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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CrgXFrggQVSqBd6DkVkkcMx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de Salvador (BA) - Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lessa</surname>
            <given-names>&#205;nes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jenny</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Naomar de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Estela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Matem&#225;tica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>747</fpage>
      <lpage>756</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia (Pr) da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e da sua associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#227;o fortemente miscigenada. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado em amostra populacional de 1.439 adultos e &gt; 20 anos, em Salvador-Brasil. Todos responderam a question&#225;rio em domicilio e tiveram medidos: press&#227;o arterial, peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), glicemia e l&#237;pidas s&#233;ricas. O crit&#233;rio para HA foi a m&#233;dia da PAS &gt; 140 e/ou PAD &gt; 90mmHg. Foram estimadas Pr da HA com IC a 95%. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram medidas pelo OR ajustado (ORaj), por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o. RESULTADOS: A Pr total foi da HA foi 29,9%: 27,4% IC (23,9-31,2) em homens e 31,7%, IC(28,5-34,9) em mulheres. Em negros a Pr foi 31,6% para homens e 41,1% para mulheres. Em brancos foi 25,8% nos homens e 21,1% nas mulheres. A HA apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significante com idades &gt; 40 anos, sobrepeso/obesidade [ORaj = 2,37(1,57-3,60)] para homens e 1,62(1,02-2,58) para mulheres. Nos homens a HA associou-se &#224; escolaridade elevada e nas mulheres com a cor da pele parda e negra, com obesidade abdominal, ORaj = 2,05 IC(1,31-3,21), diabetes ORaj = 2,16 IC(1,19-3,93) e com a menopausa. CONCLUS&#195;O: A HA predominou em negros de ambos os sexos, e em mulheres. Excetuando-se o sobrepeso/obesidade, as vari&#225;veis que se mantiveram independentemente associadas &#224; HA diferiram entre os sexos. Os resultados sugerem aprofundamento do estudo da HA em negros e necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais cont&#237;nuas e de in&#237;cio precoce.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>ra&#231;a e sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de Salvador (BA) - Brasil<xref ref-type="fn" rid="back10"><sup><bold>*</bold></sup></xref></p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;nes Lessa<sup>I</sup>; Luc&#233;lia Magalh&#227;es<sup>III</sup>; Maria Jenny Ara&#250;jo<sup>IV</sup>; Naomar de Almeida Filho<sup>I</sup>; Estela Aquino<sup>II</sup>; M&#244;nica M. C. Oliveira<sup>V</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia, PhD, Pesquisadores 1-A CNPq </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia, PhD, Pesquisadores 2, CNPq </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado da Bahia, Mestre </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Mestre </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto de Matem&#225;tica da Universidade Federal da Bahia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia (Pr) da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e da sua associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#227;o fortemente miscigenada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de corte transversal, realizado em amostra populacional de 1.439 adultos e <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 anos, em Salvador-Brasil. Todos responderam a question&#225;rio em domicilio e tiveram medidos: press&#227;o arterial, peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), glicemia e l&#237;pidas s&#233;ricas. O crit&#233;rio para HA foi a m&#233;dia da PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg. Foram estimadas Pr da HA com IC a 95%. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram medidas pelo OR ajustado (ORaj), por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A Pr total foi da HA foi 29,9%: 27,4% IC (23,9-31,2) em homens e 31,7%, IC(28,5-34,9) em mulheres. Em negros a Pr foi 31,6% para homens e 41,1% para mulheres. Em brancos foi 25,8% nos homens e 21,1% nas mulheres. A HA apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significante com idades <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos, sobrepeso/obesidade [ORaj = 2,37(1,57-3,60)] para homens e 1,62(1,02&#151;2,58) para mulheres. Nos homens a HA associou-se &#224; escolaridade elevada e nas mulheres com a cor da pele parda e negra, com obesidade abdominal, ORaj = 2,05 IC(1,31-3,21), diabetes ORaj = 2,16 IC(1,19-3,93) e com a menopausa. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A HA predominou em negros de ambos os sexos, e em mulheres. Excetuando-se o sobrepeso/obesidade, as vari&#225;veis que se mantiveram independentemente associadas &#224; HA diferiram entre os sexos. Os resultados sugerem aprofundamento do estudo da HA em negros e necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais cont&#237;nuas e de in&#237;cio precoce.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, preval&#234;ncia, ra&#231;a e sa&#250;de, sobrepeso</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; a mais importante dentre as causas modific&#225;veis de mortalidade cardiovascular precoce em todo o mundo, especialmente dos acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos. Com preval&#234;ncias elevadas e conhecidas h&#225; v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas nos pa&#237;ses industrializados, e na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada em alguns em desenvolvimento<sup>1-5</sup>, o interesse pela epidemiologia da HA mant&#233;m-se constante no decorrer do tempo. Em parte isso se deve a fatos hist&#243;ricos sobre a HA: elevadas freq&#252;&#234;ncias do desconhecimento populacional sobre os seus n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, n&#227;o ades&#227;o aos tratamentos e/ou baixas freq&#252;&#234;ncias de controle entre os que se tratam<sup>6-8</sup>. Isto demonstra que, de modo geral, as estrat&#233;gias usadas para promo&#231;&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de t&#234;m sido ineficazes para reverter h&#225;bitos e comportamentos incompat&#237;veis com vida saud&#225;vel, al&#233;m da falta de acesso &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de boa qualidade.</p>
    <p>Em revis&#227;o de abrang&#234;ncia mundial da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o, Kearny e cols.<sup>1</sup> estimaram que seria de ~26% no ano 2000, similar entre os sexos, com 2/3 dos hipertensos vivendo em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Esses autores projetaram o aumento da preval&#234;ncia para ~29% em 2025, mantendo a similaridade por g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo 1960-2000, nos Estados Unidos, houve queda da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o de 42% para 24%<sup>9</sup>, por&#233;m, entre 1999-2000 a preval&#234;ncia voltou a elevar-se em cerca de 8,3%, o que equivale a um aumento preocupante de 30% no n&#250;mero absoluto de hipertensos na popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. Apesar do crescimento, as preval&#234;ncias da HA nos Estados Unidos e no Canad&#225; mostraram-se inferiores &#224;quelas dos v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses europeus com os quais foram recentemente comparadas<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na revis&#227;o dos poucos estudos populacionais sobre HA no Brasil, as preval&#234;ncias descritas s&#227;o elevadas. Esses estudos concentram-se sobretudo nos estados de S&#227;o Paulo e do Rio Grande do Sul<sup>11</sup>. Os grandes reflexos da HA no pa&#237;s aparecem: a) nas estat&#237;sticas de mortalidade, com a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular ocupando a primeira causa de morte<sup>12</sup>; b) nas estat&#237;sticas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pagas pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s (Lessa I, relat&#243;rio de pesquisa, Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, 2004); c) nas elevadas taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por urg&#234;ncias pela pr&#243;pria hipertens&#227;o ou suas complica&#231;&#245;es (Lessa I, relat&#243;rio de pesquisa urg&#234;ncias/emerg&#234;ncias, Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado da Bahia, 2002), al&#233;m dos demais custos sociais. Esses conhecimentos ainda n&#227;o motivaram qualquer decis&#227;o governamental para execu&#231;&#227;o de um estudo populacional padronizado no pa&#237;s, capaz de identificar diverg&#234;ncias e prioridades regionais e servir como refer&#234;ncia nacional. Enquanto esse conhecimento n&#227;o se produz, os estudos de preval&#234;ncia em localidades de outras regi&#245;es devem ser incentivados, desde quando as disparidades regionais da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira s&#227;o de grande magnitude, com repercuss&#245;es diferentes na determina&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de-doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo o objetivo foi estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da sua associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o fortemente miscigenada da cidade do Salvador, Nordeste do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de corte transversal, usando o banco de dados do subprojeto "Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) e para o diabetes", Projeto Monitoramento das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e do Diabetes Mellitus (MONIT), realizado em Salvador - Bahia, Brasil, em 1999 &#150; 2000. Como base para estudos populacionais em Salvador, os setores censit&#225;rios de 8 das 10 bacias hidrogr&#225;ficas da cidade foram agrupados em 108 "&#193;reas de Pesquisa", classificadas em n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico alto, misto e baixo". O presente estudo foi realizado em 34 dessas &#225;reas, sorteadas proporcionalmente ao n&#250;mero de setores de cada classe social, abrangendo 16.592 domic&#237;lios, com cerca de 229.162 habitantes, 112.290 deles com idadee <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 anos.</p>
    <p>A amostra foi estimada em 1.800 adultos com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 anos, com base em uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial de 25%, n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e erro de delineamento de 2%. Em raz&#227;o da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios outros objetivos ao estudo, e estimativa de perdas de 20% dos domic&#237;lios (im&#243;veis n&#227;o residenciais, terrenos, etc), a amostra foi ampliada para 2.500 pessoas. Com m&#233;dia estimada em 1,7 eleg&#237;veis por resid&#234;ncia foi extra&#237;da amostra sistem&#225;tica (intervalo=10), de 1.540 domic&#237;lios, respeitando-se n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e densidade populacional das &#225;reas. Destes, excluindo-se gr&#225;vidas, 1.458 foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Concordaram em participar 1.258 fam&#237;lias (81,7%) e as demais foram perdas por barreiras para acesso aos moradores ou por recusa da fam&#237;lia. Foram programadas 2.476 entrevistas, havendo 72 recusas (2,9%) do eleg&#237;vel sorteado na resid&#234;ncia. Em domic&#237;lio os participantes responderam a question&#225;rio pr&#233;-testado sobre FRCV, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes, tratamento atual para hipertens&#227;o e/ou diabetes comprovados pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o, embalagem ou prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e posteriormente pelos exames realizados para o estudo. Foram medidas a press&#227;o arterial e circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura natural. Para press&#227;o arterial foram realizadas 6 medidas em 2 blocos diferentes de 3 medidas consecutivas cada, com intervalo aproximado de 20 minutos entre os blocos. O esfigmoman&#244;metro foi o OMRON HEM 705 CP, eletr&#244;nico, oscilom&#233;trico, validado e recomendado pelas institui&#231;&#245;es internacionais competentes<sup>13</sup> e selecionado pelas suas notas <bold>B,</bold> para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e <bold>A</bold> para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica<sup>13.</sup> Aparelhos desse tipo podem ser usados em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>14</sup>. Suas maiores vantagens s&#227;o: a) facilidade de treinamento e de padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos entrevistadores; b) elimina&#231;&#227;o de vieses de mensura&#231;&#227;o decorrentes da vis&#227;o, audi&#231;&#227;o e aten&#231;&#227;o; c) impossibilidade de op&#231;&#227;o individual por d&#237;gitos terminais e d) n&#227;o interfer&#234;ncia do entrevistador na velocidade de infla&#231;&#227;o/defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito. As medidas foram efetuadas com o entrevistado sentado, p&#233;s apoiados ao ch&#227;o, bra&#231;o esquerdo relaxado, apoiado sobre mesa e &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, palma voltada para cima, bexiga vazia, sem ter praticado exerc&#237;cios moderados ou pesados, fumado ou ingerido bebida alco&#243;lica nos 30 minutos antecedentes &#224;s medidas. Foi usada bra&#231;adeira compat&#237;vel com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Duas medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foram efetuadas com fita met&#225;lica inextens&#237;vel sobre a pele, ajustada ao corpo, tomando como par&#226;metro a parte mais estreita do tronco, entre o t&#243;rax e quadris (cintura natural).</p>
    <p>Todos os entrevistados foram encaminhados para o servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de sede da pesquisa em cada &#225;rea, onde foram medidos e pesados, al&#233;m de terem sangue coletado p&#243;s-jejum de 12h para dosagens bioqu&#237;micas (glicemia, colesterol, HDL, triglic&#233;rides e creatinina), realiza&#231;&#227;o do sum&#225;rio de urina e de ECG em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Esses procedimentos foram efetuados pela pr&#243;pria equipe do projeto, de modo padronizado. Controle de qualidade das aferi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e da press&#227;o arterial foi realizado por estimativa de m&#233;dias e medidas de dispers&#227;o inter e intra-observadores, sob a responsabilidade de dois dos co-autores, al&#233;m de duas nutricionistas.</p>
    <p>Para os procedimentos compareceram 1.546 participantes (67,3% da amostra), perdendo-se 107 (6,9%) protocolos completos antes da digita&#231;&#227;o. A amostra final do MONIT incluiu 2.297 participantes, sendo 1.439 com exames complementares (exclu&#237;das 107 perdidos que realizaram exames). Esses 1.439 constitu&#237;ram o grupo analisado neste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>Defini&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios de anormalidade:</italic>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;vel dependente</italic> - Hipertens&#227;o arterial, crit&#233;rio do VI Joint : press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, incluindo hipertensos em tratamento atual comprovado<sup>15</sup>. Foi usada a m&#233;dia das cinco &#250;ltimas medidas.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis independentes</italic> - sobrepeso foi definido pelo &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, IMC (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>) e <underline>&gt;</underline> 25Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e &lt; 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obesidade <underline>&gt;</underline> 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup> de superf&#237;cie corporal; obesidade central (OC), definida pelos pontos de corte da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) &gt;88cm para homens e &gt;84cm para mulheres, estimados para a pr&#243;pria popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>; hipercolesterolemia = colesterol s&#233;rico <underline>&gt;</underline> 240mg/dl, m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico Trinder; HDL-colesterol baixo = HDL-c &lt; 40mg/dl, m&#233;todo Labtest; hipertrigliceridemia = triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dl, m&#233;todo Soloni modificado; LDL-colesterol elevado = LDL e <underline>&gt;</underline> 160mg/dl, calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedwalder para triglic&#233;rides abaixo de 400mg/dl; Diabetes mellitus = glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 126mg/dl (m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico Trinder) ou abaixo desse valor para pessoas em tratamento atual e comprovado de DM; tabagismo = fumante atual, qualquer n&#250;mero de cigarro/dia; consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool = consumo em finais de semana com embriaguez freq&#252;ente e/ou consumo di&#225;rio com ou sem embriaguez; atividade f&#237;sica: ativos = indiv&#237;duos que referiram pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria e sistem&#225;tica de pelo menos uma atividade moderada (ex: passar ferro, varrer, lavar carro, trabalhar andando sem carregar objetos pesados), ou atividade pesada no trabalho (ex: trabalhar andando, subindo e descendo escadas ou ladeiras, carregando peso ou erguendo peso; lavagem manual de roupa; fazer faxina; cuidar de crian&#231;as ou inv&#225;lidos; trabalhar na constru&#231;&#227;o civil) e pelo menos 3 horas semanais de uma ou mais das seguintes atividades no lazer: caminhar, dan&#231;ar, nadar, pedalar, correr ou outra atividade f&#237;sica esportiva, inclusive treinamento para competi&#231;&#245;es. Os demais foram considerados sedent&#225;rios. Ra&#231;a/etnia foi auto&#150;definida pela cor da pele, em branca, parda /mulata, preta/negra, amarela e ind&#237;gena, conforme oficialmente usado nos censos demogr&#225;ficos no pa&#237;s. Aqueles que optaram por outra cor da pele foram reclassificados nos tr&#234;s estratos b&#225;sicos (Exemplos: clara, clarinha, morena clara = branca; caboclo, canela, escurinho, sarar&#225;, cabo-verde = pardos; escuro, preto= negro). A escolaridade foi estratificada em baixa (analfabetos + escolarizados at&#233; a 4<sup>&#170;</sup> s&#233;rie)- m&#233;dia (da 5<sup>&#170;</sup> s&#233;rie do 1<sup>&#186;</sup> grau at&#233; a 3&#170; s&#233;rie incompleta do 2<sup>&#186;</sup> grau) e alta (e <underline>&gt;</underline> 2<sup>&#186;</sup> grau completo, ou seja, <underline>&gt;</underline> 11 anos completos de escola). Para classe social foi adotado o crit&#233;rio da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Pesquisa de Mercado (ABPEME), condensada em tr&#234;s grupos: alta (A1 +A2+B1), m&#233;dia (B2+C) e baixa (D+E).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise</italic> - Para o grupo total, estratificado por g&#234;nero, e para vari&#225;veis independentes foram calculadas as taxas de preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o, Intervalos de Confian&#231;a (IC) 95% e medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o. Excluindo-se as idades que entraram em todas as etapas do ajustamento, os <italic>Odds-ratios</italic> (OR) da an&#225;lise univariada, com p-valor &lt;0,10, quando indicado, foram ajustados (ORaj) para vari&#225;veis modificadoras de efeito pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, procedimento <italic>stepwise</italic> - <italic>backward</italic>, retendo-se no modelo final aquelas com p-valor &lt;0,05. A an&#225;lise foi realizada pelo "STATA, vers&#227;o 7.0". O estudo &#233; explorat&#243;rio, sem hip&#243;tese pr&#233;-determinada.</p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado da Bahia e todos os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento p&#243;s-informado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 1.439 participantes analisados 830 (57,7%) eram mulheres e 609 (42,3%) eram homens. As m&#233;dias de idade foram de 41,9&#177;14,6 anos de idade para mulheres e de 40,3 &#177; 14,1 para os homens (t = 2,08, p&gt;0,05). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> encontram-se as caracter&#237;sticas do grupo total, observando-se freq&#252;&#234;ncias de 46,4% de pardos e 27,9% de negros; baixa e m&#233;dia escolaridade foram 47,2% e 49,5%, respectivamente, e poucos tinham escolaridade elevada. A classe social baixa concentrou 59,3% dos participantes e a alta somente 6,2%. Destacaram-se elevadas freq&#252;&#234;ncias de participantes sedent&#225;rios, com sobrepeso ou obesidade, obesidade central e l&#237;pidas s&#233;ricas anormais, exceto a hipertrigliceridemia, observada em 13,3%. Pela regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla observa-se ORaj estatisticamente significantes para associa&#231;&#245;es entre hipertens&#227;o e idade, cor da pele parda e negra, sobrepeso, obesidade central, diabetes e colesterol total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia total da HA foi de 29,9%, sendo 31,7%, IC 95% (28,5 &#150; 34,9) em mulheres e 27,4%, IC (23,9 &#150; 31,2) em homens. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> apresentam as an&#225;lises estratificadas por sexo. As preval&#234;ncias mostraram-se crescentes com a idade em ambos os sexos, j&#225; elevadas abaixo dos 50 anos e excepcionalmente elevadas a partir dessa idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>). As discrep&#226;ncias das preval&#234;ncias entre etnias e entre homens e mulheres para classe social e escolaridade s&#227;o observados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em mulheres tanto decresceu linearmente da baixa para alta escolaridade quanto da baixa para a alta classe social. O padr&#227;o masculino foi inverso, crescente dos brancos para os negros, e mais elevado na alta escolaridade, sem tend&#234;ncia marcante. As preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o foram elevadas para todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas, sendo mais baixa para o tabagismo em ambos os sexos. Preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o acima de 50% foram detectadas em pessoas com diabetes e com obesidade, em ambos os sexos, e na presen&#231;a de obesidade central e da menopausa em mulheres. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias de idade entre brancos e negros de ambos os sexos (p&gt;0,05). As raz&#245;es de propor&#231;&#245;es (RP) mostram semelhan&#231;a das preval&#234;ncias para a maioria das vari&#225;veis em ambos os sexos, sendo estatisticamente significante para mulheres no grupo 40-49 anos e para LDL elevado, sendo a alta escolaridade fator protetor neste sexo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> observam-se OR brutos estatisticamente significantes em todos os grupos et&#225;rios, baixa escolaridade, sedentarismo, sobrepeso, obesidade central, diabetes, colesterol, LDL e triglic&#233;rides elevadas. Para mulheres a associa&#231;&#227;o da HA com a cor da pele foi significante para pardas e negras e para menopausadas e n&#227;o significante por classe social. Associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes no sexo masculino foram detectadas para alta e baixa escolaridade, classe social elevada e consumo de &#225;lcool em excesso. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, mantiveram-se associados &#224; HA entre as mulheres: todos os grupos et&#225;rios a partir dos 40 anos, cor da pele parda e negra, sobrepeso, obesidade central, diabetes, e menopausa. Para os homens mantiveram-se associados: idade a partir dos 40 anos, classe social elevada e sobrepeso. Para as demais vari&#225;veis as associa&#231;&#245;es detectadas na an&#225;lise univariada perderam a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na multivariada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesse estudo foi pretens&#227;o apresentar uma an&#225;lise abordando o maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de fatores de risco cardiovascular. As perdas de domic&#237;lios ficaram aqu&#233;m do previsto e a dos eleg&#237;veis da amostra original foi menor do que 3%. A perda mais importante foi parcial, representada por participantes que responderam ao question&#225;rio, tiveram medidas a press&#227;o arterial e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, mas n&#227;o compareceram para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames. Pela semelhan&#231;a das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos que completaram todo o protocolo (exceto os 107 extraviados) com as documentadas no censo de 2000 em Salvador, preferimos analisar aqueles com protocolos completos. A amostra total seria isenta de cr&#237;ticas, por&#233;m restrita a poucos fatores de risco. Perdas semelhantes ou superiores &#224;s nossas s&#227;o observadas na literatura. Ocorrem, sobretudo, em estudos baseados em entrevista domiciliar, com refer&#234;ncia para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames em outra data e local. S&#227;o exemplos os recentes estudos de Wolf-Mayer e cols.<sup>2</sup>, Cooper e cols.<sup>17</sup> e Victor e cols.<sup>18</sup>. Outros autores analisam os que comparecem para exames, mas omitem &#224;s taxas de perdas.</p>
    <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial por aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos foi recomendada para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos nas Am&#233;ricas, por consenso de grupo de trabalho que incluiu diversos participantes dos "Joints"<sup>14</sup>. Uma vez validados e convenientemente aprovados, substituem o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio, especialmente onde estes sofrem restri&#231;&#245;es e s&#227;o mais adequados do que os aner&#243;ides que s&#227;o mais propensos a erros<sup>14</sup>. Os aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos s&#227;o amplamente usados e recomendados por Cooper e cols.<sup>19</sup> para inqu&#233;ritos populacionais.</p>
    <p>Os pontos de corte da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura internacionalmente recomendados s&#227;o pol&#234;micos<sup>20</sup>, e n&#227;o se adaptam a muitas popula&#231;&#245;es, inclusive &#224; de Salvador. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lises preliminares, optamos pelo uso de crit&#233;rio obtido da pr&#243;pria popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>16</sup>. Esses crit&#233;rios aproximam-se dos recentemente propostos para pa&#237;ses sul-americanos, de 80cm para mulheres e 90cm para homens<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Consideramos que os resultados n&#227;o impedem a extrapola&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o para pessoas dos n&#237;veis sociais predominantes no estudo. A amostra respeitou a proporcionalidade dos estratos sociais das &#225;reas inclu&#237;das, com falha na cobertura do estrato social mais elevado.</p>
    <p>A predomin&#226;ncia da hipertens&#227;o em mulheres concorda com resultados de outros seis antigos estudos nacionais &#151; dois deles tamb&#233;m na Bahia, dois no Rio Grande do Sul, e dois no Rio de Janeiro<sup>11,22</sup>. Nos demais estudos brasileiros os homens apresentaram preval&#234;ncias mais elevadas<sup>11</sup>. Esse resultado contrap&#245;e-se &#224; maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es de outros pa&#237;ses, com relatos de preval&#234;ncias mais elevadas no sexo masculino<sup>2</sup>. Estados Unidos e Canad&#225; t&#234;m preval&#234;ncias de HA semelhantes, em torno dos 30,4% para homens e 24,8% para mulheres, enquanto em 6 pa&#237;ses europeus a varia&#231;&#227;o ficou entre 44,8% e 60,2% nos homens e 30,6% a 50,3% nas mulheres, em faixas et&#225;rias 35-74 anos<sup>2</sup>. Contudo, existem tamb&#233;m contradi&#231;&#245;es de g&#234;nero nos Estados Unidos, com registro do predom&#237;nio da hipertens&#227;o em mulheres<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os aproximados 28% de hipertens&#227;o observados em homens e 32% em mulheres situam-se entre alguns dos valores descritos em outras localidades brasileiras com caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnico-raciais e socioculturais diferentes<sup>11</sup> e de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, inclusive os Latinos<sup>3-5,23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>As v&#225;rias etnias componentes da forma&#231;&#227;o racial brasileira n&#227;o permitem crit&#233;rio sem tendenciosidade para classifica&#231;&#227;o racial. O IBGE adota para os censos demogr&#225;ficos a "auto-defini&#231;&#227;o da cor da pele". Esse crit&#233;rio, mesmo que n&#227;o ideal, vem sendo usado em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos e foi recentemente validado no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), apresentando kappa &gt;80%<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos dados analisados, a distribui&#231;&#227;o da cor da pele/etnia da amostra n&#227;o difere da apresentada no &#250;ltimo censo demogr&#225;fico para a popula&#231;&#227;o de Salvador. Assim, por auto-defini&#231;&#227;o da cor da pele, ajustada por idade e demais co-vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o analisadas, a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o nas mulheres mostrou gradiente crescente, das brancas em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224;s negras, com OR estatisticamente significantes para pardas e negras. Excetuando-se Araraquara, SP<sup>26</sup>, maiores preval&#234;ncias entre negros foram relatadas em todos os estudos brasileiros que inclu&#237;ram ra&#231;a<sup>27</sup>, por&#233;m, em Salvador as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias entre negros e brancos foram menores do que em outras localidades do Brasil<sup>11</sup>, refletindo a forte miscigena&#231;&#227;o racial da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Entre 35 e 64 anos, na popula&#231;&#227;o negra americana e na jamaicana, as preval&#234;ncias de HA, ajustadas por idade, tamb&#233;m foram registradas como mais elevadas em mulheres do que em homens (44,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 43,1% e 31,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 23,4%, respectivamente), mas foram baixas e semelhantes entre homens e mulheres nigerianos (13,9% <italic>vs.</italic> 13,1%), vivendo em zonas rurais do seu pr&#243;prio pa&#237;s<sup>17.</sup> Nesse mesmo estudo, todas as preval&#234;ncias observadas em popula&#231;&#245;es de origem europ&#233;ia foram mais elevadas em homens e em todos os pa&#237;ses foram superiores &#224;s dos negros americanos, enquanto a elevada preval&#234;ncia em mulheres negras americanas foi semelhante &#224; das espanholas e superada apenas pela observadas nas alem&#227;s<sup>17</sup>. Ressalvando-se que as idades analisadas em Salvador foram de maior amplitude do que a do estudo referido e que n&#227;o tenham sido padronizadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade das americanas, a preval&#234;ncia observada nas mulheres negras assemelha-se &#224; das negras americanas.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise da preval&#234;ncia e do tratamento da hipertens&#227;o em negros americanos, estratificados por n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico muito baixo, baixo e moderadamente baixo, mostrou que a hipertens&#227;o &#233; altamente prevalente nos tr&#234;s grupos, associadas somente com a idade, n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o e IMC, mas destacando-se a obesidade no n&#237;vel mais baixo<sup>28</sup>. A diverg&#234;ncia intra-racial desfavor&#225;vel aos negros no grupo de mais baixa classe social &#233; ressaltada pelo autor do referido estudo. Em todos os estudos brasileiros a hipertens&#227;o predomina em estratos de baixa escolaridade<sup>11</sup>, considerada par&#226;metro de classe social baixa. Contudo, nesse estudo isso s&#243; ocorreu com as mulheres, com claro decl&#237;nio linear da baixa para a alta escolaridade, e da baixa para a m&#233;dia e alta classe social, embora os OR tenham perdido a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s os ajustamentos. O inverso ocorreu no sexo masculino, diferindo do relatado em estudos nacionais<sup>27 .</sup> Disparidades dos fatores de risco entre ra&#231;as/etnias e entre g&#234;nero s&#227;o comuns nos Estados Unidos<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma importante contribui&#231;&#227;o dos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que ela ocorre paralelamente a outros fatores metab&#243;licos<sup>30</sup>. Isso j&#225; foi observado em estudo sobre simultaneidade de fatores de risco cardiovascular em Salvador<sup>31</sup> e s&#227;o comuns em estudos sobre s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>32</sup>. Neste estudo as associa&#231;&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular ocorreram com sedentarismo, obesidade ou sobrepeso, obesidade central, diabetes ou hiperglicemia, e com as dislipidemias, embora em v&#225;rios deles a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica n&#227;o se tenha mantido no modelo final da an&#225;lise. Nem sempre houve concord&#226;ncia entre homens e mulheres quanto aos fatores que se mantiveram associados &#224; HA, apesar da mesma proced&#234;ncia social. As dislipidemias agravam a hipertens&#227;o e fazem parte da epidemiologia das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da HA, mas n&#227;o entram no seu elenco dos fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>No sexo feminino e em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura, foram comprovadas associa&#231;&#245;es positivas e significantes da HA com etnia negra, diabetes, sobrepeso, obesidade central e menopausa, e com idades a partir dos 40 anos e etnia parda.</p>
    <p>Dentre os contrastes observados no sexo masculino em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura encontram-se maiores preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o na alta escolaridade (estatisticamente significante) e no elevado estrato social (n&#227;o significante). Essas caracter&#237;sticas sociais s&#227;o comuns nos grupos mais elitizados, que s&#227;o os brancos. No entanto, classe social e escolaridade elevadas foram pouco representadas na amostra, demonstrado pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes inclu&#237;dos nestas duas categorias de an&#225;lise, com amplos IC das respectivas preval&#234;ncias. Por outro lado, 11,7% dos homens negros e 10,6% dos brancos tinham idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos (p&lt;0,05) e as m&#233;dias de idade de brancos e negros foram semelhantes (p&gt;0,05). Conseq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o h&#225; elementos para afirmar vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia favor&#225;vel aos homens brancos. Neste sexo seriam esperadas associa&#231;&#245;es significantes entre a HA e etnia negra, obesidade central e diabetes, mas n&#227;o foram detectadas. Apenas sobrepeso/obesidade destacou-se entre as associa&#231;&#245;es esperadas. Estressores sociais, especialmente viol&#234;ncia na regi&#227;o de moradia, comum em bairros mais pobres, n&#227;o foram abordados nesse estudo, mas podem ser um importante determinante social associado &#224; HA em Salvador, tendo em vista as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>Menopausa e idade elevada constituem-se fatores de risco biol&#243;gicos associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o e a outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, como obesidade central e dislipidemias e &#233; comum em todos os estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos que analisam essas vari&#225;veis. &#201; poss&#237;vel haver intera&#231;&#227;o com a obesidade central, que &#233; comum em mulheres com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da idade. As intera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram analisadas em raz&#227;o de n&#227;o se tratar de estudo com hip&#243;tese a ser testada.</p>
    <p>Os resultados confirmam a import&#226;ncia da hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o, inclui-se entre os poucos estudos nacionais com predom&#237;nio de mulheres hipertensas, mostraram elevada preval&#234;ncia em negros, especialmente nas mulheres e sugerem: necessidade de aprofundamento da investiga&#231;&#227;o em negros, revis&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias oficiais para detec&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e controle da hipertens&#227;o e interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais maci&#231;as, adequadamente elaboradas e cont&#237;nuas, al&#233;m de in&#237;cio em idades precoces.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>
          <a href="#top" link-type="internal"/>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p> &#205;nes Lessa </p>
        <p> Rua Barachisio Lisboa, 3 - Parque Lucaia </p>
        <p> 40295-120 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ilessa@cardiol.br">ilessa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/07/05; revisado recebido em 09/03/06; aceito em 09/05/06</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10">
        <label>*</label>
        <p> Trabalho financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de, atual Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de, MS, Processo n&#186;.25100.004122/98-91 e pelo CNPq, Processo n&#186;. 473610/03-5. </p>
        <p> Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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          <volume>365</volume>
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              <surname>Kearney</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Arterial hypertension in the adult population of Salvador (BA) - Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension (H) and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors in a highly multiracial population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out in Salvador, Brazil, in a population sample of 1439 adults &gt; 20 years of age. All participants completed a questionnaire at home and had the following measurements taken: blood pressure, body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and serum glucose and lipids. Hypertension was defined as mean SBP e"140 and/or DBP &gt; 90 mmHg. Hypertension prevalence was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The associations were measured by the adjusted odds ratio (AOR), using regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of HA was 29.9%: 27.4% CI (23.9-31.2) in men and 31.7%, CI (28.5-34.9) in women. Among black men, this prevalence was 31.6%, and among black women, 41.1%. Among white men it was 25.8%, and among white women, 21.1%. Arterial hypertension was significantly associated with age &gt; 40, overweight/obesity (aOR = 2.37[1.57-3.60]) for men and 1,62 (1.02 - 2.58) for women. Among men, HA was associated with a high level of education and among women, with dark brown and black skin, abdominal obesity, aOR = 2.05 CI (1.31-3.21), diabetes aOR = 2.16 CI (1.19-3.93), and menopause. CONCLUSION: Arterial hypertension predominated among black people of both genders, and in women. Those variables that remained independently associated with AH differed in both genders, except overweight/obesity. Our results suggest the need for an in-depth study of AH among black people and early, continuing educational interventions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>ethnic group and health</kwd>
        <kwd>overweight</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension in the adult population of Salvador (BA) - Brazil<xref ref-type="fn" rid="back10-body2"><sup><bold>*</bold></sup></xref></p>
      <p>
        <bold>&#205;nes Lessa<sup>I</sup>; Luc&#233;lia Magalh&#227;es<sup>III</sup>; Maria Jenny Ara&#250;jo<sup>IV</sup>; Naomar de Almeida Filho<sup>I</sup>; Estela Aquino<sup>II</sup>; M&#244;nica M. C. Oliveira<sup>V</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia, PhD, Pesquisadores 1-A CNPq</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia, PhD, Pesquisadores 2, CNPq</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado da Bahia, Mestre</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Mestre</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto de Matem&#225;tica da Universidade Federal da Bahia</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the prevalence of hypertension (H) and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors in a highly multiracial population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study carried out in Salvador, Brazil, in a population sample of 1439 adults <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 years of age. All participants completed a questionnaire at home and had the following measurements taken: blood pressure, body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and serum glucose and lipids. Hypertension was defined as mean SBP <underline>&gt;</underline>140 and/or DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg. Hypertension prevalence was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The associations were measured by the adjusted odds ratio (AOR), using regression analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Overall prevalence of H was 29.9%: 27.4% CI (23.9-31.2) in men and 31.7%, CI (28.5-34.9) in women. Among black men, this prevalence was 31.6%, and among black women, 41.1%. Among white men it was 25.8%, and among white women, 21.1%. Arterial hypertension was significantly associated with age <underline>&gt;</underline> 40, overweight/obesity (AOR = 2.37[1.57-3.60]) for men and 1,62 (1.02 - 2.58) for women. Among men, H was associated with a high level of education and among women, with dark brown and black skin, abdominal obesity, AOR = 2.05 CI (1.31-3.21), diabetes AOR = 2.16 CI (1.19-3.93), and menopause.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Arterial hypertension predominated among black people of both genders, and in women. Those variables that remained independently associated with H differed in both genders, except overweight/obesity. Our results suggest the need for an in-depth study of H among black people and early, continuing educational interventions.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension, prevalence, race, ethnicity, overweight.</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (H) is the most important modifiable cause of early cardiovascular mortality throughout the world, particularly of stroke. Highly prevalent and known for several decades in industrialized countries, and during the last decade in some developing countries<sup>1-5</sup>, the interest in H epidemiology remains consistent over time. This is partly due to historical facts about H, such as high level of unawareness of the blood pressure status by the general population, noncompliance with treatment and/or poor BP control among those who treat thenselves<sup>6-8</sup>. This demonstrates that in general strategies used so far to promote and protect health have been ineffective in changing habits and behavior incompatible with healthy living, in addition to the lack of access to high-quality medical care.</p>
      <p>In a worldwide review, Kearny et al<sup>1</sup> estimated the prevalence of hypertension in the year 2000 to be ~26%, similar for both genders, with two-thirds of the hypertensive living in developing countries. These authors predicted that this prevalence would increase to ~29% by 2025, with similarity by gender maintained.</p>
      <p>Between 1960 and 2000, hypertension rates dropped from 42% to 24%<sup>9</sup> in the United States; however, between 1999 and 2000, these rates rose again by about 8.3%, a worrisome increase of 30% in the total number of people with hypertension<sup>10</sup>. Despite this increase, H prevalence in the United States and Canada proved to be lower than that of many European countries with which they were recently compared<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a review of the few population-based studies on H carried out in Brazil, this condition was highly prevalent. These data cover mainly the states of S&#227;o Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul<sup>11</sup>. The great reflects of H in the country are shown: a) in statistics on mortality, with cerebrovascular disease as the leading cause of death<sup>12</sup>; b) in statistics on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases covered by the Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, the Brazilian national health care system (Lessa I, research report, Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency, Ministry of Health, 2004); c) in the high rates of admission made necessary by hypertension itself or its complications (Lessa I, research report urgencies/emergencies, Health Department of the State of Bahia, 2002), in addition to other social costs. So far, however, this knowledge has not motivated any governmental decision to perform a standardized population-based study in the country focused on identifying regional disparities and priorities and serve as national reference. Meanwhile, prevalence studies should be encouraged in other regions, because the regional inequalities of the Brazilian population are of great magnitude, with different repercussions in the determination of health-disease.</p>
      <p>This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors in the highly multiracial population of Salvador, in the Northeast of Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study, using the database of the subproject "Prevalence of Cardiovascular (CVRF) and Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors," Monitoring Project for Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus (MONIT), was carried out in Salvador (Bahia) in 1999-2000. As a basis for population studies in Salvador, census tracts of 8 of the city's 10 hydrographic basins were grouped in 108 "Research Areas", classified as high, medium and low socioeconomic status. The present study was conducted in 34 of these areas, randomly selected in proportion to the number of sectors of each social class, encompassing 16,592 households, with approximately 229,162 inhabitants, 112,290 of whom were 20 years old or older.</p>
      <p>Study sample was estimated in 1800 adults <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 years of age, based on a 25% prevalence of hypertension, 95% confidence level, and 2% design error. As many other objectives were incorporated into the study, and there was an estimated 20% loss of households (non-residential properties, vacant land, etc), the sample was extended to 2500 people. With an estimated mean of 1.7 eligible people per household, a systematic sample (interval = 10) of 1540 households was extracted, according to socioeconomic status and population density of these areas. Of these, 1458 were eligible for the study, pregnant women excluded. One thousand two hundred and fifty-eight families (81.7%) agreed to participate in the study; the others were losses due both to barriers limiting access to residents and refusal by the family. Two thousand four hundred and seventy-six interviews were scheduled; 72 (2.9%) of the selected respondents refused to participate. All participants were interviewed at home using a pretested questionnaire on CVRF, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, current treatment for hypertension and/or diabetes, documented through presentation of drugs, their packaging, or medical prescription and later by the examinations performed for the study. Blood pressure and waist circumference were measured. Blood pressure was measured in two different blocks, about 20 minutes apart, and consited of three consecutive readings, for a total of six readings. The sphygmomanometer used was the OMRON HEM &#150; 705 CP electronic oscillometric device, validated and recommended by international institutions<sup>13</sup> and selected because of its <bold>B</bold> grading, for systolic blood pressure and <bold>A</bold> for diastolic blood pressure<sup>13</sup>. This kind of device may be used in epidemiological studies<sup>14</sup>. Its main advantages are the following: a) it is easy to train and standardize interviewers; b) it eliminates measurement bias associated to vision, hearing, and attention; c) it does not allow terminal digit preference; and d) the interviewer cannot interfere in the speed of inflation/deflation of the cuff. Blood pressure was measured with the respondent seated, feet flat on the floor, left arm relaxed and resting on a table at heart level, palm upward, bladder empty, and without having exercised moderately or heavily, nor smoked or drunk alcohol in the previous 30 minutes.</p>
      <p>A cuff size compatible with arm circumference was used. Two waist circumference measurements were taken using a nonstretch metallic tape adjusted to the body over the skin, taking as the parameter the narrowest part of the torso, between the chest and hips (natural waist).</p>
      <p>All respondents were referred to the central headquarters of the study in each area, where they underwent body weight and height measurements, in addition to biochemical parameters performed after a 12-hour fast (glucose, cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides), urinalysis and 12-lead ECG. These procedures were performed in the standard manner by the project team itself. Quality control of anthropometric and BP measurements were performed by mean estimates and scatter plots inter- and intraobservers, under the supervision of two co-authors and two nutritionists.</p>
      <p>One thousand five hundred and forty-six participants (67.3% of the sample) underwent the procedures, and 107 (6.9%) completed protocols were lost to the study before they were entered into the database. The final sample of the Monitoring Project for Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus (MONIT) comprised 2297 participants, 1439 of whom with complementary examinations (excluding 107 that underwent examination and were lost to the study). These 1439 comprised this study group.</p>
      <p>
        <italic>Abnormality definitions and criteria:</italic>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Dependent variable &#150;</italic> Arterial hypertension, JNC-VI criterion (Sixth Joint National Committee): systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, including hypertensive subjects under treatment<sup>15</sup>. The average of the last five measurements was used.</p>
      <p><italic>Independent variables &#150;</italic> Overweight was defined by the body mass index, BMI (weight/height<sup>2</sup>) <underline>&gt;</underline> 25Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and &lt;30Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and obesity <underline>&gt;</underline> 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup> of body surface; central obesity (CO), defined by waist circumference (WC) cut-off points of &gt;88 cm in men and &gt;84 cm in women, estimated for the same population<sup>16</sup>; hypercholesterolaemia = serum cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dL, Trinder enzyme method; low HDL-cholesterol = HDL-c &lt; 40 mg/dL, Labtest method; hypertriglyceridemia = triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL, modified Soloni method; high LDL-cholesterol = LDL <underline>&gt;</underline> 160 mg/dL, calculated using the Friedwalder equation for triglycerides lower than 400 mg/dL; diabetes mellitus = fasting glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL (Trinder enzyme method) or lower for people under current and documented treatment for DM; smoking = current smoker, any number of cigarettes/day; excessive alcohol consumption = consumption on week-ends with frequent drunkenness and/or daily consumption with or without drunkenness; physical activity; active = subjects who referred daily and consistent practice of at least one moderate activity (ex: ironing, sweeping, car washing, work while walking without carrying heavy objects) or heavy activities during work (ex: to work walking, climbing up and down stairs or steep terrain, carrying or lifting weight; do the laundry; take care of children or impaired people; perform heavy cleaning tasks; work in civil construction) and had at least 3 hours per week of one or more of the following activities during leisure time: walking, dancing, swimming, biking, running or other sports activity, including training for competitions. The others were considered sedentary. Race/ethnicity was self-defined by skin color: white, dark brown/mulatto, black/negro, yellow and indigenous, according to the official terminology used in demographic censuses in Brazil. Those who chose another skin color were reclassified into three basic strata (Examples: light, very light, light tan = white; caboclo, cinnamon, semidark, <italic>sarara</italic> (mulatto with reddish kinky hair), Cape Verdean = mulatto; dark, black = negro). Schooling was stratified in low (illiterate + elementary school), medium (incomplete junior high school education), and high (<underline>&gt;</underline> complete high school, that is, <underline>&gt;</underline> 11 years of schooling). The criterion used for social class was that of the Brazilian Market Research Association (ABPEME) and was condensed into three groups: high (A1 +A2+B1), medium (B2+C), and low (D+E).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - For the group as a whole, stratified by gender, and for independent variables, the following were calculated: hypertension prevalence rates, 95% confidence interval (CI), and association measurements. Excluding ages, which were included in all the adjustment steps, the odds ratios (univariate analysis), with p value &lt; 0.10, when indicated, were adjusted (AOR) to effect modifying variables using stepwise backward multiple logistic regression, retaining in the final model those with p &lt; 0,05. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata statistical analysis software, version 7.0". This study is exploratory, with no predetermined hypothesis.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the State of Bahia Regional Medical Council, and all patients signed an informed consent before entering the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 1439 participants analyzed, 830 (57.7%) were women and 609 (42.3%) were men. Mean ages were 41.9 &#177;14.6 for women and 40.3 &#177; 14.1 for men (t = 2.08, p &gt; 0.05). <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows overall characteristics, in which 46.4% were mulattos and 27.9% were blacks; low and medium education levels were 47.2% and 49.5%, respectively, and few participants had a high level of education. A majority of the participants belonged to the low social class, while only 6.2% belonged to the high social class. Of note is the high percentage of sedentary participants, with overweight or obesity, central obesity and abnormal serum lipids, except hypertriglyceridemia, which was found in 13.3%. Multiple regression showed a statistically significant adjusted OR for associations between hypertension and age, dark brown and black skin, overweight, central obesity, diabetes, and total cholesterol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t1-body2">table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Overall prevalence of H was 29.9%, of which 31.7%, 95% CI (28.5 &#150; 34.9) was in women and 27.4%, CI 95% (23.9 &#150; 31.2) in men. Gender-stratified analyses are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11f2-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t2-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t3-body2">3</xref>. Hypertension prevalence increased with age in both genders and was already high in patients younger than 50 and exceptionally high in patients older than 50 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Prevalence differences between races and between genders according to social class and education level are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11f2-body2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. In women, hypertension prevalence decreased linearly both from low to high level of education and from low to high social class. In men, the inverse was true, increasing from white to black and rising with the level of education, without a marked trend. Hypertension prevalence was high for all variables analyzed; smoking prevalence was lower for both genders. Hypertension prevalence above 50% was detected in diabetic and obese people of both genders and in the presence of central obesity and menopause in women. Mean age did not differ between white and black people of either gender (p &gt; 0,05). Ratio of proportions (RP) showed similar prevalence for most variables in both genders, and were statistically significant for women in the 40-49 age group and for high LDL concentration; a highe level of schooling was a protective factor for this gender.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e11f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0747-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t3-body2">Table 3</xref>, statistically significant odds ratios are found in all age groups, low level of education, sedentariness, overweight, central obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels. The association of AH with skin color was significant for mulatto and black women, as well as menopausal women, and non-significant for social class. Statistically significant associations were found in the male gender for high and low level of education, high social class, and excessive alcohol consumption. In the multivariate analysis, the following were associated with H among women: all age groups above 40, dark brown and black skin, overweight, central obesity, diabetes, and menopause. Among men, the following were associated with H: 40 years of age and above, high social class, and overweight. As for the other variables, the associations detected in the univariate analysis lost statistical significance in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aimed at performing an analysis including as large a number of cardiovascular risk factors as possible. The number of households lost to the study was below that anticipated, and the loss of eligible subjects in the original sample was less than 3%. The most important loss was partial, represented by participants that completed the questionnaire, had their blood pressure and waist circumference measured but did not show up for examinations. Because of the similarity of demographic characteristics of the participants who completed the whole protocol (except the 107 that strayed) with those documented by the 2000 census in Salvador, we decided to analyze those with completed protocols. The total sample would be not subject to criticism, but restricted to just a few risk factors. Losses similar or higher than ours are found in the literature. They are observed mainly in studies based on household interviews, with examinations performed elsewhere in another date. Some examples are the recent studies by Wolf-Mayer et al, Cooper et al, and Victor et al<sup>2,17,18</sup>. Other authors analyze those who present themselves for examinations, but fail to mention rate losses.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure measurement using electronic devices was recommended for epidemiological studies in the Americas by team consensus that included several participants of the "Joints"<sup>14</sup>. Once validated and approved, they replace the mercury sphygmomanometer, particularly when the latter is restricted, and are more suitable than aneroid sphygmomanometers, which are more prone to error<sup>14</sup>. Electronic devices are widely used and recommended by Cooper et al<sup>19</sup> for population surveys.</p>
      <p>The cut-off points for waist circumference recommended internationally are controversial<sup>20</sup> and do not adapt to many populations, including that of Salvador. After preliminary analyses, we chose the criteria derived from the population studied<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>These criteria are similar to those recently proposed for South American countries: 80 cm for women and 90 cm for men<sup>21</sup>. We believe that our results do not preclude the extrapolation of data to people from the predominant social levels in the study. The study sample took into account the proportion of social strata of the areas included, with a gap in not covering the highest social stratum.</p>
      <p>The predominance of hypertension in women is consistent with the results of six other old national studies &#150; two of them carried out in Bahia as well, two in Rio Grande do Sul, and two in Rio de Janeiro<sup>11,22</sup>. In the other Brazilian studies, men showed higher prevalence<sup>11</sup>. This result contrasts with most information from other countries, which report higher prevalence among men<sup>2</sup>.Hypertension prevalence is similar in the United States and Canada, around 30.4% for men and 24.8% for women, while in six European countries it ranged from 44.8% to 60.2% among men and from 30.6% to 50,3% among women in the 35-74 age group<sup>2</sup>. However, there are also gender-related contradictions in the United States, with a reported predominance of hypertension in women<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The approximately 28% of hypertension observed in men and 32% in women are consistent with those described in other Brazilian regions having ethnic, racial, and sociocultural characteristics different from other countries<sup>11</sup>, including Latin American countries<sup>3-5,23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The many ethnic groups that make up Brazilian racial formation do not allow an unbiased racial classification. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE, uses the term "self-definition of skin color" in its demographic censuses. Although it is not an ideal criterion, it has been used in epidemiological studies and was recently validated in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), with Kappa &gt; 80%<sup>25</sup>. In the analyzed data, sample distribution of skin color/ethnicity did not differ of that presented in the last demographic census of Salvador. Thus, by self-definition of skin color, adjusted for age and other covariables analyzed, prevalence of hypertension in women showed a growing gradient, from whites to blacks, with a statistically significant OR for dark brown and black women. Apart from Araraquara, SP<sup>26</sup>, all Brazilian studies including race reported higher prevalence of hypertension among blacks <sup>27</sup>; however, in Salvador, prevalence ratios among blacks and whites were lower than in other regions of Brasil<sup>11</sup>, reflecting the marked racial miscegenation of the population.</p>
      <p>In the American and Jamaican black population between 35 and 64 years of age, age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was also reported to be higher in women than in men (44.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 43.1% and 31.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 23.4%, respectively), but it was lower and similar among Nigerian men and women (13.9% <italic>vs.</italic> 13.1%) living the rural areas of their own country<sup>17</sup>. In this same study, all prevalences found in populations of European descent were higher in men, and in all countries were greater than that of African-americans, while the high prevalence of hypertension of African-american women was similar to that of Spanish women and outnumbered only that of the German women<sup>17</sup>. Noting that the women studied in Salvador were older than those of the study mentioned above, and their ages were standardized with those of American women, hypertension prevalence found in Brazilian black women is similar to that of their American counterparts.</p>
      <p>The analysis of hypertension prevalence and treatment in African-american men, stratified by very low, low, and moderately low socioeconomic status, showed that hypertension is highly prevalent in the three groups, associated only with age, level of education, and BMI, but underscoring obesity in the lowest status<sup>28</sup>. The author of this study emphasized the intraracial divergence unfavorable to blacks in the group belonging to the very low social status. In all Brazilian studies hypertension predominates in low education level strata<sup>11</sup>, regarded as a parameter of low social status. However, in this study this occurred only for women, with a clear linear decline from low to high level of education, and from low to medium and high social status, even though the ORs lost their statistical significance after the adjustments. The opposite was true in males, differing from that reported in national studies<sup>27</sup>.Disparities in risk factors between races/ethnic groups and between genders are common in the Unites States<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>An important contribution of epidemiological studies on arterial hypertension is the demonstration that it occurs in conjunction with other metabolic factors<sup>30</sup>.This has already been observed in a study about the simultaneous nature of cardiovascular risk factors in Salvador<sup>31</sup> and is common in metabolic syndrome studies<sup>32</sup>. In this study, the association of hypertension with other cardiovascular risk factors occurred with sedentariness, obesity or overweight, central obesity, diabetes or hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemias, although the statistical significance of several of them was lost in the final model of the analysis. Not always was there concordance between men and women regarding factors that remained associated with H, despite the same social origin. Dyslipidemias aggravate hypertension and are part of the epidemiology of cardiovascular complications of H, but are not a risk factor.</p>
      <p>In the female gender, and in keeping with the literature, positive and significant associations of H were found with black ethnicity, diabetes, overweight, central obesity and menopause, in addition to age <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 and dark brown complexion.</p>
      <p>Among the contrasts found in the male gender compared to those reported in the literature were greater prevalence of hypertension in subjects with high level of education (statistically significant) and belonging to the high social status (non-significant). These social characteristics are common in groups of the elites, that is, the white groups. Nevertheless, social class and high level of education were underrepresented in the sample, as demonstrated by the small number of participants included in these two categories, with wide confidence intervals of the respective prevalence.On the other hand, 11.7% of black and 10.6% of white men were <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years (p &lt; 0.05), and the mean age of white and black were similar (p &gt; 0,05). Consequently, there are no grounds for saying that there was a survival bias farorable to white men. Although significant associations between H and black race, central obesity and diabetes were expected for the male gender, they were not detected. Among the expected associations, only that of overweight/obesity was found.</p>
      <p>Social stressors, particularly violence, common in the poorest neighborhoods, were not addressed in this study, but they may be an important social determinant associated with H in Salvador, considering the characteristics of the population studied.</p>
      <p>Menopause and older age are biological risk factors associated with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, such as central obesity and dyslipidemias, and are common in all epidemiological studies analyzing these variables.There may be an interaction with central obesity, common in women as they become older. Interactions were not analyzed because, as already mentioned, this was not a study with a hypothesis to be tested.</p>
      <p>This is one of the few Brazilian studies in which hypertensive women predominated. Our results confirm the important role of hypertension in the population and show high prevalence of hypertension in blacks, especially black women. They also suggestthe need for deeper investigation among black people, review of the official strategies for detection, management, and control of hypertension, and massive, ongoing and properly designed educational interventions, in addition to those beginning at early ages.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>
            <a href="#top" link-type="internal"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </p>
          <p> &#205;nes Lessa</p>
          <p> Rua Barachisio Lisboa, 3 - Parque Lucaia</p>
          <p> 40295-120 &#150; Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ilessa@cardiol.br">ilessa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 11, 2005; revised manuscript received March 9, 2006; accepted May 9, 2006.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> Trabalho financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de, atual Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de, MS, Processo n&#186;.25100.004122/98-91 e pelo CNPq, Processo n&#186;. 473610/03-5.</p>
        </fn>
      </p>
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