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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pKy9FMNqnR86kLpp5f43ZhH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em bombeiros militares filhos de hipertensos atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Gusm&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>741</fpage>
      <lpage>746</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do antecedente familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HASF) sobre o efeito do estresse do trabalho em bombeiros militares comunicantes (BMC), atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo caso-controle. Foi realizada a MAPA em 66 BMC saud&#225;veis, durante 12 horas de trabalho na central de comunica&#231;&#245;es (CC), sendo 34 filhos de hipertensos (grupo 1) e 32 filhos de normotensos (grupo 2). RESULTADOS: O grupo 1 diferiu do grupo 2, pois apresentou, no trabalho, maiores m&#233;dias sist&#243;licas (134,1 &#177; 9,9 mmHg X 120,8 &#177; 9,9 mmHg p &lt; 0,0001) e diat&#243;licas (83,8 &#177; 8,3 mmHg X 72,9 &#177; 8,6 mmHg p &lt; 0,001) e maiores cargas sist&#243;licas (31,4 &#177; 25,6 % X 9,4 &#177; 9,4 % p = 0,0001) e diast&#243;licas (28,3 &#177; 26,6 % X 6,1 &#177; 8,9 % p = 0,0001). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) no grupo 1, no trabalho, foi de 32,3 %. Estes indiv&#237;duos, monitorados fora do trabalho, normalizaram a press&#227;o arterial (hipertensos funcionais). O grupo 2 revelou press&#227;o arterial (PA) normal no trabalho. CONCLUS&#195;O: A press&#227;o arterial mais elevada em BMC filhos de hipertensos &#233; explicada de maneira independente pela HASF e aqueles que desenvolveram HAS durante o turno de trabalho na CC, podem ser considerados hipertensos funcionais, enquanto, os BMC filhos de normotensos, submetidos ao estresse psicol&#243;gico, est&#227;o livres de altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>estresse psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em bombeiros militares filhos de hipertensos atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Eduardo de Mattos; Marco Antonio de Mattos; Daniele Gusm&#227;o Toledo; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#150; CBMERJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do antecedente familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HASF) sobre o efeito do estresse do trabalho em bombeiros militares comunicantes (BMC), atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo caso-controle. Foi realizada a MAPA em 66 BMC saud&#225;veis, durante 12 horas de trabalho na central de comunica&#231;&#245;es (CC), sendo 34 filhos de hipertensos (grupo 1) e 32 filhos de normotensos (grupo 2). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo 1 diferiu do grupo 2, pois apresentou, no trabalho, maiores m&#233;dias sist&#243;licas (134,1 &#177; 9,9 mmHg X 120,8 &#177; 9,9 mmHg p &lt; 0,0001) e diat&#243;licas (83,8 &#177; 8,3 mmHg X 72,9 &#177; 8,6 mmHg p &lt; 0,001) e maiores cargas sist&#243;licas (31,4 &#177; 25,6 % X 9,4 &#177; 9,4 % p = 0,0001) e diast&#243;licas (28,3 &#177; 26,6 % X 6,1 &#177; 8,9 % p = 0,0001). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) no grupo 1, no trabalho, foi de 32,3 %. Estes indiv&#237;duos, monitorados fora do trabalho, normalizaram a press&#227;o arterial (hipertensos funcionais). O grupo 2 revelou press&#227;o arterial (PA) normal no trabalho. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A press&#227;o arterial mais elevada em BMC filhos de hipertensos &#233; explicada de maneira independente pela HASF e aqueles que desenvolveram HAS durante o turno de trabalho na CC, podem ser considerados hipertensos funcionais, enquanto, os BMC filhos de normotensos, submetidos ao estresse psicol&#243;gico, est&#227;o livres de altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, estresse psicol&#243;gico</p>
    <p>A central de comunica&#231;&#227;o (CC) do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ) recebe diariamente in&#250;meras solicita&#231;&#245;es de socorro da popula&#231;&#227;o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, representando o local de chegada, triagem e confirma&#231;&#227;o dos sinistros que ocorrem neste Estado. &#201; constitu&#237;da por Bombeiros Militares Comunicantes (BMC) que recebem os avisos de socorro e anotam as caracter&#237;sticas e conseq&#252;&#234;ncias das ocorr&#234;ncias, e repassam-nas para outros militares que executar&#227;o o salvamento. Os BMC desenvolvem atividades que exigem alta demanda psicol&#243;gica (excessivo n&#250;mero de avisos de socorro e sobrecarga mental) apesar da baixa autonomia administrativa (supervis&#227;o rigorosa de oficial superior devido &#224; hierarquia vertical), produzindo muitas vezes sentimentos de raiva, medo de errar ou inseguran&#231;a no desempenho de suas fun&#231;&#245;es, o que configura um trabalho gerador de estresse psicol&#243;gico ocupacional<sup>1,2</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica familiar (HASF) &#233; considerada fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados, despertando o interesse da comunidade cient&#237;fica para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de diversos trabalhos no sentido de se detectar altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais<sup>3,4</sup>, estruturais<sup>4-6</sup>, hemodin&#226;micas<sup>7-9</sup> e metab&#243;licas<sup>10-11</sup> que precedam o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). In&#250;meros autores t&#234;m sugerido que uma prov&#225;vel maior reatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico em normotensos, com HASF seja respons&#225;vel por respostas exageradas ao estresse psicol&#243;gico<sup>12-14</sup>. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do antecedente familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) sobre o efeito do estresse do trabalho em BMC, atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo caso-controle, realizado no per&#237;odo entre janeiro e agosto de 1999, onde 66 BMC, do sexo masculino e clinicamente saud&#225;veis, foram distribu&#237;dos em 2 grupos, de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de HASF e submetidos a MAPA durante 12 horas ininterruptas de trabalho na CC. O grupo 1 (grupo de casos) foi formado por BMC com HASF, totalizando 34 indiv&#237;duos, enquanto o grupo 2 (grupo controle) foi constitu&#237;do por BMC sem HASF, com 32 indiv&#237;duos. O estado clinicamente saud&#225;vel dos BMC foi diagnosticado por anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e revis&#227;o da hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa (leitura de prontu&#225;rios). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o compreendiam BMC com idade entre 21 e 49 anos, considerados h&#237;gidos nos exames peri&#243;dicos de sa&#250;de promovidos pelo CBMERJ, exame f&#237;sico normal, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &lt; 140 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &lt; 90 mmHg. Foram exclu&#237;dos BMC portadores de arritmias card&#237;acas, HAS, passado de crise hipertensiva ou de qualquer outra doen&#231;a cardiovascular e os com HASF duvidosa. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi obtido pela divis&#227;o do peso corporal pelo quadrado da altura do indiv&#237;duo (IMC = p/h<sup>2</sup>). A HASF foi baseada no fato do BMC ter pai e/ou m&#227;e com diagn&#243;stico de HAS atrav&#233;s da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e/ou uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas (entrevista com os participantes do estudo e seus familiares)<sup>4</sup>. A PA convencional foi aferida, antes do in&#237;cio do turno de trabalho na CC, com esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, ap&#243;s repouso de 5 minutos, em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, no bra&#231;o direito, que se encontrava apoiado ao n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o. O tamanho do manguito era determinado de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o dos BMC. Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas da PA, com intervalo de dois minutos entre elas e considerada, para efeito de inclus&#227;o no estudo, a de menor valor. A MAPA foi realizada com equipamentos com metodologia oscilom&#233;trica, validados pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana para o Avan&#231;o de Instrumentos M&#233;dicos (AAMI) e Sociedade Brit&#226;nica de Hipertens&#227;o (BHS)<sup>15</sup>, e tamanhos de manguitos semelhantes aos empregados para as medidas auscultat&#243;rias da PA. O aparelho foi ajustado para medidas a cada 10 minutos, com velocidade de defla&#231;&#227;o de 8 mmHg/s. O crit&#233;rio de rejei&#231;&#227;o de medidas obedeceu ao II Consenso Brasileiro para o Uso da MAPA<sup>16</sup> (FC &gt; 125 bpm ou menor que 40 bpm, PAS &gt; 240 mmHg ou menor que 50 mmHg e PAD &gt; 140 mmHg ou menor que 40 mmHg). Os exames foram considerados v&#225;lidos quando possu&#237;am no m&#237;nimo 48 medidas v&#225;lidas e pelo menos 2 a cada hora. A m&#233;dia de medidas nos dois grupos foi de 60 medidas por exame. Os exames que possu&#237;am m&#233;dias de PAS &gt; 140 mmHg e/ou PAD &gt; 90 mmHg foram repetidos, 36 horas ap&#243;s a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o inicial e por 24 horas, durante a folga dos BMC. O conceito de carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica (CPS) e carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica (CPD) compreendeu aqueles descritos no II Consenso Brasileiro para o Uso da MAPA<sup>16</sup> (% de medidas &gt; 140 mmHg para a PAS e &gt; 90 mmHg para a PAD).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados utilizou-se o teste T de Student ou de Mann-Whitney (m&#233;dias), teste de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher (propor&#231;&#245;es), coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla e de co-vari&#226;ncia (grupos heterog&#234;neos). O significado estat&#237;stico foi considerado com p &lt; 0,05. Foram acatadas as determina&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas para as investiga&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas decorrentes da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e ratificadas pelo C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica Brasileiro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo 1 diferiu do grupo 2 por ter maior m&#233;dia de idade (37,8 &#177; 5,5 X 31,7 &#177; 6,4; p = 0,0001), de IMC (26,8 &#177; 3,3 X 24,5 &#177; 3,7; p = 0,007) e de tempo de servi&#231;o (14,1 &#177; 6,4 X 8,9 &#177; 7,9). As m&#233;dias das medidas convencionais, obtidas antes do in&#237;cio do trabalho na CC, n&#227;o diferiram entre o grupo 1 (120,6 mmHg &#177; 9,0 mmHg para a PAS e 75,2 mmHg &#177; 8,2 mmHg para a PAD) e o grupo 2 (118,7 mmHg &#177; 8,9 mmHg para a PAS e 72,8 mmHg &#177; 8,5 mmHg para a PAD). Entretanto, durante o trabalho na CC, a MAPA mostrou que as m&#233;dias da PAS e PAD do grupo 1 (134,1 mmHg &#177; 9,9 mmHg e 83,8 mmHg &#177; 8,3 mmHg) foram mais elevadas que as do grupo 2 (120,8 mmHg &#177; 9,9 mmHg e 72,9 mmHg &#177; 8,6 mmHg) com p = 0,0001 para a PAS e p = 0,001 para a PAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>). Em 11 BMC do grupo 1 (32,3%), durante o trabalho, as m&#233;dias da PAS e/ou da PAD foram acima de 140 mmHg e/ou 90 mmHg e todos apresentaram CPS e/ou CPD acima de 50%. No Grupo 2, durante o trabalho, nenhum dos BMC apresentou m&#233;dia de PAS e/ou PAD acima de 140 mmHg e/ou 90 mmHg respectivamente. Monitorados na folga, revelaram m&#233;dias de PAS, PAD, CPS e CPD normais. Comparando-se as m&#233;dias das CPS e CPD do grupo 1 (31,4% &#177; 25,6 % e 28,2% &#177; 26,6%) com as do grupo 2 (9,4% &#177; 9,4% e 6% &#177; 8,9%) foi observado que ambas foram mais elevadas no grupo 1 com p = 0,0001 para CPS e p = 0,001 para CPD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> fornece o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para cada associa&#231;&#227;o avaliada. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref> evidencia o subgrupo de vari&#225;veis selecionadas, em ordem de import&#226;ncia, pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla e seus n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia para as m&#233;dias de PAS, PAD, CPS e CPD. Assim, foi demonstrado que a HASF possui influ&#234;ncia independente das demais vari&#225;veis para explicar as maiores m&#233;dias de PAS, PAD, CPS e CPD encontradas no grupo 1. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref> fornece a an&#225;lise de co-vari&#226;ncia para a HASF em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias de PAS, PAD, CPS e CPD. Observou-se que mesmo quando o efeito das co-vari&#225;veis, individualmente ou coletivamente, est&#225; sob controle, a HASF apresenta influ&#234;ncia nas m&#233;dias de PAS, PAD, CPS e CPD.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar das m&#233;dias de PAS e PAD do grupo 1 serem mais elevadas do que aquelas do grupo 2, ambas s&#227;o consideradas normais para o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia (PAS &lt; 135 mmHg e PAD &lt; 85 mmHg)<sup>16-19</sup>. In&#250;meros estudos com MAPA, comparando filhos de hipertensos com filhos de normotensos, encontraram valores mais elevados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos primeiros, embora ainda dentro dos limites normais<sup>20,21</sup>. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da PAS e PAD, durante a folga, dos BMC que tiveram, no trabalho, valores acima de 140 mmHg e/ou 90 mmHg (32,3%), somado ao fato destes apresentarem m&#233;dias das medidas convencionais, antes do in&#237;cio do turno de trabalho na CC, absolutamente normais (120,9 mmHg &#177; 9,2 mmHg, para a PAS, e 75,6 mmHg &#177; 8,4 mmHg, para a PAD <bold>&#150;</bold> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>), sinaliza para o diagn&#243;stico de hiperreatividade latente (hipertens&#227;o funcional)<sup>22</sup>, com necessidade de estreito acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. Caso, futuramente, estes BMC evoluam para HAS estabelecida, a preval&#234;ncia desta s&#237;ndrome em BMC filhos de hipertensos ser&#225; maior que aquela encontrada em jornalistas e publicit&#225;rios (21%), empregados de transportes p&#250;blicos (18,9%), banc&#225;rios e securit&#225;rios (18,6%), metal&#250;rgicos (17,3%), funcion&#225;rios da ind&#250;stria automobil&#237;stica (11,4%), comerciantes (12,1%), trabalhadores das ind&#250;strias t&#234;xteis (12,9%) e profissionais liberais (11%)<sup>23</sup>; presidi&#225;rios (26,3%) e oficiais da marinha de guerra (6,7%)<sup>24</sup>; profissionais de enfermagem (27,9%)<sup>25</sup>. Apesar deste trabalho possuir como limita&#231;&#227;o o fato de n&#227;o terem sido usadas medidas que avaliassem o n&#237;vel de tono simp&#225;tico, intensidade de rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme e da resposta operacional dos &#243;rg&#227;os efetores perif&#233;ricos, a hip&#243;tese inicial &#233; que estes BMC, por terem heran&#231;a familiar de HAS, t&#234;m eleva&#231;&#227;o do tono simp&#225;tico, com conseq&#252;ente manifesta&#231;&#227;o hipercin&#233;tica circulat&#243;ria e maior reatividade press&#243;rica a estresses psicol&#243;gicos ambientais<sup>26-30</sup>. Este fato se reveste de import&#226;ncia uma vez que pode revelar, precocemente, a tend&#234;ncia destes BMC de desenvolverem HAS estabelecida. H&#225; consenso atual de que a hipercinesia est&#225; relacionada com exacerba&#231;&#227;o da atividade neurog&#234;nica, apesar de diferen&#231;as de opini&#245;es sobre a real origem deste fen&#244;meno. Alguns pesquisadores<sup>31,32</sup> acreditam que h&#225; predomin&#226;ncia de aspectos psicol&#243;gicos e comportamentais, enquanto, outros<sup>33</sup>, afirmam que h&#225; maior relev&#226;ncia do aumento da atividade perif&#233;rica do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, esta considerada a poss&#237;vel altera&#231;&#227;o inicial no desenvolvimento da HAS, e/ou disfun&#231;&#245;es da sensibilidade de seus receptores. A teoria da origem neurog&#234;nica da HAS, apesar de largamente difundida, &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia em estudos que avaliaram a atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, pela dosagem de catecolaminas plasm&#225;ticas e urin&#225;rias. Assim, muitos autores encontraram maior n&#237;vel de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica em filhos de hipertensos<sup>34-36</sup>, apesar de outros n&#227;o confirmarem aumento da noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica ou urin&#225;ria, al&#233;m da microneurografia n&#227;o mostrar diferen&#231;as na atividade simp&#225;tica entre filhos de hipertensos e filhos de normotensos<sup>37-41</sup>. As m&#233;dias das CPS e CPD do grupo 1 est&#227;o dentro dos valores lim&#237;trofes<sup>16</sup> (entre 25% e 50%) enquanto outros autores<sup>17</sup> classificam a m&#233;dia da CPS anormal (&gt;30%) e CPD lim&#237;trofe (entre 15% e 30%). J&#225; as m&#233;dias de CPS e CPD do grupo 2 s&#227;o normais<sup>16,17</sup> (&lt;25%). A import&#226;ncia destes achados est&#225; no fato do grupo 1, por apresentar m&#233;dias de CPS e CPD entre 20% e 40%, poder ser formado por futuros hipertensos, apesar da baixa correla&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<sup>42</sup>. Segundo alguns estudos<sup>42</sup>, cargas press&#243;ricas (CP) menores que 20% possuem significado cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico normal; se menores que 40% apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais do VE abaixo de 17%, enquanto se maiores que 40%, a chance de altera&#231;&#245;es em par&#226;metros card&#237;acos chega a 61%. O aumento das CP tamb&#233;m se correlaciona bem com redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade m&#225;xima de enchimento do VE<sup>42</sup>. Al&#233;m disto, quando a PA avaliada pelo m&#233;todo casual &#233; elevada, h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo de no m&#225;ximo 19%, ao passo que, quando a PA avaliada casualmente e as CP est&#227;o alteradas, o dano de &#243;rg&#227;os alvo &#233; diagnosticado em 64%<sup>43</sup>. Assim, CP acima de 50% traduzem, clinicamente, HAS estabelecida com progn&#243;stico de 60% a 90% de correla&#231;&#227;o com les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e, portanto, sendo indicado tratamento<sup>42</sup>. Entretanto, mesmo havendo documenta&#231;&#227;o sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre valores de CP, especialmente acima de 50%, e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, h&#225; a tend&#234;ncia, nas mais recentes diretrizes para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, de n&#227;o se considerar na interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica os valores de CP, j&#225; que este crit&#233;rio suporta v&#225;rias cr&#237;ticas sendo a principal o fato de que CP n&#227;o refletem isoladamente a import&#226;ncia da HAS, uma vez que iguais valores de CP n&#227;o revelam a magnitude da HAS, ou seja, indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de HAS que possuam CP iguais podem apresentar varia&#231;&#245;es da PA verdadeiramente distintas e, portanto, progn&#243;sticos diferentes<sup>44</sup>. Devido &#224; natureza transversal deste estudo <italic>(cross-sectional</italic>) sugere-se que avalia&#231;&#245;es regulares prospectivas da PA sejam realizadas para melhor acompanhamento da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de ambos os grupos e em especial dos BMC considerados funcionalmente hipertensos. Do que foi exposto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias da PAS, PAD, CPS e CPD na popula&#231;&#227;o de BMC, pode-se deduzir que o grupo 1, de forma geral, apesar da baixa probabilidade de comprometimento de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, deve ter um acompanhamento mais estreito, com ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas, no sentido de se evitar o surgimento de HAS. Este grupo possui uma subpopula&#231;&#227;o de BMC com m&#233;dias de PAS e PAD, assim como CPS e CPD, anormalmente elevadas durante o trabalho, e que se normaliza no per&#237;odo de folga (hiperreatores) e, portanto, procedimentos profil&#225;ticos mais rigorosos devem ser direcionados a fim de que as condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas de acr&#233;scimos da PA n&#227;o venham a desencadear respostas adaptativas e estruturais, tornando estes profissionais futuros hipertensos. De acordo com a metodologia usada e baseados na an&#225;lise de resultados obtidos, &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que a PA mais elevada em BMC filhos de hipertensos &#233; explicada de maneira independente pela HASF e aqueles que desenvolveram HAS durante o turno de trabalho na CC, podem ser considerados hipertensos funcionais, enquanto, os BMC filhos de normotensos, submetidos ao estresse psicol&#243;gico, est&#227;o livres de altera&#231;&#245;es na PA. Al&#233;m disto, a CC n&#227;o &#233; local apropriado para BMC com diagn&#243;stico de HAS ou HASF trabalharem sendo a MAPA um m&#233;todo eficaz para identificar indiv&#237;duos considerados clinicamente saud&#225;veis e que desenvolvem HAS no ambiente de trabalho.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Carlos Eduardo de Mattos </p>
        <p> Av. das Am&#233;ricas 2678 - casa 62 </p>
        <p> 22640-102- Rio de Janeiro- RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cemattos2004@yahoo.com.br">cemattos2004@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/12/04; revisado recebido em 21/08/05; aceito em 04/02/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess blood pressure of firefighters with parental history of hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of family history of systemic arterial hypertension (FSAH) on the effect of stress from work in Uniformed Firefighters (BMCs) through Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM). METHODS: A prospective case-control study. Sixty-six healthy BMC underwent ABPM during 12 hours of work at the Communication Center (CC). Thirty-four had hypertensive parents (group 1) and thirty-two had normotensive parents (group 2). RESULTS: Group I differed from group 2 in that it showed higher mean systolic (134.1 &#177; 9.9 mmHg X 120.8 &#177; 9.9 mmHg p &lt; 0.0001) and diastolic (83.8 &#177; 8.3 mmHg X 72.9 &#177; 8.6 mmHg p &lt; 0.001) blood pressure, in addition to greater systolic (31.4 &#177; 25.6 % X 9.4 &#177; 9.4 % p = 0.0001) and diastolic (28.3 &#177; 26.6 % X 6.1 &#177; 8.9 % p = 0.0001) loads. The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) in group 1 at the workplace was 32.3%. Monitored away from the job, these subjects showed normal blood pressure (functionally hypertensive). Group 2 revealed normal blood pressure (BP) at work. CONCLUSION: Higher blood pressure in BMC with hypertensive parents is explained independently by the SAH. Subjects who developed SAH during their work at the CC may be considered functionally hypertensive, whereas those with normotensive parents and who underwent psychological stress are free of blood pressure changes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</kwd>
        <kwd>psychological stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess blood pressure of firefighters with parental history of hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Eduardo de Mattos; Marco Antonio de Mattos; Daniele Gusm&#227;o Toledo; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#150; CBMERJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the influence of family history of systemic arterial hypertension (FSAH) on the effect of stress from work in Uniformed Firefighters (BMCs) through Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A prospective case-control study. Sixty-six healthy BMC underwent ABPM during 12 hours of work at the Communication Center (CC). Thirty-four had hypertensive parents (group 1) and thirty-two had normotensive parents (group 2).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Group I differed from group 2 in that it showed higher mean systolic (134.1 &#177; 9.9 mmHg X 120.8 &#177; 9.9 mmHg p &lt; 0.0001) and diastolic (83.8 &#177; 8.3 mmHg X 72.9 &#177; 8.6 mmHg p &lt; 0.001) blood pressure, in addition to greater systolic (31.4 &#177; 25.6 % X 9.4 &#177; 9.4 % p = 0.0001) and diastolic (28.3 &#177; 26.6 % X 6.1 &#177; 8.9 % p = 0.0001) loads. The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) in group 1 at the workplace was 32.3%. Monitored away from the job, these subjects showed normal blood pressure (functionally hypertensive). Group 2 revealed normal blood pressure (BP) at work.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Higher blood pressure in BMC with hypertensive parents is explained independently by the SAH. Subjects who developed SAH during their work at the CC may be considered functionally hypertensive, whereas those with normotensive parents and who underwent psychological stress are free of blood pressure changes.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), psychological stress.</p>
      <p>The Communication Center (CC) of the Rio de Janeiro State Firefighters (CBMERJ) &#150; responsible for incoming calls, triage, and confirmation of events that occur in the state &#150; receives countless calls for help every day from the population of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The Communication Center is manned by Uniformed Firefighters (BMCs) who receive SOS notifications, take note of the characteristics and consequences of all events, and pass the information on to the firefighters responsible for handling the actual rescue and/or providing emergency medical care. The BMCs' job is psychologically very demanding (too many SOS calls and mental overload) despite the low level of administrative autonomy (strict supervision on the part of a senior officer due to the vertical hierarchy), often leading to feelings of anger, fear of erring, or insecurity in the performance of their duties, which configures an occupational psychological stress generating job<sup>1,2</sup>. Familial Systemic Arterial Hypertension (FSAH) is considered a risk factor for the development of high blood pressure and has aroused the scientific community's interest in carrying out various tasks aimed at detecting functional<sup>3,4</sup>, structural<sup>4-6</sup>, hemodynamic<sup>7-9</sup>, and/or metabolic<sup>10-11</sup> alterations that precede the diagnosis of Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH). Many authors have suggested that a probable lower sympathetic nervous system activation threshold in normotensive individuals with FSAH may be responsible for exaggerated response to psychological stress<sup>12-14</sup>. The object of this paper was to evaluate the influence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension on the effect of occupational stress in BMCs by means of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a case-control study carried out between January and August 1999, in which 66 healthy male BMCs were distributed into two groups according to the presence or not of FSAH. All subjects underwent ABPM during 12 consecutive working hours at the CC. Group I (case group) consisted of 34 BMCs with FSAH, and group 2 (control group) consisted of 32 BMC without FSAH. The healthy status was determined through anamnesis, physical examination, and past medical history (medical charts review). Inclusion criteria were age between 21 and 49, healthy status confirmed by periodic medical check-ups provided by the CBMERJ, normal physical examination, systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt; 140 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &lt; 90 mmHg. Exclusion criteria were cardiac arrhythmias, SAH, past history of hypertensive crisis or of any other heart disease and suspected FSAH. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by squared height (in meters) (BMI = w/h<sup>2</sup>). The presence of FSAH was based on the BMC's father and/or mother having a history of SAH and/or use of antihypertensive drugs (interviews with study participants and their relatives<sup>4</sup>). Conventional BP was measured before work shift at the CC by using a mercury sphygmomanometer after a five-minute rest, in the seated position, on the right arm supported at heart level. Cuff size was selected according to arm circumference. Blood pressure was taken three times, two minutes apart, and the lowest reading was considered as criterion for study inclusion. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed using oscillometric devices, validated by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and British hypertension Society (BHS)<sup>15</sup>, and cuff sizes similar to those used for BP auscultatory measurements. The device was set to obtain automatic readings every 10 minutes, with a cuff deflation rate of 8 mmHg/second. Measurement rejection followed criteria ser forth by the II Brazilian Consensus for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (II <italic>Consenso Brasileiro para o Uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</italic>)<sup>16</sup> (HR &gt; 125 bpm or &lt; 40 bpm, SBP &gt; 240 mmHg or &lt; 50 mmHg, and DBP &gt; 140 mmHg or &lt; 40 mmHg). Examinations were considered valid when a minimum of 48 readings at least every two hours were valid. Mean measurement in both groups was 60 readings by examination. Examinations with mean SBP &gt; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &gt; 90 mmHg were repeated 36 hours after baseline monitoring, but this time for 24 hours during the subject's day off. The concept of systolic pressure load (SPL) and diastolic pressure load (DPL) were those described in the II Brazilian Consensus for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring<sup>16</sup> (% of readings &gt; 140 mmHg for SBP and &gt; 90 mmHg for DBP).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Results were analyzed using the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test (means), chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (proportions), Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression analysis and covariance analysis (heterogeneous groups). P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The ethical principles for medical research established by the Helsinki Declaration and ratified by the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics were followed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Group I differed from group 2 in that it had higher mean age (37.8 &#177; 5.5 X 31.7 &#177; 6.4; p = 0.0001), BMI (26.8 &#177; 3.3 X 24.5 &#177; 3.7; p = 0.007), and length of time on the job (14.1 &#177; 6.4 X 8.9 &#177; 7.9). Mean conventional measurements obtained at the CC before study entry did not differ between group 1 (120.6 mmHg &#177; 9.0 mmHg for SBP and 75.2 mmHg &#177; 8.2 mmHg for DBP) and group 2 (118.7 mmHg &#177; 8.9 mmHg for SBP and 72.8 mmHg &#177; 8,5 mmHg for DBP). However, during work period at the CC, ABPM showed that mean SBP and DBP of group 1 (134.1 mmHg &#177; 9.9 mmHg and 83.8 mmHg &#177; 8.3 mmHg) were higher than those of group 2 (120.8 mmHg &#177; 9.9 mmHg and 72.9 mmHg &#177; 8.6 mmHg), with p = 0.0001 for SBP and p = 0.001 for DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Mean SBP and DBP of eleven subjects of group 1 (32.3%) were higher than 140 mmHg and/or 90 mmHg during the work period, and all subjects had SPL and/or DPL above 50%. In group 2, also during the work period, no subject showed mean SBP and/or DBP above 140 mmHg and/or 90 mmHg, respectively. Monitored on their day off, they showed normal mean SBP, DBP, SPL, and DPL. Comparing mean SPL and DPL of group 1 (31.4% &#177; 25.6 % and 28.2% &#177; 26.6%) with those of group 2 (9.4% &#177; 9.4% and 6% &#177; 8.9%), both were found to be higher in group 1, with p = 0.0001 for SPL and p = 0.001 for DPL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref> presents Pearson's correlation coefficient and significance level for every association evaluated. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the subgroup of variables selected, in order of importance, by multiple linear regression analysis and their significance level for mean SBP, DBP, SPL and DPL. It has been demonstrated that FSAH influence is independent of the other variables, which may explain the higher mean SBP, DBP, SPL and DPL found in group 1.<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref> presents the covariance analysis for FSAH relative to mean SBP, DBP, SPL and DPL. It was noted that even when the covariable effect, either individually or collectively, is under control, mean SBP, DBP, SPL and DPL are affected by the FSAH.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although mean SBP and DBP of group 1 are higher than those of group 2, both are considered normal for the awake period (SBP &lt; 135 mmHg and DBP &lt; 85 mmHg)<sup>16-19</sup>. Countless ABPM studies comparing subjects with hypertensive parents with subjects with normotensive parents have found higher values in the former, although still within normal limits<sup>20,21</sup>. Normalization of mean SBP and DBP during the day off of those subjects whose readings were higher than 140 mmHg and/or 90 mmHg (32.3%) at the workplace, coupled with the fact that they showed absolutely normal mean conventional measurements before beginning their workday (120.9 mmHg &#177; 9.2 mmHg for SBP and 75.6 mmHg &#177; 8,4 mmHg for DBP &#150; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Figure 3</xref>), suggests the diagnosis of latent hyperreactivity (functional hypertension)<sup>22</sup>, which warrants close clinical follow-up. If these subjects progress to established SAH in the future, the prevalence of this syndrome among BMC with hypertensive parents will be higher than that found among journalists and advertising people (21%), public transportation workers (18.9%), bank employees and insurance workers (18.6%, steel workers (17.3%), automobile industry workers (11,4%), merchants (12.1%), textile workers (12.9%), and professionals (11%)<sup>23</sup>, prison inmates (26.3%), and navy officers (6.7%)<sup>24</sup>; nurses (27.9%)<sup>25</sup>. Although one of the limitations of this study was that sympathetic tone, intensity of alarm reaction and operational responses of peripheral effector organs were not assessed, the initial hypothesis is that because of their genetic inheritance, these BMC have high sympathetic tone, with consequent circulatory hyperkinetic manifestation and greater blood pressure reactivity to environmental psychological stresses<sup>26-30</sup>. This fact itself is very important, since it may show, early on, the tendency of these BMC to develop established SAH. It is currently agreed that hyperkinesis is related to neurogenic activity exacerbation, despite diverging opinions on the actual origin of this phenomenon. While some researchers<sup>31,32</sup> believe that there is a predominance of psychological and behavioral aspects, others<sup>33</sup> say that the increase in peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity is more relevant, the latter being thought to be the early change in SAH development and/or dysfunctions of its receptors' sensitivity. The theory of the neurogenic origin of SAH, albeit widespread, is controversial in studies evaluating sympathetic nervous system activity through plasma and urinary catecholamine levels. Many authors have detected higher plasma noradrenaline levels in subjects with hypertensive parents<sup>34-36</sup>, although others did not confirm an elevation in plasma or urinary noradrenaline; in addition, microneurography shows no differences in sympathetic activity among subjects with hypertensive parents and subjects with normotensive parents<sup>37-41</sup>. Mean SPL and DPL of group 1 are within borderline values<sup>16</sup> (between 25% and 50%), while other authors<sup>17</sup> classify mean normal SPL (&gt;30%) and borderline DPL (between 15% and 30%). Mean SPL and DPL of group 2, on the other hand, are normal<sup>16,17</sup> (&lt;25%). The importance of these findings lays in the fact that subjects in group 1, with mean SPL and DPL ranging from 20% to 40%, will develop hypertension in the future, despite the low correlation with left ventricular (LV) anatomical and functional changes<sup>42</sup>. According to some studies<sup>42</sup>, blood pressure loads (BPL) lower than 20% have normal clinical and prognostic significance; if less than 40%, they present a correlation of less than 17% in LV functional changes, whereas if greater than 40%, the likelihood of changes in cardiac parameters is as high as 61%. The increase in BPL also correlates well with reduced peak LV filling rate<sup>42</sup>. In addition, when casual BP is high, target organ changes reach at most 19%, whereas when casual BP and BPL are altered, 64% are diagnosed with target organ damage<sup>43</sup>. Thus, BPL greater than 50% translates, clinically, into established ASH with prognosis of a 60% to 90% correlation with target organ lesions and, therefore, treatment is indicated<sup>42</sup>. However, even if a direct relationship between BPL values, especially greater than 50%, and target organ lesions is documented, the tendency in the most recent guidelines for ABPM is not to take these values into account in the clinical interpretation, since this criterion has been subject to much criticism, the foremost of which is that BPL values alone do not reflect the SAH importance, because similar BPL values fail to reveal the magnitude of SAH, that is, subjects with SAH and the same BPL may actually have distinct BP variations and, therefore, different prognoses<sup>44</sup>. Because of the cross-sectional nature of this study, it is suggested that prospective BP measurements be performed regularly for a better clinical course monitoring of both groups and, in particular, of the BMC considered functionally hypertensive. Based on that stated above regarding mean SBP, DBP, SPL, and DPL in the BMC population, it may stand to reason that group 1, in general, despite the low likelihood of target organ involvement, should be followed more closely and preventive measures be adopted to avoid SAH development. This group has a BMC subpopulation with abnormally high mean SBP, DBP, SPL and DPL on the job that normalizes during day off (hyperreactors) and, therefore, stricter prophylactic measures should be focused so that chronic elevated BP does not trigger adaptive and structural responses, turning these workers into future hypertensives. According to the methodology used in this study and based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that higher BP in BMC with hypertensive parents is independently explained by the FSAH. In addition, subjects who developed SAH during their work at the CC may be considered functionally hypertensive, while those with normotensive parents, yet who underwent psychological stress, are free of BP changes. Moreover, the CC is not an appropriate place to work for a BMC with SAH or FSAH to work. And ABPM is an effective method for identifying clinically healthy subjects who develop SAH at the workplace.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0741-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carlos Eduardo de Mattos</p>
          <p> Av. das Am&#233;ricas 2678 - casa 62</p>
          <p> 22640-102- Rio de Janeiro- RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cemattos2004@yahoo.com.br">cemattos2004@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 28, 2004; revised manuscript received August 21, 2005; accepted February 4, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
