<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NHRLSJt6NvtRzY5d6Z8JJBk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001900001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade do ultra-som intracoronariano na decis&#227;o do tratamento de pacientes com les&#245;es duvidosas no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Daher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Piva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G. M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>681</fpage>
      <lpage>687</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou conservador em pacientes com de les&#245;es duvidosas de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), baseada nos achados do ultra-som intracoronariano (USIC). M&#201;TODOS: Inclu&#237;dos 66 pacientes consecutivos com les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ao USIC. Foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os achados do USIC. Grupo I, mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico [&#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML) &gt; 6,0 mm&#178; e/ou di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML) &gt; 2,5 mm] e Grupo II, encaminhados a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (AML &lt; 6,0 mm&#178; e/ou DML &lt; 2,5 mm). Avaliou-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (&#243;bito, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo) durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e um (62%) pacientes foram alocados no Grupo I e 25 (38%) no Grupo II. A m&#233;dia de seguimento foi de 42,1 meses. A angiografia coronariana n&#227;o conseguiu diferenciar os dois grupos pela gravidade da les&#227;o (DML 1,98 mm Grupo I versus 1,72 mm Grupo II, p = 0,75) ao contr&#225;rio do USIC (DML 3,41 mm Grupo I versus 2,01 mm Grupo II, p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve &#243;bito ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no Grupo I. A sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos maiores foi de 95% no grupo I versus 87,5% no Grupo II (p=ns). CONCLUS&#195;O: A estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o de tratamento de pacientes com les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE, guiada pelos achado do USIC, mostrou-se segura e eficaz.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ultra-sonografia de interven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Utilidade do ultra-som intracoronariano na decis&#227;o do tratamento de pacientes com les&#245;es duvidosas no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vinicius Daher Vaz; Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Souza Abizaid; Alexandre Antonio Cunha Abizaid; Fausto Feres; Rodolfo Staico; Luiz Alberto Piva Mattos; Ibraim Pinto; Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou conservador em pacientes com de les&#245;es duvidosas de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), baseada nos achados do ultra-som intracoronariano (USIC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Inclu&#237;dos 66 pacientes consecutivos com les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ao USIC. Foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os achados do USIC. Grupo I, mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico [&#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML) <underline>&gt;</underline> 6,0 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML) <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mm] e Grupo II, encaminhados a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (AML &lt; 6,0 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou DML &lt; 2,5 mm). Avaliou-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (&#243;bito, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo) durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Quarenta e um (62%) pacientes foram alocados no Grupo I e 25 (38%) no Grupo II. A m&#233;dia de seguimento foi de 42,1 meses. A angiografia coronariana n&#227;o conseguiu diferenciar os dois grupos pela gravidade da les&#227;o (DML 1,98 mm Grupo I versus 1,72 mm Grupo II, p = 0,75) ao contr&#225;rio do USIC (DML 3,41 mm Grupo I versus 2,01 mm Grupo II, p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve &#243;bito ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no Grupo I. A sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos maiores foi de 95% no grupo I versus 87,5% no Grupo II (p=ns). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o de tratamento de pacientes com les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE, guiada pelos achado do USIC, mostrou-se segura e eficaz.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ultra-sonografia de interven&#231;&#227;o, art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>Pacientes com les&#227;o grave no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) est&#227;o associados a progn&#243;stico reservado a longo prazo<sup>1,2</sup>. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana j&#225; demonstrou prolongar a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes com les&#245;es significativas no TCE<sup>3,4</sup>. A condu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sem les&#245;es significativas no TCE para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana poderia levar, contudo, ao uso inapropriado de enxertos dispon&#237;veis, bem como &#224; oclus&#227;o prematura dos enxertos ou das pr&#243;prias art&#233;rias nativas. A angiografia &#233; considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia e o mais utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico invasivo da doen&#231;a coronariana. Entretanto, pode apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, como na verifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de severidade das les&#245;es no TCE. Ademais, estudos com necropsia e ultra-som intracoronariano (USIC) t&#234;m demonstrado v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es em que o TCE apresentava les&#245;es significativas e, freq&#252;entemente, nesses, a angiografia n&#227;o acusava les&#245;es expressivas<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O USIC &#233; um m&#233;todo invasivo que permite identificar as reais dimens&#245;es do vaso, os componentes da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e mensurar com precis&#227;o a luz arterial, sendo este um m&#233;todo mais sens&#237;vel do que a angiografia para avaliar aterosclerose em fase inicial<sup>7,8</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos j&#225; demonstraram a utilidade do USIC na identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es em tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou conservador em pacientes portadores de les&#245;es duvidosas de TCE, baseada nos achados do USIC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes -</italic> De dezembro de 1999 a junho de 2004 foram inclu&#237;dos 66 pacientes consecutivos que apresentavam les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE (les&#245;es moderadas, exclusivamente aorto-ostiais, tronco curto, entre outras) e que foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o ao USIC no servi&#231;o de cardiologia invasiva do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cargiologia. Para avaliar o grau de severidade das les&#245;es foram utilizadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas: &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML) e di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML). Os pacientes com AML <underline>&gt;</underline> 6,0 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou DML <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mm, n&#227;o preencheram crit&#233;rios ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos de les&#245;es graves, foram mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico e alocados no Grupo 1. Pacientes com AML &lt; 6,0 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou DML &lt; 2,5 mm foram definidos como portadores de les&#245;es graves e encaminhados para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana (Grupo 2).</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito da evolu&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes foram obtidas por meio de prontu&#225;rio hospitalar e completadas por contato telef&#244;nico. Dois pacientes, dos quais n&#227;o obtivemos os dados da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Os eventos card&#237;acos maiores, objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo, inclu&#237;am &#243;bito card&#237;aco (definido como &#243;bito de origem card&#237;aca ou quando uma causa espec&#237;fica n&#227;o pudesse ser determinada), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (consenso da European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cargiology)<sup>12</sup> e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (definido como interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea relacionada ao tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda).</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimento -</italic> Todos os exames ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos foram realizados pelo mesmo aparelho (ClearView - Boston Scientific). Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 0,2 mg de nitroglicerina intracoronariana e 100/kg de heparina endovenosa, o transdutor do USIC era avan&#231;ado sobre o guia intracoronariano, at&#233; aproximadamente 10 mm distal ao TCE e, em seguida, o transdutor era recuado da parte distal da art&#233;ria at&#233; a aorta, utilizando um equipamento de tra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica &#224; velocidade constante de 0,5 mm/s, para aquisi&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de imagens.</p>
    <p><italic>Angiografia coronariana quantitativa -</italic> Foi utilizado o programa MEDIS vers&#227;o 5.1 (medical imaging system, QCA-CMS) para a angiografia quantitativa das les&#245;es no TCE. Por meio de detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de bordos e calibra&#231;&#227;o pelo cateter coron&#225;rio foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML), di&#226;metro de estenose (DE%), di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia (DR) e extens&#227;o do TCE. O DML foi mensurado durante a di&#225;stole, no local de maior severidade da luz. Os di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncias foram mensurados nos locais considerados angiograficamente normais, nos 5 mm proximais e distais &#224; les&#227;o, quando poss&#237;vel. Utilizou-se somente a refer&#234;ncia distal quando a les&#227;o fosse aorto-ostial. Discriminamos o s&#237;tio da les&#227;o quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o, isto &#233;, ostial, ter&#231;o m&#233;dio ou distal. A angiografia tamb&#233;m foi utilizada para avaliar o n&#250;mero de vasos, al&#233;m do TCE, com les&#245;es maiores do que 50%.</p>
    <p><italic>Ultra-som intracoronariano -</italic> O dados do USIC foram avaliados por meio do programa TapeMeasure (Indec System, Mountainview, Calif&#243;rnia) para an&#225;lise das imagens ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas gravadas previamente em fitas de VHS. Foram mensuradas no s&#237;tio da les&#227;o e nas refer&#234;ncias, a AML, a &#225;rea da membrana el&#225;stica externa, correspondente &#224; &#225;rea do vaso (AV), a &#225;rea de placa (AP), DML e a extens&#227;o do TCE.</p>
    <p>Foram calculadas ainda: porcentagem de placa ou carga de placa (PB) = AP / AV; e a &#225;rea de estenose (AS) = [ (ALM refer&#234;ncia &#150; ALM les&#227;o) x 100 ] / ALM refer&#234;ncia</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do programa StatsDirect vers&#227;o 1.617 e os dados foram analisados na "inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento". As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas entre os dois grupos utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado, ou teste exato de Fisher quando apropriado. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram feitas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis do USIC e as da ACQ foram realizadas por meio do m&#233;todo de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. As curvas de probabilidade de eventos card&#237;acos maiores foram feitas de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos utilizados, 41 (62%) pacientes foram mantidos em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico (Grupo 1) e 25 (38%) pacientes encaminhados &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana (Grupo 2). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas basais, entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Apenas um paciente do Grupo 2 n&#227;o foi submetido &#224; cirurgia na &#233;poca da avalia&#231;&#227;o ultra-sonogr&#225;fica, por decis&#227;o do paciente. N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento ultra-sonogr&#225;fico. Um exemplo da avalia&#231;&#227;o ao USIC pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na angiografia coronariana, a maioria das les&#245;es eram aorto-ostiais (44%), seguidas de distais (34%) e em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio (22%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significante entre os dois grupos. Quando a les&#227;o &#224; angiografia era aorto-ostial ou distal, apenas 31% e 30% dos pacientes, respectivamente, preencheram os crit&#233;rios ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos de les&#227;o grave; quando as les&#245;es localizavam-se no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do TCE &#224; angiografia, 66% foram consideradas graves ao USIC. A angiografia coronariana quantitativa n&#227;o conseguiu discriminar os dois grupos de acordo com a gravidade das les&#245;es. As m&#233;dias do DML (1,77 &#177; 1,12 mm grupo 1 <italic>versus</italic> 1,68 &#177; 1,06 mm grupo 2, p = 0,75) e do DE (36,42 &#177; 15,1% grupo 1 <italic>versus</italic> 35,22 &#177; 14,6% grupo 2, p = ns) foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. No entanto, ao USIC, observamos menores valores de DML e ALM, bem como maior AP e AS, no Grupo 1, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo 2. As principais vari&#225;veis ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis da angiografia quantitativa com as do ultra-som intracoronariano (DLM r = 0,152, p = 0,32 e DR r = 0,174, p = 0,26), mesmo comparando os dois grupos separadamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Sessenta e quatro (96,9%) pacientes tiveram o seguimento cl&#237;nico completo. A m&#233;dia de seguimento foi de 42,1 &#177; 15,6 meses (de seis a setenta meses). Cinco (7,8%) pacientes apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos maiores durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o. No Grupo 1, dois (5%) pacientes apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos. Um paciente foi encaminhado &#224; cirurgia em outro servi&#231;o, para corre&#231;&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana cinco meses ap&#243;s a nossa avalia&#231;&#227;o. Provavelmente essa paciente possu&#237;a compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE pela art&#233;ria pulmonar, como j&#225; descrito na literatura<sup>13</sup>. O segundo paciente tamb&#233;m foi submetido a cirurgia, por progress&#227;o da les&#227;o no TCE, 34 meses ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. No Grupo 2, tr&#234;s (12,5%) pacientes apresentaram eventos durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o. Dois pacientes evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito, um na recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica e o outro sete meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, por edema agudo de pulm&#227;o. Um terceiro paciente diab&#233;tico, do Grupo 2, apresentou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio 23 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. As descri&#231;&#245;es sum&#225;rias dos eventos est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. Na an&#225;lise univariada nenhuma vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica, angiogr&#225;fica ou ultra-sonogr&#225;fica foi preditora de eventos card&#237;acos maiores.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A curva de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que ao final de setenta meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, 95% dos pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico estavam livres de eventos card&#237;acos maiores e 87,5% no grupo cir&#250;rgico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2A</xref>). Quando se incluiu a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer les&#227;o coronariana nos eventos card&#237;acos maiores, a sobrevida livre de eventos foi de 87,5% no Grupo 1 e 75,0% no Grupo 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2B</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstra a utilidade e seguran&#231;a do USIC na tomada de decis&#227;o em pacientes com les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE.</p>
    <p>O TCE constitui o segmento de maior relev&#226;ncia na &#225;rvore coronariana, pela sua implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica. Pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas graves no TCE tem sua sobrevida prolongada pela cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. No entanto, pacientes com les&#245;es duvidosas no TCE podem ter dois destinos: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana (cirurgia ou interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea) ou tratamento cl&#237;nico. Caso n&#227;o haja uma defini&#231;&#227;o do grau de severidade da les&#227;o em quest&#227;o, podem-se cometer dois equ&#237;vocos importantes. O primeiro seria encaminhar pacientes sem les&#245;es significativas para cirurgia, o que poderia ocasionar (1) a oclus&#227;o precoce dos enxertos ou das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas; (2) a utiliza&#231;&#227;o prematura de um enxerto; e (3) submeter o paciente &#224; cirurgia com os riscos inerentes a ela. O segundo seria manter em tratamento cl&#237;nico paciente com les&#245;es graves no TCE, sabidamente com progn&#243;stico tardio reservado.</p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, v&#225;rios estudos com necropsia e USIC v&#234;m comprovando que a angiografia pode tanto subestimar como superestimar les&#245;es no TCE. Hermillere cols.<sup>14</sup>, avaliando 27 TCE normais &#224; angiografia, observou em 89% desses algum grau de placa ateroscler&#243;tica ao USIC, sendo 27% delas consideradas graves. Isner e cols.<sup>15</sup>, utilizando a necropsia, observaram que a an&#225;lise de les&#245;es no TCE atrav&#233;s da angiografia subestimou (39%) ou superestimou (25%) as les&#245;es em 64% das vezes. Em nosso estudo, a angiografia coronariana tamb&#233;m n&#227;o conseguiu discriminar os dois grupos pela gravidade da les&#227;o no TCE, como observado pelos resultados similares dos DLM e DE dos dois grupos. Por isso, nos &#250;ltimos anos, outros m&#233;todos invasivos, como o USIC e a reserva de fluxo coronariano, v&#234;m sendo considerados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es duvidosas &#224; angiografia<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O USIC &#233; uma t&#233;cnica tomogr&#225;fica com visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta do interior do vaso, que permite uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica <italic>in vivo</italic> das camadas arteriais. Recentemente, demonstrou ser &#250;til tamb&#233;m na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coronarianas, inclusive nas localizadas no TCE<sup>19,20</sup>. Corroborando com os achados dos estudos pr&#233;vios, em nosso estudo, ao contr&#225;rio da angiografia, o USIC permitiu diferenciar as les&#245;es no TCE em graves ou n&#227;o. Um achado importante do estudo foi a constata&#231;&#227;o de que mais da metade das les&#245;es n&#227;o foi considerada grave ao USIC, resultado concordante com o da literatura<sup>20</sup>. &#201; interessante salientar que em les&#245;es localizadas em outros segmentos que n&#227;o o TCE observa-se o inverso, ou seja, por volta de 60% das les&#245;es s&#227;o consideradas graves ao USIC<sup>17</sup>. Outro dado importante se insere no fato de que houve uma pior concord&#226;ncia entre o USIC e a angiografia quando as les&#245;es foram ostiais e distais, em contra-oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s les&#245;es localizadas no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do TCE.</p>
    <p>Assim como a gravidade das les&#245;es na angiografia coronariana correlaciona-se com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos, alguns estudos longitudinais tamb&#233;m demonstraram o mesmo com o USIC, pois nesses estudos suas vari&#225;veis (AML e DML) foram preditoras independentes de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>21,22</sup>. No entanto, ao contr&#225;rio dos outros segmentos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, onde existe um valor de corte de gravidade da les&#227;o mais definido (AML &lt; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>), no TCE esse valor &#233; menos consensual. Recentemente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo fracionada e do Doppler intracoronariano em les&#245;es no TCE conseguiu definir valores de corte para AML que fossem determinantes de algum grau de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>23</sup>. No entanto, o ponto de corte apropriado da AML ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definido, pois dependendo do estudo em quest&#227;o, a AML variou de 5,0 at&#233; 8,0 mm<sup>2 20,23</sup>.Outros estudos que utilizaram os m&#233;todos invasivos de fluxo coronariano no TCE, tamb&#233;m observaram que o DML ao USIC se correlacionava com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, principalmente quando esse fosse menor do que 2,5 mm<sup>21</sup>. Embora n&#227;o houvesse um valor de corte consensual das vari&#225;veis ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas na &#233;poca em que nosso estudo foi desenhado, a maioria dos pacientes do Grupo 2 teve valores da AML e DML menores do que o estabelecido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3B</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar da constata&#231;&#227;o de uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, detectada por m&#233;todos invasivos ou n&#227;o, e a AML e DML ao USIC, poucos estudos prospectivos cl&#237;nicos avaliaram les&#245;es no TCE. Abizaid e cols.<sup>21</sup>, em uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de les&#245;es duvidosas no TCE avaliadas pelo USIC, observaram uma sobrevida livre de eventos nos pacientes mantidos clinicamente de 86% ao longo de um ano. Al&#233;m do mais, observaram que o DML ao USIC foi preditor independente de eventos card&#237;acos, principalmente quando fosse menor do que 2,5 mm. Recentemente, Fassa e cols.<sup>20</sup>, avaliando prospectivamente 214 pacientes com les&#245;es duvidosas no TCE, utilizando uma estrat&#233;gia tamb&#233;m guiada pelo USIC, encontraram uma sobrevida livre de eventos de 88,4% nos pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico, no seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,5 &#177; 2,1 anos<sup>20</sup>. No presente estudo, a decis&#227;o de encaminhar &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, ou n&#227;o, pacientes com les&#245;es no TCE angiograficamente duvidosas baseou-se exclusivamente nos resultados do USIC. Essa estrat&#233;gia guiada pelo USIC conferiu aos pacientes uma excelente sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, ao longo de 42 meses de seguimento. Ademais, o grupo de pacientes mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico obteve uma sobrevida livre de eventos semelhante a dos pacientes encaminhados &#224; cirurgia, sem que houvesse &#243;bito ou infarto nos pacientes mantidos clinicamente. Vale ressaltar, que no pioneiro estudo prospectivo de Fassa e cols.<sup>20</sup> considerou-se grave a les&#227;o no TCE que tivesse AML &lt; 7,5 mm<sup>2</sup>. Por sua vez, dez (15,5%) pacientes de nosso estudo possu&#237;am AML entre 6,0 e 7,5 mm<sup>2</sup> e dois foram mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico, sem que se observasse a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es -</italic> O presente estudo foi desenhado de forma n&#227;o-randomizada e, portanto, sofreu das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a esse m&#233;todo. Desse modo, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que pacientes com ALM &lt; 6 mm<sup>2</sup> ou DLM &lt; 2,5 mm (les&#245;es consideradas graves ao USIC) se beneficiariam do tratamento exclusivamente cl&#237;nico em contra-oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, como &#233; consensual que o tamanho da &#225;rea de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica seja um preditor importante de eventos card&#237;acos, e tendo em vista os in&#250;meros estudos que demonstraram algum grau de isquemia em les&#245;es no TCE com ALM &lt; 8,0 mm<sup>2</sup>, provavelmente, seria anti&#233;tico manter esses pacientes apenas em tratamento cl&#237;nico. Os pacientes do grupo cir&#250;rgico foram tratados exclusivamente por cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o incorporando, portanto, as interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstrou a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento guiada exclusivamente pelos achados do USIC, em pacientes com les&#245;es angiograficamente duvidosas no TCE. Sugerindo que pacientes com les&#227;o no TCE e AML &gt; 6,0 mm<sup>2</sup> e o DML &gt; 2,5 mm ao USIC possam ser mantidos em acompanhamento exclusivamente cl&#237;nico, com uma &#243;tima sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos maiores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Andrea Souza Abizaid </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 </p>
        <p> 04012-909 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aabizaid@iee.dante.br">aabizaid@iee.dante.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/09/05; Revisado recebido em 17/10/05; Aceito em 17/10/05.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The usefulness of intracoronary ultrasound in the treatment decision-making of patients with ambiguous lesions in the left main coronary artery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of surgical treatment approach vs. conservative approach in patients with ambiguous lesions in the left main coronary artery (LMCA), based on intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) findings. METHODS: Sixty-six consecutive patients with angiographically ambiguous lesions were included and submitted to ICUS assessment. They were divided in two groups, according to the ICUS findings. Group I was maintained under clinical treatment [minimal lumen area (MLA) &gt; 6.0 mm&#178; and/or minimal lumen diameter (MLD) &gt; 2.5 mm] and Group II was submitted to revascularization (MLA &lt; 6.0 mm&#178; and/or MLD &lt; 2.5 mm). The occurrence of major cardiac events (death, acute myocardial infarction and/or revascularization of the target lesion) was assessed during follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-one (62%) patients were allocated in Group I and 25 (38%) in Group II. Mean follow-up was 42.1 months. The coronary angiography did not differentiate the two groups regarding lesion severity (MLD 1.98 mm in Group I vs. 1.72 mm in Group II; p = 0.75) in opposition to ICUS (MLD 3.41 mm in Group I vs. 2.01 mm in Group II; p &lt; 0.001). There was no death or myocardial infarction in Group I. The survival rate free of major cardiac events was 95% in Group I vs. 87.5% in Group II (p=ns). CONCLUSION: Treatment decision-making of patients with ambiguous lesions in the LMCA guided by ICUS findings showed to be safe and effective.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ultrasonography interventional</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The usefulness of intracoronary ultrasound in the treatment decision-making of patients with ambiguous lesions in the left main coronary artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinicius Daher Vaz; Andrea Claudia Le&#227;o de Souza Abizaid; Alexandre Antonio Cunha Abizaid; Fausto Feres; Rodolfo Staico; Luiz Alberto Piva Mattos; Ibraim Pinto; Luiz Fernando Leite Tanajura; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the safety and efficacy of surgical treatment approach vs. conservative approach in patients with ambiguous lesions in the left main coronary artery (LMCA), based on intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) findings.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Sixty-six consecutive patients with angiographically ambiguous lesions were included and submitted to ICUS assessment. They were divided in two groups, according to the ICUS findings. Group I was maintained under clinical treatment [minimal lumen area (MLA) <underline>&gt;</underline> 6.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or minimal lumen diameter (MLD) <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mm] and Group II was submitted to revascularization (MLA &lt; 6.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or MLD &lt; 2.5 mm). The occurrence of major cardiac events (death, acute myocardial infarction and/or revascularization of the target lesion) was assessed during follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Forty-one (62%) patients were allocated in Group I and 25 (38%) in Group II. Mean follow-up was 42.1 months. The coronary angiography did not differentiate the two groups regarding lesion severity (MLD 1.98 mm in Group I vs. 1.72 mm in Group II;p = 0.75) in opposition to ICUS (MLD 3.41 mm in Group I vs. 2.01 mm in Group II;p &lt; 0.001). There was no death or myocardial infarction in Group I. The survival rate free of major cardiac events was 95% in Group I vs. 87.5% in Group II (p=ns).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Treatment decision-making of patients with ambiguous lesions in the LMCA guided by ICUS findings showed to be safe and effective.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ultrasonography interventional, coronary vessels, myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>Patients with severe left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesions are associated with a reserved long-term prognosis<sup>1,2</sup>. The coronary revascularization surgery (CRS) has shown to prolong survival in patients with significant LMCA lesions<sup>3,4</sup>. Referring patients with no significant LMCA lesions for coronary revascularization could lead, however, to the inappropriate use of available grafts, as well as to the premature occlusion of grafts or even of the native arteries. Angiography is considered the standard method of reference and it is most often utilized in the invasive diagnosis of coronary disease. Nevertheless, it can present limitations in some situations, such as when assessing the degree of severity of LMCA lesions. Furthermore, necropsy and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) studies have demonstrated several situations in which the LMCA presented significant lesions whereas, frequently, the angiography did not disclose important lesions<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>ICUS is an invasive method that allows the identification of the real dimensions of the vessel and the components of the atherosclerotic plaque and the precise measurement of the arterial lumen, being a more sensitive method than angiography to assess the initial phase of atherosclerosis<sup>7,8</sup>. Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of ICUS in the identification of LMCA lesions<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of the surgical vs. conservative treatment in patients with ambiguous lesions in the left main coronary artery (LMCA), based on intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) findings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients -</italic> From December 1999 to June 2004, 66 consecutive patients who presented angiographically ambiguous LMCA lesions (moderate lesions, exclusively aortic-ostial lesions, short LMCA lesions, among others) and had been referred for ICUS assessment at the Invasive Cardiology Service of Dante Pazzanese Institute were enrolled in the study. To assess the degree of severity of the lesions, the following ultrasonographic variables were utilized: minimum lumen area (MLA) and minimum lumen diameter (MLD). Patients with MLA <underline>&gt;</underline> 6.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or MLD <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mm did not meet the ultrasonographic criteria for severe lesions and were kept under clinical treatment and allocated to Group 1. Patients with MLA &lt; 6.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or MLD &lt; 2.5 were considered as having severe lesions and referred for coronary revascularization surgery (Group 2).</p>
      <p>Information regarding the evolution of all patients was obtained through the analysis of hospital charts and completed by telephone contact. Two patients, whose clinical evolution data were not available, were excluded from the study. Major cardiac events, which were the primary study objective, included cardiac death (defined as death of cardiac origin or when a non-specific cause could not be determined), myocardial infarction (consensus of the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology)<sup>12</sup> and revascularization of the target vessel (defined as a surgical or percutaneous intervention related to the left coronary trunk).</p>
      <p><italic>Procedure -</italic> All ultrasonographic assessments were carried out in the same machine (ClearView - Boston Scientific). After the administration of 0.2 mg of intracoronary nitroglycerin and 100 IU/kg of intravenous heparin, the ICUS transducer was advanced until the intracoronary guide wire, up to approximately 10 mm distal to the LMCA, and then the transducer was backed from the distal part of the artery to the aorta, using an automatic traction equipment to a constant velocity of 0.5 mm/s, in order to acquire a sequence of images.</p>
      <p><italic>Quantitative coronary angiography -</italic> The MEDIS software version 5.1 (medical imaging system, QCA-CMS) was utilized to carry out the quantitative angiographies of the LMCA lesions. By means of automatic detection of borders and calibration through the coronary catheter, the following variables were analyzed: minimum lumen diameter (MLD), diameter stenosis (DS), reference diameter (RD) and LMCA extension. MLD was measured during diastole, at the site of greatest lumen severity. The reference diameters were measured in places considered to be angiographically normal, at 5 mm proximal and distal to the lesion, when possible. The distal reference was utilized only when the lesion was aortic-ostial. We discriminated the lesion site regarding its position, i.e., ostial, middle third or distal. The angiography was also utilized to assess the number of vessels, in addition to the LMCA, with lesions &gt; 50%.</p>
      <p><italic>Intracoronary ultrasound-</italic> Data from the ICUS were evaluated by means of the TapeMeasure software (Indec System, Mountainview, California) for the analysis of ultrasonographic images previously recorded in VHS tapes. The MLA, the external elastic membrane area, corresponding to the vessel area (VA), the plaque area (PA), MLD and LMCA extension were measured at lesion site and proximal and distal reference points.</p>
      <p>The percentage of plaque or plaque load (PL) = PA/VA; and stenosis area (SA) = [(reference MLA&#150; lesion MLA) x 100]/reference MLA were also calculated.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Statistical analysis was carried out with the StatsDirect software version 1.617 and the data were analyzed as "intention to treat". The differences among the categorical variables were compared between the two groups through the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. The comparisons among the continuous variables were carried out using Student's <italic>t</italic> test. The correlations between ICUS and QCA variables were performed through Pearson's correlation method. The probability curves of major cardiac events were carried out through Kaplan-Meier method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the ultrasonographic criteria utilized, 41 (62%0 patients were kept under clinical supervision (Group 1) and 25 (38%) were referred for coronary revascularization surgery (Group 2). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the basal clinical and angiographic characteristics between the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e01t1-body2">Table I</xref>). Only one patient from Group 2 did not undergo the revascularization surgery at the time of the ultrasonographic assessment at his own discretion. There were no complications during the ultrasonographic procedures. An example of the ICUS assessment can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e01f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e01t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e01f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>At the coronary angiography assessment, most lesions were aortic-ostial (44%) followed by distal (34%) and middle third lesions (22%), with no significant differences between the two groups. When the lesion at the angiographic assessment was aortic-ostial or distal, only 31% and 30% of the patients, respectively, fulfilled the ultrasonographic criteria for severe lesions; when the lesions were located in the middle third of the LMCA at the angiographic assessment, 66% of them were considered severe at the ICUS. The quantitative coronary angiography was not able to differentiate between the two groups according to the severity of lesions. Mean MLD (1.77 &#177; 1.12 mm in group 1 <italic>vs.</italic> 1.68 &#177; 1.06 mm in group 2, p = 0.75) and DS (36.42 &#177; 15.1% group 1 <italic>vs.</italic> 35.22 &#177; 14.6% in group 2, p = ns) were similar in both groups. However, we observed lower MLD and MLA as well as higher PA and SA at the ICUS in Group 1, when compared to Group 2. The main ultrasonographic and angiographic variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e01t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. There was no significant correlation between the quantitative angiography and the intracoronary ultrasound variables (MLD r = 0.152, p = 0.32 and RD r = 0.174, p = 0.26), even when comparing the two groups separately.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e01t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-four (96.9%) patients had a complete clinical follow-up. The mean follow up duration was 42.1 &#177; 15.6 months (range 6-70 months). Five patients (7.8%) presented major cardiac events during clinical evolution. In Group 1, two (5%) of the patients presented cardiac events. One patient was referred for surgery at another Service, for interatrial communication repair and coronary revascularization surgery five months after our evaluation. This patient probably presented an extrinsic compression of the LMCA by the pulmonary artery, as previously described in literature<sup>13</sup>. The second patient was also submitted to surgery, due to progression of the LMCA lesion, 34 months after the initial evaluation. In Group 2, three (12.5%) patients presented events during evolution. Two patients died, one during postoperative recovery and the other, seven months after the surgery, due to acute pulmonary edema. A third patient, who was diabetic and from Group 2, presented myocardial infarction 23 months after the surgery. The summarized descriptions of the events are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e01t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. At the univariate analysis, no clinical, angiographic or ultrasonographic variable was predictive of major cardiac events.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e01t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that, at the end of a 70-month follow-up, 95% of the patients kept under clinical treatment were free of major cardiac events, as well as 87.5% of the patients in the surgical group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e01f2-body2">Fig. 2A</xref>). When the revascularization of any coronary lesion was included as a major cardiac event, the event-free survival was 87.5% in Group 1 and 75.0% in Group 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e01f2-body2">Fig. 2B</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e01f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrates the usefulness and safety of ICUS in the treatment decision-making in patients with angiographically ambiguous LMCA lesions. The LMCA constitutes the most relevant segment of the coronary trunk, for its prognostic and therapeutic implication. Patients with severe coronary LMCA lesions have their survival increased by undergoing myocardial revascularization. Nevertheless, patients with ambiguous LMCA lesions can be either referred for coronary revascularization (surgical or percutaneous intervention) or be kept under clinical treatment. If there is no definition regarding the lesion degree of severity, two important mistakes can be made. The first is to refer patients with non-significant lesions for surgery, which may result in (1) premature occlusion of the grafts or native coronary arteries; (2) the premature utilization of a graft and (3) submitting the patient to the inherent risks of surgery. The second would be to keep a patient who presents severe LMCA lesions under clinical treatment, with its well-known late reserved prognosis.</p>
      <p>In the last decades, several necropsy and ICUS studies have shown that angiography can underestimate as well as overestimate LMCA lesions. Hermilleret al<sup>14</sup>, evaluating 27 normal LMCA at the angiography, observed that 89% of them presented some degree of atherosclerotic plaque at the ICUS, with 27% of them being considered severe. Isner et al<sup>15</sup>, in a necropsy study, observed that the assessment of LMCA lesions through angiography underestimated (39%) or overestimated (25%) the lesions in 64% of the times. In our study, the coronary angiography did not differentiate the two groups by the severity of the LMCA lesion, as observed by the similar results of MLD and DS in the two groups. Thus, in the last two years, other invasive methods, such as ICUS and coronary flow reserve have been considered for the assessment of angiographically ambiguous lesions<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ICUS is a tomographic technique with direct visualization of the inner part of the vessel, which allows a unique <italic>in vivo</italic> visualization of the arterial layers. Recently, it has also been shown to be useful in the stratification of coronary lesions, including those located in the LMCA<sup>19,20</sup>. Corroborating the findings of previous studies, our study showed that, in opposition to the angiography, the ICUS allowed the differentiation of severe LMCA lesions from the non-severe ones. An important finding of the study was to show that more than half of the lesions were not considered to be severe at the ICUS, which is in accordance to literature<sup>20</sup>. It is noteworthy that, in lesions located elsewhere, i.e., not in the LMCA, the opposite is observed; thus, 60% of the lesions are considered severe at the ICUS<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another important information is the fact that there was a worse concordance between the ICUS and the angiography when the lesions were ostial and distal, in opposition to the lesions located in the middle-third of the LMCA.</p>
      <p>As the severity of lesions in the coronary angiography correlates with the occurrence of cardiac events, some longitudinal studies also demonstrated the same results with the ICUS, since the variables in such studies (MLA and MLD) were independent predictive factors of cardiovascular events<sup>21,22</sup>. Nevertheless, in opposition to the other segments of the coronary arteries, where there is a established cutoff value for lesion severity (MLA&lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>), LMCA values are less consensual. Recently, the utilization of the fractional flow reserve and intracoronary Doppler in LMCA lesions was able to define MLA cut off values that were determinant of some degree of myocardial ischemia<sup>23</sup>. Nonetheless, the appropriate MLA cutoff is yet to be defined, given that, depending on the study in question, the MLA varied from 5.0 to 8.0 mm<sup>2 20,23</sup>. Other studies that utilized the invasive methods of coronary flow in the LMCA, also observed that the MLD at the ICUS was correlated to the myocardial ischemia, especially when the diameter was &lt; 2.5 mm<sup>21</sup>. Although there was no consensual cutoff value of the ultrasonographic variables at the time when our study was designed, most of the patients from Group 2 had lower MLA and MLD values compared to the established ones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e01f3-body2">Figs. 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e01f3-body2">3B</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e01f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-06-0681-00001-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the observation of a positive correlation between myocardial ischemia detected by invasive or non-invasive methods, and the MLA and the MLD at the ICUS, few clinical prospective studies evaluated LMCA lesions. Abizaid et al<sup>21</sup>, in a retrospective analysis of ambiguous LMCA lesions assessed by ICUS, demonstrated an event-free survival of 86% in patients kept under clinical treatment for a year. Furthermore, they observed that the MLD at the ICUS was an independent predictor of cardiac events, especially when it was &lt; 2.5 mm. Recently, Fassa et al<sup>20</sup>, prospectively assessing 214 patients with ambiguous LMCA lesions, also utilizing a treatment strategy guided by ICUS, found an event-free survival of 88.4% in patients kept under clinical treatment, during a mean follow-up period of 3.5 &#177; 2.1 yrs<sup>20</sup>. In the present study, the decision to refer patients with angiographically ambiguous LMCA lesions for coronary revascularization surgery or not was based exclusively on ICUS results. This treatment strategy guided by the ICUS resulted in a survival free of major cardiac events, during a 42-month follow-up. In addition, the group of patients kept under clinical treatment showed an event-free survival similar to that of patients referred for surgery, with no death or infarction observed in patients kept under clinical treatment. It is noteworthy that, in the pioneering study by Fassa et al<sup>20</sup>, a LMCA lesion with MLA &lt; 7.5 mm<sup>2</sup> was considered severe. On the other hand, 10 (15.5%) of the patients in the present study had MLA between 6.0 and 7.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, and two of them were kept under clinical treatment with no occurrence of cardiac events during the clinical evolution.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations -</italic> This study was designed in a non-randomized fashion, and therefore presents limitations that are innate to such method. Therefore, we cannot affirm that patients with MLA &lt; 6 mm<sup>2</sup> or MLD &lt; 2.5 mm (lesions considered severe at the ICUS) would benefit from an exclusively clinical treatment in opposition to revascularization surgery. Nevertheless, as there is a consensus that the area size of the myocardial ischemia is an important predictor of cardiac events, and considering the numerous studies that demonstrated some degree of ischemia in LMCA lesions with MLA &lt; 8 mm<sup>2</sup>, it would be likely unethical to keep such patients solely under clinical treatment. The patients from the surgical group were treated exclusively by revascularization surgery, which did not incorporate the percutaneous interventions with pharmacological stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study shows that a treatment approach established by the ICUS findings in patients with angiographically ambiguous lesions of the LMCA is effective and safe. We suggest that patients with LMCA lesions with MLA &gt; 6.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and MLD &gt; 2.5 mm at the ICUS be kept under clinical supervision, with excellent major cardiac event-free survival.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Andrea Souza Abizaid</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500</p>
          <p> 04012-909 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="aabizaid@iee.dante.br">aabizaid@iee.dante.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 28, 2005; revised manuscript received October 17, 2005; accepted October 17, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
