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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tMdpm7NcCVWZKSqWnqsyxNP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de s&#233;ries temporais da mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares, nas cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2001</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Marinho de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Airlane Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lenildo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Distrito Federal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>735</fpage>
      <lpage>740</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar as tend&#234;ncias do risco de morte por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares, nas regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2001. M&#201;TODOS: Dados de mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares nas cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras foram obtidos atrav&#233;s do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do Departamento de An&#225;lise da Informa&#231;&#227;o de Sa&#250;de - Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A popula&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es e estados teve por fonte o IBGE, censos 1991 e 2000, contagem populacional de 1996 e estimativas populacionais, disponibilizado pelo Datasus. Os dados do SIM foram relativos &#224;s seguintes causas de morte: doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as CID-9 430-438, CID-10 I60-I69) e a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (CID-9 410-414, CID-10 I21-I25). O estudo estat&#237;stico utilizou-se para as an&#225;lises inferenciais de modelos lineares generalizados ajustados. RESULTADOS: A tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular mostrou decl&#237;nio nas regi&#245;es Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e sexo. Tamb&#233;m a mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o declinou nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do risco na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste e aumento na regi&#227;o Nordeste. CONCLUS&#195;O: O risco de morte para as doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, cerebrovasculares e isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o diminuiu no Sul e no Sudeste, regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas do pa&#237;s, e aumentou nas menos desenvolvidas, principalmente no Nordeste.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body><p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold></p><p><bold>An&#225;lise de s&#233;ries temporais da mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares, nas cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2001</bold></p><p><bold>Maria de F&#225;tima Marinho de Souza; Airlane Pereira Alencar; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Lenildo Moura; Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold></p><p>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref></p><p><bold>RESUMO</bold></p><p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar as tend&#234;ncias do risco de morte por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares, nas regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2001. </p><p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Dados de mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares nas cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras foram obtidos atrav&#233;s do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do Departamento de An&#225;lise da Informa&#231;&#227;o de Sa&#250;de &#150; Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A popula&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es e estados teve por fonte o IBGE, censos 1991 e 2000, contagem populacional de 1996 e estimativas populacionais, disponibilizado pelo Datasus. Os dados do SIM foram relativos &#224;s seguintes causas de morte: doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as CID-9 430-438, CID-10 I60-I69) e a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (CID-9 410-414, CID-10 I21-I25). O estudo estat&#237;stico utilizou-se para as an&#225;lises inferenciais de modelos lineares generalizados ajustados. </p><p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular mostrou decl&#237;nio nas regi&#245;es Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e sexo. Tamb&#233;m a mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o declinou nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do risco na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste e aumento na regi&#227;o Nordeste. </p><p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O risco de morte para as doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, cerebrovasculares e isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o diminuiu no Sul e no Sudeste, regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas do pa&#237;s, e aumentou nas menos desenvolvidas, principalmente no Nordeste.</p><p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, mortalidade, epidemiologia, Brasil</p><p>As tend&#234;ncias de mortalidade no Brasil t&#234;m sofrido modifica&#231;&#245;es ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<sup>1,2</sup>. Em 1980, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio eram a principal causa de morte, o que permaneceu em 2000. As neoplasias eram a quinta causa de morte em 1980, passando para terceira causa em 2000. Outra mudan&#231;a importante foi o aumento das mortes por doen&#231;as do aparelho respirat&#243;rio e a redu&#231;&#227;o das infecciosas e parasit&#225;rias. As an&#225;lises de s&#233;rie temporal t&#234;m por objetivo avaliar a tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade em cada regi&#227;o do Brasil ao longo do tempo nos &#250;ltimos vinte anos, comparar as regi&#245;es quanto &#224; tend&#234;ncia do risco de morte pelas causas analisadas e estimar a varia&#231;&#227;o anual do risco para cada regi&#227;o, sexo e faixa et&#225;ria analisados.</p><p><bold>M&#233;todos</bold></p><p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise de s&#233;rie temporal da mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular; em uma casu&#237;stica de vinte anos, segundo sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e regi&#245;es do Brasil. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do Departamento de An&#225;lise da Informa&#231;&#227;o de Sa&#250;de &#150; Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A popula&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es e estados teve por fonte o IBGE, censos 1991 e 2000, contagem populacional de 1996 e estimativas populacionais, disponibilizado pelo Datasus. Os dados do SIM foram relativos &#224;s seguintes causas de morte: doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as -9 430-438, CID-10 I60-I69) e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (CID-9 410-414, CID-10 I21-I25).</p><p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Para avaliar a tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade em cada regi&#227;o do Brasil, foram realizadas an&#225;lises descritivas e an&#225;lises inferenciais. Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das tend&#234;ncias temporais, utilizou-se uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos dados atrav&#233;s do "<italic>scatter</italic>" simples e uma linha suavizada com a t&#233;cnica Lowess (SPSS-10). Para as an&#225;lises inferenciais, foram ajustados modelos lineares generalizados<sup>3,4</sup>. A vari&#225;vel resposta foi o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos ou o coeficiente de mortalidade. Levamos em conta que as tend&#234;ncias de mortalidade podem n&#227;o ser semelhantes nos dois sexos e nas diversas faixas et&#225;rias e regi&#245;es. Assim, as vari&#225;veis explicativas da mortalidade foram o tempo (em anos), sexo (masculino ou feminino), faixa et&#225;ria (trinta a 49 anos, cinq&#252;enta a 64 anos e e <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos), regi&#227;o (Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul).</p><p>Para cada combina&#231;&#227;o de sexo, faixa e regi&#227;o, modelamos a tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade ao longo do tempo. A classe dos modelos lineares generalizados engloba os modelos de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla convencional, bem como os modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson, binomial negativa e log&#237;stica, entre outros. Dentre esses, o mais conhecido e de mais f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#233; o modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla convencional. Entretanto, quando a vari&#225;vel resposta &#233; uma contagem (como &#233; o caso do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos), as suposi&#231;&#245;es desse modelo acerca da normalidade e homocedasticidade dos res&#237;duos n&#227;o s&#227;o, em geral, satisfeitas. Para contornar esse problema, podem ser utilizadas transforma&#231;&#245;es para a vari&#225;vel resposta (como o logaritmo ou a raiz quadrada) ou podem ser ajustados modelos nos quais a distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel resposta &#233; Poisson ou binomial negativa. Uma outra possibilidade &#233; utilizar um m&#233;todo de estima&#231;&#227;o de quasi-verossimilhan&#231;a. A conclus&#227;o sobre o modelo mais adequado pode ser atingida somente ap&#243;s uma criteriosa an&#225;lise de res&#237;duos.</p><p>Assim, a estrat&#233;gia de an&#225;lise, para vari&#225;vel de mortalidade, envolveu os seguintes passos:</p><p>1) Inicialmente ajustamos seis modelos: Regress&#227;o gaussiana na qual a vari&#225;vel resposta foi o coeficiente de mortalidade; regress&#227;o gaussiana na qual a vari&#225;vel resposta foi o logaritmo do coeficiente de mortalidade; regress&#227;o gaussiana na qual a vari&#225;vel resposta foi a raiz quadrada do coeficiente de mortalidade; regress&#227;o de Poisson na qual a vari&#225;vel resposta foi o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos, controlando para o n&#250;mero de habitantes na popula&#231;&#227;o; regress&#227;o binomial negativa na qual a vari&#225;vel resposta foi o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos, controlando para o n&#250;mero de habitantes na popula&#231;&#227;o; modelo de quasi-verossimilhan&#231;a no qual a vari&#225;vel resposta foi o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos, controlando para o n&#250;mero de habitantes na popula&#231;&#227;o, utilizando um m&#233;todo de estima&#231;&#227;o de quasi-verossimilhan&#231;a.</p><p>2) A seguir, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de res&#237;duo para cada modelo, por meio do gr&#225;fico de envelope, a fim de determinar o modelo "mais adequado".</p><p>3) Testamos as hip&#243;teses de interesse (se os coeficientes de mortalidade eram semelhantes para cada regi&#227;o, sexo ou faixa et&#225;ria).</p><p>4) Agrupamos os dados nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que os coeficientes eram semelhantes, chegando ao modelo final.</p><p>5) A partir do modelo final, calculamos os valores ajustados mediante o modelo para o coeficiente de mortalidade em cada ano, sexo, regi&#227;o e faixa et&#225;ria.</p><p>6) A partir das informa&#231;&#245;es do item anterior, constru&#237;mos tabelas e gr&#225;ficos.</p><p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos coeficientes foi semelhante para os modelos escolhidos. Por exemplo, vamos representar o coeficiente de cada vari&#225;vel explicativa por bvar. Para a vari&#225;vel tempo, podemos dizer que, a cada ano que passa, o coeficiente de mortalidade fica multiplicado por exp(btempo). Para a vari&#225;vel sexo, podemos dizer que o coeficiente de mortalidade no sexo masculino &#233; igual a exp(bsexo) vezes o do sexo feminino. Para a vari&#225;vel regi&#227;o, podemos dizer que o coeficiente de mortalidade na regi&#227;o nordeste &#233; igual a exp(bnordeste) vezes o da regi&#227;o Norte; o coeficiente de mortalidade na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste exp(bcentro-oeste) vezes o da regi&#227;o Norte, e assim por diante. A partir de exp(btempo), podemos obter as varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais anuais. Para facilitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o, as tabelas cont&#234;m tr&#234;s informa&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas: o valor ajustado para o coeficiente de mortalidade no primeiro ano, sua varia&#231;&#227;o porcentual a cada ano e o valor ajustado para o coeficiente de mortalidade no &#250;ltimo ano.</p><p><bold>Resultados</bold></p><p><italic>A mortalidade por doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias -</italic> a an&#225;lise dos dados de mortalidade de 2001 mostrou que o principal grupo de causas de morte no Brasil, em todas as regi&#245;es e para ambos os sexos, foram as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio. A partir dos 45 anos as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foram o principal grupo de causas de morte, seguido das neoplasias e depois das causas externas. Quando desagregaram-se os grupos de causa de morte em seus principais componentes, observou-se que a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foi a principal causa de morte, com 86.424 mortes em 2001, seguida da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o com 79.375 mortes e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas com 58.745 mortes.</p><p><italic>Tend&#234;ncia do risco de morte por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</italic> - a tend&#234;ncia do risco de morte por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular mostrou decl&#237;nio na maioria das regi&#245;es, para ambos os sexos e faixas et&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1_3">figs. 1 a 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>). A regi&#227;o Nordeste mostrou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do risco na idade mais jovem para homens e mulheres e aumento do risco nas idades mais velhas.</p><p><fig id="f1_3"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fn id="f2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-e01.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
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  <p><fig id="f3"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>


 <table-wrap id="tabela1"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>   <p>O decl&#237;nio na regi&#227;o Sul foi semelhante ao da regi&#227;o Sudeste, com exce&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria de 65 anos ou mais, quando foi, pelo menos, duas vezes menor. O risco da regi&#227;o Sul nessa faixa et&#225;ria foi maior que o da regi&#227;o Sudeste em 2001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>). &#201; importante destacar que o risco de morte entre as mulheres foi menor que o risco dos homens nas faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens. Entre os mais velhos (<underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos), os riscos s&#227;o muito pr&#243;ximos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>), provavelmente refletindo uma maior longevidade das mulheres, um ac&#250;mulo maior de mulheres idosas, dando uma impress&#227;o de riscos semelhantes para homens e mulheres nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p><p><italic>Tend&#234;ncia do risco de morte por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o -</italic> para as mulheres, o coeficiente de mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o permaneceu est&#225;vel nas regi&#245;es Norte e Centro-Oeste. Foi decrescente nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, e aumentou na regi&#227;o Nordeste para todas as faixas et&#225;rias. A varia&#231;&#227;o anual foi maior que 2% ao ano na regi&#227;o Nordeste, e o decl&#237;nio do risco de morte na regi&#227;o Sul foi sempre menor que na regi&#227;o Sudeste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4_6">figs. 4 a 6</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>). Para os homens, observou-se tend&#234;ncia de queda nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul. O Centro-Oeste apresentou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o na tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade na faixa de trinta a 49 anos e e <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos. Na faixa et&#225;ria de cinq&#252;enta a 64 anos observou-se aumento no risco. &#201; importante destacar que o risco de morte entre as mulheres foi menor que o risco dos homens, na faixa et&#225;ria de trinta a 64 anos e com e" 65 anos os riscos ficam muito pr&#243;ximos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>). Esse resultado pode se dever a maior longevidade das mulheres, necessitando ser analisado com cautela.</p><p><fig id="f4_6"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fn id="f5"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-e02.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
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  <p><fn id="f6"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-e03.jpg"/></p></fn></p>


 <table-wrap id="tabela2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>   <p><bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold></p> <p>A tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular mostrou decl&#237;nio nas regi&#245;es Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e sexo. Tamb&#233;m a mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o declinou nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do risco na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste e aumento na regi&#227;o Nordeste. Essas tend&#234;ncias de decl&#237;nio nas principais causas de morte entre as doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias provavelmente refletem mudan&#231;as no comportamento relacionados ao controle dos principais fatores de risco, tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p> <p>Sabe-se que esse controle, preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria das doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, &#233; mais adequado em regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas como o Sul e o Sudeste, onde ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da mortalidade. Portanto, as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas s&#227;o facilitadores de uma melhor resposta na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias. Entretanto, os recursos destinados para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica pelos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento s&#227;o sabidamente escassos e extremamente inferiores aos sugeridos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de<sup>5,6</sup>. Isso ocorre inclusive em um mesmo pa&#237;s, como no caso do Brasil, onde existem diferen&#231;as regionais de acesso &#224; sa&#250;de.</p> <p>Os resultados observados neste estudo complementam as mesmas tend&#234;ncias observadas em estudos pr&#233;vios anteriores ao ano de 2000<sup>7,8</sup>. Em resumo, esses estudos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte somente nas regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas, e essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi tardia e discreta, se comparada com outros pa&#237;ses<sup>9-11</sup>. Entretanto, essa explica&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; insuficiente, sendo mat&#233;ria para discuss&#227;o e investiga&#231;&#227;o, reafirmando a necessidade de estabelecer uma vigil&#226;ncia dessas doen&#231;as.</p> <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold></p> <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>        <p><fn id="back" fn-type="corresp"><label><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold></label><p> Antonio de Padua Mansur </p><p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="antonio.mansur@incor.usp.br">antonio.mansur@incor.usp.br</email></p></fn></p> <p>Artigo recebido em 12/12/05; revisado recebido em 02/01/06; aceito em 28/01/06.</p></body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Serial temporal analysis of ischemic heart disease and stroke death risk in five regions of Brazil from 1981 to 2001</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends of ischemic and cerebrovascular death risk in the five regions - Midwest, Northeast, North, Southeast and South - of Brazil from 1981 to 2001. METHODS: Data on mortality due to cerebrovascular and coronary heart diseases in the five regions of Brazil were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The data source was the SIM - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (System of Information on Mortality), from the Department of Health Information Analysis. The population estimates were obtained from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) census of 1991 and 2000, and population estimates of 1996, all from DATASUS. The codes used in this study were International Classification of Diseases ICD-9 430-438 and ICD-10 I60-I69 for cerebrovascular diseases and ICD-9 410-414 and ICD-10 I21-I25 for ischemic disease. Statistical analysis was carried out by adjusted linear models. RESULTS: There was a decline trend in death rates due to cerebrovascular disease at all age ranges and in both sexes in the South, Southwest, and Midwest regions. Additionally, death rates due to ischemic heart disease declined in the South and Southwest regions. There was a stabilization of the death risk in the Midwest and an increase in the Northeast region. CONCLUSION: The risk of death due to cerebrovascular and ischemic heart diseases declined in the Southwest and South, which are the more developed regions of Brazil, whereas the risk increased in the less developed ones, mainly in the Northeast region.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular disease</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemic heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body><p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold></p><p><bold>Serial temporal analysis of ischemic heart disease and stroke death risk in 5 regions of Brazil from 1981 to 2001</bold></p><p><bold>Maria de F&#225;tima Marinho de Souza; Airlane Pereira Alencar; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Lenildo Moura; Antonio de Padua Mansur</bold></p><p>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref></p><p><bold>ABSTRACT</bold></p><p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends of ischemic and cerebrovascular death risk in the five regions - Midwest, Northeast, North, Southeast and South - of Brazil from 1981 to 2001.</p><p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Data on mortality due to cerebrovascular and coronary heart diseases in the five regions of Brazil were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The data source was the SIM - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (System of Information on Mortality), from the Department of Health Information Analysis. The population estimates were obtained from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) census of 1991 and 2000, and population estimates of 1996, all from DATASUS. The codes used in this study were International Classification Disease ICD-9 430-438 and ICD-10 I60-I69 for cerebrovascular diseases and ICD-9 410-414 and ICD-10 I21-I25 for ischemic disease. Statistical analysis was carried out by adjusted linear models.</p><p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was a decline trend in death rates due to cerebrovascular disease at all age ranges and in both sexes in the South, Southwest, and Midwest regions. Additionally, death rates due to ischemic heart disease declined in the South and Southwest regions. There was a stabilization of the death risk in the Midwest and an increase in the Northeast region.</p><p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The risk of death due to cerebrovascular and ischemic heart diseases declined in the Southwest and South, which are the more developed regions of Brazil, whereas the risk increased in the less developed ones, mainly in the Northeast region.</p><p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, stroke, mortality, epidemiology, Brazil.</p><p>Mortality trends in Brazil have changed throughout the last decades<sup>1,2</sup>. In 1980, the circulatory diseases were the main cause of death, which persisted in the year 2000. Neoplasias were the fifth cause of death in 1980, and became the third cause in the year 2000. Another important change was the increase of deaths due to respiratory system diseases and the decrease in infectious and parasitic diseases. The temporal series analysis aims at evaluating the mortality trend in each region of Brazil along the last twenty years, comparing the regions regarding death risk trend by the analyzed causes and estimating the annual risk variation for each region, gender and age range analyzed.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold></p><p>A temporal series analysis of mortality due to ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease was carried out in a twenty-year series, according to gender, age range and regions of Brazil. The data source was the System of Information on Mortality (SIM) of the Department of Health Information Analysis &#150; Health Surveillance Secretary of the Ministry of Health. The data source on the population of the regions and states was the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), census of 1991 and 2000, population calculation of 1996 and population estimates, all made available by DATASUS. SIM data referred to the following causes of death: cerebrovascular disease (International Classification of Diseases ICD-9 430-438, ICD-10 I60-I69) and ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 410-414, ICD-10 I21-I25).</p><p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - In order to assess the mortality trend in each region of Brazil, descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. For the description of temporal trends, the data were graphically represented by a simple scatter plot and a smoother line with the Lowess technique (SPSS-10). For the inferential analysis, generalized linear models were adjusted<sup>3,4</sup>. The response variable was the number of deaths or mortality coefficient. We took into account that the mortality trends might not be similar in both sexes and among the several age ranges and regions. Thus, the explicative variables of mortality were time (in years), gender (male or female), age range (30-49, 50-64 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 yrs), and regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Middle East, Southeast and South).</p><p>For each combination of gender, age range and region, we modeled the mortality trend along time. The class of generalized linear models comprises the models of conventional multiple linear regression, as well as the Poisson regression models, negative binomial models and logistics, among others. Of these, the best known and easier to interpret is the conventional multiple linear regression. However, when the response variable is a calculation (as is the case with the number of deaths) the assumptions of this model about normality and the homocedasticity of the residues are not, in general, fulfilled. To overcome this problem, transformations can be used for the response variable (such as the logarithm or the square root), or models can be adjusted, in which the distribution of the response variable is Poisson or negative binomial. Another possibility is to use an estimation method of quasi-similarity. The conclusion about the most adequate model can be achieved only after a careful analysis of the residues.</p><p>Hence, the analysis strategy for the mortality variable involved the following steps:</p><p>1) We initially adjusted six models:</p><p>&#149; Gaussian regression, in which the response variable was the coefficient of mortality.</p><p>&#149; Gaussian regression, in which the response variable was the logarithm of the coefficient of mortality.</p><p>&#149; Gaussian regression, in which the response variable was the square root of the coefficient of mortality.</p><p>&#149; Poisson regression, in which the response variable was the number of deaths, controlled for the number of inhabitants in the population.</p><p>&#149; Negative binomial regression, in which the response variable was the number of deaths, controlled for the number of inhabitants in the population.</p><p>&#149; A quasi-similarity model, in which the response variable was the number of deaths, controlled for the number of inhabitants in the population, using a quasi-similarity method of estimation.</p><p>2) Subsequently, we performed an analysis of residues for each model through an envelope graph, in order to determine the "most appropriate" model.</p><p>3) We then tested the hypotheses of interest (whether the coefficients of mortality were similar for each region, gender or age range).</p><p>4) We then grouped the data in situations when the coefficients were similar, achieving the final model.</p><p>5) From the final model, we calculated the adjusted values against the model for the coefficient of mortality for each year, gender, region and age range.</p><p>6) Based on the information in the previous item, we constructed tables and charts.</p><p>It is worth mentioning that the interpretation of the coefficients was similar for the chosen models. For instance, consider that the coefficient of each explicative variable is represented by <italic>bvar</italic>. For the time variable, it can be said that each passing year, the coefficient of mortality is multiplied by exp(<italic>btime</italic>). For the gender variable, it can be said that the coefficient of mortality in the male sex is equal to exp(<italic>bgender</italic>) times that of the female sex. For the region variable, it can be said that the coefficient of mortality in the northeast region is equal to exp(<italic>bnortheast</italic>) times that of the North region; the coefficient of mortality in the Midwest region is exp(<italic>bmidwest</italic>) times that of the North region and so forth. From the exp(<italic>btime</italic>), the annual percentage variations can be obtained. To make the interpretation easier, the tables contain three basic information types: the adjusted value for the coefficient of mortality in the first year, its percentage variation for each year and the adjusted value for the coefficient of mortality in the last year.</p><p><bold>Results</bold></p><p><italic>Mortality due to circulatory diseases -</italic> The analysis of mortality data of 2001 showed that the main causes of death in all regions of Brazil and for both sexes were the circulatory system diseases. From 45 years of age on, circulatory system diseases were the main cause of death, followed by neoplasias and external causes. When the cause of death groups were disassembled into main component units, it was observed that cerebrovascular disease was the main cause of death, with 86,424 occurrences in 2001, followed by ischemic heart disease with 79,375 and other cardiac diseases with 58,745.</p><p><italic>Trend of death risk due to cerebrovascular disease</italic> - The trend of death risk due to cerebrovascular disease showed a decline in most regions, for both sexes and all age ranges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1_3-body2">Figs. 1 to 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The northeast region showed stabilization in the risk at the youngest age range for men and women and increase in the risk for the older age ranges.</p><p><fig id="f1_3-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fn id="f2-body2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-e01-en.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
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 <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>   <p>The decline in the South region was similar to that of the Southeast region, with exception of the age range 65 yrs and older, when it was at least two-fold lower. The risk in the South region in this age range was higher than the one in the Southeast region in 2001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e09f3-body2">Fig. 3</xref> <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>). It is important to stress that the death risk among women was lower than that among men at the younger age ranges. Among the oldest ranges (<underline>&gt;</underline> 65 yrs) the death risks are very close (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>), probably reflecting the higher longevity of women, resulting in an accumulation of elderly females, giving the impression of similar risks for men and women at this age range.</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="e09f3-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig></p> <p><italic>Trend of death risk due to ischemic heart disease -</italic> For the women, the coefficient of mortality due to ischemic heart disease remained stable in the North and Midwest regions. It decreased in the Southeast and South regions, and increased in the Northeast region for all age ranges. The annual variation was higher than 2% per year in the Northeast region, and the decline of death risk in the South region was always lower than that of the Southeast region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4_6-body2">Figs. 4 to 6</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>). For men, a decline trend was observed in the Southeast and South regions. The Midwest region showed stabilization in the mortality trend at the 30-49 yr and <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 yrs age ranges. The 50-64 yr age range showed an increase in the death risk. It is worth mentioning that the death risk among women was lower than among men at the 30-64 yr age range and at the <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 yr age range, the risk rates were very close (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>). This outcome may be due to the higher longevity of women, and hence must be analyzed with caution.</p><p><fig id="f4_6-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fn id="f5-body2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-e03-en.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
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 <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0735-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>   <p><bold>Discussion</bold></p> <p>The mortality trend due to cerebrovascular disease showed a decline in the Southeast, South and Midwest regions, at all age ranges and in both sexes. In addition, the mortality due to ischemic heart disease also declined in the Southeast and South region, reaching stabilization of risk in the Midwest region and increasing in the Northeast region. These decline trends in the main causes of death among the circulatory diseases probably reflect changes in behavior related to the control of the main risk factors, such as smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension.</p> <p>It is known that such control, primary and secondary prevention of circulatory diseases is more adequate in the more developed regions such as the South and Southeast regions, where significant mortality reductions were observed. Therefore, the socioeconomic conditions are facilitating means for a better response in the reduction of the morbidity and mortality due to circulatory diseases. However, the resources aimed at public health services in developing countries are known to be scarce and much lower than those suggested by the World Health Organization<sup>5,6</sup>. This also occurs between regions inside a same country, as is the case of Brazil, where there are regional differences of access to health services.</p> <p>The results observed in this study complement the same trends observed in previous studies, carried out before the year 2000<sup>7,8</sup>. In summary, these studies have shown a reduction in the death risk only in the more developed regions, and this decrease was late and small, when compared to that of other countries<sup>9-11</sup>. However, this issue is still insufficiently studied, and remains open for discussion and investigation, reaffirming the need to establish a surveillance for these diseases.</p> <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p> <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>   <p><bold>References</bold></p>     <p><fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp"><label><bold>Mailing Address:</bold></label><p> Antonio de Padua Mansur</p><p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44</p><p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="antonio.mansur@incor.usp.br">antonio.mansur@incor.usp.br</email></p></fn></p> <p>Manuscript received December 12, 2005, revised manuscript received January 2, 2006, accepted January 28, 2006</p> </body>
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