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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Ns6bk3X8gNXFQqDfmxpH8yj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal: associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane Aparecida Canaan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosado</surname>
            <given-names>Lina Enriqueta Frandsen Paez Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia Lanes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vidigal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Junqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonard</surname>
            <given-names>Ivana Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>728</fpage>
      <lpage>734</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. M&#201;TODOS: Estudou-se 231 servidores da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, sendo 54,1% do sexo masculino (21-76 anos). Analisou-se glicemia de jejum, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es, triglic&#233;rides, press&#227;o arterial, IMC, CA, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e percentual de gordura corporal. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas e atividade f&#237;sica tamb&#233;m foram obtidas. RESULTADOS: As freq&#252;&#234;ncias de sobrepeso/obesidade foram bastante elevadas, principalmente em mulheres. A obesidade abdominal foi observada em 74% das mulheres e 46,1% dos homens. Os homens apresentaram valores m&#233;dios e medianos de colesterol total, HDL, triglic&#233;rides, IMC e percentual de gordura corporal maiores do que as mulheres (p&lt;0,05). O sedentarismo apresentou-se como fator de risco para obesidade e o tabagismo e o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas foram mais freq&#252;entes entre homens e entre eutr&#243;ficos. A maioria das correla&#231;&#245;es entre &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco foram significativas, entretanto apresentaram-se fracas. A CA foi o indicador antropom&#233;trico que se correlacionou mais fortemente e com maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis. Observou-se que com o aumento do IMC e da gordura abdominal houve eleva&#231;&#227;o principalmente da glicemia, dos triglic&#233;rides, da press&#227;o arterial e redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi maior no grupo sobrepeso/obesidade e em homens. CONCLUS&#195;O: Neste estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular aumentou com aumento do IMC e CA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal: associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fabiane Aparecida Canaan Rezende; Lina Enriqueta Frandsen Paez Lima Rosado; Rita de C&#225;ssia Lanes Ribeiro; Fernanda de Carvalho Vidigal; Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques; Ivana Sales Bonard; Carlos Roberto de Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudou-se 231 servidores da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, sendo 54,1% do sexo masculino (21-76 anos). Analisou-se glicemia de jejum, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es, triglic&#233;rides, press&#227;o arterial, IMC, CA, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e percentual de gordura corporal. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas e atividade f&#237;sica tamb&#233;m foram obtidas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As freq&#252;&#234;ncias de sobrepeso/obesidade foram bastante elevadas, principalmente em mulheres. A obesidade abdominal foi observada em 74% das mulheres e 46,1% dos homens. Os homens apresentaram valores m&#233;dios e medianos de colesterol total, HDL, triglic&#233;rides, IMC e percentual de gordura corporal maiores do que as mulheres (p&lt;0,05). O sedentarismo apresentou-se como fator de risco para obesidade e o tabagismo e o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas foram mais freq&#252;entes entre homens e entre eutr&#243;ficos. A maioria das correla&#231;&#245;es entre &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco foram significativas, entretanto apresentaram-se fracas. A CA foi o indicador antropom&#233;trico que se correlacionou mais fortemente e com maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis. Observou-se que com o aumento do IMC e da gordura abdominal houve eleva&#231;&#227;o principalmente da glicemia, dos triglic&#233;rides, da press&#227;o arterial e redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi maior no grupo sobrepeso/obesidade e em homens. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Neste estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular aumentou com aumento do IMC e CA.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> &#205;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, fatores de risco</p>
    <p>A transi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica, marcada principalmente pela queda da fecundidade e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade infantil e pr&#233;-escolar, tem resultado em uma expectativa de vida cada vez mais elevada da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>1</sup>. Em raz&#227;o dessa nova condi&#231;&#227;o, surgem novos problemas alimentares e nutricionais, importantes no processo de transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, em que se observa um decl&#237;nio da preval&#234;ncia da desnutri&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as e um aumento da preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade em adultos<sup>2-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante desse novo cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico, caracterizado pela alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares aparecem como o principal problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, e as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio representam a principal causa de &#243;bitos no pa&#237;s (32%) e em todas as regi&#245;es<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e a preven&#231;&#227;o e controle da obesidade e das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como incentivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, abandono do tabagismo e educa&#231;&#227;o nutricional da popula&#231;&#227;o, t&#234;m recebido grande import&#226;ncia por resultarem em altera&#231;&#245;es desej&#225;veis, tais como redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lip&#237;deos e de glicose, bem como redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o excesso de peso e a distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, j&#225; que a obesidade, principalmente abdominal, associa-se a importantes altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, como dislipidemias, intoler&#226;ncia a glicose ou diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>8,12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi realizada na Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), vinculada ao Programa de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular (Procardio), ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFV.</p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal numa coorte de servidores da UFV, os quais foram inclu&#237;dos por sorteio (n = 129) ou por encaminhamento m&#233;dico (n = 102).</p>
    <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica realizada pelo cardiologista e, posteriormente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, ap&#243;s assinarem termo de consentimento. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica constou de exames bioqu&#237;micos, tais como glicemia de jejum, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es e triglic&#233;rides, e mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional foram aferidas medidas de peso, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) e do quadril, e medida de gordura corporal pelo m&#233;todo de bioimped&#226;ncia tetrapolar. Dados relacionados ao estilo de vida, como h&#225;bito de fumar, ingest&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, tamb&#233;m foram obtidos e divididos em dois grupos segundo as respostas sim e n&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O peso foi aferido em balan&#231;a digital com capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 kg e divis&#227;o de 100 g, segundo as normas preconizadas por Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>. A estatura foi aferida com fita m&#233;trica aderida a uma parede sem rodap&#233;, com extens&#227;o de 2,00 m, dividida em cent&#237;metro e subdividida em mil&#237;metros, com visor de pl&#225;stico e esquadro acoplado a uma das extremidades, segundo as normas preconizadas por Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado com as medidas de peso e altura, de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula IMC = peso (kg) / altura<sup>2</sup> (cm). Os pontos de corte de IMC adotados foram os preconizados pela WHO<sup>9</sup>, ou seja, baixo peso (IMC &lt; 18,5); eutrofia (IMC 18,5-24,99); sobrepeso (IMC 25-29,99) e obesidade (IMC e <underline>&gt;</underline> 30,00). A CA foi obtida na menor curvatura localizada entre as costelas e a crista il&#237;aca com fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica sem comprimir os tecidos. Quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar a menor curvatura, obteve-se a medida 2 cm acima da cicatriz umbilical. Os pontos de corte adotados para CA foram os preconizados por Lean e cols.<sup>15</sup>, de acordo com o grau de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares: risco aumentado para mulheres (CA &gt; 80 cm) e para homens (CA &gt; 94 cm), e risco muito aumentado para mulheres (CA &gt; 88 cm) e para homens (CA &gt; 102 cm). A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foi obtida colocando-se uma fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica ao redor da regi&#227;o do quadril, na &#225;rea de maior protuber&#226;ncia, sem comprimir a pele.</p>
    <p>A gordura corporal foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo bioimped&#226;ncia tetrapolar (Aparelho <italic>Biodynamics</italic> modelo 310). Foi realizada com o indiv&#237;duo deitado sobre uma superf&#237;cie n&#227;o-condutora, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com bra&#231;os e pernas abduzidos a 45&#176; a partir do corpo. Imediatamente antes da coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos, as &#225;reas de contato foram limpas com &#225;lcool para o posicionamento dos eletrodos. Um eletrodo emissor foi colocado pr&#243;ximo &#224; articula&#231;&#227;o metacarpo-fal&#226;ngea da superf&#237;cie dorsal da m&#227;e direita e o outro distal do arco transverso da superf&#237;cie superior do p&#233; direito. Um eletrodo detector foi colocado entre as proemin&#234;ncias distais do r&#225;dio e da ulna do punho direito, e o outro, entre os mal&#233;olos medial e lateral do tornozelo direito, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
    <p>Foram definidos como fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares valores de triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl, valores de glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl, n&#237;veis de colesterol total <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, n&#237;veis de LDL e <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg/dl e n&#237;veis de HDL &lt; 40 mg/dl para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl para mulheres, valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg e de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi definida de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do NCEP &#150; ATPIII<sup>16</sup>, a qual requer a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais dos cinco fatores que se seguem: a) obesidade abdominal: quando a CA for maior que 88 cm em mulheres e maior que 102 cm em homens; b) concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; c) concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de HDL-c inferior a 40 mg/dl para homens e 50 mg/dl para mulheres; d) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg; e) glicemia de jejum e <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos foram armazenados e analisados no programa <italic>Epi Info</italic> vers&#227;o 6.0<sup>17</sup> e <italic>Sigma Stat for Windows</italic> vers&#227;o 2.06. Todas as vari&#225;veis foram testadas quanto &#224; sua normalidade pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP quando as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e como mediana quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o era anormal. Para verificar associa&#231;&#245;es entre fatores de risco utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) e a <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR), e quando a frequ&#234;ncia esperada foi inferior a 5 aplicou-se o teste de Fisher. O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas m&#233;dias quando a vari&#225;vel apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi anormal aplicou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o para verificar o grau de correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizando a de Pearson quando as duas vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e a de Spearman, quando pelo menos uma das vari&#225;veis apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal. Adotou-se como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica o valor de p menor que 0,05.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes foram esclarecidos quanto aos resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o e receberam orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e nutricional sempre que necess&#225;rio. Todos os hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos, dislipid&#234;micos e obesos foram tratados e acompanhados no servi&#231;o ambulatorial da Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de da UFV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 231 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 106 (45,9%) do sexo feminino e 125 (54,1%) do sexo masculino, com idade variando entre 21 e 76 anos, com maior predomin&#226;ncia da faixa et&#225;ria entre 40 e 49 anos, tanto no sexo feminino (45,3%) quanto masculino (40,8%).</p>
    <p>Avaliando-se o IMC observou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 42,5% e 24,5%, respectivamente, no sexo feminino, e de 40,0% e 15,2%, respectivamente, no sexo masculino. As mulheres apresentaram maiores chances de apresentarem excesso de peso considerando o IMC e <underline>&gt;</underline> 25,0 [OR = 1,86; IC (95%): 1,03 &#150; 3,35; p &lt; 0,05] e IMC e <underline>&gt;</underline> 30,0 [OR = 2,47; IC (95%): 1,11 &#150; 5,53; p &lt; 0,05], mas n&#227;o ao se considerar apenas a categoria de sobrepeso (c<sup>2</sup> = 2,57; p = 0,10).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o central da gordura corporal, 32% das mulheres apresentavam CA na faixa de 80 a 88 cm, e 42% CA acima de 88 cm. No sexo masculino, 23,9% apresentaram CA na faixa de 94 a 102 cm e 22,2% acima de 102 cm.</p>
    <p>Constatou-se que os homens apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol total, de HDL e de triglic&#233;rides. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional os homens tamb&#233;m apresentaram maiores valores de IMC e de porcentual de gordura corporal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliando o perfil antropom&#233;trico e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em ambos os sexos segundo as categorias de IMC, verificou-se que as mulheres apresentaram valores porcentuais de gordura corporal maiores que os dos homens em todas as categorias do IMC. Verificou-se tamb&#233;m que na categoria de sobrepeso em ambos os sexos os indiv&#237;duos j&#225; apresentavam medida de CA elevada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliando os fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida, verificou-se que 38,7% das mulheres e 34,4% dos homens eram sedent&#225;rios (c<sup>2</sup> = 0,29; p = 0,59), e que 77% daqueles que praticavam atividade f&#237;sica a faziam em frequ&#234;ncia adequada, pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes por semana, por 40 minutos. A frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo foi 48,34% maior no sexo masculino (c<sup>2</sup> = 1,54; p = 0,21) e o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas foi 1,58 vez maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres [OR = 2,74; IC (95%): 1,55-4,86; p &lt; 0,001].</p>
    <p>Ao avaliar essas mesmas vari&#225;veis segundo o IMC, verificou-se que o sedentarismo apresentou-se como fator de risco para a obesidade [OR = 3,47; IC (95%): 1,53-7,91; p&lt;0,01]. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional com consumo de &#225;lcool (c<sup>2</sup> = 5,81; p = 0,12), nem com tabagismo (c<sup>2</sup> = 4,55; p = 0,20), apesar de esses dois fatores terem sido mais freq&#252;entes entre os eutr&#243;ficos.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos mediante as an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico, glicemia e press&#227;o arterial encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. De maneira geral, apesar de significativas, as correla&#231;&#245;es foram fracas. Pode-se observar que a CA foi o indicador de gordura corporal que se correlacionou mais fortemente e com maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis do que o IMC e a GC. Avaliando os componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico, verificou-se que a medida de triglic&#233;rides foi a &#250;nica que apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros avaliados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliando a frequ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares segundo o IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>) e segundo a CA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>), verificou-se que com o aumento do IMC e da gordura na regi&#227;o abdominal houve principalmente eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum, dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de HDL-c e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Da mesma forma, pode-se observar que a frequ&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi maior no grupo sobrepeso e obesidade, principalmente no sexo masculino.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo as frequ&#234;ncias de sobrepeso e obesidade foram bastante elevadas, comparadas &#224;quelas encontradas na Pesquisa de Or&#231;amento Familiar (POF)<sup>3</sup> de 2002-2003, em que se estimou que cerca de 40% dos indiv&#237;duos adultos do pa&#237;s apresentaram excesso de peso (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m&#178;), e 8,9% dos homens e 13,1% das mulheres foram obesos.</p>
    <p>Essa elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia encontrada pode ser explicada pelo fato de que em torno de 44% da nossa amostra foi composta por indiv&#237;duos encaminhados ao Programa pelo m&#233;dico em raz&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas ou elevada press&#227;o arterial, fatores freq&#252;entemente associados ao excesso de peso.</p>
    <p>Comparando os resultados da POF de 2002-2003 com pesquisas anteriores realizadas no pa&#237;s em 1974-1975 (Estudo Nacional da Despesa Familiar &#150; ENDEF) e em 1989 (Pesquisa Nacional sobre Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o &#150; PNSN), observa-se que o excesso de peso e a obesidade aumentam cont&#237;nua e intensamente na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, e que essa evolu&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres &#233; distinta nos dois per&#237;odos demarcados pelas tr&#234;s pesquisas: aumentos de cerca de 50% entre 1974-1975 e 1989 e relativa estabilidade entre 1989 e 2002-2003<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Elevadas preval&#234;ncias de obesidade t&#234;m sido observadas em diversos estados e cidades do pa&#237;s: 18% em S&#227;o Paulo<sup>18</sup>; 37,5% em Cotia, SP<sup>19</sup>; 21% em Pelotas, RS<sup>20</sup>; 18,6% no Rio Grande do Sul<sup>21</sup>; 17% em Fortaleza, CE<sup>22</sup>; 12% no Rio de Janeiro, RJ<sup>23</sup>; e 17,8% em Campos, RJ<sup>24</sup>, e um grande n&#250;mero de estudos tamb&#233;m encontrou maior preval&#234;ncia entre mulheres<sup>20,22-25</sup> e aumento da mesma com a idade<sup>20,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando essa tend&#234;ncia crescente do sobrepeso e obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovasculares refor&#231;ada em nosso estudo, interven&#231;&#245;es visando reduzir o peso corporal, em especial a gordura central, s&#227;o de extrema import&#226;ncia para a preven&#231;&#227;o e controle das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>5,6,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade abdominal, foi constatado um porcentual elevado de mulheres (42%) e homens (22,2%) nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, considerando CA acima de 88 cm e 102 cm, respectivamente. Foi observado que na categoria sobrepeso, tanto homens quanto mulheres j&#225; apresentavam medida de CA de risco, confirmando a presen&#231;a de obesidade abdominal mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com IMC inferior a 30, e refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse indicador antropom&#233;trico na rotina cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Estudos de preval&#234;ncia da obesidade abdominal, assim como pesquisas para verificar a adequa&#231;&#227;o desses pontos de corte s&#227;o escassos no pa&#237;s<sup>26-28</sup> demonstram a necessidade de se investigar o balan&#231;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade dos indicadores utilizados na tentativa de se identificar pontos de corte mais apropriados para a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Como visto no presente trabalho, mesmo sem o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade, muitos indiv&#237;duos j&#225; se encontravam em risco de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em decorr&#234;ncia do excesso de gordura na regi&#227;o abdominal.</p>
    <p>Analisando os dados bioqu&#237;micos, os homens apresentaram valores m&#233;dios e medianos de colesterol total, HDL, triglic&#233;rides maiores do que as mulheres (p &lt; 0,05). Resultados semelhantes s&#227;o descritos por outros autores, como Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>29</sup>, que al&#233;m de encontrarem n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e HDL estatisticamente mais elevados entre homens, tamb&#233;m verificaram n&#237;veis de glicose mais elevados nesse grupo.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial, aqui n&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as entre os sexos tanto para PAD quanto para PAS, discordando dos resultados de Guedes &amp; Guedes<sup>25</sup> e Gus e cols.<sup>30</sup>, no quais os homens apresentaram maiores valores press&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>Considerando a import&#226;ncia de fatores ligados ao estilo de vida na etiologia da obesidade e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, avaliou-se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do tabagismo, do sedentarismo e do consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e verificou-se que, ao contr&#225;rio de resultados encontrados em outros estudos<sup>18,20,21</sup>, em torno de 64% dos indiv&#237;duos praticavam alguma atividade f&#237;sica, e desses, 77% a faziam pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes por semana por quarenta minutos. Entretanto, cerca de 60% dos obesos eram sedent&#225;rios, confirmando a inatividade f&#237;sica como fator de risco para a obesidade (OR = 3,47; IC (95%): 1,53-7,91; p &lt; 0,01) como visto na literatura<sup>22</sup>. Maior frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo e de consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas foi observada no sexo masculino, como encontrado em outros estudos<sup>18,21,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>O excesso de peso e, especialmente, a obesidade abdominal correlacionaram-se com a maioria dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, principalmente com n&#237;veis elevados de triglic&#233;rides e reduzidos de HDL, apresentando maior impacto sobre a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, como visto marcadamente na literatura<sup>25,31-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>As freq&#252;&#234;ncias de n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total e LDL se mantiveram praticamente inalteradas com o aumento do IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, como encontrado em outros estudos<sup>25,33,34</sup> e indicando possivelmente menor interfer&#234;ncia do excesso de peso e da distribui&#231;&#227;o central na eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sang&#252;&#237;neos desses lip&#237;deos.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea dos fatores de risco resultou em uma frequ&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 31% de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em homens e mulheres, sendo maior no grupo sobrepeso e obesidade, e naqueles com maiores valores de CA.</p>
    <p>Diante dos resultados aqui apresentados, conclui-se que indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, principalmente com obesidade abdominal, est&#227;o mais expostos a fatores de risco cardiovasculares envolvidos na s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e, conseq&#252;entemente, a maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade quando n&#227;o tratadas essas altera&#231;&#245;es. Fatores de risco, como sedentarismo, sobrepeso/obesidade, distribui&#231;&#227;o central da gordura corporal, tabagismo e consumo excessivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de interven&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia do acompanhamento cl&#237;nico-nutricional na redu&#231;&#227;o dos riscos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e melhora da qualidade de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento:</bold> Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica - PIBIC/CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fabiane Aparecida Canaan Rezende </p>
        <p> Rua Padre Anchieta, 147/101 </p>
        <p> 36570-000 &#150; Vi&#231;osa, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bibh_99@yahoo.com">bibh_99@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/08/05; revisado recebido em 14/11/05; aceito em 12/01/06.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>VQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villares</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halpern</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Body mass index and waist circumference: association with cardiovascular risk factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and the anthropometric values - body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). METHODS: It was studied 231 employees of Federal University of Vi&#231;osa, Brazil, 54,1% of them were men (21-76 years old). Glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, blood pressure, BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio and body fatness were measured. It was also investigated smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight/obesity in this population was high mainly in women. The abdominal obesity was observed in 74% of the women and 46,1% of the men. The average of BMI, body fatness, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides were significantly higher in men than in women. (p &lt; 0,05). The sedentary lifestyle was a risk factor for obesity. Smoking and alcohol consumption were more common among men and normal weight volunteers. Most of the correlations between anthropometric indices and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases were significant, but weak and the WC was the index that had the strongest correlation and that associated with the largest number of variables. It was observed that with an increase of the BMI and the abdominal fat, there was also an increase of the glycemia, triglycerides and blood pressure and a decrease of HDL. The metabolic syndrome was more common among men and overweight and obese volunteers. CONCLUSION: In this study, the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors increased along with BMI and WC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>abdominal circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Body mass index and waist circumference: association with cardiovascular risk factors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fabiane Aparecida Canaan Rezende; Lina Enriqueta Frandsen Paez Lima Rosado; Rita de C&#225;ssia Lanes Ribeiro; Fernanda de Carvalho Vidigal; Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques; Ivana Sales Bonard; Carlos Roberto de Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and the anthropometric values - body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> It was studied 231 employees of Federal University of Vi&#231;osa, Brazil, 54,1% of them were men (21-76 years old) were measured. Glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, blood pressure, BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio and body fatness. It was also investigated smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The prevalence of overweight/obesity in this population was high mainly in women. The abdominal obesity was observed in 74% of the women and 46,1% of the men. The average of BMI, body fatness, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides were significantly higher in men than in women. (p &lt; 0,05). The sedentary lifestyle was a risk factor for obesity. Smoking and alcohol consumption were more common among men and normal weight volunteers. Most of the correlations between anthropometric indices and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases were significant, but weak and the WC was the index that had the strongest correlation and that associated with the largest number of variables. It was observed that with an increase of the BMI and the abdominal fat, there was also an increase of the glycemia, triglycerides and blood pressure and a decrease of HDL. The metabolic syndrome was more common among men and overweight and obese volunteers.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this study, the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors increased along with BMI and WC.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Body mass index, abdominal circumference, cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>Demographic transition, mainly characterized by a decrease in fecundity and reduction in infant and preschooler mortality, has resulted in an increasingly higher life expectancy in the Brazilian population<sup>1</sup>. Because of this new condition, different eating and nutritional disorders arise, and they are important in the nutritional transition process, in which a reduction in the prevalence of malnutrition among children and an increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults are observed<sup>2-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this new epidemiological situation characterized by a high prevalence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases appear as the major public health problem, representing the major cause of death in Brazil as a whole (32%) and in all its regions<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Interventions related to health promotion, and prevention and control of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, such as encouraging physical activity, quitting smoking and nutritional education of the population have become very important because they result in desirable alterations such as reduction of weight and of plasma levels of lipids and glucose, as well as in the reduction of blood pressure levels<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to verify the association between excess weight and body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors, since obesity, mainly abdominal, is associated with important metabolic alterations such as dyslipidemias, glucose intolerance or diabetes, and high blood pressure<sup>8,12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was conducted in the Health Division of the <italic>Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</italic> (UFV), linked to the Program of Cardiovascular Health Care (Procardio), after approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the UFV.</p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a cohort of employees of the <italic>Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa,</italic> who were included in the study by lot (n = 129) or by medical referral (n = 102).</p>
      <p>All volunteers underwent clinical evaluation performed by a cardiologist, followed by nutritional assessment, after informed consent. Clinical evaluation included biochemical tests such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides, and blood pressure measurement. Nutritional assessment included measurements of weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and body fat measurement using the tetrapolar bioimpedance method. Data related to lifestyle, such as smoking habit, alcohol consumption and physical activity were also obtained and divided into two groups according to positive or negative answers.</p>
      <p>Weight was measured using a digital scale with a 150kg maximum capacity and 100g divisions according to standards established by Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>. Height was measured using a tape measure fixed on a 2.00m long wall with no baseboard, divided into centimeters and subdivided into millimeters, with a plastic viewer and square coupled to one of its ends according to standards established by Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using weight and height measurements according to the equation BMI = weight (kg) /height<sup>2</sup> (cm). The BMI cut-off points adopted were those established by the WHO<sup>9</sup>, that is, low weight (BMI &lt; 18.5); normal weight (BMI 18.5&#150;24.99); overweight (BMI 25&#150;29.99), and obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30.00). Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the smallest circumference between the ribs and the iliac crest, using a flexible non-stretchable tape measure without compressing tissues. When the smallest circumference could not be identified, the measurement was taken 2 cm above the navel. The cut-off points used for waist circumference (WC) were established by Lean et al<sup>15</sup> according to the cardiovascular risk level: increased risk for women (WC &gt; 80 cm) and for men (WC &gt; 94 cm), and very increased risk for women (WC &gt; 88 cm) and for men (WC &gt; 102 cm). Hip circumference was measured with a flexible non-stretchable tape measure, placed around the hip at the most protuberant area without compressing the skin.</p>
      <p>Body fat was measured using the tetrapolar bioimpedance method (Biodynamics model 310 device) with the individual lying on a non-conductive surface in supine position with arms and legs at 45&#176; abduction. Immediately before the electrodes were placed, the contact area was cleansed with alcohol. An emitting electrode was placed next to the metacarpophalangeal joint on the dorsal surface of the right hand and the other distal to the transverse arch of the upper surface of the right foot. A detecting electrode was placed between the distal prominences of the radius and ulna of the right wrist, and the other, between the medial and lateral malleoli of the right ankle, according to the manufacturer's instructions.</p>
      <p>Values of triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl, blood glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl, total cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, LDL <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg/dl, and HDL &lt; 40 mg/dl for men and &lt; 50 mg/dl for women, systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg were defined as cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>The presence of a metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP &#150; ATPIII criteria<sup>16</sup>, which require the presence of three or more of the following five factors: a) abdominal obesity: waist circumference greater than 88 cm for women and greater than 102 cm for men; b) plasma level of triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; c) plasma level of HDL-c lower than 40 mg/dl for men and 50 mg/dl for women; d) systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg; e) fasting blood glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>Data obtained were stored and analyzed in the Epi Info version 6.0 and in the Sigma Stat for Windows version 2.06 software programs. All variables were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were presented as mean &#177; SD when the variables had a normal distribution, and as median when the distribution was non normal. To verify associations between risk factors the chi-square test (c<sup>2</sup>) and the Odds Ratio (OR) were used, and when the frequency expected was lower than five the Fisher's test was used. The Student's t test was used for comparison of two means when the variable had a normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney test was used when the distribution was non normal. Correlation analyses were used to verify the level of correlation between continuous variables using Pearson's correlation when the two variables had a normal distribution and Spearman's correlation when at least one of the variables had a non-normal distribution. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>All participants were informed of the assessment results and had medical and nutritional guidance whenever necessary. All hypertensive, diabetic, dyslipidemic and obese individuals were treated and followed on an outpatient basis at the Health Division of the UFV.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two hundred and thirty one individuals were studied, of whom 106 (45.9%) were females and 125 (54.1%) were males, with ages ranging from 21 to 76 years, with a higher predominance of individuals in the age range of 40 to 49 years both for females (45.3%) and males (40.8%).</p>
      <p>When BMI was analyzed, the frequency of overweight and obesity among females was 42.5% and 24.5%, respectively, and 40.0% and 15.2% among males, respectively. Women had greater chances of having excess weight considering BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25.0 [OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.03 &#150; 3.35; p &lt; 0.05] and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30.0 [OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.11 &#150; 5.53; p &lt; 0.05], but not when only the overweight category was considered (c<sup>2</sup> = 2.57; p = 0.10).</p>
      <p>As regards central fat distribution, 32% of the women had WC between 80 and 88 cm, and 42% above 88 cm. Among males, 23.9% had a WC between 94 and 102 cm, and 22.2% above 102 cm.</p>
      <p>Men were observed to have higher plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides. As regards nutritional status, men also had higher levels of BMI and body fat percentage (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e08t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e08t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When the anthropometric and body composition profiles were assessed in both genders according to BMI categories, we observed that women had higher percentage values of body fat than those of men in all BMI categories. We also verified that in the overweight category for both genders, the individuals already had high waist circumference measurements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e08t2-body2">Tab 2</xref>). When the factors related to lifestyle were assessed, we verified that 38.7% of the women and 34.4% of the men had a sedentary lifestyle (c<sup>2</sup> = 0.29; p = 0.59), and that 77% of those who had physical activity had an adequate frequency of at least three times a week during forty minutes. The frequency of smoking habit was 48.3% among males (c<sup>2</sup> = 1.54; p = 0.21) and alcohol consumption was 1.58 times higher in comparison with women (OR = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.55-4.86; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e08t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When the same variables were analyzed according to BMI, we verified that a sedentary lifestyle was a risk factor for obesity (OR = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.53-7.91; p &lt; 0.01]. No association was observed between nutritional status and alcohol consumption (c<sup>2</sup> = 5.81; p = 0.12), nor with smoking (c<sup>2</sup> = 4.55; p = 0.20), although these two factors had been more frequent among normal weight individuals.</p>
      <p>Results obtained from the analyses of the correlation between lipid profile, blood glucose and blood pressure levels are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e08t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. Although significant, the correlations were generally weak. We can observe that WC was the body fat (BF) indicator that had a stronger correlation and with a number of variables larger than BMI and BF. When the components of the lipid profile were analyzed, we verified that triglyceride level was the only measurement that had a significant correlation with the three parameters assessed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e08t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) was assessed according to BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e08t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>) and to waist circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e08t5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>), we verified that increases in BMI and in abdominal fat were mainly related to an increase in fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels; a reduction in HDL-c levels; and an increase in blood pressure. Likewise, we could observe that the frequency of metabolic syndrome was higher in the overweight and obesity group, mainly among males.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e08t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e08t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0728-00008-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, the frequencies of overweight and obesity were quite high when compared to those found in the 2002-2003 Family Budget Research (<italic>Pesquisa de Or&#231;amento Familiar &#150;</italic> POF)<sup>3</sup>, in which approximately 40% of the adult individuals in the country were estimated to have excess weight (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m&#178;), and 8.9% of males and 13.1% of females were obese.</p>
      <p>This high frequency found can be explained by the fact that approximately 44% of our sample was composed by individuals referred to the Program by the doctor because of biochemical alterations or increased blood pressure, factors that are frequently associated with excess weight.</p>
      <p>When the results of the 2002-2003 POF are compared with those of previous research conducted in the country in 1974-1975 (National Study on Family Expenses &#150; <italic>Estudo Nacional da Despesa Familiar &#150;</italic> ENDEF) and in 1989 (National Research on Health and Nutrition &#150; <italic>Pesquisa Nacional sobre Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o &#150;</italic> PNSN), we can observe that excess weight and obesity show a continuous and intense increase among the male population, and that this progression is different among women in both the periods limited by the three studies: increases of approximately 50% between 1974-1975 and 1989 and a relative stability between 1989 and 2002-2003<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>High prevalences of obesity have been observed in several States and cities in the country: 18% in Sao Paulo<sup>18</sup>; 37.5% in Cotia, SP<sup>19</sup>; 21% in Pelotas, RS<sup>20</sup>; 18.6% in Rio Grande do Sul<sup>21</sup>; 17% in Fortaleza, CE<sup>22</sup>; 12% in Rio de Janeiro, RJ<sup>23</sup>; and 17.8% in Campos, RJ<sup>24</sup>, and a large number of studies also found a higher prevalence among women<sup>20,22-25</sup> and increased prevalence proportional to age<sup>20,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering this growing trend of overweight and obesity in the Brazilian population and its association with cardiovascular risk factors corroborated by our study, interventions aiming at reducing body weight, especially central fat, are of the utmost importance for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases in the population<sup>5,6,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards abdominal obesity, a high percentage of women (42%) and men (22.2%) were found with this condition, considering waist circumference above 88 cm and 102 cm, respectively. In the overweight category both men and women were observed to have prior high-risk waist circumference measurement, thus confirming the presence of abdominal obesity even in individuals with BMI lower than 30, and reinforcing the importance of the use of this anthropometric indicator in daily clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Studies on the prevalence of abdominal obesity, as well as research to verify the adequacy of these cut-off points are rare in the country<sup>26-28</sup> and show the need to investigate the balance between sensitivity and specificity of the indicators used in an attempt to identify more appropriate cut-off points for our population. As seen in the present study, even without the diagnosis of obesity, many individuals were already at risk of metabolic alterations as a result of excess abdominal fat.</p>
      <p>When biochemical data were analyzed, men had higher mean and median values of total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides than women (p &lt; 0.05). Similar results were described by other authors such as Ara&#250;jo et al<sup>29</sup>, who, in addition to finding statistically higher levels of triglycerides and HDL among men, also verified higher glucose levels in this group.</p>
      <p>In relation to blood pressure, we did not find any differences between genders, both for DBP and SBP, in disagreement with the results of Guedes &amp; Guedes<sup>25</sup> and Gus et al<sup>30</sup>, which showed higher blood pressure levels among men.</p>
      <p>Considering the importance of factors related to lifestyle in the etiology of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, we evaluated the frequency of smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and alcohol consumption and verified that, unlike results found in other studies<sup>18,20,21</sup>, approximately 64% of the individuals had some physical activity, and 77% of them practiced at least three times a week during forty minutes. However, approximately 60% of the obese individuals were sedentary, confirming that physical inactivity is a risk factor for obesity (OR = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.53-7.91; p &lt; 0.01) as seen in the literature<sup>22</sup>. A higher frequency of smoking habit and alcohol consumption was observed among males, the same found in other studies<sup>18,21,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Excess weight and especially abdominal obesity correlate with most of the cardiovascular risk factors, mainly with high levels of triglycerides and reduced levels of HDL, with a higher impact on the increase of blood pressure, as markedly observed in the literature<sup>25,31-33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The frequencies of high levels of total cholesterol and LDL remained practically unchanged with increases in BMI and waist circumference, as observed in other studies<sup>25,33,34</sup>, possibly indicating a lower interference of excess weight and central fat distribution in increases in blood levels of these lipids.</p>
      <p>The simultaneous presence of risk factors resulted in a frequency of approximately 31% of metabolic syndrome among men and women, and was higher in the overweight and obesity group, and among those with higher values of waist circumference.</p>
      <p>In face of the results presented here, we conclude that individuals with excess weight, mainly with abdominal obesity, are more exposed to cardiovascular risk factors involved in the metabolic syndrome and, consequently, to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality when these alterations are not treated. Risk factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overweight/obesity, central body fat distribution, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are subject to intervention, demonstrating the importance of a clinical and nutritional follow-up in the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and in the improvement of the quality of life of the population.</p>
      <p>Supported by: Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica - PIBIC/CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fabiane Aparecida Canaan Rezende</p>
          <p> Rua Padre Anchieta, 147/101</p>
          <p> 36570-000 &#150; Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bibh_99@yahoo.com">bibh_99@yahoo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 31, 2005; revised manuscript received November 14, 2005; accepted January 12, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
