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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">M8ZmfJGFzjD5xr9LvKt9TnP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#193;rea valvar mitral atrav&#233;s de medidas de meia-press&#227;o em &#225;trio esquerdo e capilar pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osterne</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Cesar Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Motta</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente Paulo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Motta</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Antonio Marra da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osterne</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas E. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osterne</surname>
            <given-names>Noeme M. A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Otoni M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ServCor Taguatinga</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Taguatinga</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular S&#227;o Francisco de Assis</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>705</fpage>
      <lpage>710</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a validade do c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar mitral (AVM) aplicando o m&#233;todo de meia-press&#227;o do Doppler (MP) diretamente &#224;s curvas de press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e capilar pulmonar (Cap). M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e cinco pacientes com estenose valvar mitral (EVM) foram submetidos a valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea pela t&#233;cnica de Cribier com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por c&#225;lculos de AVM feitos pelos m&#233;todos tradicionais (Gorlin e Eco-Doppler) e pelo proposto. Os valores de AVM calculados antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos foram comparados entre si e foi aplicado modelo de regress&#227;o linear para c&#225;lculos rec&#237;procos de AVM. RESULTADOS: Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores calculados por todos os m&#233;todos. O m&#233;todo proposto correlacionou-se fortemente com os demais (p&lt; 0,05) notadamente antes da abertura valvar. Foram encontradas f&#243;rmulas simples para c&#225;lculo rec&#237;proco de AVM. CONCLUS&#195;O: O m&#233;todo proposto para c&#225;lculo de AVM seja sobre a curva press&#243;rica de AE ou Cap mostrou-se preciso e simples monitorizando com seguran&#231;a os procedimentos de valvotomoa mitral percut&#226;nea.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Tempo de meia-press&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#225;rea valvar mitral por meia press&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>meia-press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#193;rea valvar mitral atrav&#233;s de medidas de meia-press&#227;o em &#225;trio esquerdo e capilar pulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evandro Cesar Vidal Osterne; Jorge Haddad; Vicente Paulo da Motta; Paulo Antonio Marra da Motta; Thomas E. C. Osterne; Noeme M. A. C. Osterne; Otoni M. Gomes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Taguatinga &#150; DF, Funda&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular S&#227;o Francisco de Assis e ServCor Taguatinga, DF - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Testar a validade do c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar mitral (AVM) aplicando o m&#233;todo de meia-press&#227;o do Doppler (MP) diretamente &#224;s curvas de press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e capilar pulmonar (Cap). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta e cinco pacientes com estenose valvar mitral (EVM) foram submetidos a valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea pela t&#233;cnica de Cribier com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por c&#225;lculos de AVM feitos pelos m&#233;todos tradicionais (Gorlin e Eco-Doppler) e pelo proposto. Os valores de AVM calculados antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos foram comparados entre si e foi aplicado modelo de regress&#227;o linear para c&#225;lculos rec&#237;procos de AVM. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores calculados por todos os m&#233;todos. O m&#233;todo proposto correlacionou-se fortemente com os demais (p&lt; 0,05) notadamente antes da abertura valvar. Foram encontradas f&#243;rmulas simples para c&#225;lculo rec&#237;proco de AVM. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O m&#233;todo proposto para c&#225;lculo de AVM seja sobre a curva press&#243;rica de AE ou Cap mostrou-se preciso e simples monitorizando com seguran&#231;a os procedimentos de valvotomoa mitral percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Tempo de meia-press&#227;o, &#225;rea valvar mitral por meia press&#227;o, meia-press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar mitral (AVM), fundamental para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose valvar mitral (EVM), &#233; feito habitualmente de maneira invasiva pelo m&#233;todo de Gorlin e com o aparelho de ecodopplercardiografia por planimetria e meia-press&#227;o<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1997, durante o Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Haddad e cols. demonstraram existir boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de Gorlin e os calculados pelo m&#233;todo de meia-press&#227;o do Doppler, aplicado diretamente na curva press&#243;rica de &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho &#233; o de avaliar a validade das medidas de AVM pelo m&#233;todo de meia-press&#227;o do Doppler, aplicado nas curvas press&#243;ricas de &#225;trio esquerdo e capilar pulmonar bem como sua utilidade para monitorizar valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea (VMP).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Num per&#237;odo de 18 mteses, 35 pacientes portadores de EVM com crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o para tratamento por via percut&#226;nea foram submetidos &#224; VMP pelo m&#233;todo de Cribier<sup>7-9</sup>. O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05q1">quadro 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig05q1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes selecionados, todos em ritmo sinusal, foram inicialmente analisados cl&#237;nica e laboratorialmente, sendo os casos discutidos de maneira multidisciplinar, para ent&#227;o se optar pela terap&#234;utica percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>Eles foram previamente informados, com detalhes, sobre as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas existentes, com pondera&#231;&#227;o entre riscos e benef&#237;cios, assim como sobre todos os aspectos &#233;ticos e metodol&#243;gicos da pesquisa acerca da valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea, pela t&#233;cnica de Cribier, e acerca da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento por medidas de AVM por meia-press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo e capilar pulmonar. Os 35 pacientes optaram pelo procedimento percut&#226;neo, de acordo com a metodologia proposta de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, e tamb&#233;m concordaram em participar como sujeitos da pesquisa, assinando o "Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido", em conson&#226;ncia com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, que normatiza a pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos<sup>10</sup>. O presente estudo foi realizado ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelos "Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos" dos centros onde os procedimentos foram realizados.</p>
    <p>Todas as VMP foram realizadas com o instrumental do conjunto ("Kitt") de Cribier, cateteres-bal&#227;o e aparelho de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco da Arrow (Arrow-USA) e aparelhos de eco-Doppler-cardiografia das marcas Toshiba e Siemens.</p>
    <p>Antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos, foram registradas medidas de AVM calculadas pelo m&#233;todo de Gorlin, utilizando-se as curvas press&#243;ricas de &#225;trio esquerdo (GAE-1 e GAE-2) e capilar pulmonar (GCap-1 e GCap-2). Com o aparelho de eco-Doppler calculou-se AVM por planimetria (Plan-1 e Plan-2, ap&#243;s). O c&#225;lculo de &#225;rea valvar pelo Doppler (meia-press&#227;o) foi feito antes e 24 horas ap&#243;s. H&#225; relatos sobre a incorre&#231;&#227;o de se calcular AVM por meia-press&#227;o do Doppler imediatamente ap&#243;s a abertura valvar mitral<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A metodologia para c&#225;lculo de &#225;rea valvar mitral com o tempo de meia-press&#227;o ou <italic>pressure half-time</italic> (PHT, MP ou P1/2) adveio da constata&#231;&#227;o feita por Libanoff e Rodbard de que, quando o sangue flui passivamente atrav&#233;s de uma valva esten&#243;tica, o di&#226;metro dela pode ser estimado medindo-se o tempo que o gradiente de press&#227;o m&#225;ximo leva para atingir a metade do valor<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o posterior desse conceito &#224; metodologia do Doppler envolveu uma t&#233;cnica um pouco diferente, em que a press&#227;o foi substitu&#237;da por fluxo<sup>4</sup>. O computador do aparelho mede automaticamente o pico da velocidade de fluxo transvalvar mitral inicial e por meio de c&#225;lculo matem&#225;tico determina-se a velocidade de fluxo em que ocorre a metade do gradiente de press&#227;o (altura do pico dividida por 1,4). Este valor de velocidade de fluxo projetado sobre a curva representativa do enchimento diast&#243;lico r&#225;pido permite ent&#227;o o c&#225;lculo autom&#225;tico do tempo em que o gradiente m&#225;ximo cai &#224; metade do seu valor. Obt&#233;m-se dessa maneira por Doppler (fluxo) o tempo de meia-press&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O tempo de meia-press&#227;o (PHT / MP) mant&#233;m-se relativamente constante para uma determinada &#225;rea valvar e sobre uma grande variedade de fluxo<sup>16</sup>. Para uma &#225;rea valvar de 1cm&#178;, o PHT &#233; de 220 ms<sup>3</sup>. Portanto a &#225;rea valvar mitral fornecida pelo computador do aparelho &#233; resultante da divis&#227;o de 220 pelo PHT achado.</p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a da metodologia descrita acima para a obten&#231;&#227;o da AVM pelo Doppler, tra&#231;a-se uma linha ao longo da curva press&#243;rica de &#225;trio esquerdo ou capilar pulmonar acompanhando a fase inicial de "colapso" diast&#243;lico que corresponde ao enchimento ventricular passivo r&#225;pido (b da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>). Os pontos de uni&#227;o dessa linha s&#227;o os pontos convencionais "v" e "y" das curvas press&#243;ricas de &#225;trio esquerdo ou capilar pulmonar. No ponto "v" observa-se o pico m&#225;ximo de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica atrial esquerda. Imediatamente ap&#243;s esse ponto ocorre a abertura da valva mitral. O ponto "y" corresponde ao nadir da segunda onda negativa da curva de press&#227;o atrial ou capilar pulmonar, e representa o in&#237;cio da fase diast&#243;lica de enchimento ventricular lento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em seguida, a partir do ponto de press&#227;o m&#225;xima diast&#243;lica ("ponto v"), baixa-se uma reta vertical que encontra o eixo horizontal e mede-se a metade dessa reta em mil&#237;metros (c da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>). O pr&#243;ximo passo consiste em se encontrar um ponto, na reta correspondente ao enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido (reta v-y), cuja proje&#231;&#227;o sobre o eixo horizontal corresponda &#224; metade do valor do pico m&#225;ximo de press&#227;o, j&#225; medido (d da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>). A dist&#226;ncia entre essas duas retas verticais projetadas &#233; medida tamb&#233;m em mil&#237;metros (dist&#226;ncia X da figura). O tempo de meia-press&#227;o (PHT/MP) &#233; igual ao tempo que leva para ser percorrida essa dist&#226;ncia X entre as duas retas. Isso &#233; facilmente obtido por uma simples regra de tr&#234;s, observando-se a velocidade de inscri&#231;&#227;o das curvas de press&#227;o no papel apropriado. Como pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, a velocidade de inscri&#231;&#227;o do papel &#233; de 50 mm/s, padronizada em todos os casos.</p>
    <p>Por fim, divide-se 220 pelo PHT (MP) e acha-se a &#225;rea valvar mitral.</p>
    <p>O tempo que leva para ser percorrida a dist&#226;ncia X (entre os dois pontos projetados) &#233; o tempo de meia-press&#227;o (PHT ou MP). Dividindo-se 220/PHT (MP), obt&#233;m-se a &#225;rea valvar. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PHT ou MP: tempo de meia-press&#227;o; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Visando-se comparar os valores de AVM obtidos pela metodologia proposta com os calculados pelos m&#233;todos tradicionais bem como avaliar a validade deles na monitora&#231;&#227;o de valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea, os procedimentos de valvotomia nesta casu&#237;stica foram monitorados por seis medidas de &#225;rea valvar mitral, dando-se por encerrado ap&#243;s incremento significativo da &#225;rea valvar mitral acima de 100% do valor pr&#233;vio calculado, com quaisquer dos m&#233;todos e, de maneira ideal, ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o de AVM em torno de 2 cm&#178;. Tamb&#233;m utilizou-se como crit&#233;rio de sucesso a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar mitral, acima de 50%, pelo m&#233;todo dos "tr&#234;s pontos"<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica deu-se em dois momentos - 1&#186;) An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada (correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson) entre as medidas antes e depois do procedimento: A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson mede a associa&#231;&#227;o entre 2 (ou mais) vari&#225;veis. Trata-se de uma medida sem dimens&#227;o (sem unidade) que varia entre -1 e 1. Quanto mais pr&#243;xima dos extremos (-1 e +1), maior a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis. Quanto mais pr&#243;xima de 0 (zero), menor a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis. J&#225; o sinal da correla&#231;&#227;o mede a dire&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o. Correla&#231;&#245;es negativas indicam que as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o inversamente proporcionais. Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas indicam que as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o diretamente proporcionais; 2&#186;) An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear: Para estimar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre algumas das medidas de interesse (MP-Cap e MP-AE, por exemplo) em fun&#231;&#227;o de outras medidas foi utilizado modelo de regress&#227;o linear conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. Neste modelo podem-se estimar os valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral que seriam obtidos com eco-Doppler, mesmo n&#227;o contando com ele na sala de cateterismo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Obteve-se sucesso em todos os pacientes, com registro de duas intercorr&#234;ncias. A primeira foi a repeti&#231;&#227;o da pun&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial em dezenove pacientes, atribu&#237;da &#224; distor&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial, secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiomegalia. A segunda, desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral (+ / 4) em cinco pacientes, embora sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Os valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral obtidos por quaisquer dos m&#233;todos, antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos, tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre si, como mostram as <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Comparando-se os dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, observa-se que, antes da abertura valvar, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores calculados pela metodologia proposta e os obtidos com o aparelho de eco-Doppler-cardiografia (MPD-1 e Plan 1) foi maior que por meio do m&#233;todo de Gorlin (G-AE1 e G-Cap1). Isto, no entanto, n&#227;o tem grande significado, pois s&#243; as correla&#231;&#245;es abaixo de 0,3 s&#227;o consideradas fracas do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s os procedimentos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>), a intensidade da correla&#231;&#227;o dos dois m&#233;todos propostos com os demais manteve-se em geral uniformemente mais alta (acima de 0,7). Houve ainda mudan&#231;as nas correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis onde algumas ca&#237;ram e outras aumentaram. Para an&#225;lise posterior conv&#233;m destacar a boa correla&#231;&#227;o dos valores obtidos com MPD-2 com os propostos.</p>
    <p>Aplicando modelo de regress&#227;o linear, foi poss&#237;vel utilizar f&#243;rmulas simples para calcular os valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral obtidos por outros m&#233;todos. Para tanto, pode-se utilizar as medidas obtidas de MPAE ou MPCap e, facilmente, chega-se &#224;s obtidas pelos outros m&#233;todos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A &#225;rea valvar mitral, um dos melhores par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da estenose mitral, &#233; calculada comumente por cateterismo ou por eco-Doppler. Por cateterismo, o m&#233;todo de Gorlin &#233; o mais utilizado e envolve medidas de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por termodilui&#231;&#227;o e f&#243;rmulas complexas. Esses motivos, associados &#224; necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros equipamentos, cateteres e materiais descart&#225;veis tornam a valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea mais complexa e de custo mais elevado.</p>
    <p>Igualmente, o m&#233;todo de Gorlin &#233; mais adequado em pacientes em ritmo sinusal, sem nenhuma regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal e sem outras les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas. A presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taquicardia, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco praticamente inviabilizam o m&#233;todo<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o de que os valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral, obtidos com base na MPD, correlacionaram-se com os obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de Libanoff e com achados an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gicos<sup>13</sup>, inspirou a aplica&#231;&#227;o da metodologia de meia-press&#227;o do Doppler diretamente nas curvas de capilar pulmonar e &#225;trio esquerdo. Dessa maneira com certeza ter&#237;amos valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral mais pr&#243;ximos do real. Seriam medidas diretas de &#225;rea valvar, sobre curva de press&#227;o cavit&#225;ria instant&#226;nea e n&#227;o pelo registro de fluxo, que &#233; medida indireta.</p>
    <p>Antes da abertura valvar, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo sobre ambas as curvas press&#243;ricas mostrou-se de grande valia, apresentando excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com as medidas de AVM feitas pelo eco-Doppler. A correla&#231;&#227;o com o m&#233;todo de Gorlin foi menor. Ap&#243;s valvotomia, o comportamento da &#225;rea valvar calculada sobre a curva press&#243;rica de &#225;trio esquerdo, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo de Gorlin, foi inverso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). No entanto, apesar das pequenas diferen&#231;as, o m&#233;todo mostrou-se vi&#225;vel em quaisquer das alternativas, com alta significa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s a abertura valvar.</p>
    <p>Os valores de AVM calculados sobre a curva de capilar pulmonar sempre foram menores que os achados com a curva de &#225;trio esquerdo. Isto com certeza deveu-se ao fato de que a curva press&#243;rica representativa da fase de enchimento ventricular inicial r&#225;pida ou "colapso" diast&#243;lico, observado na curva press&#243;rica de capilar, apresenta uma inclina&#231;&#227;o menor que na curva de &#225;trio esquerdo. O registro press&#243;rico simult&#226;neo (Cap/AE) na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figura 2</xref> ilustra esse fato, sendo poss&#237;vel observar, em primeiro lugar, o retardo de 80 ms na inscri&#231;&#227;o da curva de capilar pulmonar em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; de &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Al&#233;m desse retardo, h&#225; atenua&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de press&#227;o e na velocidade de inscri&#231;&#227;o de toda a onda de capilar pulmonar, que se manifesta por uma onda "v'" de amplitude menor, seguida de uma "queda press&#243;rica" mais lenta que culmina num ponto "y" de altura maior que o representado na curva de &#225;trio esquerdo. &#201; como se a fase de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pida na curva de capilar pulmonar fosse mais lenta devido ao retardo e amortecimento da curva de press&#227;o. Disso resulta gradiente m&#233;dio de press&#227;o semelhante, embora a curva de press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo tenha amplitude maior, principalmente por sua onda "v" mais alta<sup>13,16</sup>. Assim sendo, podemos afirmar que, independente do m&#233;todo (Gorlin ou o proposto), a &#225;rea valvar mitral obtida com a curva de press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar &#233; sempre ligeiramente menor que a obtida quando se utiliza a press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Outro fator que tamb&#233;m parece contribuir para essa diferen&#231;a &#233; a m&#225; qualidade habitual dos registros em capilar pulmonar, devido &#224; s&#233;rie de dificuldades para sua obten&#231;&#227;o. Os c&#225;lculos s&#227;o habitualmente imprecisos e os gradientes s&#227;o sempre maiores <sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente a medida mais precisa do gradiente transvalvar mitral &#233; obtida pelo registro press&#243;rico simult&#226;neo VE/AE. No entanto o registro VE/Cap tem bastante utilidade, principalmente nos casos em que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar &#233; pequena ou a press&#227;o &#233; normal. Nesses casos, &#233; inteiramente dispens&#225;vel a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal para obten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo, com suas poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es, pois ambas as press&#245;es s&#227;o praticamente iguais<sup>13</sup>. Por&#233;m, quando a press&#227;o capilar est&#225; bastante elevada e nos casos lim&#237;trofes, a press&#227;o atrial esquerda fornece resultados mais corretos<sup>13,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dois achados do presente trabalho parecem-nos de import&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica. Em primeiro lugar, a boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de AVM calculados com o m&#233;todo proposto, e os obtidos com eco - Doppler, ap&#243;s a abertura valvar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). A literatura em hemodin&#226;mica tem apontado para a incorre&#231;&#227;o de se utilizarem alguns valores de AVM, calculados por meia-press&#227;o, para monitorar os procedimentos de valvoplastia<sup>13</sup>. Os autores referem-se principalmente aos valores calculados com o Doppler na sala de cateterismo imediatamente ap&#243;s abertura valvar. Enfatizam as grandes altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas imediatas decorrentes do aumento do fluxo transvalvar mitral e de altera&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m instant&#226;neas na complac&#234;ncia do &#225;trio esquerdo. Associado a isso foi tamb&#233;m observado certo grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, imediatamente ap&#243;s as valvotomias com bal&#227;o, o que seria mais um fator de erro para o c&#225;lculo de AVM se feito logo ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes desta casu&#237;stica, os c&#225;lculos de AVM pela meia-press&#227;o no Doppler e por planimetria no eco foram feitos 24 horas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino dos procedimentos, quando por certo a hemodin&#226;mica card&#237;aca est&#225; mais adaptada e pr&#243;xima do real. Como os valores achados pelo m&#233;todo proposto tiveram muito boa correla&#231;&#227;o com Gorlin e mesmo com o eco &#150; Doppler podemos, com grande margem de acerto, deduzir que pode ser utilizado para monitorar os procedimentos de valvotomia percut&#226;nea. Isso se aplica tanto para o &#225;trio esquerdo quanto para a curva press&#243;rica de capilar pulmonar.</p>
    <p>O segundo achado de import&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica est&#225; na dispensa do uso de aparelho de eco - Doppler na sala de cateterismo, simplificando o m&#233;todo e reduzindo os custos da valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea (possivelmente, sua presen&#231;a ainda se justificasse nos casos de grande dificuldade para a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal). Esse fato sobressai-se diante da realidade nacional em termos de custos de material, tempo de procedimento, equipamento e pessoal.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se dessa forma, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do modelo de regress&#227;o linear citado anteriormente tem bastante utilidade. Assim sendo, pode-se obter, por meio de f&#243;rmulas simples, medidas de AVM que seriam feitas com aparelho de eco - Doppler ou pelo m&#233;todo de Gorlin sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses m&#233;todos na sala de cateterismo. O emprego da f&#243;rmula com AVM obtida por meia-press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar evitaria, na depend&#234;ncia do resultado, a pun&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial e a presen&#231;a do aparelho de eco &#150; Doppler, por exemplo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Podemos concluir que os valores de &#225;rea valvar mitral obtidos por meio das medidas de meia-press&#227;o do Doppler, aplicadas diretamente nas curvas de press&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo e de capilar pulmonar, comparados com os obtidos por m&#233;todos atualmente em uso, mostraram-se de grande precis&#227;o e validade estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>O reconhecimento da utilidade da monitora&#231;&#227;o de valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea com a metodologia proposta nesta pesquisa, com c&#225;lculos de &#225;rea valvar a cada abertura das hastes do valvul&#243;tomo ou expans&#227;o de bal&#227;o, com certeza levar&#225; a resultados ainda melhores e mais seguros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Gorlin R, Golin G. Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac valves, and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J 1951; 41: 1-29. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Cohen MV, Gorlin R. Modified Orifice Equation for Mitral Valve Area. Am Heart J 1979; 84:839-46. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Libanoff AJ, Rodbard S: Atrioventricular pressure half-time: measure of mitral valve orifice area. Circulation 1968; 38: 144-50. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Smith MD, Widenbaugh T, Grayburn PA, Gurley JC, Spain MG, Demaria AN. Value and limitations of Doppler pressure half-time in quantifying mitral stenosis: a comparison with micromanometer catheter recordings. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 480-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Fredman CS, Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Kern MJ. Comparison of hemodynamic pressure half-time method and Gorlin formula with Doppler and echocardiographic determination of mitral valve area in patients with combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 121-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Haddad J. Comunica&#231;&#227;o oral. In: Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista. Curitiba, 1997. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Cribier A, Rath PC, Letac B. Percutaneous mitral valvotomy with a metal dilator. Lancet 1997; 349: 1667-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Cribier A, Letac B. Advances in percutaneous aortic and mitral valvuloplasty. In: Textbook of Interventional Cardiology. 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1999: 839-49. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Osterne ECV, Brito JC, Cust&#243;dio WB, Alexim GA, Motta VP, Holmes VM, et al. Valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea pela T&#233;cnica de Cribier: experi&#234;ncia inicial. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas 2001; 9: 7-12. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Resolu&#231;&#227;o no. 196, de 10 de outubro de 1996. In: Diretrizes &#201;ticas Internacionais para Pesquisas Biom&#233;dicas Envolvendo Seres Humanos. Bio&#233;tica 1996; 3: 95-126. </p>
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    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Fredman CS, Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Kern MJ. Comparison of hemodynamic pressure half-time method and Gorlin formula with Doppler and echocardiographic determination of mitral valve area in patients with combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 121-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Kern MJ, Aguirre FV. Mitral valve gradients. In: Hemodynamic Rounds 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley-Liss Publication, 1999: 69. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Alloan L. &#193;reas valvares, orif&#237;cios de "shunts" e fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o. In: Hemodin&#226;mica e Angiocardiografia. 2&#170; Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Atheneu, 1990: 92-3". </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Bryg RJ, Williams GA, Labovitz AJ, Aker U, Kennedy HL. Effect of atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation on calculated mitral valve area in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 634-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Brogan WC, Lange RA, Hillis LD. Simplified formula for the calculation of mitral valve area: potential inaccuracies in patients with tachicardia. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991; 23: 81-3. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Lange RA, Moore DM, Cigarroa RG, Hillis LD. Use of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure to assess severity of mitral stenosis: is true left atrial pressure needed in this condition? J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 13:825-9. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Evandro Cesar Vidal Osterne </p>
        <p> Quadra 12, Bloco U, casa 35 </p>
        <p> 70645-215 &#150; Taguatinga, DF </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="osterne@cardiol.br">osterne@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/06/05; Revisado recebido em 7/10/05; Aceito em 28/10/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Libanoff</surname>
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            <name>
              <surname>Rath</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
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              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Letac</surname>
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          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invas</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Osterne</surname>
              <given-names>ECV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cust&#243;dio</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexim</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motta</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of mitral valve area through pressure half-time measurements in the left atrium and pulmonary capillary wedge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To confirm the validity of the calculation in MVA applying the method of Doppler pressure half-time directly in left atrial (LA) and pulmonary capillary pressure curve. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with mitral valve stenosis underwent percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV) using the Cribier method with MVA measurement made using the traditional methods (Gorlin and echo-Doppler) and this propose. MVA values obtained were compared and a linear regression model was used to obtain formula for reciprocal calculations of the mitral valve area. RESULTS: A statistically correlation was found between the calculated values by all methods. The proposed method showed a strong correlation (p&lt; 0.05) with the others mainly before valve opening. Simple reciprocal calculation formulas were found for mitral valve area assessment. CONCLUSION: The proposed method for the calculation of mitral valve area using LA or Cap proved to be highly accurate and simple making it possible to safely monitor valvotomy procedures.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pressure half-time</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral valve area by half-pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>left atrium of the half-pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Determination of mitral valve area through pressure half-time measurements in the left atrium and pulmonary capillary wedge</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evandro Cesar Vidal Osterne; Jorge Haddad; Vicente Paulo da Motta; Paulo Antonio Marra da Motta; Thomas E. C. Osterne; Noeme M. A. C. Osterne; Otoni M. Gomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Taguatinga &#150; DF, Funda&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular S&#227;o Francisco de Assis e ServCor, Taguatinga, DF - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To confirm the validity of the calculation in MVA applying the method of Doppler pressure half-time directly in left atrial (LA) and pulmonary capillary pressure curve.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-five patients with mitral valve stenosis underwent percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV) using the Cribier method with MVA measurement made using the traditional methods (Gorlin and echo-Doppler) and this propose. MVA values obtained were compared and a linear regression model was used to obtain formula for reciprocal calculations of the mitral valve area.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A statistically correlation was found between the calculated values by all methods. The proposed method showed a strong correlation (p&lt; 0.05) with the others mainly before valve opening. Simple reciprocal calculation formulas were found for mitral valve area assessment.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The proposed method for the calculation of mitral valve area using LA or Cap proved to be highly accurate and simple making it possible to safely monitor valvotomy procedures.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pressure half-time, mitral valve area by half-pressure, left atrium of the half-pressure.</p>
      <p>The mitral valve area (MVA) measurement, essential for the evaluation of mitral valve stenosis (MVS) severity, is typically performed by the Gorlin invasive formula, echocardiographic planimetry and pressure half-time performed with the echo-Doppler-cardiograph<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1997, during the <italic>Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mina e Cardiologia Intervencionista</italic> (Congress of the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology), Haddad et al showed that there is a good correlation between mitral valve area values obtained by the Gorlin's method and those calculated by the Doppler pressure half-time method applied directly to the left atrial pressure curve<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of MVA measurements obtained by the Doppler pressure half-time method applied to left atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure curves, and assess its usefulness in monitoring percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During an eighteen-month period, 35 patients with MVS and indication for percutaneous treatment underwent PMV as per the Cribier method<sup>7-9</sup>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e05c1-body2">Chart 1</xref> displays the characteristics of the study population.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e05c1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All patients selected were in normal sinus rhythm and initially underwent clinical and laboratory examinations. Cases were then discussed by a multidisciplinary team and referred to percutaneous therapy.</p>
      <p>Before enrolling in the study, patients received detailed information about existing treatment options, risks and benefits, as well as ethical and methodological aspects of the study on percutaneous mitral valvotomy using Cribier's method. They were also informed about the use of MVA measurements using the half-time pressure applied to the left atrium and pulmonary capillary in order to monitor this procedure. All thirty-five patients decided on the percutaneous procedure with the monitoring procedure proposed and expressed their agreement in participating as research subjects by signing the Informed Consent form, as required by Resolution 196 of the National Health Board of the Ministry of Health, which sets guidelines for research in humans<sup>10</sup>. This study was conducted after the approval by the "Human Research Ethics Committees" of the institutions where the procedures were performed.</p>
      <p>All PMV procedures were performed with the instruments of the Cribier kit, balloon catheters and device for cardiac output monitoring (Arrow-USA), as well as Toshiba and Siemens echo-Doppler-electrocardiographs.</p>
      <p>Before and after the procedures, MVA measurements were calculated by the Gorlin method using the left atrial (GLA-1 e GLA-2) and pulmonary capillary (GCap-1 e GCap-2) pressure curves. With the echo-Doppler device, MVA was calculated by planimetry (Plan-1 and Plan-2). The Doppler valve area measurement (pressure half-time) was taken before and 24 hours after the procedure. There are reports about the inadvisability of calculating MVA by Doppler pressure half-time immediately after the opening of the mitral valve<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The methodology for measuring the mitral valve area with pressure half-time (PHT, PM or P1/2) originated in the observation made by Libanoff and Rodbard that when blood flows passively through a stenotic valve, the diameter of the valve can be estimated by measuring the time necessary for the maximum pressure gradient to reach half its value<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Later on, the application of this concept to Doppler methodology involved a slightly different technique in which the flow value substituted the pressure value<sup>4</sup>. The computer in the device automatically measures the peak velocity of the initial transmitral flow rate and, by mathematic calculation, determines the flow rate at which half of the pressure gradient occurs (peak height divided by 1.4). This flow rate value projected onto the rapid diastolic filling curve allows the automatic calculation of the time at which the maximum gradient falls to one half of its maximum value, and the Doppler (flow) pressure half-time is determined.</p>
      <p>The pressure half-time (PHT / PM) remains relatively constant for a given valve area and over a large variation in flow<sup>16</sup>. For a valve area of 1 cm&#178;, PHT is 220 msec<sup>3</sup>. Therefore, the mitral valve area (MVA) given by the computer in the device is a result of the division of 220 by the PHT found.</p>
      <p>Similar to the above-mentioned method for determining the MVA measurement by Doppler, a line is drawn along the left atrial or pulmonary capillary pressure curve, accompanying the initial phase of the diastolic "collapse" which corresponds to rapid passive ventricular filling ("b" on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e05f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The connecting points in this line are the conventional "v" and "y" points in the left atrial or pulmonary capillary pressure curves. The maximum left atrial diastolic pressure peaks at the "v" point. Immediately after this point, the mitral valve opens. The "y" point corresponds to the nadir of the second negative wave of the atrial or pulmonary capillary pressure curve, and represents the start of the diastolic phase of slow ventricular filling.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e05f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Next, starting from the maximum diastolic pressure point ("v"), a vertical straight line is drawn down to the horizontal axis, and the half-point of this line is measured in millimeters ("c" on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e05f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). After that, a point is sought on the line corresponding to rapid ventricular filling (v-y line), which projection onto the horizontal axis corresponds to half the value of the maximum pressure peak that was previously measured ("d" on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e05f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The distance between these two projected vertical straight lines is also measured in millimeters ("X" distance on the figure). The pressure half-time (PHT/PM) is equal to the time it takes to traverse this X distance between the two straight lines. This can be easily determined using a simple rule of three and observing the velocity of the pressure curve inscription on appropriate paper. As shown on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e05f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>, the standard velocity for all cases is 50 mm/sec.</p>
      <p>Finally, dividing 220 by the PHT (PM), the mitral valve area is determined.</p>
      <p>In order to compare MVA values obtained by the proposed method with those calculated by traditional methods, and evaluate their validity in monitoring percutaneous mitral valvotomy, the valvotomy procedures in this study were monitored. Six mitral valve area measurements were taken and stopped after a significant increment of mitral valve area above 100% of the previously calculated value, with any method used, and ideally, after obtaining an MVA of about 2 cm<sup>2</sup>. A reduction in transmitral pressure gradient of more than 50% by the "three points" method was also used as a criterion of success<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was done in two parts<bold>:</bold> 1) Bivariate Correlation Analysis (Pearson's Correlation) with the two measurements, taken before and after the procedure: Pearson's correlation measures the association among 2 (or more) variables. It is a dimensionless measurement (uses no units) that varies between -1 and 1. The closer the value is to the extremities, the greater the association among the variables. The closer the result is to zero (0), the smaller the association among the variables. On the other hand, the correlation sign measures the direction of this correlation. Negative relationships indicate that the variables are inversely proportional one to the other. Positive correlations indicate that the variables are directly proportional to each other; 2) Linear Regression Analysis: In order to estimate the relationship among several measurements of interest (PMCap and PMLA, for example) relative to other measurements, a linear regression model was used as shown on Table 4. In this model, one can estimate the mitral valve area that would be obtained by echo-Doppler, even if the equipment was not available in the catheterization room.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Success was obtained in all patients, and two complications were recorded. The first was repeat interatrial septum puncture in 19 patients, attributed to a distortion of the interatrial septum secondary to cardiomegalia. The second was the development of mitral insufficiency (+ / 4) in five patients, although without hemodynamic repercussions.</p>
      <p>The mitral valve area values obtained by any method, before and after the procedures, had statistically significant correlations as shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t2-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e05t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e05t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Comparing the data on <xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, one can see that before valvar opening, the association between the values calculated by the proposed method and those obtained by the echo-Doppler-cardiograph device (PMD-1 and Plan 1) was greater than for those obtained by the Gorlin method (G-LA1 and G-Cap1). Nevertheless, this has no practical significance since only relationships under 0.3 are considered statistically weak.</p>
      <p>After the procedures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), the intensity of the relationship between the two proposed methods and the others remained uniformly higher (over 0.7). There were also changes in correlations among the variables where some dropped and others increased. For further analysis, it is important to point out the good correlation of the values obtained via PMD-2 with those obtained by the proposed methods.</p>
      <p>With the linear regression model, it was possible to use simple formulas for calculating the mitral valve areas obtained by other methods. For this, the measurements obtained for PMLA or PMCap can be used, and one can easily reach those determined by other methods (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e05t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mitral valve area, one of the best parameters for the evaluation of mitral stenosis, is commonly calculated by catheterism or by echo-Doppler. With catheterism, the procedure used most often is the Gorlin technique that involves measuring cardiac output by thermodilution and complex formulas. These factors, associated with the need for additional equipment, catheters, and disposable materials, make percutaneous mitral valvotomy more complex and expensive.</p>
      <p>The Gorlin method is more appropriate for patients with sinus rhythm, no mitral regurgitation, normal left ventricular function, and no associated cardiac lesions. The presence of atrial fibrillation, tachycardia, mitral insufficiency, and low cardiac output make the method practically non-viable<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The observation that the PMD-based mitral valve area values correlate with those obtained by Libanoff's method and with anatomo-pathological findings<sup>13</sup>, inspired the application of the Doppler pressure half-time method directly to pulmonary capillary and left atrial pressure curves. In this way, one would be sure to have truer mitral valve area values. These would be direct measurements of the valvar area applied to the instantaneous cavity pressure curve and not the flow record (an indirect assessment).</p>
      <p>Before valvar opening, the application of the method to both pressure curves proved to be of great value and showed an excellent correlation with the echo-Doppler MVA measurements. With the Gorlin method, this correlation was weaker. After the valvotomy, the valvar area calculated using the pressure curve of the left atrium had an inverse association with that found with the Gorlin method (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). On the other hand, in spite of the small differences, the method proved to be viable in any one of the alternatives, with high statistical significance both before and after valvar opening.</p>
      <p>The MVA values calculated on the pulmonary capillary curve were always lower than those found on the left atrium curve. This was surely a consequence of the fact that the pressure curve representative of the initial rapid ventricular filling phase, or diastolic "collapse", observed on the capillary pressure curve, shows a slope smaller than on the left atrial pressure curve. The simultaneous pressure recording (Cap/LA) in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Figure 2</xref> illustrates this fact, where one can see, first of all, the 80 msec delay in the pulmonary capillary pressure curve inscription in comparison to that of the left atrium.</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0705-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Besides this delay, there is an attenuation of the pressure level and inscription velocity of the entire pulmonary capillary wave, manifested by a smaller "v" wave amplitude, followed by a slower "pressure decline" that culminates at the "y" point, which is higher than the peak represented on the left atrial curve. It is as if the rapid ventricular filling phase on the pulmonary capillary curve were slower because of the delay and buffering of the pressure curve. This results in a similar average pressure gradient, although the left atrial pressure curve has greater amplitude, mainly because of its higher "v" wave<sup>13,16</sup>. Consequently, we can affirm that regardless of the method used (Gorlin or the proposed method), the mitral valve area obtained with the pulmonary capillary pressure curve is always slightly smaller than that obtained when the left atrial pressure curve is used.</p>
      <p>Another factor that also seems to contribute towards this difference is the poor quality of pulmonary capillary recordings, due to the difficulties in determining them. Calculations are customarily imprecise, and the gradients are always greater<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, the most precise measurement of the transmitral gradient is obtained by simultaneous LV/LA pressure recordings. Nevertheless, LV/Cap values are very useful, especially in cases with a slight elevation in pulmonary capillary pressure or normal pressure. In these situations, transeptal puncture, with its possible complications, is unnecessary for measuring left atrial pressure since both pressures are practically the same <sup>13</sup>. However, in borderline cases and when capillary pressure is very high, left atrial pressure provides results that are more accurate<sup>13,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Two findings of this study are of great practical importance. First, the good correlation between MVA values calculated with the proposed method and those obtained with echo-Doppler after valvar opening (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e05t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). Literature on hemodynamics has pointed towards the inadvisability of using some MVA values, calculated by pressure half-time, for monitoring valvoplasty procedures<sup>13</sup>. The authors refer especially to those values calculated with Doppler in the catheterism room directly after valvar opening. They emphasize the significant immediate pressure changes that result from the increase in transmitral flow and the equally instantaneous modifications in left atrial complacency.</p>
      <p>Additionally, a certain degree of valvar ring dilation was also observed immediately after the balloon valvotomies, which would represent another error factor in the MVA calculation if it were made right after the procedure.</p>
      <p>In our patients, MVA calculation by pressure half-time using Doppler and by echocardiographic planimetry were made 24 hours after termination of the procedures, when cardiac hemodynamics have adapted and are closer to their true values. Since the results found by the proposed method showed a good correlation with Gorlin and even with echo-Doppler results, we can deduce, with little fear of being wrong, that this method can be used to monitor percutaneous valvotomy procedures. This applies both to left atrial and pulmonary capillary pressure curves.</p>
      <p>The second finding of practical significance is that the echo-Doppler becomes dispensable in the catheterism room, simplifying the method and reducing percutaneous mitral valvotomy costs (having it in the room may still be justified in difficult transeptal puncture cases). This fact is significant when material costs, time needed for the procedure, specialized equipment, and personnel are taken into consideration.</p>
      <p>From this standpoint, the linear regression model mentioned above is very useful. Using simple formulas, one can determine MVA measurements that would be obtained either with the echo-Doppler device or by the Gorlin method, without needing to use these methods in the catheterism room. Depending on the results, the use of the formula with the MVA value found by pulmonary capillary pressure half-time would avoid [unnecessary] use of interatrial septum punctures and the echo-Doppler, for example.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We can conclude that, in comparison to current methods in use, mitral valve area values obtained by Doppler pressure half-time measurements applied directly to the left atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure curves proved very accurate and statistically valid.</p>
      <p>The recognition of the usefulness of monitoring percutaneous mitral valvotomy with the methodology proposed in this investigation, with calculations of the valvar area at each opening of the valvulotome arches or expansion of the balloon, will certainly lead to even better and safer results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Gorlin R, Golin G. Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac valves, and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J 1951; 41: 1-29. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Cohen MV, Gorlin R. Modified Orifice Equation for Mitral Valve Area. Am Heart J 1979; 84:839-46. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Libanoff AJ, Rodbard S: Atrioventricular pressure half-time: measure of mitral valve orifice area. Circulation 1968; 38: 144-50. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Smith MD, Widenbaugh T, Grayburn PA, Gurley JC, Spain MG, Demaria AN. Value and limitations of Doppler pressure half-time in quantifying mitral stenosis: a comparison with micromanometer catheter recordings. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 480-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Fredman CS, Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Kern MJ. Comparison of hemodynamic pressure half-time method and Gorlin formula with Doppler and echocardiographic determination of mitral valve area in patients with combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 121-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Haddad J. Comunica&#231;&#227;o oral. In: Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista. Curitiba, 1997. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Cribier A, Rath PC, Letac B. Percutaneous mitral valvotomy with a metal dilator. Lancet 1997; 349: 1667-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Cribier A, Letac B. Advances in percutaneous aortic and mitral valvuloplasty. In: Textbook of Interventional Cardiology. 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1999: 839-49. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Osterne ECV, Brito JC, Cust&#243;dio WB, Alexim GA, Motta VP, Holmes VM, et al. Valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea pela T&#233;cnica de Cribier: experi&#234;ncia inicial. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas 2001; 9: 7-12. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Resolu&#231;&#227;o no. 196, de 10 de outubro de 1996. In: Diretrizes &#201;ticas Internacionais para Pesquisas Biom&#233;dicas Envolvendo Seres Humanos. Bio&#233;tica 1996; 3: 95-126. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Hatle L, Angelsen B, Tromsdal A. Noninvasive assessment of atrioventricular pressure half-time by Doppler ultrasound. Circulation 1979; 60: 1096-1104. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Fredman CS, Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Kern MJ. Comparison of hemodynamic pressure half-time method and Gorlin formula with Doppler and echocardiographic determination of mitral valve area in patients with combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 121-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Kern MJ, Aguirre FV. Mitral valve gradients. In: Hemodynamic Rounds 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley-Liss Publication, 1999: 69. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Alloan L. &#193;reas valvares, orif&#237;cios de "shunts" e fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o. In: Hemodin&#226;mica e Angiocardiografia. 2&#170; Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Atheneu, 1990: 92-3". </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Bryg RJ, Williams GA, Labovitz AJ, Aker U, Kennedy HL. Effect of atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation on calculated mitral valve area in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 634-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Brogan WC, Lange RA, Hillis LD. Simplified formula for the calculation of mitral valve area: potential inaccuracies in patients with tachicardia. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991; 23: 81-3. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Lange RA, Moore DM, Cigarroa RG, Hillis LD. Use of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure to assess severity of mitral stenosis: is true left atrial pressure needed in this condition? J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 13:825-9.  </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Evandro Cesar Vidal Osterne</p>
          <p> Quadra 12, Bloco U, casa 35</p>
          <p> 70645-215 &#150; Taguatinga, DF, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="osterne@cardiol.br">osterne@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received on June 21, 2005; revised manuscript received October 7, 2005; accepted on October 28, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
