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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c9tsLrvqBn4fLq85tXms8tp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00034</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800034</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700534</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, precedendo extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trezza</surname>
            <given-names>Eder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e219</fpage>
      <lpage>e221</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>IMAGEM</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, precedendo extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eder Trezza</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Eletrocardiografia, arritmia, eletrofisiologia.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o apresentados padr&#245;es de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas, precedendo extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares, em tra&#231;ados obtidos durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico. Foram analisados retrospectivamente os tra&#231;ados de 1.800 testes realizados na Unidade de Registros Gr&#225;ficos do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, da Faculdade de Medicina da Unesp, campus de Botucatu, nos anos de 2001 a 2003. Os registros foram realizados em tr&#234;s canais (CM5, aVF e V2M), segundo a seq&#252;&#234;ncia do protocolo de Bruce, para teste em esteira. Tra&#231;ados-controle, pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o, foram obtidos nas posi&#231;&#245;es supina e ortost&#225;tica, e depois a cada tr&#234;s minutos durante o esfor&#231;o, e a cada dois minutos na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Registros adicionais foram efetuados quando ocorreram extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares. Foram considerados apenas os tra&#231;ados com boa qualidade t&#233;cnica, sem interfer&#234;ncia, e nos quais fosse poss&#237;vel a compara&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca do padr&#227;o dos segmentos de tra&#231;ado que precediam extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares em rela&#231;&#227;o aos segmentos n&#227;o sucedidos de extra-s&#237;stoles. Foram desprezados os tra&#231;ados com interfer&#234;ncia evidente ou com linha de base inst&#225;vel. N&#227;o foi levada em considera&#231;&#227;o a freq&#252;&#234;ncia das extra-s&#237;stoles, mas apenas sua presen&#231;a, mesmo quando espor&#225;dicas.</p>
    <p>Extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares ocorreram em 426 dos 1.800 exames (23,6%). Altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, das ondas T ou U ou da linha de base diast&#243;lica, que constitu&#237;am modifica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o observado nos complexos n&#227;o sucedidos de extra-s&#237;stoles, foram identificadas em 103 destes 426 exames (24,1%).</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es "anunciadoras" de extra-s&#237;stoles foram as seguintes:</p>
    <p>1 - Varia&#231;&#227;o para mais ou para menos de desnivelamentos do segmento ST presentes nos complexos-controle, ou aparecimento de infra ou supradesnivelamentos previamente inexistentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">1-IV</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-III</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-IV</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>2 - Varia&#231;&#227;o para mais ou para menos da amplitude da onda T, fosse ela previamente positiva, negativa ou com padr&#227;o <italic>minus-plus</italic> ou <italic>plus-minus</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">1-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">1-IV</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-IV</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-I</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-III</xref>).</p>
    <p>3 - Aparecimento de onda U negativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1-I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">1-V</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-III</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-IV</xref>).</p>
    <p>4 - Aparecimento de infra ou supradesnivelamentos da linha de base diast&#243;lica, imediatamente antes da extra-s&#237;stole ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">1-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2-I</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3-I</xref>).</p>
    <p>Essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram observadas como fen&#244;menos isolados, n&#227;o precedendo extra-s&#237;stoles.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A eletrog&#234;nese das extra-s&#237;stoles est&#225; relacionada basicamente com o automatismo e o dromotropismo&#185; das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas. Durante a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que se estende por um per&#237;odo que vai, no eletrocardiograma, do final do QRS ao final da onda T, as fibras mioc&#225;rdicas apresentam-se em per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio, sendo a refratariedade a novas despolariza&#231;&#245;es absoluta nos momentos iniciais da contra&#231;&#227;o e relativa nos momentos finais. Durante a di&#225;stole, as fibras apresentam potenciais el&#233;tricos intracelulares negativos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos da superf&#237;cie externa de sua membrana (Fase 4 do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o). Quanto mais negativo for o potencial diast&#243;lico dentro das fibras, menor ser&#225; a possibilidade de manifesta&#231;&#227;o de automatismo espont&#226;neo das mesmas. Quando o potencial diast&#243;lico &#233; menos negativo do que deveria ser, a distribui&#231;&#227;o de cargas el&#233;tricas do mi&#243;cito aproxima-se do limiar de excitabilidade, acima do qual &#233; deflagrada a despolariza&#231;&#227;o da fibra. Uma das altera&#231;&#245;es mais comumente relacionadas com o aparecimento de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares &#233; a heterogeneidade de repolariza&#231;&#227;o em diferentes &#225;reas mioc&#225;rdicas, fen&#244;meno conhecido como dispers&#227;o, que cria condi&#231;&#245;es para a ocorr&#234;ncia de reentrada e para despolariza&#231;&#245;es precoces a partir de focos regionais&#178;<sup>,</sup>&#179;.</p>
    <p>Embora se admita que a heterogeneidade t&#234;mporo-espacial de repolariza&#231;&#227;o seja comum nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas &#150; quase t&#227;o comum como as pr&#243;prias extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares &#150; n&#227;o h&#225; refer&#234;ncias na literatura sobre a tradu&#231;&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno de forma evidente nos eletrocardiogramas convencionais. Os padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos descritos neste trabalho mostram que os mecanismos el&#233;tricos subjacentes ao aparecimento das extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares freq&#252;entemente t&#234;m alguma tradu&#231;&#227;o nos tra&#231;ados de superf&#237;cie e merecem ser procurados em outras casu&#237;sticas, pois s&#227;o os mesmos, independentemente da doen&#231;a de base. Isquemia, inflama&#231;&#245;es, fibroses, agentes cardioativos, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos ou &#225;cido-b&#225;sicos, hiperatividade auton&#244;mica, particularmente simp&#225;tica etc, habitualmente presentes em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas, podem causar altera&#231;&#245;es regionais dos potenciais intracelulares diast&#243;licos, deflagrando extra-s&#237;stoles.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Moffa PJ. Introdu&#231;&#227;o ao estudo das disritmias card&#237;acas. In: Moffa P e Sanches PCR. Eletrocardiograma Normal e Patol&#243;gico. 1&#170;. Ed. Editado por Ramires JAF e Oliveira AS. S&#227;o Paulo: Rocca Ltda; 2001: 207-22.</p>
    <p>2. Rubart M, Zipes DP. Genesis of cardiac arrhythmias: electrophysiological considerations. In: Braunwald ER, Zipes DP and Libby P. Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001: 659-99.</p>
    <p>3. Marchiliski FE, Schwartzman G, Gottlieb CD, Gonz&#225;lez-Zuelgaray J, Callans DJ. Electrical events associated with arrhythmias initiation and stimulatrion techniques for arrhythmia prevention. In: Zipes DP and Jalife J. Cardiac Electrophysiology. From Cell to Bedside. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1995: 863-77.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-e01.jpg"/></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Eder Trezza </p>
        <p> Caixa Postal 535 </p>
        <p> 18618-000 &#150; Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="etrezza@uol.com.br">etrezza@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 17/11/05; revisado recebido em 21/11/05; aceito em 21/11/05.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Electrocardiographic abnormalities preceding ventricular premature beats</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>IMAGE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic abnormalities preceding ventricular premature beats</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eder Trezza</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Botucatu, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Eletrocardiographic, arrithymia, electrophysiology.</p>
      <p>This study describes the patterns of electrocardiographic abnormalities that have been observed before premature beats in tracings obtained during the monitoring of patients undergoing stress tests. The tracings of 1,800 tests performed in the "Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina do Campus de Botucatu-SP da UNESP" between 2001 and 2003 were retrospectively analyzed. EKG registration was carried out using three leads (CM5, aVF and V2M), according to the Bruce treadmill stress test protocol. The tracings were obtained in supine and in the orthostatic positions pre-exertion, every 3 minutes during exertion and every 2 minutes in the recovery stage, in supine position. Additional tracings were obtained whenever premature beats occurred. Only tracings with good technical quality, that allowed inequivocal comparison between complex preceding ventricular premature beats and those not followed by them were considered. Tracings with electrical or external interference or unstable baseline were discarded. Premature beats frequency was not taken into account, only their presence, even if sporadic.</p>
      <p>Ventricular premature beats occurred in 426 out of 1,800 exams (23.6%). Abnormalities in ST segment, T or U waves, or in diastolic baseline - which differed from those observed in complexes not followed by premature beats - were identified in 103 out of the 426 exams (24.1%). The following abnormalities were associated with premature beats:</p>
      <p>1 &#150; Variation of the ST segment level &#150; either elevated or depressed &#150; in relation to preceding complexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Illustrations 1-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1-IV</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-III</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-IV</xref>).</p>
      <p>2 &#150; Variation of T wave amplitude &#150; either higher or lower &#150; whether previously positive, negative, or with minus-plus or plus-minus pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Illustrations 1-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1-IV</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-IV</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-I</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-III</xref>).</p>
      <p>3 &#150; Appearance of negative U wave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Illustrations 1-I</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1-V</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-III</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-IV</xref>).</p>
      <p>4 &#150; Appearance of upward or downward shift of diastolic baseline immediately before ventricular premature beat (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Illustrations 1-II</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1-III</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2-I</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3-I</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The electrogenesis of the premature beats is basically related to myocardial fibers automatism and dromotropism&#185;. During ventricular contraction &#150; which in the EKG extends from the end of the QRS to the end of the T wave &#150; myocardial fibers are in a refractory period. Refractoriness to new depolarization is absolute in early moments of contraction and relative at final moments. During diastole, fiber electric intracellular potentials are negative in relation to those on the membrane external surface (Phase 4 of action potential). The more negative the diastolic potential inside the fibers, the lower the possibility of spontaneous automatism manifestation. When the diastolic intracellular potential is less negative than it should be, myocyte electric charge distribution gets closer to the excitability threshold, above which depolarization is triggered. The abnormality most commonly related to the occurrence of ventricular premature beats is heterogeneity of repolarization in different myocardial areas - a phenomenon known as dispersion, that sets condition for the occurrence of either the re-entry phenomenon or early depolarization of regional foci&#178;<sup>,</sup>&#179;.</p>
      <p>Although time and spatial repolarization heterogeneity have been admitted to be commonly found in heart diseases &#150; almost as often as ventricular premature beats themselves &#150; the translation of such phenomena in conventional EKG remains unreported in the literature. The electrocardiographic patterns described herein demonstrate that the electric mechanisms underlying the triggering of ventricular premature beats can be manifested in surface tracings and deserve investigation in different patient groups, given that they are the same, irrespective of the underlying disease. Myocardial ischemia, inflammation, fibrosis, cardioactive drugs, electrolytic or acid-basic disorders, autonomic hyperactivity (particularly sympathetic), etc, usually present in heart or systemic diseases - may result in regional abnormalities of diastolic intracellular potentials, triggering premature beats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Moffa PJ. Introdu&#231;&#227;o ao estudo das disritmias card&#237;acas. In: Moffa P e Sanches PCR. Eletrocardiograma Normal e Patol&#243;gico. 1&#170;. Ed. Editado por Ramires JAF e Oliveira AS. S&#227;o Paulo: Rocca Ltda; 2001: 207-22.</p>
      <p>2. Rubart M, Zipes DP. Genesis of cardiac arrhythmias: electrophysiological considerations. In: Braunwald ER, Zipes DP and Libby P. Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001: 659-99.</p>
      <p>3. Marchiliski FE, Schwartzman G, Gottlieb CD, Gonz&#225;lez-Zuelgaray J, Callans DJ. Electrical events associated with arrhythmias initiation and stimulatrion techniques for arrhythmia prevention. In: Zipes DP and Jalife J. Cardiac Electrophysiology. From Cell to Bedside. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1995: 863-77.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e219-00034-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Eder Trezza</p>
          <p> Caixa Postal 535</p>
          <p> 18618-000 &#150; Botucatu, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="etrezza@uol.com.br">etrezza@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido em 17/11/05; revisado recebido em 21/11/05; aceito em 21/11/05.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
