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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LJZQVH8hcWMTVHJ9mBdz9ZF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700527</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tadalafil para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Castro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hovnanian</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Julio C&#233;sar dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lapa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e195</fpage>
      <lpage>e197</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O uso de inibidores de fosfodiesterase, mais especificamente o sildenafil, no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mostrou bons resultados, indicados por melhora dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e da capacidade funcional. Poucos estudos existem a respeito dos efeitos de seus an&#225;logos como o tadalafil. O presente caso refere-se a uma paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica em classe funcional IV (NYHA) com resposta significativa ao uso de tadalafil.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>inibidores da fosfodiesterase</kwd>
        <kwd>sildenafil</kwd>
        <kwd>tadalafil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tadalafil para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adriana Castro de Carvalho; Andr&#233; Luiz Hovnanian; Caio Julio C&#233;sar dos Santos Fernandes; M&#244;nica Lapa; Carlos Jardim; Rog&#233;rio Souza</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Grupo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar &#150; Disciplina de Pneumologia - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso de inibidores de fosfodiesterase, mais especificamente o sildenafil, no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mostrou bons resultados, indicados por melhora dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e da capacidade funcional. Poucos estudos existem a respeito dos efeitos de seus an&#225;logos como o tadalafil. O presente caso refere-se a uma paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica em classe funcional IV (NYHA) com resposta significativa ao uso de tadalafil.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; inibidores da fosfodiesterase; sildenafil; tadalafil.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) &#233; uma doen&#231;a caracterizada pela prolifera&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento vascular que resulta no aumento progressivo da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar com conseq&#252;ente disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e finalmente &#243;bito<sup>1</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico da HAP idiop&#225;tica &#233; feito quando s&#227;o exclu&#237;dos outros fatores causais<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da HAP tem avan&#231;ado nos &#250;ltimos anos. Infelizmente as alternativas terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis ainda s&#227;o de efic&#225;cia limitada, associadas a complica&#231;&#245;es e de custo elevado<sup>3</sup>. O uso do inibidor da 5-fosfodiesterase (5-PD) sildenafil tem mostrado bons resultados com melhora hemodin&#226;mica e da capacidade funcional em pacientes com HAP. Entretanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias v&#225;rias administra&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias e nas doses utilizadas apresenta um alto custo<sup>3-5</sup>. Novos inibidores da 5-PD foram aprovados para o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, como o tadalafil e o vardenafil. Uma das principais caracter&#237;sticas desses agentes &#233; a maior meia vida, mas existem poucos estudos a respeito da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a destes agentes na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com HAP<sup>4-6</sup>. Apresentamos um caso de HAP com melhora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s o tratamento com tadalafil, um inibidor da 5-PD de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente feminina, branca, 37 anos, com dispn&#233;ia progressiva aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; tr&#234;s anos, submetida a um ecocardiograma no in&#237;cio de 2003 em outro servi&#231;o que evidenciou uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (PSVD) estimada de 47 mmHg. A paciente foi submetida na &#233;poca a uma cirurgia card&#237;aca para corre&#231;&#227;o da CIA que n&#227;o foi identificada no intra-operat&#243;rio. No mesmo tempo cir&#250;rgico foi submetida a uma bi&#243;psia pulmonar que revelou a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es plexiformes arteriolares compat&#237;veis com HAP. A paciente tinha antecedente de etilismo e diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de hepatopatia alco&#243;lica- Child A, est&#225;vel desde 1997, sem hipertens&#227;o portal. Houve piora progressiva da dispn&#233;ia at&#233; que, em setembro de 2003, a paciente encontrava-se em classe funcional IV (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic> &#150; NYHA), com ecocardiograma evidenciando PSVD estimada em 77 mmHg. A paciente vinha fazendo uso de espironolactona 25 mg/dia, digoxina 25 mg/dia e omeprazol 20 mg/dia.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s consulta na internet por agentes que poderiam ser utilizados em hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, a paciente iniciou por conta pr&#243;pria o uso de Tadalafil 10 mg a cada 36 horas. A paciente procurou nosso servi&#231;o doze meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento emp&#237;rico. Nesse per&#237;odo apresentou melhora progressiva da dispn&#233;ia, evoluindo para classe funcional II (NYHA).</p>
    <p>Foram ent&#227;o realizados exames para investiga&#231;&#227;o efetiva da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, entre eles: PPF negativos, fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, reumatograma e fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana normais; ultra-sonografia de abdome mostrou discreta hipoecogenicidade do par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico sem sinais de hipertens&#227;o portal. A tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax mostrou apenas sinais sugestivos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1el">fig. 1</xref>). Novo ecocardiograma, ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento, evidenciou PSVD de 58 mmHg. Optamos pela suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o por 72 horas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco direito com teste agudo com vasodilatador, em que n&#227;o foi verificada resposta significativa ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1el">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e195-00027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e195-00027-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Optou-se pela reintrodu&#231;&#227;o do tadalafil, na mesma dose, com manuten&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos, realizado em vig&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o, resultou em 516 metros, partindo-se de uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 94 bpm, chegando a 141 bpm ao final do exame, mantendo a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pela oximetria de pulso em 93% durante todo o teste, sem suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas mais conhecidas, tr&#234;s t&#234;m particular import&#226;ncia por serem os alvos atuais das principais alternativas terap&#234;uticas existentes para o tratamento da HAP: a via da prostaciclina, a via da endotelina e a via do NO. Especificamente o NO se apresenta como um potente vasodilatador e inibidor da prolifera&#231;&#227;o muscular. O NO ativa a guanilato ciclase, que por sua vez estimula a produ&#231;&#227;o de GMPc nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas das art&#233;rias pulmonares e promove seu relaxamento. Especificamente na HAP, os n&#237;veis de NO podem estar diminu&#237;dos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>As fosfodiesterases s&#227;o uma fam&#237;lia de enzimas que inativam o GMPc e que possuem diferentes distribui&#231;&#245;es teciduais e afinidades<sup>6</sup>. A 5-PD est&#225; presente em grande quantidade na vasculatura pulmonar e por isso a sua inibi&#231;&#227;o, que prolonga a meia-vida do GMPc e leva a uma vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, tem sido estudada como tratamento da HAP<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sildenafil, um inibidor seletivo da 5-PD, j&#225; mostrou ser um potente vasodilatador dose-dependente<sup>3-5</sup>. Michelakis e cols.<sup>3</sup> mostraram que o seu uso por tr&#234;s meses &#233; seguro e est&#225; associado a melhora hemodin&#226;mica e na capacidade funcional nos pacientes com HAP, sendo provavelmente uma alternativa mais barata aos tratamentos atuais. J&#225; foi demonstrada melhora cl&#237;nica e funcional com seu uso tanto em HAP idiop&#225;tica, quanto em outras situa&#231;&#245;es que cursem com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Novos inibidores seletivos da 5-PD, vardenafil e tadalafil, com o mesmo mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m com propriedades farmacocin&#233;ticas pr&#243;prias foram lan&#231;ados para o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, mas poucos estudos existem sobre a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na HAP. Ghofrani e cols.<sup>6</sup> compararam os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos do vardenafil e tadalafil com sildenafil na vasculatura pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, em pacientes com HAP por 120 minutos. Todos os inbidores da 5-PD causaram vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pulmonar significante, mas diferiram no tempo para o seu efeito m&#225;ximo e na seletividade. O tadalafil teve seu efeito m&#225;ximo em 75 a noventa minutos (contra 40 a 45 minutos para o vardenafil e 60 minutos para o sildenafil). Tadalafil e sildenafil mostraram maior seletividade para a vasculatura pulmonar (queda no &#237;ndice resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar/resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica) e apenas o sildenafil mostrou melhora na oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Palmieri e cols.<sup>9</sup> descreveram um caso de HAP que foi tratada com tadalafil 20 mg em dias alternados, com melhora da classe funcional de NYHA e melhora da PSVD no ecocardiograma ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento. No presente caso, nossa paciente com diagn&#243;stico de HAP, n&#227;o-responsiva a NO pelo cateterismo direito, iniciou o uso do tadalafil em uma dose mais baixa (10 mg) a cada 36 horas por conta pr&#243;pria ap&#243;s ter tido acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es na m&#237;dia leiga. A paciente tamb&#233;m apresentou melhora cl&#237;nica e da classe funcional, com queda da PSVD de 77 para 58 mmHg no ecocardiograma, e est&#225; em uso da medica&#231;&#227;o h&#225; mais de um ano. Como a melhora foi evidente e n&#227;o houve efeitos adversos a dose foi mantida. Al&#233;m disso, o teste de caminhada da paciente encontra-se em n&#237;veis que s&#227;o indicativos de bom progn&#243;stico a longo prazo ap&#243;s a institui&#231;&#227;o de tratamento<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso dos novos inibidores da 5PD como o tadalafil podem ser uma alternativa para o tratamento da HAP e podem representar uma maior ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, j&#225; que a sua meia vida &#233; maior e permite a administra&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica di&#225;ria ou em dias alternados. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios ainda estudos de farmacodin&#226;mica especificamente em pacientes com HAP a fim de se determinar a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de um componente dose-resposta e assim determinar a dose ideal de uso nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e195-00027-e01.jpg"/></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Rog&#233;rio Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Afonso de Freitas, 556/12 </p>
        <p> 04006-052 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rgrsz@uol.com.br">rgrsz@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 30/09/05; revisado recebido em 30/01/06; aceito em 30/01/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Tadalafil as treatment for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like sildenafil have already been shown to improve functional capacity and hemodynamics in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Few studies address the effects of new phosphodiesterase inhibitors as tadalafil. We report a case of a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in functional class IV (New York Heart Association) with significant response to treatment with tadalafil.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tadalafil as treatment for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adriana Castro de Carvalho; Andr&#233; Luiz Hovnanian; Caio Julio C&#233;sar dos Santos Fernandes; M&#244;nica Lapa; Carlos Jardim; Rog&#233;rio Souza</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Grupo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar &#150; Disciplina de Pneumologia - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like sildenafil have already been shown to improve functional capacity and hemodynamics in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Few studies address the effects of new phosphodiesterase inhibitors as tadalafil. We report a case of a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in functional class IV (New York Heart Association) with significant response to treatment with tadalafil.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary arterial hypertension, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, sildenafil tadalafil.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by the proliferation and vascular remodelling that results in progressive increase of pulmonary vascular resistance with consequent right ventricular dysfunction and eventually death<sup>1</sup>. Diagnosis for idiopathic PAH is made after exclusion of other associated factors<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The treatment for PAH has been advancing in recent years. Unfortunately, therapeutic alternatives available still face effectiveness limitations, which are associated to complications and high cost <sup>3</sup>. The use of the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil has shown good results, with improvement in hemodynamics and functional capacity in PAH patients. However, many daily administrations are necessary, and dose level stands for high cost <sup>3-5</sup>. New PDE5 inhibitors have been approved as treatment for erectile dysfunction, such as tadalafil and vardenafil. A major characteristic of those agents is their half-life, but few studies have adressed their effectiveness and safety for PAH patients<sup>4-6</sup>. This paper is a report on a PAH patient with clinical and hemodynamic improvement after treatment with tadalafil, a long lasting PDE5 inhibitor.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 37-year-old female patient, with progressive dyspnea on exertion for 3 years, was submitted to echocardiogram in early 2003 at another service. The echocardiogram evidenced interatrial communication (IAC) and right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP) estimated at 47 mmHg. At the time, the patient was submitted to heart surgery for correction of the IAC which was not identified intraoperatively. At the same surgical time the patient was submitted to a pulmonary biopsy which revealed the presence of arteriolar plexiform lesions compatible with PAH. The patient had a history of alcohol abuse and clinical diagnosis for Child A alcoholic hepatopathy since 1997, without portal hypertension. There was progressive worsening of dyspnea until by September, 2003, when the patient presented functional class IV (New York Heart Association - NYHA), with RVSP estimated at 77mmHg by echocardiogram. The patient had been on espironolactone (25 mg/day), digoxin (25mg/day) and omeprazol (20mg/day).</p>
      <p>After searching on the internet for drugs to be used for pulmonary hypertension, the patient started using 10 mg of Tadalafil every 36 hours on her own. The patient came to our service 12 months after she had started empirical treatment. In that period, she reported progressive improvement of her dyspnea condition, having changed to functional class II (NYHA).</p>
      <p>Exams were then carried out for effective investigation of pulmonary hypertension, among them: stool samples were negative for parasites; pulmonary function, rheumatogram and thyroid function: normal; abdomen ultrasound: mild hypoechogenicity of hepatic parenchyma, with no signs of portal hypertension. Thoracic CT scan showed only suggestive signs of pulmonary hypertension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1el-body2">Figure 1</xref>). A new echocardiogram, after one year of treatment, showed RVSP at 58 mmHg. We decided to withdraw all medication for 72 hours to carry out right heart catheterization and acute test with vasodilator, which showed no significant response to nitric oxide (NO) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f1el-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e195-00027-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e195-00027-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We decided to reintroduce tadalafil, at the same dose level, with maintenance of functional class. The 6-minute walk test carried out while on medication resulted 516 meters, starting with 94 bpm heart rate and reaching 141 bpm by test end. Oxygen saturation, measured by pulse oximetry, was of 93% all along the test, without oxygen supplementation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the most well known pathophysiologic pathways, three are of particular relevance for being the current targets of major therapeutic alternatives available as treatment for PAH: the prostacyclin pathway, the endothelin pathway, and the NO pathway. NO has shown to be a powerful vasodilator and inhibitor of muscular proliferation. NO activates guanylate cyclase, which stimulates the production of cGMP in smooth muscle cells and promotes their relaxation. NO levels may be reduced in PAH <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Phosphodiesterases are a family of enzymes that inactivate cGMP and have different tissue distribution and affinities<sup>6</sup>. PDE5 can be found in quite high volume in pulmonary vasculature. Therefore, its inhibition &#150; which extends cGMP half-life, leading to vasodilation &#150; has been investigated as treatment for PAH <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sildenafil &#150; a PDE5 selective inhibitor &#150; has proven to be a powerful dose-dependent vasodilator<sup>3-5</sup>. Michelakis et al have shown that it is safe to be used for 3 months, and is associated to the improvement of hemodynamics and functional capacities of PAH patients. It is probably a more affordable alternative to current treatments<sup>3</sup>. Clinical and functional improvement has been shown through the use of sildenafil both for idiopathic PAH as for conditions associated to pulmonary hypertension <sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>New PDE5 selective inhibitors - vardenafil and tadalafil &#150; with the same action mechanism, although with their own pharmacokinetic properties, have been launched as treatment for erectile dysfunction, but few studies addressed their use for PAH. Ghofrani et al have compared the hemodynamic effects of vardenafil and tadalafil in the pulmonary and systemic vasculature of PAH patients for 120 minutes. All PDE5 inhibitors caused significant pulmonary vasodilation, but differed in the time for maximal effect and selectivity. Tadalafil showed maximal effect from 75 to 90 minutes (against 40 to 45 for vardenafil and 60 min for sildenafil). Tadalafil and sildenafil reported higher selectivity for pulmonary vasculature (reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance/systemic vascular resistance), and only sildenafil reported improvement of arterial oxygenation<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Palmieri et al have described a PAH case treated with 20 mg of tadalafil every other day. Improvement of functional class (NYHA) and of RVSP in echocardiogram after 6 months of treatment was reported. As for our patient with diagnosis for PAH, non-responsive to NO through right heart catheterization, tadalafil was started at a lower dose (10 mg) every 36 hours on her own account after information collected on lay media. The patient also reported improvement of clinical condition and of functional class, with RVSP reduction &#150; from 77 to 58 mmHg on echocardiogram. The patient has been on medication for over a year. As improvement was evident and no adverse effects were reported, the same dose level was kept. Furthermore, the distance of the six-minute walk test is indicative of good prognosis at long term after treatment is established <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of new PDE5 inhibitors as tadalafil may be an alternative to treat PAH, and may sponsor higher compliance to treatment since half-life is longer, with one single administration everyday or every other day. Further pharmacodynamic studies are necessary specifically for PAH patients to find out whether the dose-response component is present or not, to then define the ideal dose level for such condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e195-00027-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Rog&#233;rio Souza</p>
          <p> Rua Afonso de Freitas, 556/12</p>
          <p> 04006-052 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rgrsz@uol.com.br">rgrsz@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 30, 2005; revised manuscript January 3, 2006; accepted January 3, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
