<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kxSGc5CRrJ9zKGwQwKgSNnt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;as periodontais em pacientes com doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, em Hospital Universit&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barilli</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso Dinis Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>La&#233;rcio Joel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>695</fpage>
      <lpage>700</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as periodontais (DP) em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. As DP representam grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica odontol&#243;gica, com distribui&#231;&#245;es diferenciadas quanto a gravidade, faixa et&#225;ria, tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o, comorbidades e fatores de risco. M&#201;TODOS: Foram examinados 480 pacientes no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, e 154 pacientes sem cardiopatia na mesma institui&#231;&#227;o. Preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para a investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal, respectivamente, 58 e 62 pacientes, de trinta a 79 anos. Foram utilizados o &#205;ndice Periodontal Comunit&#225;rio (IPC) e o &#205;ndice de Perda de Inser&#231;&#227;o Periodontal (PIP), recomendados pela OMS (1999). RESULTADOS: Houve predom&#237;nio de sextantes com DP moderada e grave nos pacientes com cardiopatia (76,3% versus 20,2%; p &lt; 0,00001). Nesses pacientes, 1,1% dos sextantes exibiram sa&#250;de periodontal, contra 32,0% nos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,00001). No tocante &#224; hist&#243;ria pregressa das DP, 6,0% dos sextantes n&#227;o exibiram perda de inser&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com cardiopatia, contra 68,0% nos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,00001). Observou-se biofilme dental em 100,0% dos pacientes com cardiopatia e em 82,3% dos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,001). Necessitavam de tratamento de bolsas periodontais &gt; 6 mm, 79,3% dos pacientes com cardiopatia contra 9,7% dos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: As DP mostraram-se muito prevalentes nos grupos estudados, sendo de maior gravidade naquele com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco encontrada aponta para a necessidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as periodontais</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice periodontal</kwd>
        <kwd>perda de inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doen&#231;as periodontais em pacientes com doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, em hospital universit&#225;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana L&#250;cia Azevedo Barilli; Afonso Dinis Costa Passos; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Marin-Neto; La&#233;rcio Joel Franco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as periodontais (DP) em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. As DP representam grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica odontol&#243;gica, com distribui&#231;&#245;es diferenciadas quanto a gravidade, faixa et&#225;ria, tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o, comorbidades e fatores de risco. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram examinados 480 pacientes no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, e 154 pacientes sem cardiopatia na mesma institui&#231;&#227;o. Preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para a investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal, respectivamente, 58 e 62 pacientes, de trinta a 79 anos. Foram utilizados o &#205;ndice Periodontal Comunit&#225;rio (IPC) e o &#205;ndice de Perda de Inser&#231;&#227;o Periodontal (PIP), recomendados pela OMS (1999). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve predom&#237;nio de sextantes com DP moderada e grave nos pacientes com cardiopatia (76,3% versus 20,2%; p &lt; 0,00001). Nesses pacientes, 1,1% dos sextantes exibiram sa&#250;de periodontal, contra 32,0% nos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,00001). No tocante &#224; hist&#243;ria pregressa das DP, 6,0% dos sextantes n&#227;o exibiram perda de inser&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com cardiopatia, contra 68,0% nos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,00001). Observou-se biofilme dental em 100,0% dos pacientes com cardiopatia e em 82,3% dos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,001). Necessitavam de tratamento de bolsas periodontais &gt; 6 mm, 79,3% dos pacientes com cardiopatia contra 9,7% dos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> As DP mostraram-se muito prevalentes nos grupos estudados, sendo de maior gravidade naquele com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco encontrada aponta para a necessidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as periodontais, cardiopatias, &#237;ndice periodontal, perda de inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as periodontais (DP) t&#234;m car&#225;ter universal, representando grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica odontol&#243;gica nos pa&#237;ses pobres e nos desenvolvidos<sup>1,2</sup>. No Brasil, constitui a segunda doen&#231;a bucal de interesse em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, precedida apenas pela c&#225;rie dent&#225;ria<sup>3</sup>. Biofilme e c&#225;lculo dental s&#227;o fatores importantes para o estabelecimento das DP, sendo altamente prevalentes em adultos e jovens em todo o mundo. Contudo, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais graves mostram distribui&#231;&#245;es diferenciadas, variando segundo faixa et&#225;ria, tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o, problemas sist&#234;micos e fatores de risco<sup>1,2,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Enquanto a c&#225;rie resulta na dissolu&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos mineralizados dos dentes, as DP s&#227;o resultado da destrui&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos periodontais pela a&#231;&#227;o dos produtos t&#243;xicos liberados na &#225;rea subgengival por periodontopat&#243;genos espec&#237;ficos<sup>5</sup>. Resultam tamb&#233;m das respostas inflamat&#243;ria e imunol&#243;gica desencadeadas pela presen&#231;a de microorganismos e seus subprodutos t&#243;xicos (lipopolissac&#225;rides-LPS)<sup>5</sup>. &#201; fundamental reconhec&#234;-las como doen&#231;as infecciosas causadas por bact&#233;rias anaer&#243;bias espec&#237;ficas, com fortes evid&#234;ncias de transmissibilidade, com car&#225;ter multifatorial e popula&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;tios de risco<sup>6-10</sup>. S&#227;o cr&#244;nicas e normalmente assintom&#225;ticas<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes<sup>6,11-21</sup> demonstram que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as condi&#231;&#245;es bucais e aterosclerose &#233; consistente em diferentes amostras de popula&#231;&#245;es, e que as condi&#231;&#245;es bucais precedem os eventos coronarianos.</p>
    <p>Nas DP a possibilidade de bacteremias faz-se pela proximidade dos agentes infecciosos com o tecido conjuntivo e seus componentes vasculares. Nas formas moderadas e graves, as endotoxinas (por exemplo, LPS) da parede microbiana podem estimular a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, contribuindo para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e placas ateromatosas<sup>6,8,16</sup>. &#201; muito prov&#225;vel que esse elo fisiopatol&#243;gico atue decisivamente para explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas afec&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e periodontais t&#234;m em comum uma base gen&#233;tica de suscetibilidade e importantes componentes comportamentais, como os h&#225;bitos relacionados a dieta, higiene e pr&#225;tica de tabagismo, dentre outros. Ambas aumentam com o progredir da idade, ocorrem com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia em pessoas com baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e cultural, no g&#234;nero masculino, em diab&#233;ticos, em indiv&#237;duos com quadros de estresse ps&#237;quico e com importante predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica<sup>5,7,12,15,22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<sup>11-21</sup> mostram que portadores de doen&#231;as periodontais graves apresentam risco de morbidade e mortalidade 25% maior para DCV quando comparados com portadores da forma leve de DP, mesmo em presen&#231;a de outros fatores. Observaram tamb&#233;m que pessoas com idade inferior a cinq&#252;enta anos e DP grave possuem 70% de probabilidade de desenvolver DCV no futuro<sup>13,19,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como s&#227;o pouco freq&#252;entes os estudos sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de bucal, em geral, e das DP, em particular, existe grande car&#234;ncia de dados relativos a essas doen&#231;as, tanto quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o como quanto aos fatores de risco. A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de estudar as condi&#231;&#245;es e necessidades bucais, bem como a preval&#234;ncia das DP em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica seguidos em hospital terci&#225;rio, cotejando-se os dados com os obtidos em amostra de pacientes sem cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados pacientes do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), portadores de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, com diagn&#243;stico cardiol&#243;gico comprovado dos grupos 124 e 125, CID 10, do Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica. Como grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o, foram estudados pacientes sem doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana, do Ambulat&#243;rio de Hepatites.</p>
    <p>Na etapa inicial do estudo, os pacientes foram entrevistados e examinados no ambiente do consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico, no momento de sua consulta regularmente agendada. Nesse primeiro contato, foram coletados dados das condi&#231;&#245;es bucais e identificados os potenciais participantes da investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal. As entrevistas e exames bucais foram realizados por um &#250;nico cirurgi&#227;o-dentista. Dificuldades de recrutamento dos pacientes com cardiopatia, com n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de vinte dentes, e dificuldade para emparelhamento por idade com os pacientes sem cardiopatia alteraram o planejamento inicial quanto ao tamanho da amostra do estudo (cem pessoas por grupo). No Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica foram avaliados preliminarmente 480 pacientes, e somente 58 (12,1%) preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para a investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal. No Ambulat&#243;rio de Hepatites foram avaliados 154 pacientes, dos quais 62 pacientes (40,3%) foram inclu&#237;dos na segunda etapa.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com idade entre trinta e 79 anos, e com um m&#237;nimo de vinte dentes funcionais, foram reagrupados em dois novos grupos, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o periodontal. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que, mesmo contemplando os crit&#233;rios de idade e n&#250;mero de dentes, relataram hist&#243;rico de endocardite bacteriana, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou reum&#225;tica e condi&#231;&#227;o de portador de HIV.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o e a gravidade das DP, utilizou-se o sistema recomendado atualmente pela OMS<sup>24</sup>, constitu&#237;do pelo &#205;ndice Periodontal Comunit&#225;rio (IPC) e pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da Perda de Inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal (PIP). Utilizou-se sonda idealizada para o exame periodontal, que apresenta na extremidade uma esfera de 0,5 mm, com uma tarja preta entre 3,5 e 5,5 mm e an&#233;is ou marcas aos 8,5 e 11,5 mm. A t&#233;cnica de sondagem envolve press&#227;o n&#227;o superior a 20 gramas, com o instrumento paralelo &#224; superf&#237;cie dent&#225;ria, tangenciando-a e movimentando-se a sonda ao longo da superf&#237;cie cervical dos dentes, com a ponta esf&#233;rica inserida no sulco gengival e sondando toda a sua extens&#227;o. Na sistem&#225;tica de exame periodontal, a denti&#231;&#227;o &#233; dividida em seis partes ou sextantes, sendo o sextante examinado somente se houver dois ou mais dentes presentes, sem indica&#231;&#227;o de extra&#231;&#227;o por c&#225;rie dent&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Os c&#243;digos previstos no IPC s&#227;o: 0 (sa&#250;de periodontal); 1 (sangramento &#224; sondagem); 2 (c&#225;lculo, por&#233;m a tarja preta da sonda est&#225; vis&#237;vel); 3 (bolsa periodontal de 4-5 mm e margem gengival sobre a tarja preta da sonda); 4 (bolsa periodontal de 6 mm ou mais e tarja preta da sonda n&#227;o vis&#237;vel); X (sextante exclu&#237;do por ter menos de dois dentes presentes). A Perda de Inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal (PIP) &#233; observada nos mesmos sextantes, e objetiva estimar a destrui&#231;&#227;o acumulada durante a vida &#250;til da inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal. Tem como refer&#234;ncia a jun&#231;&#227;o amelocement&#225;ria (JAC), que fica exposta ou vis&#237;vel quando ocorre recess&#227;o gengival. Permite compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos populacionais, sem pretender descrever a extens&#227;o total da perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de um indiv&#237;duo. A extens&#227;o da PIP &#233; registrada utilizando-se os seguintes c&#243;digos: 0 (perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 0-3 mm, JAC n&#227;o vis&#237;vel e valor do IPC de 0-3); 1 (perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 4-5 mm e JAC dentro da tarja preta); 2 (perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 6-8 mm e JAC entre o limite superior da tarja preta e o anel de 8,5 mm); 3 (perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 9-11 mm e JAC entre os an&#233;is de 8,5 e 11,5 mm); 4 (perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 12 mm ou mais e JAC al&#233;m do anel de 11,5 mm); X (sextante exclu&#237;do e menos de dois dentes presentes). Em ambos os &#237;ndices registra-se a pior condi&#231;&#227;o observada, o que n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de condi&#231;&#245;es menos graves em outros s&#237;tios dos sextantes analisados.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es foram digitadas no Programa EpiInfo 6.0 e analisadas no Programa Stata 6.0, mediante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste do qui-quadrado para verificar associa&#231;&#245;es. Nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que o reduzido tamanho amostral impediu a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado, usou-se o teste exato de Fisher. Em todas as situa&#231;&#245;es, o limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi igual a 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na etapa inicial foram examinados 634 pacientes, sendo 480 do grupo com cardiopatia e 154 do grupo sem cardiopatia, no per&#237;odo de 15 de abril a 19 de setembro de 2002.</p>
    <p>Dos 480 pacientes com cardiopatia, 62,5% s&#227;o do g&#234;nero masculino e 37,5% do feminino, e as idades variaram de 33 a 86 anos, nos homens, e de 32 a 86 anos, nas mulheres. A m&#233;dia e a mediana de idade foram, respectivamente, 61,8 e 62,5 anos, e 405 (84,4%) indiv&#237;duos tinham mais de cinq&#252;enta anos. Os resultados relativos ao n&#250;mero de dentes revelaram que 237 pessoas (49,4%) se apresentaram ed&#234;ntulas; 160 (33,3%) com um a dezenove dentes; 34 (7,1%) com vinte a 24 dentes; 35 (7,3%) com 25 a 28 dentes; e quatorze (2,9%) com 29 a 32 dentes. Do total, 397 (82,7%) n&#227;o apresentavam suficiente n&#250;mero de dentes naturais h&#237;gidos e/ou restaurados para aparentemente estar exercendo suas fun&#231;&#245;es bucais sem grandes necessidades de interven&#231;&#245;es para reabilita&#231;&#227;o bucal.</p>
    <p>Dos 154 pacientes sem cardiopatia, 66,2% s&#227;o do g&#234;nero masculino e 33,8% do feminino. As idades variaram de 21 a 61 anos nos homens, e de dezessete a 64 anos nas mulheres. A m&#233;dia e a mediana de idade foram, respectivamente, 41,0 e 40,0 anos, e 117 (76,0%) indiv&#237;duos tinham menos de cinq&#252;enta anos. Os resultados de n&#250;mero de dentes foram substancialmente diferentes do observado no grupo de pacientes com cardiopatia. Observaram-se dez pessoas (6,5%) ed&#234;ntulas, 48 (31,2%) com um a dezenove dentes; dezenove (12,3%) com vinte a 24 dentes; 45 (29,2%) com 25 a 28 dentes; 32 (20,8%) com 29 a 32 dentes. Do total, 56 (37,7%) n&#227;o apresentavam suficiente n&#250;mero de dentes naturais para aparentemente exercer suas fun&#231;&#245;es mastigat&#243;ria, fon&#233;tica e est&#233;tica sem grandes necessidades para reabilita&#231;&#227;o bucal.</p>
    <p>Segundo a necessidade de tratamento odontol&#243;gico, observou-se que 282 (58,8%) dos pacientes com cardiopatia necessitam de reabilita&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica; 200 (41,7%), de tratamento periodontal; dois (0,4%), de tratamento endod&#244;ntico; 51 (10,6%), de cirurgia bucal (exclusivamente para remo&#231;&#227;o de elementos dentais condenados); 69 (14,4%), de procedimentos restauradores; um (0,2%), de outros tipos de procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos; e um (0,2%) n&#227;o apresenta necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o odontol&#243;gica. Entre os pacientes sem cardiopatia, observaram-se 58 (37,7%) necessitando de reabilita&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica; 92 (59,7%) de tratamento periodontal; nenhuma necessidade de tratamento endod&#244;ntico; 21 (13,6%) de cirurgia bucal (exclusivamente para remo&#231;&#227;o de terceiros molares); 23 (14,9%) de procedimentos restauradores; cinco (3,2%) de outros tipos de procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos; e 29 (18,8%) n&#227;o apresentam necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o odontol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Na investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal, entre os 58 pacientes com cardiopatia, 48 (82,8%) s&#227;o homens e dez (17,2%) s&#227;o mulheres. As idades variaram de 33 a 75 anos nos homens e de 38 a setenta anos nas mulheres. A mediana de idade foi de 53 anos nos homens e de 55 nas mulheres. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 53 anos em ambos os g&#234;neros.</p>
    <p>Todos necessitavam de tratamento periodontal: 70,7% de tratamento restaurador; 62,1% de orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto a exames rotineiros para preven&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;ncer bucal; 41,4% de reabilita&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica; 20,7% de cirurgia para remo&#231;&#227;o de elementos dentais condenados; 3,4% de endodontia;e 3,4% de outras terapias.</p>
    <p>Segundo o IPC<italic>,</italic> observou-se sa&#250;de periodontal em quatro sextantes (1,1%); sangramento &#224; sondagem em 16 (4,6%); c&#225;lculo em 60 (17,2%); bolsa periodontal de 4-5 mm em 88 (25,3%); bolsa periodontal <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm em 170 (48,9%); e 10 (2,9%) sextantes exclu&#237;dos da investiga&#231;&#227;o por apresentarem menos de dois dentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref>). Agrupando os escores do IPC condizentes com situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e grau m&#237;nimo de DP (IPC = 0, 1 e 2) t&#234;m-se 80 sextantes (23,7%), e os escores do IPC condizentes com graus moderado e m&#225;ximo de DP (IPC = 3 e 4) t&#234;m-se 258 sextantes (76,3%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo a car&#234;ncia de tratamento periodontal, 79,3% dos pacientes t&#234;m necessidade de tratamento de bolsas periodontais <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm; 15,5% de tratamento de bolsas periodontais de 4-5 mm; e 5,2% de tratamento periodontal de complexidade reduzida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab.2</xref>). Portanto, tr&#234;s (5,2%) indiv&#237;duos apresentaram grau m&#237;nimo de necessidade e 55 (94,8%), grau moderado e m&#225;ximo de necessidade.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Segundo a destrui&#231;&#227;o acumulada durante a vida &#250;til da inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal, mensurada pela Perda de Inser&#231;&#227;o (PIP)<italic>,</italic> observaram-se 21 sextantes (6,0%) sem perda de inser&#231;&#227;o; 103 (29,6%) com perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 4-5 mm; 149 (42,8%) com perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 6-8 mm; 57 (16,4%) com perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 9-11 mm; 8 (2,3%) com perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 12 mm ou mais; e 10 (2,9%) sextantes exclu&#237;dos do exame. Agrupando as categorias "sem perda de inser&#231;&#227;o" e "perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 4-5 mm", condizentes com a perman&#234;ncia dos dentes na cavidade bucal, t&#234;m-se 124 sextantes (36,7%); agrupando as categorias relativas a perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 6 mm e mais, sugestivas de dificuldades &#224; perman&#234;ncia dos dentes na boca, t&#234;m-se 214 sextantes (63,3%).</p>
    <p>Entre os 62 pacientes sem cardiopatia submetidos a investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal, 46 (74,2%) s&#227;o homens e 16 (25,8%) s&#227;o mulheres. As idades variaram de 30 a 61 anos nos homens, e de 30 a 60 anos nas mulheres. A m&#233;dia e a mediana de idade foram de 40 e 39 anos nos homens, e de 37 e 35 anos nas mulheres, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que 51 (82,3%) pacientes desse grupo apresentam alguma car&#234;ncia, sendo 82,3% de tratamento periodontal; 21,0% de tratamento restaurador; 17,7% de reabilita&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica; 14,5% de cirurgia para remo&#231;&#227;o de elementos dentais condenados; 9,7% de orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto a exames rotineiros para preven&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;ncer bucal; e 6,5% de outras necessidades.</p>
    <p>Segundo o IPC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab.III</xref>), observaram-se sa&#250;de periodontal em 119 sextantes (32,0%); sangramento &#224; sondagem em 55 (14,8%); c&#225;lculo em 123 (33,1%); bolsa periodontal de 4 a 5 mm em 58 (15,6%); bolsa periodontal <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm em 17 (4,6%). Agrupando os escores do IPC condizentes com sa&#250;de e grau m&#237;nimo de DP (IPC = 0,1 e 2), t&#234;m-se 297 sextantes (79,8%), restando 75 (20,2%) com graus moderado e m&#225;ximo de DP (IPC = 3 e 4).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo o n&#250;mero de pessoas com necessidade de tratamento periodontal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab.IV</xref>), observaram-se 41 pacientes (66,1%) sem ou com grau m&#237;nimo de necessidade (IPC = 0, 1 e 2) e 21 (33,9%) com grau moderado e m&#225;ximo (IPC = 3 e 4).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo a destrui&#231;&#227;o acumulada durante a vida &#250;til da inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal, PIP<italic>,</italic> observaram-se 253 sextantes (68,0%) sem perda de inser&#231;&#227;o; 91 sextantes (24,5%) com perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 4 a 5 mm; e 28 sextantes (7,5%) com perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 6 a 8 mm. N&#227;o se observaram maiores n&#237;veis de perda de inser&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo de pacientes. Agrupando as categorias "sem perda de inser&#231;&#227;o" e "perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 4-5 mm", condizentes com a perman&#234;ncia dos dentes na cavidade bucal, t&#234;m-se 344 sextantes (92,5%); agrupando-se as categorias relativas &#224; perda de inser&#231;&#227;o de 6 mm e mais, sugestivas de dificuldades &#224; perman&#234;ncia dos dentes na boca, t&#234;m-se 28 sextantes (7,5%).</p>
    <p>A fim de tornar os dois grupos mais compar&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, foram analisadas as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de periodontal nos pacientes situados entre trinta e 59 anos, em ambos os grupos de estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tab.5</xref>). Verifica-se que as piores condi&#231;&#245;es periodontais (escore 4 do IPC) ocorrem com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre os pacientes com cardiopatia, quando comparados aos demais, com valores respectivamente iguais a 34,3% e 3,2% (p &lt; 0,001). De modo consistente, esses pacientes mostram tamb&#233;m maiores porcentuais (58,6% <italic>versus</italic> 8,1%) de necessidade de tratamento periodontal mais complexo (p&lt; 0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os elevados porcentuais de ed&#234;ntulos e de indiv&#237;duos portadores de limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais, decorrentes do pequeno n&#250;mero de dentes, evidenciam car&#234;ncias no que diz respeito &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o odontol&#243;gica adequada em algum momento da vida. Tal fato se comprova tamb&#233;m pela verifica&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;meros elevados de indiv&#237;duos apresentando necessidade de aten&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, particularmente relativas a pr&#243;tese, periodontia e preven&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;ncer bucal. As piores condi&#231;&#245;es encontradas entre os indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia devem-se, possivelmente, &#224; idade mais elevada dos componentes desse grupo (p &lt; 0,0001), embora n&#227;o possa ser descartada a possibilidade de potencializa&#231;&#227;o das DP em pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas. Assim, a maior gravidade da DP nos pacientes com cardiopatia sugere que fatores sist&#234;micos possam estar envolvidos de forma simult&#226;nea na origem das duas doen&#231;as. Todavia, a discrep&#226;ncia quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria limita consideravelmente a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos &#150; particularmente no que diz respeito &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o periodontal &#150;, uma vez que as DP s&#227;o tempo-dependentes. Entretanto, mesmo quando avaliados na mesma faixa et&#225;ria, os dois grupos mantiveram-se discrimin&#225;veis quanto &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de periodontal. Esses resultados corroboram a hip&#243;tese de que a DCV e a DP possam interagir do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, no sentido de ser a DP fator de risco para a DCV.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es gerais de sa&#250;de bucal demonstrou que, em ambos os grupos, houve grandes porcentuais de necessidades nas diferentes especialidades odontol&#243;gicas. As DP mostraram-se muito prevalentes nos dois grupos estudados, sendo de maior gravidade nos pacientes com doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica. Embora n&#227;o mencionados no texto, os fatores de risco para as DP tamb&#233;m se mostraram com preval&#234;ncia elevada, evidenciando a necessidade de implementar estrat&#233;gias de aten&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de bucal, dentre essas, medidas preventivas e educativas para grandes contingentes de popula&#231;&#227;o, de aten&#231;&#227;o periodontal precoce, e dirigidas a grupos de pessoas com risco elevado de desenvolver DP (fumantes, com baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e cultural, com dificuldades de modificar h&#225;bitos inadequados de remo&#231;&#227;o do biofilme dental, bem como portadores de HIV, com diabetes, defici&#234;ncias psicomotoras e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas).</p>
    <p>Conclui-se que &#233; fundamental a cria&#231;&#227;o de meios que melhor orientem os pacientes para os cuidados necess&#225;rios na conquista da sa&#250;de bucal. No &#226;mbito do HCFMRP-USP, imp&#245;e-se a inclus&#227;o de procedimentos de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento sistem&#225;tico das doen&#231;as periodontais, com &#234;nfase nos grupos de risco, viabilizando aos pacientes necessitados uma r&#225;pida e efetiva aten&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de bucal.</p>
    <p>Os resultados desse trabalho apontam para a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos que contemplem maior tamanho amostral e adequado emparelhamento por idade, para se estabelecer com mais precis&#227;o as reais condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de bucal em popula&#231;&#245;es gerais, atendidas em ambientes como o da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o. Apontam tamb&#233;m para a necessidade de a odontologia coletiva alargar o seu campo de aten&#231;&#227;o preventiva e reabilitadora, estendendo-o para al&#233;m de grupos et&#225;rios abaixo de quinze anos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ana L&#250;cia Azevedo Barilli </p>
        <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 </p>
        <p> 14049-900 &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="analuciabarilli@uol.com.br">analuciabarilli@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/06/05; Revisado recebido em 01/07/05; Aceito em 01/07/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1.  Loe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Morrison E. Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri-Lankan tea laborers 14 to 46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 1986; 13(5): 431-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri-Lankan tea laborers 14 to 46 years of age</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anerud</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boysen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases: epidemiology. Ann Periodontol. 1996; 1(1): 1-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Periodontal diseases: epidemiology</article-title>
          <source>Ann Periodontol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Papapanou</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Secretaria Nacional de Programas Especiais de Sa&#250;de. Divis&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de Bucal. Levantamento epidemiol&#243;gico em sa&#250;de bucal; Brasil, zona urbana, 1986. Bras&#237;lia (DF), 1988. 137p.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Levantamento epidemiol&#243;gico em sa&#250;de bucal</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Loe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 1965; 36: 177-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experimental gingivitis in man</article-title>
          <source>J Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1965</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theilade</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Listgarten MA. Nature of periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms. J Periodontal Res 1987; 22(3): 172-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nature of periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms</article-title>
          <source>J Periodontal Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Listgarten</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Loesche WJ, Karapetow F, Pohl A, Kocher T. Plasma lipid and blood glucose in patients with destructive periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27(8): 537-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma lipid and blood glucose in patients with destructive periodontal disease</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loesche</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karapetow</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pohl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kocher</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Page RC. The pathobiology of periodontal disease may affect systemic disease: inversion of a paradigm. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3(1): 108-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The pathobiology of periodontal disease may affect systemic disease: inversion of a paradigm</article-title>
          <source>Ann Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>108</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Ross R. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am Heart J 1999; 138(5 Pt 2): S419-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S419</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Scannapieco FA. Position paper of The American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic disease. J Periodontol 1998l; 69(7): 841-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Position paper of The American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic disease</article-title>
          <source>J Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>841</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scannapieco</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Williams RC, Offenbacher S. Periodontal medicine: the emergence of a new branch of periodontology. Periodontol 2000; 23: 9-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Periodontal medicine: the emergence of a new branch of periodontology</article-title>
          <source>Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Offenbacher</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G, Vokonas PS, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 1996; 67(10 Suppl): 1123-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>J Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1123</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heiss</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vokonas</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Offenbacher</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Beck J. Periodontal implications: older adults. Ann Periodontol 1996; 1(1) 322-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Periodontal implications: older adults</article-title>
          <source>Ann Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>322</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. De Stefano F, Anda RF, Kahn HS, Williamson DF, Russel CM. Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Br Med J 1993; 306(6879): 688-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>688</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>6879</issue>
          <volume>306</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Stefano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anda</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahn</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williamson</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russel</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Glurich I, Grossi S, Albini B, et al. Systemic inflammation in cardiovascular and periodontal disease: comparative study. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9(2): 425-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systemic inflammation in cardiovascular and periodontal disease: comparative study</article-title>
          <source>Clin Diagn Lab Immunol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>425</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glurich</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albini</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Genco RJ. Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 1996; 67(Suppl): 1041-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases</article-title>
          <source>J Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1041</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Genco</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Herzberg MC, Meyer MW. Dental plaque, platelets, and cardiovascular disease. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3(1) 151-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dental plaque, platelets, and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Ann Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herzberg</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Loesche WJ. Periodontal disease: link to cardiovascular disease. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2000; 21(6): 463-6, 468, 470.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Periodontal disease: link to cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Compend Contin Educ Dent</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>6, 468, 470</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loesche</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Mattila KJ, Nieminen MS, Valtonen VV, et al. Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1989; 298 (6676): 779-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>779</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>298</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattila</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valtonen</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Mattila KJ, Valtonen VV, Nieminen M, Huttunen JK. Dental infection and the risk of new coronary events: prospective study of patients with documented coronary artery disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20(3): 588-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dental infection and the risk of new coronary events: prospective study of patients with documented coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>588</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattila</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valtonen</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huttunen</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Mattila KJ, Valle MS, Nieminen MS, Valtonen VV, Hietaniemi KL. Dental infections and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1993; 103(2): 205-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dental infections and coronary atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattila</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valle</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valtonen</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hietaniemi</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Morrison HI, Ellison LF, Taylor GW. Periodontal disease and risk of fatal coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999; 6(1): 7-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Periodontal disease and risk of fatal coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Risk</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellison</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factos for periodontitis. J Periodontol 1993; 64(1): 16-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factos for periodontitis</article-title>
          <source>J Periodontol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haber</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wattles</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crowley</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mandell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joshipura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Joshipura KJ, Rimm EB, Douglass CW, Trichopoulos D, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Poor oral health and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 1996; 75(9): 1631-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Poor oral health and coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Dent Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1631</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joshipura</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rimm</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglass</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trichopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ascherio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Organiza&#231;&#227;o    Mundial da Sa&#250;de. Levantamentos B&#225;sicos em Sa&#250;de Bucal.    4&#350; ed. S&#227;o Paulo: Santos, 1999.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Levantamentos B&#225;sicos em Sa&#250;de Bucal</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Periodontal disease in patients with ischemic coronary atherosclerosis at a University Hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) in patients with ischemic heart disease. PD is a serious public dental health care problem with a differentiated distribution in regards to severity, age group, type of infection, co-morbidities and risk factors. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty patients were examined at the Ischemic Cardiopathy Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo University, as well as 154 patients without heart disease from the same institution. Fifty-eight patients with heart disease and 62 patients without heart disease between the ages of 30 and 79 met the criteria to be included in the investigation. In accordance with recommendations of WHO (1999) the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Periodontal Attachment Loss Index (PALI) were used. RESULTS: Patients with heart disease had a prevalence of sextants with moderate to advanced PD (76.3% versus 20.2%; p &lt; 0.00001). In these patients, 1.1% of the sextants were found to be healthy versus 32.0% of those without heart disease (p &lt; 0.00001). In regards to the progression of PD, 6.0% of the sextants of the patients with heart disease did not exhibit attachment loss versus 68.0% of those without heart disease (p &lt; 0.00001). Dental biofilm was observed in 100.0% of the patients with heart disease and in 82.3% of those without heart disease (p &lt; 0.001). Treatment of periodontal pockets &gt; 6 mm was required in 79.3% of the patients with heart disease versus 9.7% of those without heart disease (p &lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSION: PD was very prevalent in the groups studied with a higher degree of severity in those with ischemic heart diseases. The elevated prevalence of risk factors found, indicates that intervention strategies are required.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Periodontal disease</kwd>
        <kwd>heart diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>periodontal index</kwd>
        <kwd>periodontal attachment loss</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Periodontal disease in patients with ischemic coronary atherosclerosis at a University Hospital</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana L&#250;cia Azevedo Barilli; Afonso Dinis Costa Passos; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Marin-Neto; La&#233;rcio Joel Franco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify the prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) in patients with ischemic heart disease. PD is a serious public dental health care problem with a differentiated distribution in regards to severity, age group, type of infection, co-morbidities and risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Four hundred and eighty patients were examined at the Ischemic Cardiopathy Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo University, as well as 154 patients without heart disease from the same institution. Fifty-eight patients with heart disease and 62 patients without heart disease between the ages of 30 and 79 met the criteria to be included in the investigation. In accordance with recommendations of WHO (1999) the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Periodontal Attachment Loss Index (PALI) were used.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Houve predom&#237;nio de sextantes com DP moderada e grave nos pacientes com cardiopatia (76,3% versus 20,2%; p &lt; 0,00001). Nesses pacientes, 1,1% dos sextantes exibiram sa&#250;de periodontal, contra 32,0% nos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,00001). No tocante &#224; hist&#243;ria pregressa das DP, 6,0% dos sextantes n&#227;o exibiram perda de inser&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com cardiopatia, contra 68,0% nos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,00001). Observou-se biofilme dental em 100,0% dos pacientes com cardiopatia e em 82,3% dos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,001). Necessitavam de tratamento de bolsas periodontais &gt; 6 mm, 79,3% dos pacientes com cardiopatia contra 9,7% dos sem cardiopatia (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> PD was very prevalent in the groups studied with a higher degree of severity in those with ischemic heart diseases. The elevated prevalence of risk factors found, indicates that intervention strategies are required.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Periodontal disease, heart diseases, periodontal index, periodontal attachment loss.</p>
      <p>Periodontal disease is universal, representing a serious public dental health problem for both developing and industrialized countries<sup>1,2</sup>. In Brazil, PD is the second leading public oral health issue surpassed only by tooth decay<sup>3</sup>. Dental biofilm and calculus are important factors for the onset of PD, and are highly prevalent in adults and children worldwide. Nevertheless, the most serious manifestations present differentiated distributions that vary according to age group, type of infection, systemic problems and risk factors<sup>1,2,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>While tooth decay results in demineralization of the teeth, PD is the result of periodontal tissue destruction caused by the action of toxic products released in the sub-gingival area by specific periodontal pathogens<sup>5</sup>. PD can also result from inflammatory and immunological responses caused by the presence of microorganisms and their toxic subproducts (lipopolysaccharides-LPS)<sup>5</sup>. It is important to recognize PD as an infectious disease caused by specific anaerobic bacteria, strongly suspected to be transmissible, multifactorial affecting populations and sites of risk<sup>6-10</sup>. PD is a chronic disease that is usually assymptomatic<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent studies<sup>6,11-21</sup> demonstrate that the association between oral health and atherosclerosis is consistent in different population samples and that the oral conditions precede coronary events.</p>
      <p>In PD there is a possibility of bacteremia due to the proximity of the infectious agents with the connective tissue and its vascular components. In moderate and advanced cases, the endotoxins (for example, LPS) of the microbial wall can stimulate the accumulation of plaque contributing to the formation of thrombi and atheroma plaque<sup>6,8,16</sup>. It is very possible that this physiopathological link is the conclusive explanation of the association between the two conditions.</p>
      <p>Common factors between cardiovascular and periodontal diseases include genetic susceptibility and important behavioral components such as dietary habits, personal hygiene and tobacco use, among others. In both cases the incidence increases with age, and occur more frequently in males, diabetics, people from lower socioeconomic and cultural classes, individuals that suffer from psychic stress and with substantial genetic predisposition<sup>5,7,12,15,22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies conducted in the past few decades<sup>11-21</sup>, demonstrate that people with advanced periodontal diseases present morbidity and mortality risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) 25% higher than those with mild PD, even in the presence of other factors. It was also observed that people under 50 years of age with advanced PD have a 70% chance of developing CVD in the future<sup>13,19,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since there are few studies regarding oral health in general and PD in particular, data relating to distribution and risk factors for these diseases are in short supply. The objective of the present investigation was to study oral conditions and requirements as well as the prevalence of PD in patients with ischemic heart disease with follow-up in a tertiary hospital, comparing the data with those obtained from a sample of patients without heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients from the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HCFMRP-USP) of the Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School, University of S&#227;o Paulo with ischemic coronary atherosclerosis and a cardiac diagnosis confirmed of groups 124 and 125, CID 10, of the Ischemic Cardiopathy Outpatient Clinic were studied. As a comparison group, patients without ischemic heart disease from the Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic were used.</p>
      <p>In the initial stage of the study, the patients were interviewed and examined in the medical office during their regularly scheduled appointment. During this first contact, data regarding oral conditions were collected and the potential participants of the periodontal investigation were identified. The interviews and oral exams for all candidates were performed by the same dental surgeon. Difficulties in recruiting patients with heart disease and a minimum number of 20 teeth as well as age matching with patients without heart disease altered the initial planning of the study sample size (100 people per group). At the Ischemic Cardiopathy Outpatient Clinic, 480 patients were initially evaluated and only 58 (12.1%) fulfilled the criteria to be included in the periodontal investigation. In the Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic, 154 patients were evaluated of which 62 (40.3%) were included in the second stage.</p>
      <p>The patients between the ages of 30 and 79 and with a minimum of 20 functional teeth, were then placed in two new groups for periodontal evaluation. Even if the patients met the criteria for age and number of teeth, they were excluded if they had a previous history of bacterial endocarditis, congenital or rheumatic heart disease or HIV.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the distribution and severity of the PD, the system currently recommended by WHO was used<sup>24</sup> that includes the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and periodontal attachment loss (PAL) assessment. A special periodontal probe with a 0.5 mm ball tip, a black band between 3.5 and 5.5 mm and rings or marks at 8.5 and 11.5 mm was used. The probing technique involves the application of a maximum pressure of 20 grams, with the instrument parallel to the surface of the teeth, touching and moving the probe along the cervical surface with the rounded tip inserted in the gingival sulcus and probing the entire extension. In the periodontal exam technique, the dentition is divided in six parts or sextants, and the sextant was only examined if there were two or more teeth present that were not indicated for extraction due to tooth decay.</p>
      <p>The CPI codes are: 0 (healthy); 1 (bleeding when probed); 2 (calculus detected, but black band of the probe is visible); 3 (4-5mm periodontal pocket and gingival margin on black band on probe); 4 (periodontal pocket 6mm or more, black band on probe not visible); X (sextant excluded, less than two teeth present). Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) was observed in the same sextants in order to estimate the accumulated tissue destruction throughout the life of the periodontal attachment. The cementoenamel junction (CEJ) is exposed or visible when there is gingival recession and is used as a reference. This enables comparisons between the population groups without attempting to describe the extent of attachment loss in an individual. The PAL extent is recorded using the following codes: 0 (loss of attachment of 0-3 mm, CEJ is not visible and CPI value between 0-3); 1 (loss of attachment of 4-5 mm, CEJ within the black band); 2 (loss of attachment of 6-8 mm and CEJ between the upper limit of the black band and the 8.5 mm ring); 3 (loss of attachment of 9-11 mm and CEJ between the 8.5 mm and 11.5 mm rings); 4 (loss of attachment of 12 mm or more and CEJ beyond the 11.5 mm ring); X (sextant excluded and less than two teeth present). For both indexes the worst condition observed was registered; however this does not exclude the presence of less serious conditions at other sites of the sextants evaluated.</p>
      <p>The information was entered into the Program EpiInfo 6.0 and analyzed with the Program Stata 6.0, using the chi-square test to verify associations. In the situations in which the reduced sample size inhibited the use of the chi-square test, the Fisher exact test was used. In all situations, the statistic significance limit adopted was equal to 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the initial stage 634 patients were examined between April 15 and September 19, 2002, of which 480 had heart disease and 154 did not.</p>
      <p>Of the 480 patients with heart disease, 62.5% were males between the ages of 33 and 86 and 37.5% were females between the ages of 32 and 86. The average and median ages were 61.8 years and 62.5 years respectively, and 405 (84.4%) of the individuals were more than 50 years old. The results relative to the number of teeth revealed that 237 people (49.4%) were edentulous, 160 (33.3%) had between one and 19 teeth, 34 (7.1%) had between 20 and 24 teeth, 35 (7.3%) had between 25 and 28 teeth, and 14 (2.9%) had between 29 and 32 teeth. On the whole, 397 (82.7%) did not have enough healthy and/or restored natural teeth to perform normal oral functions and required major mouth rehabilitation interventions.</p>
      <p>Of the 154 patients without heart disease, 66.2% were male and 33.8% were female. The ages of the males ranged from 21 to 61 years and for the females between 17 and 64. The average and median ages were 41 and 40 respectively and 117 (76.0%) were less than 50 years of age. The results of tooth counts were substantially different from those observed in the heart disease group. Ten people (6.5%) were edentulous, 48 (31.2%) had between one and 19 teeth, 19 (12.3%) had between 20 and 24 teeth, 45 (29.2%) had between 25 and 28 teeth and 32 (20.8%) had between 29 and 32 teeth. On the whole, 56 (37.7%) did not have a sufficient number of natural teeth to fulfill chewing, phonetic and aesthetic functions without major mouth rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>In relation to dental treatment requirements, 282 (58.8%) of the heart disease patients required prosthetic rehabilitation, 200 (41.7%) required periodontal treatment, two (0.4%) required endodontic treatment, 51 (10.6%) required oral surgery (exclusively to remove damaged teeth), 69 (14.4%) required restoration procedures, one (0.2%) required other dental procedures and, one (0.2%) did not require any dental interventions. Among the patients without heart disease, 58 (37.7%) required prosthetic rehabilitation, 92 (59.7%) required periodontal treatment, none required endodontic treatment, 21 (13.6%) required oral surgery (exclusively to remove wisdom teeth); 23 (14.9%) required restoration procedures, five (3.2%) required other dental procedures and, 29 (18.8%) did not require any dental interventions.</p>
      <p>In the periodontal investigation of the 58 patients with heart disease, 48 (82.8%) were men and ten (17.2%) were women. Ages ranged between 33 and 75 for the men and between 38 and 70 for the women. The median age for men was 53 years and for women 55. The average age for both genders was 53 years.</p>
      <p>All required periodontal treatment, 70.7% required restoration procedures, 62.1% required counseling regarding routine exams for oral cancer prevention, 41.4% required prosthetic rehabilitation, 20.7% required oral surgery to remove condemned teeth, 3.4% required endodontic treatment and 3.4% required other procedures.</p>
      <p>Based on the CPI, four (1.1%) sextants were healthy, 16 (4.6%) had bleeding during probing, 60 (17.2%) had calculus, 88 (25.3%) had periodontal pockets of 4-5 mm, 170 (48.9%) had periodontal pockets <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm, and 10 (2.9%) sextants were excluded from the investigation as there were less than two teeth present (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t1-body2">Tab.1</xref>). Eighty sextants (23.7%) were classified within the CPI scores indicating healthy gingiva or a minimal degree of PD (CPI = 0, 1 and 2), and 258 sextants (76.3%) were classified within the CPI scores indicating moderate to advanced degrees of PD (CPI = 3 and 4).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In reference to lack of periodontal treatment, 79.3% of the patients required treatment for periodontal pockets <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm, 15.5% for treatment of periodontal pockets of 4-5 mm and 5.2% required other less complex periodontal treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Tab.2</xref>). Therefore, three (5.2%) patients required minimal interventions and 55 (94.8%) required interventions for moderate to maximum PD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Based on the accumulated tissue destruction throughout the life of the periodontal attachment, measured by loss of attachment, 21 sextants (6.0%) presented no loss of attachment, 103 (29.6%) had loss of attachment between 4-5 mm, 149 (42.8%) loss of attachment between 6-8 mm, 57 (16.4%) loss of attachment between 9-11 mm, eight (2.3%) loss of attachment of 12 mm or more, and ten (2.9%) sextants were excluded from the exam. The categories "no loss of attachment" and "loss of attachment of 4-5 mm" were combined as these stages are not indicative of tooth loss and included 124 sextants (36.7%). All categories for loss of attachment of 6 mm and more were grouped together as these stages are indicative of tooth loss and included 214 sextants (63.3%).</p>
      <p>Among the 62 patients without heart disease submitted to the periodontal investigation, 46 (74.2%) were male and 16 (25.8%) were female. Ages ranged from 30 to 61 for the males and from 30 to 60 for the females. The average and median ages for the men were 40 and 39 years and for the women 37 and 35 years, respectively.</p>
      <p>It was observed that 51 (82.3%) patients in this group presented some type of problem of which 82.3% required periodontal treatment, 21.0% required restorations, 17.7% required prosthetic rehabilitation, 14.5% required surgery to remove condemned teeth, 9.7% required counseling regarding routine exams for the prevention of oral cancer, and 6.5% required other treatments.</p>
      <p>Based on the CPI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t3-body2">Tab.3</xref>), healthy gingiva were observed in 119 sextants (32.0%), bleeding when probed in 55 (14.8%), calculus in 123 (33.1%), periodontal pockets of 4 to 5 mm in 58 (15.6%) and periodontal pockets <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm in 17 (4.6%). The CPI scores for healthy gingiva and minimal degrees of PD (CPI = 0, 1 and 2) were combined and accounted for 297 sextants (79.8%), leaving 75 (20.2%) with moderate to maximum PD (CPI = 3 and 4).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the number of people requiring periodontal treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t4-body2">Tab.4</xref>), it was observed that 41 patients (66.1%) required no or a minimal degree of treatment (CPI = 0, 1 and 2) and 21 (33.9%) required moderate to maximum degrees of treatment (CPI = 3 and 4).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the accumulated tissue destruction throughout the life of the periodontal attachment, 253 sextants (68.0%) had no loss of attachment, 91 sextants (24.5%) had loss of attachment between 4 and 5 mm, and 28 sextants (7.5%) had loss of attachment of 6 to 8 mm. Loss of attachment greater than 8 mm was not observed in this group of patients. The categories "no loss of attachment" and "loss of attachment of 4-5 mm" were combined as these stages are not indicative of tooth loss and included 344 sextants (92.5%). All categories for loss of attachment of 6 mm or more were grouped together as these stages are indicative of tooth loss and included 28 sextants (7.5%).</p>
      <p>In order to make the two groups more compatible in relation to age, the periodontal health conditions in the patients between 30 and 59 years for both groups were analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">Tab.5</xref>). It was verified that the worst periodontal conditions (CPI score of 4) were more frequently seen in the patients with heart disease when compared to the others with respective values of 34.3% and 3.2% (p &lt; 0.001). These patients also had consistently higher percentages (58.6% versus 8.1%) for more complex periodontal treatments (p&lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0695-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The elevated percentages of edentulous individuals and those with limited functions due to the low number of teeth are proof of the lack of adequate dental care at some point in their lives. This fact is also proven by the elevated number of individuals that required health care, particularly in regard to prostheses, periodontal treatment and oral cancer prevention. The worst conditions found among the individuals with heart disease are probably due to the advanced age of the members of this group (p &lt; 0.0001) although the possible influence of PD in patients with ischemic heart problems cannot be disregarded. Thus, the greater severity of PD in patients with heart disease suggests that systemic factors could be simultaneously involved in the origin of the two diseases. However, age distribution discrepancies greatly limits result comparison when evaluating the two groups, particularly regarding the periodontal investigation, since PD is time dependent. Nevertheless, even when evaluated in the same age group, the two groups remained distinct regarding periodontal health. These results agree with the hypothesis that there could be a physiopathological relationship between CVD and PD in that PD is a risk factor for CVD.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of general oral health conditions demonstrated that both groups required large percentages of dental treatments in all specialties. PD was very prevalent in the two study groups but much more severe in the patients with ischemic coronary atherosclerosis. Although not mentioned in the text, there was also a high prevalence of risk factors for PD, indicating the need to implement oral health care strategies that include preventative and educational measures for large population groups, early periodontal care and directed at groups with higher risks to develop PD (smokers, low socioeconomic and cultural classes, those with difficulty to modify inadequate habits of dental biofilm removal, people infected with HIV, diabetics, people with psychomotor deficiencies and ischemic diseases).</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the creation of methods to better orient patients regarding oral health care is essential. At the HCFMRP-USP clinic, diagnostic procedures and systematic treatment of periodontal diseases have been implemented, with emphasis placed on high risk groups, making quick and effective oral health care viable for those who need it.</p>
      <p>The results of this study indicate the need to conduct new studies with larger samples and adequate age matching to accurately establish real oral health conditions in general population groups that receive care in clinics such as the one used in this study. They also indicate the requirement of Public Dental Care to be expanded to include preventive and rehabilitation care for age groups above 15 years of age.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ana L&#250;cia Azevedo Barilli</p>
          <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900</p>
          <p> 14049-900 &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="analuciabarilli@uol.com.br">analuciabarilli@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 6, 2005; revised manuscript received July 1, 2005; accepted July 1, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
