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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7ngSfLKzBRxTppqJMDhqfBF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto Perez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Escosteguy</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Caminha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>688</fpage>
      <lpage>694</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil hormonal tireoidiano em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), e nos grupos: 1) angina inst&#225;vel e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (AI/IAM sem supra ST); 2) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento (IAM com supra ST), e nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram ou n&#227;o a &#243;bito conforme os grupos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados prospectivamente setenta pacientes portadores de SCA, internados na unidade coronariana do Hospital dos Servidores do Estado/RJ. As amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas foram coletadas nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. Exame cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiograma foram realizados no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Dos 70 pacientes admitidos, 13 (18,6%) apresentaram a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" (SED), que consiste na queda do horm&#244;nio T3 e ou T3 livre, aumento do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso (rT3) e inaltera&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios TSH, T4 e T4 livre. Nos pacientes do grupo IAM com supra ST, observaram-se eleva&#231;&#227;o precoce e maiores m&#233;dias do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano T3 reverso (rT3) e menores m&#233;dias dos horm&#244;nios T3 e T3 livre. Nos coronariopatas que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito, observamos achados hormonais condizentes com os encontrado na SED, com valores m&#233;dios expressivos dos horm&#244;nios rT3 e T3. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostram a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento da "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" nos pacientes coronariopatas, sugerindo associa&#231;&#227;o com pior progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nios tireoidianos</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas</kwd>
        <kwd>eutireoidiano doente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Caetano Pimentel; Gilberto Perez Cardoso; Claudia Caminha Escosteguy; Luiz Maurino Abreu</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense e Universidade dos Servidores do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever o perfil hormonal tireoidiano em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), e nos grupos: 1) angina inst&#225;vel e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (AI/IAM sem supra ST); 2) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento (IAM com supra ST), e nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram ou n&#227;o a &#243;bito conforme os grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados prospectivamente setenta pacientes portadores de SCA, internados na unidade coronariana do Hospital dos Servidores do Estado/RJ. As amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas foram coletadas nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. Exame cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiograma foram realizados no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 70 pacientes admitidos, 13 (18,6%) apresentaram a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" (SED), que consiste na queda do horm&#244;nio T3 e ou T3 livre, aumento do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso (rT3) e inaltera&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios TSH, T4 e T4 livre. Nos pacientes do grupo IAM com supra ST, observaram-se eleva&#231;&#227;o precoce e maiores m&#233;dias do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano T3 reverso (rT3) e menores m&#233;dias dos horm&#244;nios T3 e T3 livre. Nos coronariopatas que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito, observamos achados hormonais condizentes com os encontrado na SED, com valores m&#233;dios expressivos dos horm&#244;nios rT3 e T3. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostram a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento da "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" nos pacientes coronariopatas, sugerindo associa&#231;&#227;o com pior progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Horm&#244;nios tireoidianos, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, eutireoidiano doente</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m sido estudadas e enfatizadas como grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Segundo dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, elas representam a principal causa de morte em nosso pa&#237;s e a terceira maior causa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos t&#234;m mostrado a influ&#234;ncia dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos na morbidade e mortalidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>2-3</sup>, da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>4</sup>, da aterosclerose<sup>5</sup>, da dislipidemia<sup>6</sup> e em cirurgias cardiopulmonares<sup>7-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O perfil plasm&#225;tico dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos em muitas doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, n&#227;o-tireoidianas, dentre essas as cardiopatias agudas, tem sido descrito. As altera&#231;&#245;es observadas nessas situa&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido classificadas como a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente", que consiste em n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos baixos de T3 total e ou T3 livre, elevados de T3 reverso (rT3) e normais de TSH, T4 e T4 livre. Tais achados encontram-se presentes no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e com implica&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico<sup>9-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acredita-se que a altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana possa ser decorrente do mecanismo de conservar energia perante a altera&#231;&#227;o da homeostase sist&#234;mica ocasionada pelo evento isqu&#234;mico agudo<sup>11</sup> ou relacionada diretamente &#224;s citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, agindo como um marcador inflamat&#243;rio<sup>12-13</sup>, ou ambos os mecanismos envolvidos.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as poss&#237;veis modifica&#231;&#245;es do perfil dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, no momento do diagn&#243;stico da condi&#231;&#227;o, compar&#225;-los em dois grupos, em raz&#227;o de implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e progn&#243;sticos distintos: angina inst&#225;vel/infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento (AI/IAM sem supra ST) e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM com supra ST), e nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito ou n&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo observacional prospectivo de setenta pacientes internados consecutivamente na unidade coronariana de um hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio (Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2002 a dezembro de 2002. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, independentemente de sexo, ra&#231;a, etnia, idade, e gravidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;am pacientes que estivessem em uso pr&#233;vio das seguintes medica&#231;&#245;es: corticoester&#243;ides, amiodarona, medicamentos para tratamento de doen&#231;as da tire&#243;ide ou uso pr&#233;vio de contraste iodado at&#233; duas semanas antes; portadores de doen&#231;as previamente conhecidas como: neoplasias, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica em uso de antibi&#243;ticos, cirrose hep&#225;tica, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, diabete melito descompensado, condi&#231;&#245;es que sabidamente alteram as provas funcionais tireoidianas.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, constitu&#237;da pela anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma e, ap&#243;s termo de consentimento, foram colhidas amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas para exames laboratoriais nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias consecutivos de interna&#231;&#227;o. Os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos TSH, T3, T4, T3 livre e T4 livre foram dosados com o <italic>kit Coat-A-Coat</italic> da Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), pela t&#233;cnica quimioluminesc&#234;ncia, entre um anticorpo monoclonal (espec&#237;fico) e um ant&#237;geno marcado, formando um complexo imune. O horm&#244;nio tireoidiano rT3 foi dosado atrav&#233;s de radioimunoensaio, com o <italic>kit Serono</italic>. Horm&#244;nios dosados e seus respectivos valores de refer&#234;ncia foram: TSH (0,4 a 4 mU/ml), T3 (70 a 100 &#181;g/dl), T3 livre (1,5 a 4,1 pg/ml), T4 (4,5 a 12,5 &#181;g/dl), T4 livre (0,8 a 1,90 &#181;g/dl) e rT3 (0,09 a 0,35 &#181;g/ml).</p>
    <p>No momento da interna&#231;&#227;o (primeiro dia), procurou-se identificar a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente". Em seguida, comparou-se o perfil plasm&#225;tico tireoidiano nos grupos: AI/IAM sem supra ST e IAM com supra ST, nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias, e posteriormente nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito ou n&#227;o. Na nossa amostra n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas m&#233;dias hormonais segundo sexo e idade.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student (quando assumida homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias) ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (na aus&#234;ncia de homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias). Foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo um p-bicaudal &lt; 0,05 (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia = 5%). O banco de dados foi constru&#237;do no programa Epinfo, vers&#227;o 2000.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense, sob o n&#250;mero 111/02, e fez parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado defendida em 23/4/2005, na Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos setenta pacientes internados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, dos quais 39 (55,7%) tiveram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM com supra ST) e 31 (44,3%) angina inst&#225;vel e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (AI/IAM sem supra ST). Dos pacientes com IAM com supra ST, doze (30,8%) foram submetidos a tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica. Em 70% dos pacientes a primeira amostra sang&#252;&#237;nea foi coletada com delta t al&#233;m de doze horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Houve sete &#243;bitos (10%), sendo seis pacientes do grupo IAM com supra ST.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra as m&#233;dias dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos no momento do diagn&#243;stico da interna&#231;&#227;o. A m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano T3 reverso foi maior que os valores de refer&#234;ncia nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias, mais pronunciado no quarto dia. As m&#233;dias dos outros horm&#244;nios estiveram dentro dos valores de normalidade.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio TSH apresentou uma grande dispers&#227;o na amostra, o que se reflete nos valores elevados do desvio-padr&#227;o. Os valores das medianas do TSH nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias foram respectivamente: 1,28; 3,25 e 1,44.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> mostra as m&#233;dias com respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios rT3, T3 e T3 livre, nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias consecutivos, nos grupos: AI/IAM sem supra ST e IAM com supra ST; valor de p correspondente &#224; diferen&#231;a entre esses dois grupos. O primeiro dia representa a dosagem s&#233;rica hormonal no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Os valores em it&#225;lico significam as m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas elevadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de refer&#234;ncia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos horm&#244;nios T4, T4 livre e TSH, n&#227;o houve maiores altera&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Analisando a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>, observamos que as m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso foram maiores que os valores de refer&#234;ncia nos dois grupos de pacientes, e essa tend&#234;ncia foi mais pronunciada nos pacientes do grupo IAM com supra ST, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos horm&#244;nios T3 e T3 livre, as m&#233;dias estiveram dentro dos valores normais, e sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. Houve uma queda das m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T3 nos primeiro e quarto dias, respectivamente, no grupo IAM com supra ST. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia do T3 livre, essa tend&#234;ncia foi mais pronunciada no grupo IAM com supra ST, nos quarto e s&#233;timo dias, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> mostram as m&#233;dias dos horm&#244;nios rT3 e T3 segundo &#243;bitos conforme o diagn&#243;stico IAM com supra ST e AI/IAM sem supra ST, com respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o e signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Os valores em destaque no rT3 significam m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas elevadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de refer&#234;ncia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao T3, os valores em destaque significam m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas abaixo dos valores de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas representam uma afec&#231;&#227;o grave, com implica&#231;&#245;es na morbidade e mortalidade, capazes de alterar a homeostase da gl&#226;ndula tire&#243;ide<sup>14</sup>. Em nosso estudo, procuramos avaliar nos pacientes coronariopatas o perfil plasm&#225;tico dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos e se esse caracterizava ou n&#227;o a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente", que consiste na queda plasm&#225;tica dos horm&#244;nios T3 e/ou T3 livre, inaltera&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio TSH e aumento do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso. Comparamos os achados nos grupos angina inst&#225;vel e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (AI/IAM sem supra ST) e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM com supra ST). Essa divis&#227;o dos grupos teve por finalidade observar se o perfil hormonal tireoidiano teria comportamento distinto, visto que o grupo IAM com supra ST apresenta pior progn&#243;stico, tendo aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos peculiares que determinam a presen&#231;a do trombo oclusivo, e necessitando de estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o, seja por trombol&#237;ticos ou recanaliza&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do comportamento do perfil hormonal nos pacientes coronariopatas internados, observamos aumento da m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso e inaltera&#231;&#227;o dos outros horm&#244;nios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). O perfil hormonal m&#233;dio n&#227;o foi consistente com os achados da "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" para o conjunto total dos setenta pacientes. Por&#233;m, na an&#225;lise dos valores plasm&#225;ticos dos horm&#244;nios no total de pacientes no primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, observamos que treze pacientes (18,6%) tiveram concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas condizentes com as encontradas na "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente". Quando comparados os grupos AI/IAM sem supra ST e IAM com supra ST, a m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica elevada do horm&#244;nio rT3 foi mais pronunciada nesse &#250;ltimo, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Dos setenta pacientes coronariopatas avaliados neste estudo, sete (10%) faleceram entre o primeiro e o s&#233;timo dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, per&#237;odo em que houve a coleta de dados e a de amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas. Salientando que o primeiro dia foi considerado o momento da interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade coronariana. Neste estudo, a op&#231;&#227;o de excluir os pacientes com doen&#231;as tireoidianas pr&#233;vias, diabete melito descompensado, doen&#231;as renal, hep&#225;tica, neoplasias e uso de agentes tireoidianos e amiodarona teve por finalidade evitar a influ&#234;ncia desses no perfil plasm&#225;tico dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos. O fato de terem sido observadas algumas altera&#231;&#245;es nas m&#233;dias hormonais que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pode estar relacionado ao tamanho da amostra e &#224; falta de poder estat&#237;stico para detectar tais diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, nos pacientes internados, a m&#233;dia da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso esteve acima dos valores da normalidade, nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias; e a maior m&#233;dia foi observada no quarto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros horm&#244;nios, TSH, T3, T3 livre, T4 e T4 livre, as m&#233;dias estiveram dentro dos valores da normalidade, nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias.</p>
    <p>Quando comparados os dois grupos de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, as m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso estiveram acima dos valores da normalidade tanto no grupo AI/IAM sem supra ST quanto no grupo IAM com supra ST, nos primeiro, quarto e s&#233;timo dias. A eleva&#231;&#227;o foi maior no segundo grupo, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa. Em ambos os grupos, o aumento da m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso foi mais pronunciado no quarto dia.</p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T3 e T3 livre foram menores no grupo IAM com supra ST, no quarto dia, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa. Esse achado sugere que as maiores altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais ocorreram no quarto dia, fato observado na literatura, pois nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem complica&#231;&#245;es, a partir do quinto dia, as m&#233;dias de T3 e T3 livre retornam aos valores normais.</p>
    <p>Num estudo com dezesseis pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do marcador enzim&#225;tico CKMB, ambos tratados com tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica, as dosagens s&#233;ricas dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos foram feitas com duas, quatro, seis, oito, doze e 72 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o. As m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T4, T4 livre, T3, T3 livre e TSH foram normais at&#233; o terceiro dia, enquanto a m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso esteve elevada com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05) desde a primeira dosagem at&#233; as 72 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de haver eleva&#231;&#227;o precoce somente do horm&#244;nio rT3 comparados aos outros horm&#244;nios, e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos horm&#244;nios T3 nos primeiro e quarto dias, e do T3 livre nos quarto e s&#233;timo dias, respectivamente, esse perfil pode sugerir a presen&#231;a da "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" no grupo IAM com supra ST, de pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Num outro estudo com 95 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e dezenove com angina inst&#225;vel, divididos em uso ou n&#227;o de betabloqueadores e trombol&#237;ticos, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,05) da m&#233;dia do horm&#244;nio T3 e aumento do T3 reverso, com inaltera&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos horm&#244;nios T3 livre, T4, T4 livre e TSH em todos os pacientes desde a interna&#231;&#227;o at&#233; os cinco primeiros dias. Esses achados foram condizentes com os encontrados na "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente". N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa do perfil plasm&#225;tico dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos entre angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>14</sup>. Nossa cr&#237;tica a esse trabalho reside no fato de que betabloqueadores alteram a convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica de T4 em T3.</p>
    <p>Em outro trabalho envolvendo nove pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, comparados a 27 pacientes de um grupo controle, saud&#225;veis, na interna&#231;&#227;o, as m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T3, T3 livre e T4 foram menores e as do T4 livre, TSH e T3 reverso foram maiores. No terceiro dia, observou-se maior queda da concentra&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T4, T3 livre e T3, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05). A maior m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso foi no quarto dia, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,005). As m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T4 livre e TSH estiveram inalteradas<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso tem sido descrito em diversas doen&#231;as n&#227;o-tireoidianas, inclusive nos casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. E esse aumento quando associado a baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios T3 e ou T3 livre com TSH inalterado caracteriza a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente"<sup>16</sup>. A concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica desse horm&#244;nio serve para diferenciar o estado de hipotireoidismo da s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente, pois no primeiro h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso, enquanto no segundo h&#225; uma eleva&#231;&#227;o desse<sup>17</sup>. Por defini&#231;&#227;o, essa s&#237;ndrome s&#243; existe na aus&#234;ncia de desordem prim&#225;ria do hipot&#225;lamo, da hip&#243;fise e da gl&#226;ndula tire&#243;ide.</p>
    <p>Uma das hip&#243;teses postuladas da precocidade da altera&#231;&#227;o desse horm&#244;nio, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros nas doen&#231;as n&#227;o-tireoidianas, &#233; o fato do <italic>clearence</italic> metab&#243;lico do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso ser maior que a da convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica do T4 em T3<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis dessa s&#237;ndrome provavelmente est&#227;o relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais na concentra&#231;&#227;o, distribui&#231;&#227;o, produ&#231;&#227;o, <italic>clearence</italic>, afinidade a prote&#237;nas carreadoras e resposta a &#243;rg&#227;os alvos<sup>19</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais plasm&#225;ticas observadas na s&#237;ndrome provocam o aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, provocando efeitos delet&#233;rios no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Num estudo com 114 pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas aguda, divididas em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e angina inst&#225;vel, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica dos horm&#244;nios T3 e aumento do T3 reverso nos pacientes coronariopatas, e essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram mais exuberantes e com diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,03) naqueles com complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a, que inclu&#237;am dist&#250;rbios do ritmo e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tal perfil hormonal tireoidiano observado confirmou os achados condizentes com a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente". As varia&#231;&#245;es hormonais observadas foram independentes do uso de trombol&#237;ticos e betabloqueadores<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito, comparados aos n&#227;o-&#243;bitos, houve queda da m&#233;dia plasm&#225;tica dos horm&#244;nios T3 e T3 livre, com diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,003) e (p = 0,04) no quarto dia, e maiores m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso com diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,02) no quarto dia. Os valores hormonais do TSH, T4 e T4 livre estiveram dentro da normalidade. As altera&#231;&#245;es das m&#233;dias plasm&#225;ticas dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito foram consistentes com as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas observadas na "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente", que esteve presente nos quarto e s&#233;timo dias, com maior m&#233;dia da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do T3 reverso, e a menor do T3 e T3 livre no quarto dia.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo com 165 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, dezesseis (10%) morreram na primeira semana de interna&#231;&#227;o, e o valor da mediana plasm&#225;tica do horm&#244;nio T3 reverso foi maior no grupo &#243;bito com diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,004), e associado &#224; maior taxa de mortalidade em curto e longo prazos, independente de outros fatores de risco<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Algumas teorias s&#227;o propostas para justificar a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente", como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da convers&#227;o extratireoidiana do T4 em T3, resultado da diminui&#231;&#227;o do <italic>clearence</italic> do T4 para o meio intracelular, ou pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica 5' desiodase<sup>21</sup>. Outros poss&#237;veis mecanismos podem estar envolvidos: diminui&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o da tireotropina, com diminui&#231;&#227;o de T4 e de T3; globulina ligada a tiroxina, albumina e a afinidade de ambas aos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos podem estar diminu&#237;das, prejudicando a a&#231;&#227;o da enzima 5' monodesiodase<sup>22</sup>, capta&#231;&#227;o de T4 e T3 diminu&#237;da, assim como a a&#231;&#227;o desses p&#243;s-receptor prejudicada<sup>17</sup>. Todos esses mecanismos podem ser influenciados diretamente pelos altos n&#237;veis de catecolaminas<sup>23</sup>. Tais mecanismos justificam a hip&#243;tese da gl&#226;ndula tire&#243;ide adaptar o seu metabolismo de acordo com a enfermidade envolvida, caracterizando a "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente". O fato de os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do horm&#244;nio TSH estarem inalterados ou pouco alterados &#233;, provavelmente, justificado por duas teorias: inabilidade do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise em responder &#224; baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do horm&#244;nio T3 e/ou secre&#231;&#227;o suprimida do TSH pelo n&#237;vel s&#233;rico normal ou pouco elevado do T4<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias do nosso estudo apontam, portanto, no mesmo sentido que aquelas trazidas pelos demais estudos citados por n&#243;s at&#233; aqui. Nossos dados sugerem que as maiores altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais est&#227;o associadas a eventos de maior gravidade (IAM com supra ST e &#243;bito).</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo est&#227;o relacionadas a quest&#245;es operacionais e financeiras, que influenciaram o tamanho da amostra. Algumas altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais observadas podem n&#227;o ter alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pela falta de poder da amostra. Outras t&#233;cnicas estat&#237;sticas poderiam auxiliar a melhor compreens&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o das dosagens hormonais. O tamanho da amostra limitou tamb&#233;m a possibilidade de an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>As implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas deste estudo est&#227;o relacionadas a um melhor conhecimento do papel do metabolismo dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nas doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas n&#227;o-tireoidianas, no caso as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. O perfil hormonal caracterizado pela "s&#237;ndrome do eutireoidiano doente" parece estar relacionado com aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e com o progn&#243;stico dessas doen&#231;as, sendo necess&#225;rios novos estudos para comprova&#231;&#227;o do fato.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil/ Sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br">http:// tabnet.datasus.gov.br</ext-link>, ano 2001.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Caetano Pimentel </p>
        <p> Rua Mario Covas J&#250;nior, 135/503 </p>
        <p> 22631-030 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rodrigocp@cardiol.br">rodrigocp@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/05/05; Revisado recebido em 24/08/05; Aceito em 29/08/05.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe thyroid hormone profile in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), divided into two groups: 1) unstable angina and/or non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI); 2) ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), as well as in patients that progressed or not to death, according to the groups. METHODS: Seventy ACS patients admitted to the coronary care unit of the Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, were prospectively studied. Blood samples were collected on day 1 and on days 4 and 7 following admission. Clinical evaluation and electrocardiograms were performed during hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the 70 patients admitted, 13 (18.6%) had "euthyroid sick syndrome" (ESS), a condition characterized by decreased serum T3 and/or free T3, increased serum reverse T3 (rT3), plus normal serum TSH, T4, and free T4. Patients belonging to the STEMI group showed early elevations, in addition to higher mean reverse T3 (rT3) and lower mean T3 and free T3 levels. In coronary heart disease patients that progressed to death, hormonal findings were consistent with those found in the ESS, with more expressive rT3 and T3 mean values. CONCLUSION: Our results show the importance of recognizing the "euthyroid sick syndrome" in coronary heart disease patients, suggesting an association with poorer prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thyroid hormones</kwd>
        <kwd>acute coronary syndromes</kwd>
        <kwd>euthyroid sick syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndromes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Caetano Pimentel; Gilberto Perez Cardoso; Claudia Caminha Escosteguy; Luiz Maurino Abreu</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense e Universidade dos Servidores do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe thyroid hormone profile in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), divided into two groups: 1) unstable angina and/or non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI); 2) ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), as well as in patients that progressed or not to death, according to the groups.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Seventy ACS patients admitted to the coronary care unit of the Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, were prospectively studied. Blood samples were collected on day 1 and on days 4 and 7 following admission. Clinical evaluation and electrocardiograms were performed during hospitalization.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 70 patients admitted, 13 (18.6%) had "euthyroid sick syndrome" (ESS), a condition characterized by decreased serum T3 and/or free T3, increased serum reverse T3 (rT3), plus normal serum TSH, T4, and free T4. Patients belonging to the STEMI group showed early elevations, in addition to higher mean reverse T3 (rT3) and lower mean T3 and free T3 levels. In coronary heart disease patients that progressed to death, hormonal findings were consistent with those found in the ESS, with more expressive rT3 and T3 mean values.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our results show the importance of recognizing the "euthyroid sick syndrome" in coronary heart disease patients, suggesting an association with poorer prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Thyroid hormones, acute coronary syndromes, euthyroid sick syndrome.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases have been studied in depth and recognized as a serious public health problem. According to data from the Ministry of Health, they are the leading cause of death in Brazil and the third leading cause of hospital admission<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown the effect of thyroid hormones on morbidity and mortality from heart failure<sup>2-3</sup>, systemic arterial hypertension<sup>4</sup>, atherosclerosis<sup>5</sup>, dyslipidemia<sup>6</sup> and cardiopulmonary surgeries<sup>7-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Serum thyroid hormone levels have been described in several systemic nonthyroidal illnesses, among them acute heart diseases. The changes observed in these situations have been classified as "euthyroid sick syndrome", consisting of low total T3 and/or free T3, increased reverse T3 (rT3), and normal TSH, T4 and free T4 levels. These findings are seen in acute myocardial infarction, affecting the prognosis<sup>9-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>This change in thyroid function is thought to be associated with the mechanism involved in maintaining energy in face of altered systemic homeostasis caused by the acute ischemic event<sup>11</sup> or directly related to inflammatory cytokines, acting as an inflammatory marker<sup>12-13</sup>, or both.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate potential changes in thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndromes at the time of diagnosis and compare them between two groups, based on therapeutic implications and distinct prognoses: unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), as well as in patients that progressed or not to death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective observational study involving 70 patients consecutively admitted to the coronary care unit of a tertiary public hospital (Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) from September 2002 to December 2002. Inclusion criteria were patients with acute coronary syndrome, irrespective of gender, race, ethnic group, age, and clinical severity.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria included patients using corticosteroids, amiodarone, or thyroid disease drugs regularly or who had received any iodinated contrast agent within the previous two weeks; patients with established diseases, such as neoplasias, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring antibiotic therapy, liver cirrhosis, active infection, and decompensated diabetes mellitus, conditions that are known to affect thyroid function tests.</p>
      <p>Patients enrolled in the study underwent clinical evaluation, consisting of medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram. After informed consent was obtained, blood samples were collected for laboratory tests on day 1 and on days 4, and 7 following admission. Thyroid hormones TSH, T3, T4, free T3 and free T4 were measured using the <italic>Coat-a-Coat kit</italic> from Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), using the chemiluminescent method, between a monoclonal antibody (specific) and a labeled antigen, forming an immune complex. Reverse T3 was determined by radioimmunoassay, using the Serono kit. Measured hormones and their respective reference values were: TSH (0.4 to 4 mU/mL), T3 (70 to 100 &#181;g/dL), free T3 (1.5 to 4.1 pg/mL), T4 (4.5 to 12.5 &#181;g/dL), free T4 (0.8 to 1.90 &#181;g/dL), and rT3 (0.09 to 0.35 &#181;g/mL).</p>
      <p>At admission (day one), an attempt was made to diagnose the "euthyroid sick syndrome". Subsequently, plasma thyroid hormone levels were compared in the UA/NSTEMI and STEMI groups on days 1, 4, and 7 and, later, in patients that progressed or not to death. In our sample, no differences were found in mean hormone levels, with respect to gender and age.</p>
      <p>In the univariate analysis, continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation were compared using the Student's t test (if homogeneity of variances was assumed) or the Mann-whitney test (if homogeneity of variances was not met). A two-tailed p-value &lt; 0,05 was considered statistically significant (significance level = 5%). A database was created using Epinfo 2000.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense, under No 111/02, and was part of the Master's thesis submitted on April 23, 2005, at the Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows general characteristics of the 70 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome, of whom 39 (55.7%) had ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 31 (44.3%), unstable angina and/or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI). Of the STEMI patients, 12 (30.8%) underwent chemical thrombolysis. In 70% of the patients, the first blood sample was drawn with delta-T &gt; 12 hours of symptoms onset.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Seven patients (10%) died, six of them belonged to the STEMI group.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows mean thyroid hormone levels at the time of diagnosis on admission. Mean plasma reverse T3 was higher than reference values on days 1, 4 and 7, and was most marked on day 4. Mean levels of the other hormones were within the normal range.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e02t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>TSH hormone distribution showed a broad dispersion in the sample, reflecting the high values of the standard deviation. Median TSH values on days 1, 4, and 7 were 1.28, 3.25, and 1.44, respectively.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows means and respective standard deviations of rT3, T3 and free T3 hormones on days 1, 4 and 7 days in the UA/NSTEMI and STEMI groups; p value corresponds to the difference between the two groups. Day one represents serial hormone determinations at admission. Italicized values indicate high mean plasma levels relative to reference values. There were no relevant changes in T4, free T4, and TSH hormones between the groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e02t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>On analyzing <xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t3-body2">table 3</xref>, we notice that mean plasma reverse T3 was higher than reference values in both groups of patients, and this trend was more marked in STEMI patients, yet no significant difference was found between the groups.</p>
      <p>Mean plasma T3 and free T3 were within the normal range, with no significant difference between the groups. A decrease in mean plasma T3 was observed on days 1 and 4, respectively, in the STEMI group. With regard to mean plasma free T3, this trend was more marked in the STEMI group, on days 4 and 7, respectively.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t4-body2">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t5-body2">5</xref> show mean plasma rT3 and T3 based on deaths according to diagnosis of STEMI and UA/NSTEMI, with respective standard deviations and statistical significance. Highlighted values in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t4-body2">Table 4</xref> indicate mean plasma rT3 levels above reference values, and highlighted values in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t5-body2">Table 5</xref> indicate mean plasma T3 levels below reference values.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e02t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e02t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0688-00002-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute coronary syndromes are a serious condition that may affect thyroid gland homeostasis, with implications in terms of morbidity and mortality<sup>14</sup>. In our study, we sought do evaluate thyroid hormone plasma levels in patients with coronary heart disease and whether they characterized the "euthyroid sick syndrome", consisting of decreased T3 and/or free T3 levels, increased reverse T3 levels, and normal TSH levels. We compared findings between the unstable angina and/or non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) groups. This two-group division was used to investigate whether thyroid hormone levels would present a distinct behavior, because the STEMI group is associated with poorer prognosis, showing unique pathophysiologic features that determine the presence of occlusive thrombus and requiring reperfusion strategies, either by thrombolytics or mechanical recanalization.</p>
      <p>Analysis of hormonal behavior in patients admitted for coronary heart disease showed increased mean plasma reverse T3, while the other hormones remained unchanged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). All patients taken into account, mean hormonal profile was not consistent with the "euthyroid sick syndrome". However, in the analysis of hormone plasma levels on the first day of admission, 13 patients (18.6%) showed serum concentrations consistent with those found in the "euthyroid sick syndrome". When the UA/NSTEMI and STEMI groups were compared, elevated mean rT3 concentration was more marked in the latter, but with no significant difference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e02t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Of the 70 coronary heart disease patients evaluated in this study, seven (10%) died within the first and seventh day of admission, when data and blood samples were collected. It must be emphasized that day 1 was considered the time of admission to the coronary care unit. In this study, the decision to exclude patients with prior thyroid diseases, decompensated diabetes mellitus, renal diseases, liver diseases, neoplasias, or using thyroid agents and amiodarone was intended to prevent their effect on thyroid hormone plasma levels. The fact that some changes in mean hormone concentrations did not reach statistical significance may be related to the sample size and to the lack of statistical power to detect such differences.</p>
      <p>In our series, mean plasma reverse T3 in patients admitted was above the normal range on days 1, 4, and 7; and the highest mean was found 4 days after admission. As for the other hormones, namely TSH, T3, free T3, T4, and free T4, all means were within the normal range on days 1, 4, and 7.</p>
      <p>When the two acute coronary syndrome groups were compared, mean plasma reverse T3 was above the normal range in both the UA/NSTEMI and STEMI groups on days 1, 4, and 7. The increase was higher in the latter group, but with no significant difference. In both groups, the increase in mean plasma reverse T3 was higher on day 4.</p>
      <p>Mean plasma T3 and free T3 was lower in the STEMI group on day 4, but with no significant difference. This finding suggests that the greatest hormonal changes occurred on day 4, data consistent with that found in the literature, because in patients with uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome, from day 5 on mean T3 and free T3 return to normal range</p>
      <p>In a study with 16 acute myocardial infarction patients divided into two groups according to serum CKMB, an enzyme marker, both treated with chemical thrombolysis, serial measurements of thyroid hormones were performed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 72 hours after admission. Mean T4, free T4, T3, free T3, and TSH plasma levels were normal up to day 3, while mean reverse T3 plasma level was statistically significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) from first measurement to 72 hours after admission<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite an early increase in the rT3 hormone alone compared with the other hormones, and a decrease in mean plasma T3 on days 1 and 4 plus in free T3 on days 4 and 7, respectively, this profile may suggest the presence of "euthyroid sick syndrome" in the STEMI group, associated with a poorer prognosis.</p>
      <p>In another study involving 95 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 19 patients with unstable angina patients divided into two groups, according to the use or not of beta-blockers and thrombolytics, there was a significant decline (p = 0.05) in mean plasma T3 and an increase in reverse T3; mean free T3, T4, free T4, and TSH remained unchanged in all the patients during the first five days following admission. These findings were consistent with those found in the "euthyroid sick syndrome". No significant difference between unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction was found in thyroid hormone plasma levels<sup>14</sup>. Our criticism regarding this study is that beta-blockers affect peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.</p>
      <p>In yet another study involving nine patients with acute myocardial infarction, compared with 27 healthy patients of a control group, mean T3, free T3, and T4 plasma levels at admission were lower, while those of free T4, TSH, and reverse T3 were higher. At day 3, a sharp decline in mean plasma T4, free T3, and T3 was found, with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05). The highest mean plasma reverse T3 was observed on day 4, with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05). Mean free T4 and TSH plasma concentrations remained unchanged<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Increased plasma reverse T3 has been described in several nonthyroidal illnesses, including acute myocardial infarction. This elevation, when associated with low plasma T3 and/or free T3 and normal plasma TSH, characterizes the "euthyroid sick syndrome"<sup>16</sup>. Serum concentration of this hormone helps to differentiate hypothyroidism from euthyroid sick syndrome, because in the first there is a decline in serum reverse T3, while in the latter there is an increase in serum reverse T3<sup>17</sup>. By definition, this syndrome only exists in the absence of primary disorder of the hypothalamus and pituitary and thyroid glands.</p>
      <p>One of the hypotheses postulated to explain the early change in this hormone in relation to the other hormones in nonthyroidal illnesses, is that the metabolic clearance rate of reverse T3 is greater than that of the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mechanisms underlying the euthyroid sick syndrome are likely to be related to hormone changes in concentration, distribution, production, clearance, affinity to carrier proteins, and response to target organs<sup>19</sup>. This syndrome's hormonal changes cause increased peripheral vascular resistance and decreased cardiac output, with deleterious effects on the heart muscle<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study with 114 patients with acute coronary syndromes divided into acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina, sharp decrease in mean plasma T3 and sharp increase in reverse T3 were found in coronary heart disease patients; these changes were significantly different (p = 0.03) in those with complications associated with the disease, including rhythm disturbances and heart failure. This hormonal profile is consistent with the "euthyroid sick syndrome". Hormonal variations were independent of the use of thrombolytics and beta-blockers<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients that progressed to death, compared with survivors, there was a significantly different decrease in mean plasma T3 and free T3 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04) and a significantly different increase in mean plasma reverse T3 (p = 0.002) on day 4. TSH, T4 and free T4 values were within the normal range. Changes in mean thyroid hormones levels in patients that progressed to death were consistent with serum concentrations found in the "euthyroid sick syndrome", which was present on days 4 and 7, with higher mean plasma reverse T3 and lower mean plasma T3 and free T3 on day 4.</p>
      <p>In another study involving 165 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 16 (10%) died within one week of admission; median reverse T3 level was higher in the group that progressed to death, with a significant difference (p = 0.004) and was associated with higher short- and long-term mortality rate, regardless of other risk factors<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some theories have been proposed to justify the "euthyroid sick syndrome", such as decrease in the extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 secondary to lower extracellular clearance of T4 or reduced 5'deiodinase enzyme activity<sup>21</sup>. Other mechanisms may be involved: reduced thyrotropin secretion, with decreased T3 and T4; thyroxine-binding globulin, albumin and the affinity of both to thyroid hormones may be reduced, impairing 5' monodeiodinase's action<sup>2</sup> and T4 and T3 uptake, as well as these post-receptors action<sup>17</sup>. All the above may be directly affected by catecholamine levels<sup>23</sup>. These mechanisms corroborate the hypothesis of the thyroid gland adapting its metabolism according to the disease involved, characterizing the "euthyroid sick syndrome" The fact that serum TSH levels are unchanged or little changed is likely to be explained by two theories: failure of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to respond to the low serum T3 concentration and/or suppressed TSH secretion due to normal or little elevated serum T4<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evidence in our study points, therefore, in the same direction of that found in the other studies mentioned herein. Our data suggest that greater hormonal changes are associated with more severe events (STEMI and death).</p>
      <p>The limitations of our study are related to operational and economic issues, which affected the sample size. Some hormonal changes found might not have achieved statistical significance because the sample size lacked power. Other statistical techniques would have contributed to further our understanding of the variation and distribution of hormonal measurements. Moreover, the sample size precluded the use of multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>The clinical implications of this study are related to a better knowledge of the role of thyroid hormone metabolism in nonthyroidas systemic illnesses, such as acute coronary syndrome. The hormonal profile characterized by the "euthyroid sick syndrome" seems to be associated with pathophysiological features and the prognosis of these diseases, and further studies are needed to prove assumption.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rodrigo Caetano Pimentel</p>
          <p> Rua Mario Covas J&#250;nior, 135/503</p>
          <p> 22631-030 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rodrigocp@cardiol.br">rodrigocp@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 8, 2005; revised manuscript received August 24, 2005; accepted August 29, 2005.</p>
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