the patient was.</p>
      <p>Due to having occurred during the chemotherapy treatment and most of them being transient, the changes in the percentage of shortening may be classifed as manifestations of acute toxicity. It is worth mentioning that data obtained in this study relate to the period of the chemotherapy with doxorubicin, and should not be extrapolated to later phases, whether mid or long-term, when the seriousness of the left ventricular dysfunction is markedly greater.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data in this study show that in osteosarcoma patients treated with doxorubicin alone or associated with dexrazoxane, the left ventricular systolic function, as assessed by the shortening fraction mean, had a better performance in the group that received dexrazoxane. On the other hand, both groups of patients had similar systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> UNIFESP - EPM and CAPES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ranulfo Pinheiro de Matos Neto</p>
          <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 964 - casa 17</p>
          <p> 04039-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ranulfopmatos@hotmail.com">ranulfopmatos@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 11, 2004; revised manuscript February 16, 2006; accepted March 7, 2006.</p>
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