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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f59jRfPvKzdJzwBJydgRHrP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700528</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ruptura da valva a&#243;rtica por trauma tor&#225;cico fechado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Theodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Socorro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiarello</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Janu&#225;rio Manuel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e198</fpage>
      <lpage>e200</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de paciente internado em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o com ruptura da v&#225;lvula coronariana direita da valva a&#243;rtica, secund&#225;ria a trauma tor&#225;cico fechado. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico identificou o local da ruptura, permitindo melhor planejamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>trauma tor&#225;cico fechado</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ruptura da valva a&#243;rtica por trauma tor&#225;cico fechado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Eduardo Theodoro; Maria do Socorro Alves Oliveira; Henry Abensur; Gustavo Chiarello; Raphael Azevedo Barreto; Janu&#225;rio Manuel de Souza; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim da Real e Benem&#233;rita Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de paciente internado em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o com ruptura da v&#225;lvula coronariana direita da valva a&#243;rtica, secund&#225;ria a trauma tor&#225;cico fechado. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico identificou o local da ruptura, permitindo melhor planejamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica, trauma tor&#225;cico fechado, ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica por ruptura de v&#225;lvula &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara de trauma tor&#225;cico fechado, sendo um dos primeiros registros da literatura m&#233;dica o de Penderleath, em 1830<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apresentamos um caso de lacera&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula coronariana direita da valva a&#243;rtica causada por queda da altura de 12 metros, durante pr&#225;tica de alpinismo. O uso do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa da c&#250;spide comprometida, contribuindo para o &#234;xito no tratamento do paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em mar&#231;o de 2005, homem de 25 anos, foi internado com hist&#243;ria de queda (ocorrida em dezembro de 2004) da altura de 12 metros, quando escalava montanha. Na &#233;poca, ficou internado em outro hospital por fratura do &#250;mero direito e traumatismo raquimedular discreto. Durante essa interna&#231;&#227;o, detectou-se sopro card&#237;aco, quando ent&#227;o foi realizado ecocardiograma tor&#225;cico, o qual demonstrou a presen&#231;a do refluxo a&#243;rtico, motivo do encaminhamento para nosso hospital.</p>
    <p>Na interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou-se eupn&#233;ico, l&#250;cido, orientado, afebril, com press&#227;o arterial de 150 x 60 mmHg, pulso radial de 62 batimentos por minuto, com pulsos amplos, &#237;ctus palp&#225;vel no quinto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo e aumentado de amplitude, com sopro diast&#243;lico aud&#237;vel na borda esternal esquerda, murm&#250;rio vesicular preservado bilateralmente e sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios, abdome fl&#225;cido e indolor &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o e membros inferiores sem edemas , com panturrilhas livres.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma revelou ritmo sinusal, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm, eixo do QRS a + 90&#176;, dentro dos limites da normalidade. A radiografia simples do t&#243;rax mostrou &#225;rea card&#237;aca no limite m&#225;ximo da normalidade, com vascularidade pulmonar normal.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler mostrou di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 58 mm e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de 38 mm, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo cubo de 71%, e porcentual de encurtamento de 34%. Os &#225;trios e o ventr&#237;culo direito estavam normais. Ao Doppler, havia refluxo valvar a&#243;rtico moderado a importante e refluxo valvar mitral m&#237;nimo. O peric&#225;rdio estava normal. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tamb&#233;m mostrou movimento anormal da v&#225;lvula coronariana direita, com desabamento do folheto, levando a m&#225; coapta&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia valvar moderada a importante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O paciente foi encaminhado &#224; cirurgia no dia seguinte, sendo submetido a plastia da v&#225;lvula coronariana direita, sob hipotermia profunda e parada circulat&#243;ria total de 14 minutos, restando refluxo a&#243;rtico discreto demonstrado pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intra-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional de controle, realizado no dia seguinte, confirmou o refluxo valvar a&#243;rtico discreto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi sem complica&#231;&#245;es, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do sopro paraesternal e normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos perif&#233;ricos e da press&#227;o arterial, e o paciente obteve alta no sexto dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As les&#245;es de valvas card&#237;acas causadas por trauma tor&#225;cico fechado s&#227;o raras; por&#233;m, quando ocorrem, s&#227;o de alto risco para o paciente<sup>2</sup>. Estudos de necropsia mostram que, em casos de trauma tor&#225;cico fechado que foram a &#243;bito, menos de 5% dos pacientes apresentavam esse achado<sup>2</sup>. Dentre as valvas acometidas, a mais comum &#233; a a&#243;rtica, isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com contus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ruptura do septo atrial, ruptura a&#243;rtica, ou ruptura da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum<sup>2</sup>. A les&#227;o mais comum encontrada no trauma tor&#225;cico fechado &#233; a contus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>3</sup>. O ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; a c&#226;mara card&#237;aca que sofre ruptura com mais freq&#252;&#234;ncia, e a ruptura das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#233; incomum.</p>
    <p>As rupturas da aorta s&#227;o mais comumente encontradas, e se localizam mais freq&#252;entemente no istmo, onde a aorta tor&#225;cica m&#243;vel encontra a por&#231;&#227;o mais fixa do restante do arco a&#243;rtico. De 15% a 20% das v&#237;timas de acidentes automobil&#237;sticos t&#234;m ruptura da aorta por esse mecanismo.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica causada por trauma tor&#225;cico apresenta duas causas principais: por aumento s&#250;bito da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica durante a di&#225;stole, quando o gradiente de press&#227;o na valva a&#243;rtica &#233; m&#225;ximo e a valva est&#225; fechada<sup>3</sup>, ou quando a ruptura da subadvent&#237;cia da aorta ascendente causa prolapso da c&#250;spide valvar correspondente<sup>4</sup>. O quadro cl&#237;nico na regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica aguda costuma se deteriorar rapidamente e o diagn&#243;stico de ruptura valvar a&#243;rtica deve ser precoce<sup>4</sup>. Dor tor&#225;cica e dispn&#233;ia associadas a novo sopro diast&#243;lico s&#227;o os sintomas mais comuns e fazem suspeitar fortemente da les&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Essas les&#245;es costumam estar associadas a m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es tor&#225;cicas (fraturas de costela, fratura do esterno, contus&#227;o pulmonar), o que torna o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da les&#227;o valvar um desafio.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios relatos t&#234;m ressaltado a import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma na detec&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o valvar causada pelo trauma tor&#225;cico<sup>6-11</sup>. Todo paciente sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca que apresentar sopro card&#237;aco ap&#243;s trauma tor&#225;cico &#233; fortemente suspeito de les&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica<sup>12</sup>, e deve ser submetido a ecocardiograma. Quando o diagn&#243;stico &#233; comprovado, a explora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva &#233; necess&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>No presente caso, houve fratura do &#250;mero direito, mas n&#227;o se encontrou les&#227;o da caixa tor&#225;cica, observando-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de ruptura valvar a&#243;rtica isolada, o que &#233; raro na literatura.</p>
    <p>Outro detalhe que merece ser registrado &#233; a evolu&#231;&#227;o subaguda do paciente, permitindo a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica cerca de tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o acidente.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma, especialmente o transesof&#225;gico, como meio diagn&#243;stico para nortear a conduta cir&#250;rgica, a ser realizada durante o ato cir&#250;rgico e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para o devido controle do paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-e01.jpg"/></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Jos&#233; Eduardo Theodoro </p>
        <p> Rua Vit&#243;rio Zague, 30 </p>
        <p> 13171-550 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="theodoro@cardiol.br">theodoro@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 3/12/05; revisado recebido em 8/12/05; aceito em 8/12/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Aortic valve rupture due to blunt chest trauma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report a patient admitted to our hospital with aortic valve rupture due to blunt chest trauma. The aortic rupture was accurately identified by the transesophageal echocardiogram, allowing a better surgical approach.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A case of aortic valve rupture due to blunt chest trauma</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Eduardo Theodoro; Maria do Socorro Alves Oliveira; Henry Abensur; Gustavo Chiarello; Raphael Azevedo Barreto; Janu&#225;rio Manuel de Souza; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim da Real e Benem&#233;rita Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report a patient admitted to our hospital with aortic valve rupture due to blunt chest trauma. The aortic rupture was accurately identified by the transesophageal echocardiogram, allowing a better surgical approach.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Aortica valve regurgitation, blunt chest trauma, transesophageal echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>Aortic valve regurgitation due to cusp rupture is a rare complication of blunt chest trauma, and one of the first reports in literature is that by Penderleath, in 1830<sup>1</sup>. We present a case of laceration of the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve that resulted from a 12-meter fall during climbing practice.</p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiogram accurately showed the lacerated cusp, allowing the patient to receive the best treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In March 2005, a 25-year-old male patient was admitted to our institution with a history of a 12-meter fall that had taken place in December 2005, during mountain climbing. At the time of the fall, he was admitted to another hospital due to a fracture in the right humerus and slight spinal column trauma. During the hospital stay, a cardiac murmur was detected and a thoracic echocardiogram was performed, demonstrating the presence of aortic reflux, which prompted his referral to our institution.</p>
      <p>At admission, the patient was eupneic, oriented, afebrile; blood pressure was 150 x 60 mmHg, radial pulse was 62 bpm with ample pulses, palpable ictus in the fifth left intercostal space with increased amplitude, diastolic murmur audible in the left sternum border, vesicular murmur present and symmetrical without adventitious sounds, flaccid abdomen that was painless to palpation and lower limbs without edema, with free calves.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed sinusal rhythm, with a cardiac frequency of 60 bpm, QRS axis at +90&#186;, within the range of normality. The plain chest radiography showed that the cardiac area was within the maximum limit of normality, with normal pulmonary vascularity.</p>
      <p>The bidimensional Doppler echocardiogram showed a left ventricle diastolic diameter of 58 mm and systolic diameter of 38 mm, with an ejection fraction by M-mode cube method of 71% with a shortening percentage of 34%. The atriums and the right ventricle were normal. The Doppler showed a moderate to significant aortic valve reflux and minimal mitral valve reflux. The pericardium was normal. The transesophageal echocardiogram showed an abnormal movement of the right coronary cusp with leaflet rupture, leading to poor coaptation and causing moderate to significant valve failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient underwent surgery on the following day, being submitted to right cusp-plasty, under deep hypothermic total circulatory arrest for 14 minutes; a slight aortic reflux shown by the intra-operative transesophageal echocardiogram persisted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The bidimensional control echocardiogram performed on the day after the surgery confirmed the slight aortic valve reflux (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The post-operative evolution was considered good and complication-free, with decrease of the parasternal murmur and normalization of the peripheral pulses and arterial pressure, and the patient was discharged on the sixth day post-surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac valve injuries due to blunt chest trauma are rare; however, when they do occur, they pose a high risk for the patient<sup>2</sup>. Necropsy studies have demonstrated that, in cases of blunt chest trauma that died, less than 5% of the patients presented this finding<sup>2</sup>. Among the affected valves, the most common one is the aorta, alone or in association with myocardial contusion, atrial septum rupture, aortic rupture or rupture of the common carotid artery<sup>2</sup>. The most commonly observed injury in blunt chest trauma is myocardial contusion<sup>3</sup>. The right ventricle is the cardiac chamber that most commonly presents rupture, and the coronary artery rupture is unusual.</p>
      <p>Aortic ruptures are more commonly observed, and are more often located in the isthmus, where the mobile thoracic aorta joins the more fixed portion of the remaining aortic arch. Fifteen to 20% of car accident victims present aortic rupture due to such mechanism.</p>
      <p>Aortic valve failure caused by chest trauma has two main reasons: due to a sudden increase in the intrathoracic pressure during diastole, when the pressure gradient in the aortic valve is at the maximum and the valve is closed<sup>3</sup>; or when the sub-adventitial rupture of the ascending aorta causes the prolapse of the corresponding valve cusp<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The clinical picture of acute aortic regurgitation usually deteriorates very fast, and the diagnosis of aortic valve rupture must be promptly achieved<sup>4</sup>. Chest pain and dyspnea associated to a new diastolic murmur are the most common symptoms, and are highly suggestive of the presence of the injury<sup>5</sup>. These injuries are usually associated to multiple chest injuries (rib fractures, sternum fractures, pulmonary contusion), which makes the valve injury diagnosis and treatment a challenge.</p>
      <p>Several reports have stressed the importance of the echocardiogram in detecting a valve injury caused by chest trauma<sup>6-11</sup>. Every patient with no previous history of cardiac disease that presents cardiac murmur after chest trauma is strongly suspected of presenting aortic valve injury<sup>12</sup>, and must be submitted to an echocardiogram. When the diagnosis is confirmed, the surgical exploration of the valve is necessary.</p>
      <p>In the present case, the patient had a fracture in the right humerus, but no thoracic injury; he presented an isolate occurrence of aortic valve rupture, which is rare in literature.</p>
      <p>The patient's subacute evolution is also noteworthy, which allowed the surgical repair to be carried out three months after the accident.</p>
      <p>Finally, we emphasize the importance of the echocardiogram, especially the transesophageal one, as a diagnostic means to direct the surgical approach, to be performed during surgery, and in the postoperative period, for adequate patient's follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e198-00028-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Jos&#233; Eduardo Theodoro</p>
          <p> Rua Vit&#243;rio Zague, 30</p>
          <p> 13171-550 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="theodoro@cardiol.br">theodoro@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 3, 2005; revised manuscript December 8, 2005; accepted December 8, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
