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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RKBHZtVJK7Jgg6zkxX6Pvbs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Curvas de percentis de valores normais de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas procedentes da regi&#227;o centro-sul do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonatto</surname>
            <given-names>Rossano C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fioretto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Bojikian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manfrin</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Colletti Remond</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gobbi</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martino</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo Silva De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>711</fpage>
      <lpage>721</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os valores de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas sem cardiopatia, relacionando-os com a superf&#237;cie corporal (SC, m&#178;), e construir curvas de percentis que relacionem as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas com a SC. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisadas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas unidimensionais de crian&#231;as entre 1 e 144 meses de idade. Avaliaram-se: di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos dos ventr&#237;culos direito (VDd, mm) e esquerdo (VEd, mm), sist&#243;lico do VE (VEs, mm), da via de sa&#237;da do VD (VSVD, mm), da aorta (DAo, mm) e do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE, mm); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE, %); porcentagem da varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro ventricular esquerdo (deltaVE, %); espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (ESIV, mm) e da parede posterior do VE (EPPVE, mm); massa (MVE, g) e &#237;ndice de massa muscular do VE (IMVE, g/m&#178;). RESULTADOS: Ao final do estudo, 595 crian&#231;as (326 do sexo masculino) foram avaliadas. Os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentaram boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a SC e possibilitaram a constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas de percentis (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 97%). Diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes, entre os sexos, foram evidenciadas para as vari&#225;veis VEs, VEd, VSVD, DAo, MVE e IMVE, sendo os maiores valores observados em crian&#231;as do sexo masculino. CONCLUS&#195;O: As curvas de percentis dos valores obtidas podem ser utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as com suspeita de cardiopatia ou para o acompanhamento daquelas j&#225; diagnosticadas como cardiopatas ou em tratamento com agentes potencialmente cardiot&#243;xicos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>valores de refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>superf&#237;cie corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Curvas de percentis de valores normais de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas procedentes da regi&#227;o centro-sul do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rossano C&#233;sar Bonatto; Jos&#233; Roberto Fioretto; Katashi Okoshi; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Thiago Colletti Remond Manfrin; Michelle de Farias Gobbi; Rodolfo Silva De Martino; Edson Ant&#244;nio Bregagnollo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNESP - Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os valores de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas sem cardiopatia, relacionando-os com a superf&#237;cie corporal (SC, m<sup>2</sup>), e construir curvas de percentis que relacionem as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas com a SC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisadas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas unidimensionais de crian&#231;as entre 1 e 144 meses de idade. Avaliaram-se: di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos dos ventr&#237;culos direito (VDd, mm) e esquerdo (VEd, mm), sist&#243;lico do VE (VEs, mm), da via de sa&#237;da do VD (VSVD, mm), da aorta (DAo, mm) e do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE, mm); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE, %); porcentagem da varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro ventricular esquerdo (DVE, %); espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (ESIV, mm) e da parede posterior do VE (EPPVE, mm); massa (MVE, g) e &#237;ndice de massa muscular do VE (IMVE, g/m<sup>2</sup>). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ao final do estudo, 595 crian&#231;as (326 do sexo masculino) foram avaliadas. Os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentaram boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a SC e possibilitaram a constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas de percentis (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 97%). Diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes, entre os sexos, foram evidenciadas para as vari&#225;veis VEs, VEd, VSVD, DAo, MVE e IMVE, sendo os maiores valores observados em crian&#231;as do sexo masculino. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> As curvas de percentis dos valores obtidas podem ser utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as com suspeita de cardiopatia ou para o acompanhamento daquelas j&#225; diagnosticadas como cardiopatas ou em tratamento com agentes potencialmente cardiot&#243;xicos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia, crian&#231;a, valores de refer&#234;ncia, superf&#237;cie corporal</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia permite avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva de dimens&#245;es e da anatomia das estruturas card&#237;acas, assim como de caracter&#237;sticas funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>. Tais aspectos tornaram esse exame fundamental para diagn&#243;stico, avalia&#231;&#227;o das repercuss&#245;es e acompanhamento de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com suspeita ou portadores de cardiopatia<sup>2-6</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos utilizaram a ecocardiografia para estabelecer padr&#245;es de normalidade das medidas card&#237;acas na popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>7-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, os valores utilizados como refer&#234;ncia de normalidade das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as s&#227;o derivados de estudos das d&#233;cadas de 1970 e 1980, que inclu&#237;ram pequena amostra de lactentes, pr&#233;-escolares e adolescentes<sup>1,5,14-18</sup>. Sabe-se que a principal limita&#231;&#227;o de estudos que utilizam amostras populacionais de crian&#231;as para obter valores de normalidade &#233; que os resultados podem ser influenciados pelo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos e pelas caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>19</sup>. Assim sendo, &#233; necess&#225;rio estabelecer valores de refer&#234;ncia a partir de um maior n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as, incluindo todas as faixas et&#225;rias, e levar em conta que fatores raciais podem influenciar os valores das medidas card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Em nosso pa&#237;s, a maioria dos servi&#231;os de ecocardiografia<sup>20,21</sup> utiliza padr&#245;es norte-americanos como refer&#234;ncia para os valores de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em crian&#231;as, o que pode induzir a erros de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, visto que fatores ambientais, socioecon&#244;micos e raciais podem influenciar os padr&#245;es antropom&#233;tricos de uma popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram estabelecer os valores de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em uma amostra de crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas e sadias, correlacionando-os com a superf&#237;cie corporal (SC), e construir curvas de percentis que relacionem as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas com a SC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Parte deste estudo teve financiamento de bolsa de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica do CNPq.</p>
    <p>Foram estudadas crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas entre 1 e 144 meses de idade, atendidas em servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 2001, procedentes da regi&#227;o Centro-Sul do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Os pacientes n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou hist&#243;ria de envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o por quadros infecciosos, doen&#231;a neuromuscular ou dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, al&#233;m de n&#227;o serem portadores de nenhuma caracter&#237;stica fenot&#237;pica de s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica. Eram crian&#231;as atendidas em consulta por sopro card&#237;aco e que apresentaram exames eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e radiol&#243;gicos normais. O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado para afastar definitivamente o diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>Dados referentes a sexo, idade, peso, estatura e valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram coletados no dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. O peso e a estatura foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da SC em metro quadrado (m<sup>2</sup>), obtida pela f&#243;rmula de DuBois &amp; DuBois<sup>23</sup>. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), em quilograma por metro quadrado (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), foi calculado pelo &#237;ndice de Quetelet<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Crian&#231;as com desnutri&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tico-prot&#233;ica (DEP)<sup>25,26</sup> e obesas<sup>25,26</sup> foram exclu&#237;das, visto que essas condi&#231;&#245;es podem influenciar as medidas card&#237;acas<sup>27-34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas, sendo 85% realizados por um deles. A varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador verificada no Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia do hospital &#233; menor de 10%, e a varia&#231;&#227;o intra-observador, menor de 5% para os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas utilizadas.</p>
    <p>As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas nas posi&#231;&#245;es precordiais padronizadas<sup>1,35</sup>, seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography<sup>36</sup>. Foram utilizados dois equipamentos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: um fabricado pela <italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories</italic>, modelo <italic>Ultramark</italic> 8<sup>&#174;</sup>, e outro pela <italic>Hewlett Packard</italic>, modelo Sonos 2000<sup>&#174;</sup>, com transdutores de 3,0, 3,5 e/ou 5,0 MHz de acordo com a idade e o peso da crian&#231;a, com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Cerca de 80% dos exames foram realizados com o segundo equipamento.</p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados predominantemente com as crian&#231;as despertas e tranq&#252;ilas. Quando necess&#225;rio, procedia-se a seda&#231;&#227;o com hidrato de cloral na dose de 20 a 40 mg/kg, administrado por via oral, dose que n&#227;o exerce a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular importante<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico padr&#227;o completo descartando doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, obteve-se o corte paraesternal transversal para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas a serem utilizadas na constru&#231;&#227;o das curvas de percentis. Os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e suas derivadas foram analisados no modo unidimensional, ap&#243;s as imagens terem sido direcionadas pelo modo bidimensional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). Considerou-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas de cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica avaliadas em tempo real (<italic>on-line)</italic>. As medidas utilizadas foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito (VDd, mm), di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico (VEs, mm) e diast&#243;lico (VEd, mm) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE, %), porcentagem da varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro ventricular esquerdo (DVE, %), espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (ESIV, mm) e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EPPVE, mm), di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD, mm), di&#226;metro da aorta (DAo, mm), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE, mm), massa (MVE, g) e &#237;ndice de massa muscular do VE (IMVE, g/m<sup>2</sup>). A massa muscular do VE (MVE) foi estimada pela f&#243;rmula da <italic>Penn Convention</italic><sup>38</sup> corrigida para crian&#231;as<sup>6</sup> e o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE) foi obtido dividindo-se a MVE pela SC. Para o c&#225;lculo da DVE e da FEVE foram utilizadas as seguintes f&#243;rmulas: DVE (%) = [(VEd &#150; VEs) / VEd] <italic>x</italic> 100 e FEVE (%) = [(VEd<sup>3</sup> &#150; VEs<sup>3</sup>) / VEd<sup>3</sup>] <italic>x</italic> 100<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram correlacionados com a SC e possibilitaram construir curvas de percentis (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 97%). Foram utilizadas, no m&#237;nimo, as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de 20 crian&#231;as em cada faixa de SC para a constru&#231;&#227;o das curvas de percentis.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o a SC, peso, estatura e idade foram realizadas utilizando-se o Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e o respectivo teste estat&#237;stico para igualdade dos coeficientes obtidos no dois sexos<sup>40</sup>. Complementou-se o estudo do perfil das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com a constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas de percentis, destacando-se os percentis 3%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 97%.</p>
    <p>Considerando tratar-se de estudo transversal, foi estipulado n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 500 crian&#231;as para um erro amostral de 2%. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram efetuadas considerando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao final do estudo, 595 crian&#231;as preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, sendo 326 (54,8 %) do sexo masculino e 269 (45,2 %) do feminino. A seda&#231;&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria em cerca de 10% das crian&#231;as, predominantemente na faixa et&#225;ria de seis meses a dois anos. A varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador foi de 8%, e intra-observador, de 5% para os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas utilizadas.</p>
    <p>O peso variou de 3,4 a 53,0 kg; a altura, de 0,51 a 1,60 metros; e a SC, de 0,20 a 1,53 m<sup>2</sup>. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os valores m&#233;dios e seus respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o referentes a idade, peso, estatura, SC, IMC e das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de suas derivadas. Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentadas a varia&#231;&#227;o e a compara&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo. Foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os sexos com rela&#231;&#227;o a VEs, VEd, DAo, VSVD, MVE e IMVE.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o relacionados os valores dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o a peso, estatura, idade e SC de todas as crian&#231;as estudadas e de acordo com o sexo. Com exce&#231;&#227;o do IMVE, da FEVE e da DVE, todas as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas apresentaram boa correla&#231;&#227;o com peso, altura, SC e idade. Nenhuma das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas avaliadas neste estudo apresentou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMC. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e idade, peso, estatura, SC e sexo n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas significantes entre si.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> est&#227;o expressos os valores dos percentis 3%, 50% e 97% de cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica analisada para a SC ajustada a cada 0,1 m<sup>2</sup> a partir de 0,2 m<sup>2</sup>, considerando-se todas as crian&#231;as estudadas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">5</xref> est&#227;o relacionados os valores dos percentis 3%, 50% e 97% das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas significantes entre os sexos, considerando-se isoladamente as crian&#231;as do sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tab. 4</xref>) e do sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">figuras 3 a 11</xref> mostram as curvas de percentis (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 97%) das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SC, considerando-se todas as crian&#231;as do estudo.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e04.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e05.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e06.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e07.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e08.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente, os valores de refer&#234;ncia de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de crian&#231;as que s&#227;o utilizados em nosso meio s&#227;o baseados em padr&#245;es da normalidade de popula&#231;&#245;es de outros pa&#237;ses<sup>1,16</sup>, sendo importante estabelecer padr&#245;es nacionais.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de acordo com o sexo mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas quanto a VEs, VEd, VSVD, DAo, MVE e IMVE, com valores maiores no sexo masculino. Considerando que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a faixa et&#225;ria, antropometria e suas derivadas estudadas, &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que essas diferen&#231;as estejam relacionadas com o sexo, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de outros estudos<sup>41-43</sup>. Lester e cols.<sup>41</sup> estudaram 202 pacientes de 25 dias a 23 anos de idade, norte-americanos, sendo 125 do sexo masculino (69 brancos e 56 negros) e 77 do sexo feminino (34 brancas e 43 negras). Os autores observaram valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas significantemente maiores no sexo masculino, quando a SC era maior que 1 m<sup>2</sup>. Tamb&#233;m foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre brancos e negros, com dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas maiores entre os negros. Nagasawa e cols.<sup>42</sup> estudaram 437 crian&#231;as japonesas, 264 do sexo masculino e 173 do feminino, na faixa et&#225;ria entre um m&#234;s e 17 anos, com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a de Kawasaki sem les&#245;es coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Durante 6,7 anos de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, foram realizados 1.595 exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nesse grupo de pacientes. Analisando a velocidade do aumento do VEd, os autores observaram valores semelhantes na velocidade de crescimento e de aumento na dimens&#227;o do VEd em ambos os sexos, at&#233; os 10 anos de idade. Ap&#243;s essa idade, os valores do VEd foram significantemente maiores no sexo masculino. Em 2002, Nagasawa e Arakaki<sup>43</sup> avaliaram as espessuras diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE de 251 crian&#231;as japonesas, sendo 128 do sexo masculino e 123 do feminino, na faixa et&#225;ria entre um m&#234;s e 18 anos. Os pacientes eram eutr&#243;ficos e sem cardiopatia, e foram submetidos a exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico por sopro card&#237;aco inocente. Os autores relataram que os valores de algumas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram significantemente maiores no sexo masculino, principalmente a partir de 1 m<sup>2</sup> de SC.</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses e em nosso meio<sup>5,13,17,18</sup>, contudo, n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significantes entre os valores das medidas card&#237;acas quando se compararam os sexos masculino e feminino. Os estudos nacionais<sup>5,17,18</sup> avaliaram crian&#231;as em mesma faixa et&#225;ria de nosso estudo, por&#233;m inclu&#237;ram amostras com pequeno n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as. Assim, ainda &#233; controverso se existe diferen&#231;a entre os valores das medidas card&#237;acas obtidas por ecocardiografia quando se comparam os sexos masculino e feminino. Nosso estudo incluiu amostra populacional representativa com maior n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as em cada faixa et&#225;ria analisada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos anteriormente citados<sup>5,17,18</sup>, o que provavelmente possibilitou identificar diferen&#231;as significantes entre os sexos.</p>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a dos valores das m&#233;dias do VEs, VEd, DAo e VSVD entre os sexos, no entanto, &#233; pequena (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>), com valores maiores no sexo masculino. Apesar de as diferen&#231;as entre os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas serem estatisticamente significantes, do ponto de vista biol&#243;gico pode-se admitir que essa diferen&#231;a tem pouca relev&#226;ncia, sendo dif&#237;cil consider&#225;-la no dia-a-dia.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os valores dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson quando se correlacionaram os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas com idade, peso, estatura e SC. O mesmo foi observado quando os valores dos coeficientes de Pearson foram analisados de acordo com o sexo, o que est&#225; em conformidade com os estudos de Rog&#233; e cols.<sup>1</sup> e Kampmann e cols.<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura sobre qual par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico apresenta melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com as medidas card&#237;acas avaliadas por meio da ecocardiografia. Alguns estudos mostraram melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a SC<sup>6,34</sup> e outros com a estatura<sup>5,17,18</sup>. Em nosso estudo, evidenciamos que, para crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas e sadias, &#233; indiferente correlacionar os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com idade, peso, estatura ou SC.</p>
    <p>Utilizamos a SC como vari&#225;vel independente, visto que: n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes dos valores dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e idade, peso, estatura e SC; as medidas hemodin&#226;micas habitualmente s&#227;o expressas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SC; para determina&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional h&#225; necessidade do conhecimento do peso e estatura que entram no c&#225;lculo da SC; os equipamentos atuais calculam a SC e v&#225;rios estudos mostram boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e SC<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos percentis 3% e 97% dos valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas deste estudo com as refer&#234;ncias mais utilizadas<sup>1,16</sup> mostra que os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o pr&#243;ximos. No entanto, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos estudados por esses autores<sup>1,16</sup> foi bem menor que o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as que n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo de Rog&#233; e cols.<sup>1</sup> foi realizado antes da publica&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> <sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas encontrados no presente estudo s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos obtidos por Kampmann e cols.<sup>13</sup>. Tal semelhan&#231;a, possivelmente, se deve &#224; inclus&#227;o de pacientes eutr&#243;ficos nos dois estudos, em que pesem as prov&#225;veis diferen&#231;as raciais entre as duas popula&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m, &#233; prov&#225;vel que, independentemente das diferen&#231;as raciais, as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas sejam proporcionais &#224; SC. Os limites das curvas de percentis e os valores m&#233;dios das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que obtivemos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o superpon&#237;veis. Kampmann e cols.<sup>13</sup> obtiveram coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o com valores mais elevados que os verificados neste estudo. No entanto, aqueles autores utilizaram apenas os valores correspondentes ao percentil 50% da vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica para o c&#225;lculo dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o, introduzindo potencial vi&#233;s, posto que a dispers&#227;o dos dados foi exclu&#237;da do c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>N&#243;s calculamos as correla&#231;&#245;es levando em conta todos os valores individuais de cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica e tamb&#233;m obtivemos boa correla&#231;&#227;o para v&#225;rias medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, principalmente para MVE, VEd, DAo, EPPVE, VEs, DAE e ESIV. N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significantes quando os valores dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, obtidos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de todas as crian&#231;as do estudo, foram comparados com aqueles verificados quando se analisam as crian&#231;as separadamente de acordo com o sexo. Esse achado evidencia que, apesar do fato dos valores de algumas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentarem diferen&#231;as significantes, quando as crian&#231;as s&#227;o separadas de acordo com o sexo, essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o modificaram significantemente os valores dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
    <p>Os percentis 3% e 97% foram escolhidos como limite inferior e superior, respectivamente, para a constru&#231;&#227;o das curvas de percentis, visto que correspondem, aproximadamente, &#224; m&#233;dia mais ou menos dois desvios-padr&#227;o, de acordo com a curva de distribui&#231;&#227;o de Gauss<sup>40</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foram constru&#237;das curvas de percentis de 25%, 50% e 75%, com o objetivo de que, no futuro, essas curvas possam ser utilizadas para acompanhar o remodelamento card&#237;aco durante tratamento cl&#237;nico de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou adquirida, bem como ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica delas, ou acometimento card&#237;aco decorrente de outras doen&#231;as, tais como desnutri&#231;&#227;o, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Considerando que do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os sexos para as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas VEs, VEd, VSVD, DAo, MVE e IMVE, os valores dos percentis 3%, 50% e 97% dessas vari&#225;veis relacionadas com a SC foram apresentados em tabelas separadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabs. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">5</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas -</italic> Este &#233; um estudo de efetividade, pois foi realizado em situa&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem no dia-a-dia, em crian&#231;as portadoras de sopro card&#237;aco, que foram avaliadas para excluir cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>Os resultados verificados adicionam e contribuem para melhor conhecimento dos limites inferior e superior das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e &#237;ndices de desempenho card&#237;aco obtidos por meio da ecocardiografia em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas na faixa et&#225;ria de 1 a 144 meses.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se que os valores das medidas e dos &#237;ndices de desempenho card&#237;aco foram estabelecidos a partir de crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas sem cardiopatia, pode-se admitir que esses possam ser utilizados como par&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia durante acompanhamento de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia, bem como daquelas submetidas a tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Adicionalmente, os dados s&#227;o &#250;teis para avalia&#231;&#245;es das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e do grau de acometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as portadoras de DEP, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, condi&#231;&#245;es atualmente comuns em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>As curvas de percentis possibilitam quantificar o grau de desvio da normalidade, permitindo avaliar, no decorrer do tempo, as modifica&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas do remodelamento card&#237;aco em crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatia prim&#225;ria, bem como aquelas associadas a doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas. Nesse sentido, as curvas de percentis possibilitam quantificar mais precisamente o grau de desvio da normalidade e identificar fatores de risco e progn&#243;stico cardiovascular relacionados a diversas doen&#231;as que acometem crian&#231;as na faixa et&#225;ria estudada.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho tamb&#233;m permite validar para o nosso meio os estudos de Rog&#233; e cols.<sup>1</sup> e Henry e cols.<sup>16</sup>, os mais utilizados como refer&#234;ncia para os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em nosso pa&#237;s. Adicionalmente, os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas de percentis de valores das medidas card&#237;acas relacionadas &#224; SC, o que amplia as informa&#231;&#245;es da literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Kampmann e cols.<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, os resultados observados evidenciaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os sexos das medidas card&#237;acas: VEs, VEd, MVE, IMVE, VSVD e DAo, indicando que, em crian&#231;as, o sexo deve ser considerado quando se analisam medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os valores encontrados s&#227;o superpon&#237;veis aos relatados em outros grupos &#233;tnicos de crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, na mesma faixa et&#225;ria. As curvas de percentis constru&#237;das neste estudo ampliam os dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura e possibilitam acompanhamento da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de crian&#231;as com cardiopatias e/ou doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas que envolvem o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento:</bold> CNPq - Bolsa de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (Bolsa PIBIC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rossano C&#233;sar Bonatto </p>
        <p> Depto de Pediatria </p>
        <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP &#150; Campus de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior </p>
        <p> 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rbonatto@fmb.unesp.br">rbonatto@fmb.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/02/05; Revisado recebido em 13/03/06; Aceito em 11/04/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percentile curves of normal values of echocardiographic measurements in normal children from the central-southern region of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To asses the values of echocardiographic measurements in normal children without cardiopathy and to build percentile curves, relating them to the body surface (BS, m&#178;). METHODS: We analyzed M-mode echocardiographic measurements for children between one and 144 months of age. We assessed right ventricular diastolic diameter (RVDd, mm) and left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd, mm), LV systolic diameter (LVSd, mm), right ventricular outflow tract diameter (RVOT, mm), aortic diameter (AoD, mm) and left atrial diameter (LAD, mm); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %); percentage of variation of left ventricular diameter (deltaLV, %); interventricular septum diastolic thickness (IVSDT, mm) and LV posterior wall diastolic thickness (PWDT, mm); left ventricular mass (LVM, g) and LV mass index (LVMI, g/m&#178;). RESULTS: At the end of the study, 595 children (326 male) were assessed. The values of echocardiographic measurements showed a good correlation with BS and allowed the constructing of percentile curves (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 97%). Statistically significant differences between the genders were evidenced for the following variables: LVSd, LVDd, RVOT, AoD, LVM and LVMI, and the highest values were observed in male children. CONCLUSION: The percentile curves of the values obtained can be used as a reference to assess children with suspicion of cardiopathy or to follow-up on those with diagnosed cardiopathy or under treatment with potentially cardiotoxic drugs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
        <kwd>reference values</kwd>
        <kwd>body surface area</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Percentile curves of normal values of echocardiographic measurements in normal children from the central-southern region of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rossano C&#233;sar Bonatto; Jos&#233; Roberto Fioretto; Katashi Okoshi; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Thiago Colletti Remond Manfrin; Michelle de Farias Gobbi; Rodolfo Silva De Martino; Edson Ant&#244;nio Bregagnollo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNESP - Botucatu, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To asses the values of echocardiographic measurements in normal children without cardiopathy and to build percentile curves, relating them to the body surface (BS, m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We analyzed M-mode echocardiographic measurements for children between one and 144 months of age. We assessed right ventricular diastolic diameter (RVDd, mm) and left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd, mm), LV systolic diameter (LVSd, mm), right ventricular outflow tract diameter (RVOT, mm), aortic diameter (AoD, mm) and left atrial diameter (LAD, mm); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %); percentage of variation of left ventricular diameter (DLV, %); interventricular septum diastolic thickness (IVSDT, mm) and LV posterior wall diastolic thickness (PWDT, mm); left ventricular mass (LVM, g) and LV mass index (LVMI, g/m2).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At the end of the study, 595 children (326 male) were assessed. The values of echocardiographic measurements showed a good correlation with BS and allowed the constructing of percentile curves (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 97%). Statistically significant differences between the genders were evidenced for the following variables: LVSd, LVDd, RVOT, AoD, LVM and LVMI, and the highest values were observed in male children.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The percentile curves of the values obtained can be used as a reference to assess children with suspicion of cardiopathy or to follow-up on those with diagnosed cardiopathy or under treatment with potentially cardiotoxic drugs.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Echocardiography, child, reference values, body surface area.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography allows the non-invasive assessment of the dimensions and anatomy of the heart and its functional characteristics<sup>1,2</sup>. Because of these aspects this exam has become key to diagnose, assess the repercussions and follow-up on children and adolescents with suspicion of or with cardiopathy<sup>2-6</sup>. Many studies have used echocardiography to establish standards of normalcy for cardiac measurements in the population<sup>7-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The values currently used as a reference of normalcy for cardiac dimensions in children derive from studies of the 1970s and 80s which included a small sample of infants, pre-school children and adolescents<sup>1,5,14-18</sup>. It is known that the major limitation of studies with population samples of children to obtain normalcy values is the fact that the results may be influenced by the number of individuals and by the characteristics of the population studied<sup>19</sup>. Therefore, it is necessary to estabilish values of reference based on a larger number of children including all age groups, and to take racial factors into account, as these factors can influence the values of cardiac measurements.</p>
      <p>In our country, most echocardiographic services<sup>20,21</sup> use North-American standards as a reference for the values of echocardiographic measurements in children, which may lead to interpretation errors when assessing Brazilian children, since environmental, social, economic and racial factors can influence the anthropometric standards of a population<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study were to establish values for echocardiographic measurements in a sample of normal (eutrophic) and healthy children, correlating them with body surface (BS) and building percentile curves that relate the echocardiographic values studied with BS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was approved by institution's Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>Part of this study was supported by scientific research grants from CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development).</p>
      <p>We studied normal children aged between one and 144 months who attended the Pediatric Cardiology Division between January 1991 and December 2001, at central-southern region of the State of S&#227;o Paulo-Brazil. The patients did not have heart disease or history of heart involvement due to infections, neuromuscular conditions or metabolic disorders, and did not have phenotypical characteristics of genetic syndromes. The children had come to the facility due to heart murmur and presented normal electrocardiographic and radiological tests. The echocardiographic exam was performed to definitely rule out the diagnosis of cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>Data relative to gender, age, weight, height and echocardiographic measurement values were collected on the day the echocardiographic test was performed. Weight and height were used to calculate the BS in square meters (m<sup>2</sup>), obtained using the DuBois &amp; DuBois formula<sup>23</sup>. The body mass index (BMI), in kilograms per square meter (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), was calculated using Quetelet's index<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM)<sup>25,26</sup> and obesity<sup>25,26</sup> were excluded as these conditions may influence cardiac measurements<sup>27-34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic tests were performed by two echocardiographers and 85% were performed by one of them. Interobserver variation verified in the Echocardiography Service of this hospital is below 10% and intraobserver variation is lower than 5% for the values of echocardiographic measurements used.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic images were obtained in standard precordial positions<sup>1,35</sup>, following the recommendations of the <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>36</sup>. The following pieces of echocardiographic equipment were used: one manufactured by Advanced Technology Laboratories, model Ultramark 8<sup>&#174;</sup>, and the other manufactured by Hewlett Packard, model Sonos 2000<sup>&#174;</sup>, with 3.0, 3.5 and/or 5.0 MHz transducers according to the child's age and weight, with simultaneous monitoring of one electrocardiographic lead. Approximately 80% of the tests were performed with the second piece of equipment.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic tests were performed on most of the children when they were awake and calm. Whenever necessary, we administered an oral 20 to 40 mg/Kg dose of chloral hydrate for sedation. This dose has no significant cardiovascular action<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the standard complete echocardiographic test, with the ruling out of heart conditions, we obtained a transverse parasternal view to take the measurements used in the construction of the percentile curves. The echocardiographic measurement values and their derivatives were analyzed in the M-mode after the images had been guided by the bi-dimensional mode (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e06f1-body2">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e06f2-body2">2</xref>). We considered the mean of three measurements for each echocardiographic variable assessed online. The measurements used were: right ventricular diastolic diameter (RVDd, mm), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSd, mm) and diastolic diameter (LVDd, mm), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %), percentage of variation of left ventricular diameter (DLV, %), interventricular septum diastolic thickness (IVSDT, mm) and LV posterior wall thickness (PWDT, mm), right ventricular outflow tract diameter (RVOT, mm), aortic diameter (AoD, mm), left atrial diameter (LAD, mm), LV mass (LVM, g) and muscle mass index (LVMI, g/m<sup>2</sup>). LV muscle mass (LVM) was estimated using the <italic>Penn Convention</italic><sup>38</sup> formula adjusted for children<sup>6</sup> and LV mass index was (LVMI) was obtained by dividing LVM by BS. To calculate DLV and LVEF we used the following formulae: DLV (%) = [(LVDd &#150; LVSd) / LVDd] <italic>x</italic> 100 and LVEF (%) = [(LVDd<sup>3</sup> &#150; LVSd<sup>3</sup>) / LVDd<sup>3</sup>] <italic>x</italic> 100<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e06f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e06f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The values of echocardiographic measurements were correlated with BS and enabled the construction of percentile curves (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 97%). We used the echocardiographic measurements of at least 20 children in each BS range to build the percentile curves.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> The comparison between genders was carried out using Student's <italic>t</italic> test<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>The associations between echocardiographic measurements and BS, weight, height and age were carried out using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and the respective statistical test for equality of the coefficients obtained in both genders<sup>40</sup>. The study of the profile of echocardiographic variables was complemented with the construction of percentile curves, of which we highlight the following percentiles: 3%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 97%.</p>
      <p>Considering that this is a transversal study, we stipulated a minimum of 500 children for a sample error of 2%. All statistical analyses were performed considering a level of significance of 5% (p&lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the end of the study, 595 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 326 (54.8 %) were male and 269 (45.2 %) were female. Sedation was necessary in approximately 10% of the children in the age group between six months and two years old. Interobserver variation was 8% and intraobserver variation was 5% for the values of echocardiographic measurements used.</p>
      <p>The weight varied from 3.4 to 53.0 Kg; height varied from 0.51 to 1.60 meter and BS varied from 0.20 to 1.53 m<sup>2</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="e06t1-body2">Table 1</xref> presents the mean values and their respective standard deviations relative to age, weight, height, BS, BMI and echocardiographic measurements and those of their derivatives. It also presents the variation and comparison of these variables relative to gender. We observed statistically significant differences between the genders relative to LVSd, LVDd, AoD, RVOT, LVM and LVMI.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e06t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e06t2-body2">Table 2</xref> presents the values of Pearson's Correlation Coefficients of echocardiographic measurements relative to weight, height, age and BS of all the children studied and according to gender. With the exception of LVMI, LVEF and DLV, all the echocardiographic measurements analyzed presented a good correlation with weight, height, BS and age. None of the echocardiographic measurements assessed in this study presented a good correlation with BMI. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients between the values of echocardiographic measurements and age, weight, height, BS and gender did not present statistically significant differences between them.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e06t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e06t3-body2">Table 3</xref> presents the values of the 3%, 50% and 97% percentiles of each echocardiographic variable analyzed for BS adjusted at every 0.1 m<sup>2</sup> from 0.2 m<sup>2</sup> onwards considering all the children studied.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e06t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">5</xref> present the values of the 3%, 50% and 97% percentiles of the echocardiographic variables which presented statistically significant differences between the genders, considering male children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>) and female children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>) separately.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Figures 3 to 11</xref> show the percentile curves (3%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 97%) of the echocardiographic variables analyzed relative to BS, considering all the children in the study.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e04-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e05-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e06-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e07-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0711-00006-e08-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The reference values of echocardiographic measurements for children which are currently used in Brazil are based on standards of normalcy of populations of other countries<sup>1,16</sup>, and it's important to establish national standards.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the values of echocardiographic measurements according to the gender showed significant differences relative to LVSd, LVDd, RVOT, AoD, LVM and LVMI, with higher values for male children. Considering that there were no differences relative to age group, anthropometry and its derivatives studies, it is possible to conclude that these differences are gender-related, as is the case in other studies<sup>41-43</sup> Lester et al<sup>41</sup> studied 202 North American subjects from 25 days to 23 years of age, of which 125 were male (69 white and 56 black) and 77 were female (34 white and 43 black). The authors observed that the values of echocardiographic measurements were significantly higher for male children, when the BS was above one square meter. We also observed significant differences between the white and black races, with larger cardiac dimensions for black individuals. Nagasawa et al<sup>42</sup> studied 437 Japanese children, of which 264 were male and 173 were female, between one month and 17 years of age, with a history of Kawasaki disease without heart lesions. During the 6.7 year clinical follow-up, 1,595 echocardiographic tests were performed in this group of subjects. Analyzing the velocity of LVDd increase, the authors observed similar values for the velocity of growth and increase of LVDd measurement in both genders up to 10 years of age. Beyond this age, LVDd values were significantly higher for male subjects. In 2002, Nagasawa &amp; Arakaki<sup>43</sup> assessed the diastolic and systolic thickness of the interventricular septum and of the LV posterior wall of 251 Japanese children, of which 128 were male and 123 were female, between one month and 18 years of age. The subjects were normal (eutrophic)and with no cardiopathy and were submitted to an echocardiographic test due to an innocent heart murmur. The authors reported that the values of some echocardiographic measurements were significantly higher in male children, particularly for BS above one square meter.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, other studies carried out in other countries and in Brazil<sup>5,13,17,18</sup> found no significant differences between the values of cardiac measurements when the measurements for male and female were compared. Other Brazilian studies<sup>5,17,18</sup> assessed children within the same age groups as ours, but included samples with a small number of children. Therefore, there is controversy around the question of whether there is a difference between the values of cardiac measurements obtained by echocardiography when male and female children are compared. Our study comprised a representative population sample with a greater number of children in each age group analyzed as compared to the other studies mentioned above<sup>5,17,18</sup>, which has probably enabled us to identify significant differences between both genders.</p>
      <p>However, the difference of the values of the means of LVSd, LVDd, AoD and RVOT between both genders was small (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e06t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), with higher values for male children. Although the differences between the values of echocardiographic measurements were statistically significant, from a biological point of view we can admit that this difference has little relevance, and that it is difficult to take it into consideration in our daily practice.</p>
      <p>No significant differences were observed between the values of Pearson's correlation coefficients when we correlated the values of echocardiographic measurements studied with age, weight, height and BS. The same was observed when the values of Pearson's correlation coefficients were analyzed according to the gender, which is in agreement with the studies carried out by Rog&#233; et al<sup>1</sup> and Kampmann et al<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is no consensus in the literature about which anthropometric parameter presents a better correlation with the cardiac measurements assessed by echocardiography. Some studies show a better correlation with BS<sup>6,34</sup> and others with height<sup>5,17,18</sup>. In our study, we showed that for normal healthy children it makes no difference whether we correlate the values of echocardiographic measurements with age, weight, height or BS.</p>
      <p>We used BS as an independent variable for the following reasons: there was no significant difference in the values of correlation coefficients between the values of echocardiographic measurements and age, weight, height and BS; the hemodynamic measurements are usually expressed relative to the BS; for determining the child's nutritional condition we need to know the weight and height that are in turn factored into the calculation of the BS; the currently available equipment calculates the BS; and also because several studies show a good correlation between cardiac dimensions and BS<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The comparison between the means of the 3% and 97% percentiles of the values of echocardiographic measurements of this study with the most widely used references<sup>1,16</sup> shows that the values of the echocardiographic measurements are very close. However, the number of individuals studied by these authors<sup>1,16</sup> was smaller than the number of children we studied. Additionally, the study by Rog&#233; et al<sup>1</sup> was carried out before the publication of the recommendations of the <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> <sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>The values of echocardiographic measurements found in our study are comparable to those obtained by Kampmann et al<sup>13</sup><bold>.</bold> This similarity is possibly due to the inclusion of normal subjects in both studies, although there probably are racial differences between the two populations. It is also probable that, regardless of racial differences, cardiac measurements are proportionate with BS. The limits of the percentile curves and the mean values of the echocardiographic measurements we obtained are also passive of overlapping. Kampmann et al<sup>13</sup> obtained correlation coefficients with higher values than those found in our study. However, those authors used only the values corresponding to the 50% percentile of the echocardiographic variable for the calculation of the correlation coefficients, thus introducing a potential bias, since the dispersion of data was excluded from the calculation of the correlation coefficient.</p>
      <p>We calculated the correlations considering all the individual values of each echocardiographic variable and also obtained a good correlation for several echocardiographic measurements, particularly for LVM, LVDd, AoD, PWDT, LVSd, LAD and IVSDT. We did not observe significant differences when the values of Pearson's correlation coefficients, using all the children in the study, were compared to those verified when children were analyzed separately according to gender. This finding shows that, although the values of some echocardiographic measurements presented significant differences, when the children are separated per gender, these differences did not change the values of Pearson's correlation coefficients in a significant manner.</p>
      <p>The 3% and 97% percentiles were chosen as the lower and upper limits, respectively, for the construction of the percentile curves, as they fall approximately within two standard deviations of mean according to the Gaussian distribution curve<sup>40</sup>. Additionally, we built 25%, 50% and 75% percentile curves so that these curves may be used in the future to monitor cardiac remodeling during the clinical treatment of children with congenital or acquired cardiopathy, and to follow their surgical repair, or heart involvement as a result of other conditions such as malnutrition, obesity and systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>Since we observed statistically significant differences between the genders for the LVSd, LVDd, RVOT, AoD, LVM and LVMI echocardiographic variables, the values of the 3%, 50% and 97% percentiles of these variables relative to the BS are presented in separate tables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Tabs. 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">5</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical implications -</italic> This is a study on effectiveness, since it was carried out in situations that occur everyday, with children with heart murmur who were assessed to rule out cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>The results verified add data and contribute to better determine the lower and upper limits of cardiac dimensions and of cardiac performance indexes obtained by echocardiography in normal children between one and 144 months of age.</p>
      <p>Considering that the values of the measurements and the indexes of cardiac performance were established based on normal children without cardiopathy, we can admit than it can be used as parameters of reference during the follow-up of children with cardiopathy, and of those who have undergone surgical treatment. Additionally, the data are useful to assess the cardiac dimensions and the degree of heart involvement in children with PEM, obesity and systemic arterial hypertension, conditions which are currently very common in Brazil.</p>
      <p>Percentile curves allow the quantification of the degree of deviation from normalcy, and allow the assessment, as time elapses, of the changes that are characteristic of cardiac remodeling in children with primary cardiopathy, and of those associated with systemic diseases. Therefore, the percentile curves allow the more accurate quantification of the degree of deviation from normalcy and the identification of risk factors and cardiovascular prognosis relative to several conditions that affect children in the age group studied.</p>
      <p>This study also allows the validation of the studies carried out by Rog&#233; et al<sup>1</sup> and Henry et al<sup>16</sup>, for Brazil. These two studies are the most widely used as reference for values of echocardiographic measurements in our country. Additionally, the results obtained enabled the construction of percentile curves for values of cardiac measurements relative to the BS, which provides more information to the literature relative to the study by Kampmann et al<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In summary, the results show statistically significant differences between genders for the following cardiac measurements: LVSd, LVDd, LVM, LVMI, RVOT and AoD, indicating that, in children, gender should be considered when echocardiographic measurements are analyzed. The values found overlap those reported for other ethnic groups of normal children in the same age group. The percentile curves built in this study provide more data to the literature and enable the monitoring of cardiac remodeling in children with cardiopathies and/or systemic diseases involving the heart.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> CNPq - Bolsa de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (Bolsa PIBIC).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rossano C&#233;sar Bonatto</p>
          <p> Depto de Pediatria</p>
          <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP &#150; Campus de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior</p>
          <p> 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP , Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rbonatto@fmb.unesp.br">rbonatto@fmb.unesp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received February 22, 2005; revised manuscript received March 13, 2006; accepted April 11, 2006.</p>
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