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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bdNrqK9MDrJQ7H9sBsJspvm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dislipidemia entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes de Pernambuco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Everaldo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Guilherme Bezerra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Materno-Infantil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>722</fpage>
      <lpage>727</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e sobrepeso entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, um question&#225;rio foi respondio por meio de entrevista com os pais, incluindo dados pessoais de cada crian&#231;a e adolescente. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;ria pessoal ou familiar de diabetes ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, e as seguintes avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos: n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL e triglicer&#237;deos. Os dados foram analisados com o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 11.5 que inclui o test-t de Student e o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Das 414 crian&#231;as e adolescentes analisados no presente estudo, cerca de 30% apresentaram um perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico, caracterizado por altos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deo, colesterol total e colesterol LDL. A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso nesta amostra de Pernambuco foi 4%. As meninas apresentaram n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deo e colesterol total mais elevados do que os meninos. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes apresentaram os mesmos valores de lip&#237;dios no sangue, o que n&#227;o &#233; esperado para crian&#231;as nessa fase do desenvolvimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: Na presente popula&#231;&#227;o, um prefil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel sugere que programas objetivando a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e obesidade devem come&#231;ar precocemente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescentes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dislipidemia entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes de Pernambuco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Everaldo de Franca; Jo&#227;o Guilherme Bezerra Alves</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco e Escola de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Materno-Infantil Porto Alegre, RS &#150; Recife, PE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e sobrepeso entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, um question&#225;rio foi respondio por meio de entrevista com os pais, incluindo dados pessoais de cada crian&#231;a e adolescente. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;ria pessoal ou familiar de diabetes ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, e as seguintes avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos: n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL e triglicer&#237;deos. Os dados foram analisados com o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 11.5 que inclui o test-t de Student e o teste exato de Fisher. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Das 414 crian&#231;as e adolescentes analisados no presente estudo, cerca de 30% apresentaram um perfil lip&#237;dico aterog&#234;nico, caracterizado por altos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deo, colesterol total e colesterol LDL. A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso nesta amostra de Pernambuco foi 4%. As meninas apresentaram n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deo e colesterol total mais elevados do que os meninos. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes apresentaram os mesmos valores de lip&#237;dios no sangue, o que n&#227;o &#233; esperado para crian&#231;as nessa fase do desenvolvimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Na presente popula&#231;&#227;o, um prefil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel sugere que programas objetivando a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e obesidade devem come&#231;ar precocemente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Dislipidemia, sobrepeso, aterosclerose coronariana, crian&#231;as, adolescentes</p>
    <p>Dislipidemia &#233; um quadro cl&#237;nico caracterizado por concentra&#231;&#245;es anormais de lip&#237;dios ou lipoprote&#237;nas no sangue. Sabe-se que a dislipidemia &#233; determinada por fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais<sup>1,2</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias acumuladas ao longo de v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas, inclusive epidemiol&#243;gicas, animais, metab&#243;licas e cl&#237;nicas, demonstraram que n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total, colesterol LDL e triglicer&#237;deos est&#227;o correlacionados com maior incid&#234;ncia de hiperlipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>3-8</sup>. Essas doen&#231;as ocorrem em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da forma&#231;&#227;o de placas lip&#237;dicas (ateromas) que se depositam na parede arterial, podendo obstruir a luz dos vasos sangu&#237;neos.</p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de colesterol em pessoas assintom&#225;ticas permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um importante fator de risco modific&#225;vel para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de DAC, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, geralmente surgem a partir da meia-idade. Nos Estados Unidos, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares responderam por 38,5% de todas as mortes em 2001<sup>9,10</sup>. Os dados brasileiros revelam que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares excedem outras causas de &#243;bito e, em 1998, foram respons&#225;veis por 27% das mortes<sup>11</sup>. No Recife, no nordeste brasileiro, em 1998 foi detectado um aumento de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em pessoas mais jovens (30 a 49 anos deidade). Esse dado &#233; alarmante, pois, em 1995, a regi&#227;o nordeste apresentou a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade sem diagn&#243;stico definido<sup>12</sup>. Observou-se que as categorias de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) tanto das pessoas com sobrepeso como obesas est&#227;o relacionadas com aumento da mortalidade<sup>13,14</sup>. Em alguns pa&#237;ses, mudan&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas e epidemiol&#243;gicas levaram a uma altera&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es nutricionais, aumentando significativamente a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso (IMC = 25-29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup>15,16</sup> e alertando contra uma epidemia mundial. Em virtude dos custos crescentes dos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos, &#233; importante identificar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel os sujeitos com risco de desenvolver dislipidemia ou excesso de peso. A quest&#227;o se a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol pode proporcionar uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na incid&#234;ncia de DAC em pessoas assintom&#225;ticas &#233; de grande interesse cl&#237;nico. Apenas nos &#250;ltimos anos, a dosagem de colesterol durante a inf&#226;ncia tem recebido maior aten&#231;&#227;o. A detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de colesterol na inf&#226;ncia &#233; important&#237;ssima para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as que correm maior risco de desenvolver DAC na idade adulta e que podem se beneficiar de uma interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica mais intensa. Poucos estudos brasileiros investigaram o perfil lip&#237;dico e o sobrepeso como medida preventiva na identifica&#231;&#227;o do risco individual de DAC em adolescentes e crian&#231;as<sup>17-21</sup>. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; rara em adultos jovens, e tem caracter&#237;sticas distintas das apresentadas em pacientes mais velhos. Entretanto, crian&#231;as e adolescentes com estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio e alimenta&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras e a&#231;&#250;car correm maior risco de desenvolver coronariopatia. Em sujeitos jovens, contudo, a aus&#234;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores como fumo e &#225;lcool permite uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico adequado. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil lip&#237;dico e estimar a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e sobrepeso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes entre 5 a 15 anos no estado de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra consistiu de 414 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis na faixa et&#225;ria de 5 a 15 anos de idade (m&#233;dia 8,9 &#177; 2,9) que fizeram consultas de rotina em um hospital pedi&#225;trico (Instituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco) de Recife, Pernambuco. Todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes eram naturais de Pernambuco. Durante uma entrevista com os pais, foi respondido um question&#225;rio incluindo detalhes relacionados &#224;s vari&#225;veis hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, uso de drogas e estilo de vida, como atividade f&#237;sica e dados demogr&#225;ficos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram hiperlipidemia secund&#225;ria associada com doen&#231;a renal, hep&#225;tica ou tireoideana, diabetes e hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os sujeitos foram orientados a fazer jejum por 12 horas antes da pun&#231;&#227;o venosa. Essa pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital. Os pais e/ou representantes legais dos sujeitos assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, e os probandos deram consentimento verbal ap&#243;s receberem informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas e espec&#237;ficas sobre os riscos e benef&#237;cios do estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas -</italic> Os pacientes foram pesados e medidos no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; depois de um jejum de 12 horas. A altura foi medida com estadi&#244;metro r&#237;gido, e a leitura foi feita no cent&#237;metro mais pr&#243;ximo. O peso foi medido em balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica calibrada, e a leitura foi feita no 0,1 kg mais pr&#243;ximo. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi expresso como peso (kg) dividido pelo quadrado da altura (m<sup>2</sup>). Esse &#237;ndice foi usado para estimar a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso indicada pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) e por Cole e cols.<sup>22</sup>, que prop&#244;s o uso do IMC ajustado para a idade e o sexo.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas</italic><bold>-</bold> Amostras de sangue (5 mL) foram coletadas em tubos Vacutainer, e o soro foi separado das hem&#225;cias por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o para a dosagem de colesterol total, colesterol HDL e triglicer&#237;deos. Esses par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram determinados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos padronizados (Roche Diagnostics) em um espectrofot&#244;metro autom&#225;tico Hitachi. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol LDL foi calculada de acordo com Friedwald e cols.<sup>23</sup> Os valores de corte para n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos anormais foram os determinados pelas diretrizes do Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Colesterol (NCEP) norte-americano<sup>24</sup> e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas - A</italic>s an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 11.5. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, exceto triglicer&#237;deos, apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Todos os valores lip&#237;dicos foram analisados separadamente por sexo e ajustados para a idade e o IMC por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. As diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos m&#233;dios entre os sexos foram comparados com o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>. Os sujeitos dislipid&#234;micos e normolipid&#234;micos foram comparados com o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre meninos e meninas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. Das 414 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, 221 (53,4%) eram meninos e 193 (46,6%) eram meninas. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em idade e medidas antropom&#233;tricas, como peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura ou quadril entre meninos e meninas (p &gt; 0,05). Os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos m&#233;dios, como colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL e rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol total/colesterol HDL e o IMC tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiram entre meninos e meninas. Entretanto, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos foram significativamente mais elevados nas meninas do que nos meninos (p = 0,03 e p = 0,04, respectivamente). De acordo com os valores do IMC de adultos<sup>5</sup>, a an&#225;lise revelou que 4,1% dos adolescentes e crian&#231;as tinham excesso de peso.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos apresentados pelas crian&#231;as e adolescentes sem hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e o IMC foram mais altos (p&lt;0,004) entre os adolescentes do que entre as crian&#231;as, como era de esperar nessa fase de desenvolvimento. Contudo, os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, colesterol LDL e colesterol HDL, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol total/colesterol HDL, apresentados pelas crian&#231;as entre 5 e 9 anos foram os mesmos observados nos adolescentes de 10 a 15 anos (p&gt;0,137), o que n&#227;o &#233; esperado em crian&#231;as nessa fase do desenvolvimento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> mostra os valores de refer&#234;ncia para lip&#237;dios de crian&#231;as e adolescentes at&#233; 19 anos de idade. Mais de 70% de todos os sujeitos do estudo apresentaram um perfil lip&#237;dico aceit&#225;vel, caracterizado por n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol HDL e n&#237;veis mais baixos de triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total e colesterol LDL. Constatou-se que cerca de 24% e 15% de todos os sujeitos tinham, respectivamente, n&#237;veis lim&#237;trofes elevados de colesterol total e colesterol LDL, enquanto cerca de 6% e 10% de todos os sujeitos apresentavam n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total e colesterol LDL (acima do 95<sup>th</sup> percentil), respectivamente. Cerca de 19% das crian&#231;as com menos de 10 anos de idade e 12% dos adolescentes apresentavam n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de triglicer&#237;deos mais altos que os recomendados para essas faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de dislipidemia por sexo &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>. Das 414 crian&#231;as e adolescentes estudados, 29,7% tinham n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos plasm&#225;ticos elevados. Os resultados mostraram tamb&#233;m que havia mais meninas dislipid&#234;micas (34,7%) do que meninos (25,3%, p = 0,04).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre Colesterol (NCEP)<sup>26</sup> dos Estados Unidos reconhece as mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lip&#237;dios da popula&#231;&#227;o geral como um dos marcadores de risco tradicionais para aterosclerose coronariana. A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica constitui um dos problemas mais s&#233;rios de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em muitos pa&#237;ses, como o Brasil<sup>25</sup>, porque muitos sujeitos com dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos n&#227;o s&#227;o identificados ou s&#227;o subtratados e, portanto, permanecem com um perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel, aumentado, assim, o risco de eventos coronarianos<sup>27</sup>. Essa &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o perigosa, porque o processo ateroscler&#243;tico e o sobrepeso associados aos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos, que antigamente eram observados apenas na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, agora t&#234;m in&#237;cio prematuramente na inf&#226;ncia<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os achados relevantes deste estudo foram: 1) a diferen&#231;a na m&#233;dia de triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol total entre meninos e meninas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>) coincide com resultados publicados anteriormente sobre crian&#231;as e adolescentes de idade semelhante<sup>31,32</sup>; b) existe uma preval&#234;ncia elevada (29,7%) de um dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose coronariana, caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de colesterol entre 414 crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 5 a 15 anos de idade. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; inferior &#224; observada em crian&#231;as em idade escolar (35%) e em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es adultas (40%) brasileiras<sup>19,32</sup>. Entretanto, qualquer aumento na preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e sobrepeso em adultos e, sobretudo, em crian&#231;as &#233; muito importante, porque esses s&#227;o dois dos mais importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, uma das tr&#234;s principais causas de morbimortalidade no Brasil<sup>11,33,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de<sup>35</sup>, cerca de 84% dos adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) est&#227;o em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, e a sua porcentagem em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros grupos aumentou. Todavia, pouca aten&#231;&#227;o tem sido dada ao perfil lip&#237;dico dos adolescentes brasileiros<sup>18,19</sup>. O NCEP<sup>24</sup> recomendou a triagem seletiva de crian&#231;as e adolescentes (a partir de 2 anos de idade) cujos pais ou av&#243;s tiveram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina do peito, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou doen&#231;a vascular s&#250;bita at&#233; os 55 anos de idade. Em contrapartida, alguns autores afirmaram que, na triagem seletiva, fariam falta os sujeitos sem hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol. Na verdade, apenas 40% das crian&#231;as brancas e 21% das crian&#231;as negras com n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol LDL tinham hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as vasculares por parte de um dos pais<sup>36,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, crian&#231;as e adolescentes tinham n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Esse dado deve ser examinado de perto, pois indica que crian&#231;as muito novas, entre 5 e 9 anos de idade, j&#225; apresentam um perfil lip&#237;dio inadequado.Provavelmente isso indica a influ&#234;ncia dos h&#225;bitos alimentares e do estilo de vida da fam&#237;lia.</p>
    <p>Entre doze a dezenove por cento das crian&#231;as e adolescentes tinham n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos acima dos considerados ideais para a idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>). Esse dado coincide com o de outros pesquisadores, que encontraram trigliceridemia elevada em 13 % de um grupo de crian&#231;as entre 2 e 9 anos de idade com hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Comparando diferentes valores de corte para o IMC, Monteiro e cols.<sup>38</sup> mostraram que um ponto de corte de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> apresentou o melhor desempenho na triagem de sobrepeso. Com base nesse crit&#233;rio, os dados demonstram que a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes pernambucanos (4,1%) foi inferior &#224; relatada por Neutzling e cols.<sup>17</sup> em outra amostra de adolescentes brasileiros (7,7%). No entanto, o IMC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes muda substancialmente com a idade, e est&#225; claro que &#233; necess&#225;rio um ponto de corte ajustado para a idade para possibilitar uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o de obesidade nessas faixas et&#225;rias<sup>22</sup>. Em todos os pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, a obesidade aumentou rapidamente<sup>16,39</sup>. As conseq&#252;&#234;ncias adversas da obesidade adulta est&#227;o bem documentadas, mas s&#227;o mais incertas para a obesidade em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens. As pesquisas indicam que 33% da obesidade adulta tem origem na obesidade infantil<sup>40</sup>, e que na adolesc&#234;ncia est&#225; associada com diversos problemas, sendo que o mais prevalente s&#227;o as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias psicossociais<sup>41,42</sup>. Portanto, a obten&#231;&#227;o de estimativas confi&#225;veis e exatas da gordura corporal &#233; essencial n&#227;o apenas para a preven&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m para o tratamento do sobrepeso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a elevada preval&#234;ncia de perfis lip&#237;dicos ruins (29,7%) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes sem hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana identificada neste estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>) indica que a triagem preventiva deve come&#231;ar durante a inf&#226;ncia, pois pode identificar pessoas jovens que correm o risco de desenvolver prematuramente doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Estudos do perfil lip&#237;dico ajudar&#227;o a reduzir as altas taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio. &#201; preciso que sejam feitas pesquisas semelhantes em outras &#225;reas para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma classifica&#231;&#227;o adequada de dislipidemias em adolescentes e crian&#231;as da regi&#227;o nordeste do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos agradecimentos a Suzandeise Thom&#233;, pela revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica e pela vers&#227;o final deste texto.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento:</bold> CNPq - Bolsa de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Everaldo de Franca </p>
        <p> Rua Laurindo, 186/460 </p>
        <p> 90040-140 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="everaldo.franca@ufrgs.br">everaldo.franca@ufrgs.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/07/05; revisado recebido em 12/09/05; aceito em 30/09/05.</p>
  </body>
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            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Must A, Straus    RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. In J Obes Relat    Metab Disord. 1999; 23 (Suppl): S2-S11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity</article-title>
          <source>In J Obes Relat Metab Disord.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S2</fpage>
          <lpage>S11</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Must</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Straus</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Dyslipidemia among adolescents and children from Pernambuco - Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of dyslipidemia and overweight among children and adolescents in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: During clinical evaluation, a questionnaire was completed through interviews with parents and included personal details of the children and adolescents. An exclusion criterion was personal or parental history of diabetes or coronary artery disease (CAD). Blood samples were collected from subjects who had been fasting for 12 hours, and the following evaluations were performed using enzymatic methods: serum Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol and Triglycerides. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package including Student's t test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of the 414 children and adolescents analyzed in the present study, about 30% presented an atherogenic lipid profile, characterized by higher levels of Triglyceride, Total and LDL- Cholesterol. The prevalence of overweight in this sample from Pernambuco was 4%. Girls had higher levels of Triglycerides and Total Cholesterol than boys. Children and adolescents presented the same values of lipid on blood that is not expected for children in this phase of development. CONCLUSION: In the present population, an unfavorable lipid profile among children and adolescents from Pernambuco suggests that programs targeting the prevention of cardiovascular disease and obesity must begin early in life.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Dyslipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>children</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dyslipidemia among adolescents and children from Pernambuco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Everaldo de Franca; Jo&#227;o Guilherme Bezerra Alves</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco e Escola de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Materno-Infantil Porto Alegre, RS &#150; Recife, PE, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the prevalence of dyslipidemia and overweight among children and adolescents in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> During clinical evaluation, a questionnaire was completed through interviews with parents and included personal details of the children and adolescents. An exclusion criterion was personal or parental history of diabetes or coronary artery disease (CAD). Blood samples were collected from subjects who had been fasting for 12 hours, and the following evaluations were performed using enzymatic methods: serum Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol and Triglycerides. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package including Student's t test and Fisher's exact test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 414 children and adolescents analyzed in the present study, about 30% presented an atherogenic lipid profile, characterized by higher levels of Triglyceride, Total and LDL- Cholesterol. The prevalence of overweight in this sample from Pernambuco was 4%. Girls had higher levels of Triglycerides and Total Cholesterol than boys. Children and adolescents presented the same values of lipid on blood that is not expected for children in this phase of development.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the present population, an unfavorable lipid profile among children and adolescents from Pernambuco suggests that programs targeting the prevention of cardiovascular disease and obesity must begin early in life.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Dyslipidemia, overweight, coronary atherosclerosis, children, adolescent.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia is a condition in which there is an abnormal lipid or lipoprotein concentration in the blood. It is well established that it is determined by both genetic and environmental factors<sup>1,2</sup>. A large body of evidence gathered over several decades, including epidemiological, animal, metabolic and clinical evidences, has shown that elevated levels of Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and Triglyceride are correlated with a higher incidence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerotic disease<sup>3-8</sup>. These diseases arise as a consequence of the formation of lipid plaques deposited in the arterial wall that can obstruct the lumen of the blood vessels.</p>
      <p>Early detection of high blood cholesterol in asymptomatic persons allows the identification of an important modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Clinical manifestations of CAD, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, generally have onset from middle age onwards. In the United States, cardiovascular diseases accounted for 38.5 percent of all deaths in 2001<sup>9,10</sup>. Brazilian data reveal that cardiovascular diseases outweigh other causes of death<strike>s</strike> and in 1998 were responsible for 27% of deaths<sup>11</sup>. In Recife, a city the Northeastern region of Brazil, an increase in ischemic heart disease was observed at younger ages (30 to 49 years of age) in 1998. This data is alarming because in 1995 the Northeastern region had the greatest proportion of mortality without a defined diagnosis<sup>12</sup>. It has been observed that the BMI categories of both overweight and obese are related to increased mortality<sup>13,14</sup>. In some countries, demographic, socioeconomic and epidemiological changes have allowed for a transition in nutritional patterns increasing significantly the prevalence of overweight (BMI 25-29.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in the pediatric population<sup>15,16</sup> warning against a worldwide epidemic. Because of the increasing costs of medical service, it is important to identify subjects at risk of developing dyslipidemia or overweight as soon as possible. The question of whether the lowering of serum cholesterol can achieve a significant reduction in the incidence of CAD in asymptomatic persons has been of major clinical interest. Cholesterol screening during childhood has received increased attention in recent years. The detection of high blood cholesterol during childhood is of potential value in identifying those children who are at increased risk for developing CAD as adults and who might benefit from more intensive dietary interventions. Few Brazilian studies have investigated lipid profile and overweight as a preventive factor in identifying the individual risk of developing CAD in adolescents and children<sup>17-21</sup>. CAD is uncommon in young adults, and it has different characteristics from that in older patients. However, children and adolescents with sedentary lifestyles and a high-fat and high-sugar diet are at higher risk for coronary disease. But in young subjects, the absence of exposure to factors such as tobacco consumption and alcohol intake permit a better definition of the adequated plasma lipid profile. The purpose of this study was to describe the lipid profile and to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and overweight among children and adolescents aged 5 to 15 years in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 414 healthy children ages 5 to 15 (mean 8.9 &#177; 2.9) who went through routine visits at a pediatric hospital (Instituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco) in Recife, the capital of the Brazilian Northeastern State of Pernambuco. All children and adolescents were born in Pernambuco. A questionnaire was completed through interview with the parents and included details concerning medical history, drug intake, and lifestyle variables such as physical activity and demographic data. The exclusion criteria were: secondary hyperlipidemia from renal, liver or thyroid disease, diabetes and parental history of diabetes or coronary artery disease. The subjects were instructed to fast for 12 hours prior to venipuncture. This investigation was approved by the Hospital Ethical Committee. The parents and/or guardians of the subjects gave their written consent and probands provided verbal consent after receiving detailed and specific information about the risks and benefits of the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Anthropometric measurements -</italic> The weight and height of the subjects were measured in the morning after 12 hours of fasting. Height was measured to the nearest centimeter using a rigid stadiometer. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 Kg using an electronic calibrated scale. The body mass index (BMI) was expressed as weight (Kg) divided by the square of the height (m<sup>2</sup>). It was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight suggested by the World Health Organization<sup>5</sup> and by Cole et al<sup>22</sup> who proposed the use of BMI adjusted to age and sex.</p>
      <p><italic>Biochemical analyses -</italic> One blood sample (5ml) was collected into vacutainer tubes, and the serum was separated from red cells by centrifugation to measure Total Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, and Triglycerides concentrations. These biochemical parameters were determined by standard enzymatic methods (Roche Diagnostics) on a Hitachi automated spectrophotometer. LDL-Cholesterol was calculated according to Friedwald et al<sup>23</sup>. The cut-off values for abnormal lipid levels were those determined by the National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP guidelines<sup>24</sup> and by the Brazilian Cardiology Society<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analyses -</italic> Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. All continuous variables, except triglycerides, were normally distributed. All lipid values were analyzed separately by gender, and adjusted for age and BMI by linear regression analysis. Differences in mean lipid levels between genders were compared using the Student's t test. Dyslipidemic and normolipidemic subjects were compared using Fisher's exact test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample characterization and comparison between boys and girls are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Of the 414 children and adolescents, 221 (53.4%) were boys and 193 (46.6%) were girls. There were no significant differences in age and anthropometrical measures such as weight, height, waist or hip circumferences among boys and girls (p &gt; 0.05). Mean lipid levels, such as HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, and Total Cholesterol/HDL-Cholesterol ratio and BMI, did not differ among boys and girls either. However, the mean of total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly higher in girls compared to boys (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). According to BMI values of adults<sup>5</sup>, the analysis revealed that 4.1% of the adolescents and children were overweight.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e07t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows lipid levels presented by children and teenagers without family history of cardiovascular disease. Triglyceride levels and BMI were higher (p&lt;0.00) among teenagers than among children as is expected for that phase of their development. However, the levels of Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol and TC/HDL-Cholesterol ratio presented by children with ages between five and nine was the same observed among as the adolescents with ages between 10 and 15 (p&gt;0.137) that is not expected for children in this phase of development.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e07t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows reference values for lipids of children and adolescents up to 19 years old. More than 70% of all subjects in the study presented an acceptable lipid profile characterized by higher HDL-Cholesterol levels and lower levels of Triglycerides, Total and LDL-Cholesterol. It was found that about 24% and 15% of all subjects had, respectively, Total and LDL-Cholesterol levels borderline raised, while about 6% and 10% of the subjects presented high total and LDL-Cholesterol levels (greater than the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile), respectively. About 19% of the children under age 10 and 12% of the adolescents presented plasma Triglyceride levels higher than those recommended for these ages.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e07t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The frequency of dyslipidemia by gender is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t4-body2">Table 4</xref>. Of the 414 children and adolescents studied, 29.7% presented elevated plasma lipid levels. Results also showed that there are more dyslipidemic girls (34.7%) than boys (25.3%, p = 0.04).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e07t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0722-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)<sup>26</sup>, in the United States, recognizes the changes in the plasma lipid levels in the general population as one of the traditional risk markers for coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is one of the most serious problems in public health in many countries such as Brazil<sup>25</sup> because many subjects with lipid disorders remain unidentified or undertreated and, therefore, continue to have an unfavorable blood lipid profile, increasing the risk for coronary events<sup>27</sup>. This is a dangerous situation because the atherosclerotic process and overweight related to lipid levels formerly observed only in adults now begin early in childhood<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relevant findings in the present study were: 1) the difference in the mean triglyceride and total cholesterol between boys and girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>) concurs with previously reported results concerning children and adolescents of similar age<sup>31,32</sup>; b) there is a high prevalence (29.7%) of one of the classic risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis characterized by elevation in the cholesterol level among 414 children and adolescents aged five to fifteen. This frequency is lower than that observed in schoolchildren (35%) and in several adult populations (40%) from Brazil<sup>19,32</sup>. However, any increase in the prevalence of dyslipidemia and overweight in adults and mainly in children is very important because they are among the most important risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease, one of the three main causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil<sup>11,33,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization<sup>35</sup>, about 84% of the adolescents (10 to 19 years old) are in developing countries such as Brazil and their percentage in relation to other groups has increased. However, little attention has been given to lipid profile among Brazilian adolescents<sup>18,19</sup>. The National Cholesterol Education Program<sup>24</sup> recommended the selective screening of children and adolescents (after 2 years of age) whose parents or grandparents had had myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disease or sudden vascular disease at age 55 or earlier. In contrast, some authors have reported that in the selective screening those subjects without a positive family history of elevated cholesterol level would be missed. In fact, only 40% of white children and 21% of black children with elevated levels of LDL cholesterol had a parent with a history of vascular diseases<sup>36,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study found children and adolescents presenting similar lipid levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). This data should be closely examined because it indicates that very young children, between five and nine years of age, already present an inadequate lipid profile.This is probably suggestive of the influence of family eating habits and lifestyle.</p>
      <p>Twelve to nineteen percent of the children and adolescents had triglyceride levels above those considered ideal for their age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). This data is in agreement with that of other researchers who found elevated triglyceridemia in 13% of a group of 2 to 9 years of age with family history of premature CAD<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Comparing different cut off values for BMI, Monteiro et al<sup>38</sup> showed that a BMI cut off of 25Kg/m<sup>2</sup> presented the best performance for screening overweight. Based on this criterion the data shows that the prevalence of overweight among Pernambucan children and adolescents (4.1%) was lower than those reported by Neutzling et al<sup>17</sup> in another sample of Brazilian adolescents (7.7%). However, the BMI in childhood and adolescents changes substantially with age, and clearly a cut off point related to age is necessary to better define obesity in both children and adolescents<sup>22</sup>. Throughout developed and developing countries obesity has increased rapidly<sup>16,39</sup>. The adverse health consequences of adult obesity are well documented, but are less certain for obesity in both children and young adults. Investigations suggest that 33% of adult obesity originates from childhood obesity<sup>40</sup>, and it is associated in adolescence with several problems, from which the most prevalent are the psychosocial consequences<sup>41,42</sup>. Thus, the importance of achieving a reliable and accurate estimate of body fatness is essential not only for the prevention but also for the treatment of overweight in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the high prevalence of bad elevated lipid profiles (29.7%) among children and adolescents without parental history of coronary artery disease identified in the present study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>) suggests that preventive screening must begin during childhood because it may identify young people at risk of developing premature coronary heart disease in the future. Studies of the lipid profile will aid in the reduction of the high mortality taxes for diseases of the circulatory apparel. Similar investigation in other areas is suggested in order to stablish adequate classification of dyslipidemias in adolescents and children from the Brazilian northeastern region.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thanks are due to Suzandeise Thom&#233; for her critical review of the final version of this manuscript.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> CNPq - Bolsa de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Everaldo de Franca</p>
          <p> Rua Laurindo, 186/460</p>
          <p> 90040-140 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="everaldo.franca@ufrgs.br">everaldo.franca@ufrgs.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 5, 2005; revised manuscript received September 12, 2005; accepted September 30, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
