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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">x3VPcVbdwBRsyHsnPzBNnPQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700526</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tilt teste no diagn&#243;stico diferencial da "epilepsia" resistente ao tratamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e192</fpage>
      <lpage>e194</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A epilepsia &#233; uma das causas mais freq&#252;entes de dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos em adultos jovens. Relatamos um caso em que uma paciente conviveu durante doze anos com o diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia resistente ao tratamento, quando, na verdade, a causa de seus sintomas p&#244;de ser encontrada com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (tilt teste). O cardiologista deve estar alerta para o poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes previamente diagnosticados como portadores de epilepsia, especialmente naqueles com dif&#237;cil controle terap&#234;utico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>epilepsia</kwd>
        <kwd>tilt teste</kwd>
        <kwd>diagn&#243;stico diferencial</kwd>
        <kwd>crise convulsiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tilt teste no diagn&#243;stico diferencial da "epilepsia" resistente ao tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro; Antonio Claudio Lucas da N&#243;brega</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e Universidade Federal Fluminense , Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A epilepsia &#233; uma das causas mais freq&#252;entes de dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos em adultos jovens. Relatamos um caso em que uma paciente conviveu durante doze anos com o diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia resistente ao tratamento, quando, na verdade, a causa de seus sintomas p&#244;de ser encontrada com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (<italic>tilt</italic> teste). O cardiologista deve estar alerta para o poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes previamente diagnosticados como portadores de epilepsia, especialmente naqueles com dif&#237;cil controle terap&#234;utico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ncope, epilepsia, <italic>tilt</italic> teste, diagn&#243;stico diferencial, crise convulsiva.</p>
    <p>Epilepsia &#233; um termo que engloba um grupo de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas cuja principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de convuls&#245;es epil&#233;ticas &#150; epis&#243;dios s&#250;bitos e em geral espont&#226;neos de altera&#231;&#227;o da consci&#234;ncia e movimentos involunt&#225;rios<sup>1</sup>. A epilepsia &#233; uma das causas mais freq&#252;entes de dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos em adultos jovens, acometendo cerca de cinq&#252;enta milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo<sup>2,3</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia da epilepsia na Europa varia de 4,5 a sete casos a cada mil habitantes, dependendo da faixa et&#225;ria considerada, sendo diagnosticados 311 mil novos casos a cada ano<sup>4</sup>. O conhecimento por parte dos m&#233;dicos, da alta preval&#234;ncia da epilepsia, especialmente em crian&#231;as, pode fazer com que esse diagn&#243;stico seja estabelecido sem que se considere a possibilidade de outros diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.</p>
    <p>Relatamos um caso em que uma paciente conviveu durante doze anos com o diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia resistente ao tratamento, quando, na verdade, a causa de seus sintomas p&#244;de ser encontrada com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (<italic>tilt</italic> teste).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, vinte anos de idade, com hist&#243;ria de cinco epis&#243;dios de perda fugaz do t&#244;nus postural, sem perda da consci&#234;ncia (relatava que mantinha a audi&#231;&#227;o durante tais epis&#243;dios) desde os oito anos de idade. Todos os epis&#243;dios de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope eram precedidos por mal-estar mal-definido, cansa&#231;o, turva&#231;&#227;o visual, calor e visualiza&#231;&#227;o de escotomas cintilantes. A paciente relatava que em nenhum dos epis&#243;dios houve libera&#231;&#227;o esfincteriana, abalos musculares, mordedura de l&#237;ngua ou outros sinais que pudessem ser interpretados como crise convulsiva do tipo grande mal. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o havia sintomas posteriores que pudessem indicar estado de confus&#227;o p&#243;s-ictal.</p>
    <p>Consulta neurol&#243;gica ap&#243;s o primeiro epis&#243;dio concluiu que a paciente sofria de epilepsia do tipo aus&#234;ncia (epilepsia do tipo pequeno mal), apesar de eletroencefalograma com resultado normal, sendo prescrita carbamazepina. Apesar do uso regular desse medicamento por per&#237;odo de doze anos e mantendo sempre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos terap&#234;uticos dessa subst&#226;ncia, a paciente apresentou quatro epis&#243;dios semelhantes desde o in&#237;cio do tratamento. Dois deles ocorreram em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e dois em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar situa&#231;&#245;es desencadeadoras de tais epis&#243;dios, como calor, ortostatismo prolongado, estresse emocional, visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de sangue, dor, entre outras.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a paciente relatava diversos epis&#243;dios em que sentia todos os pr&#243;dromos previamente relatados, por&#233;m sem evolu&#231;&#227;o para pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e com melhora ap&#243;s assumir o dec&#250;bito dorsal.</p>
    <p>Diante do diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia resistente ao tratamento, a paciente foi submetida a nova investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. N&#227;o havia nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o ao exame f&#237;sico. Foram realizados hemograma, bioqu&#237;mica, eletrocardiograma, holter de 24 horas e eletroencefalograma, sem altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Procedeu-se a investiga&#231;&#227;o por meio de <italic>tilt</italic> teste. O <italic>tilt</italic> teste foi realizado em ambiente silencioso, com temperatura de 26&#176;C e umidade relativa do ar de 54%, com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiografia cont&#237;nua (ECG 98<sup>&#174;</sup>, HW, Brasil) e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o intermitente da press&#227;o arterial (PA) por esfigmoman&#244;metro digital (Vital Lite<sup>&#174;</sup>, Indumed, Brasil). Ap&#243;s dez minutos de dec&#250;bito dorsal, foi realizada mudan&#231;a passiva para posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica a 70&#176;, sendo essa mantida por vinte minutos. Em seguida, administraram-se 400 mcg de gliceril-trinitrato (Nitrolingual Pumpspray<sup>&#174;</sup>, G. Pohl-Boskamp GmbH &amp; Co, Alemanha) por via sublingual. No 40&#186; minuto de ortostatismo, a paciente iniciou queixa de mal-estar mal-definido, cansa&#231;o, turva&#231;&#227;o visual, calor e visualiza&#231;&#227;o de escotomas cintilantes. Houve intensifica&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, palidez e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. Melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s retorno ao dec&#250;bito dorsal.</p>
    <p>A completa reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas que levaram &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o, associada &#224; queda abrupta dos valores de PA (queda de PA sist&#243;lica = 40 mmHg e de PA diast&#243;lica = 40 mmHg, PA m&#237;nima = 77 x 32 mmHg) e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC m&#237;nima = 63 bpm) permitiram o diagn&#243;stico de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica do tipo mista em resposta ao <italic>tilt</italic> test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1el">fig. 1</xref>). Esse padr&#227;o de resposta ao <italic>tilt</italic> teste caracteriza-se pela queda abrupta dos valores de PA e FC, desde que o menor valor de FC seja menor que 90% de seu valor m&#225;ximo atingido no teste (nesse caso, FC m&#225;xima = 107 bpm; 90% da FC m&#225;xima = 96 bpm) e maior que 40 bpm.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1el">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e192-00026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o exame, foi suspensa a administra&#231;&#227;o de carbamazepina e a paciente iniciou tratamento com fludrocortisona sendo orientada quanto &#224;s medidas comportamentais a serem tomadas para preven&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios, como uso de meia el&#225;stica de alta compress&#227;o, treinamento aer&#243;bico e aumento da ingesta de sal e &#225;gua<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope representa um sintoma freq&#252;ente, sendo a causa de 3% a 5% dos atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia e 1% a 3% das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares<sup>6,7</sup>. Sua preval&#234;ncia varia de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria estudada, variando de 15% em crian&#231;as at&#233; os dezoito anos de idade<sup>8</sup>, at&#233; 23% em idosos com mais de setenta anos de idade<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope em popula&#231;&#245;es adultas e a grande incid&#234;ncia de epilepsia em crian&#231;as muitas vezes induzem &#224; aceita&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de epilepsia em crian&#231;as com sintomas neurol&#243;gicos (perda de consci&#234;ncia), sem que se prossiga em investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia do tipo pequeno mal muitas vezes &#233; cl&#237;nico. Apesar de existir um padr&#227;o eletroencefalogr&#225;fico t&#237;pico desse modo de epilepsia, a inexist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletroencefal&#243;graficas em paciente com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica n&#227;o exclui tal diagn&#243;stico<sup>10</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletroencefal&#243;graficas podem, eventualmente, ser registradas apenas durante os breves momentos de perda da consci&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>O caso aqui descrito continha dados que apontavam para a possibilidade diagn&#243;stica de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, como os pr&#243;dromos descritos, a recupera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e aus&#234;ncia de confus&#227;o p&#243;s-ictal. Entretanto, apesar de esses dados auxiliarem na diferencia&#231;&#227;o da epilepsia cl&#225;ssica, do tipo grande mal, apresentam menor valor no diagn&#243;stico da epilepsia do tipo pequeno mal, pois essa, em geral, n&#227;o &#233; seguida por estado confusional p&#243;s-ictal.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que a presen&#231;a de abalos musculares n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope. Pacientes com s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica de padr&#227;o cardioinibit&#243;rio podem apresentar longos per&#237;odos de assistolia, com importante preju&#237;zo &#224; perfus&#227;o cerebral<sup>11</sup>. Nesses casos, o paciente pode apresentar movimentos t&#244;nicos ou t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicos, assim&#233;tricos ou generalizados. Usualmente essas "convuls&#245;es" desaparecem ap&#243;s o paciente ser colocado em posi&#231;&#245;es que facilitem a perfus&#227;o cerebral (dec&#250;bito dorsal ou posi&#231;&#227;o de Tredelemburg). Apesar de tais movimentos serem muito semelhantes &#224;s convuls&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas da epilepsia, essas podem ser diferenciadas pela presen&#231;a de estado confusional p&#243;s-ictal<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aparecimento de movimentos similares &#224;s convuls&#245;es parece ser mais freq&#252;ente em crian&#231;as. Fernandez Sanmartin e cols.<sup>13</sup> publicaram uma casu&#237;stica em que 11,6% de 216 pacientes com idade entre cinco e dezoito anos apresentaram "convuls&#245;es" durante <italic>tilt</italic> teste positivo para s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica.</p>
    <p>Casos em que a s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica &#233; interpretada como epilepsia tornaram-se mais comuns com a populariza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>tilt</italic> teste. Em 2000, Zaidi e cols.<sup>14</sup> avaliaram 74 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia resistente ao tratamento. Quarenta e um por cento desses pacientes apresentaram <italic>tilt</italic> teste positivo. Grande parte desses pacientes apresentava diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica e n&#227;o de epilepsia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, como preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as, devem ser utilizados para nortear a investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica baseada em tr&#234;s pilares: anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e exames complementares. O cardiologista deve estar alerta para o poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes previamente diagnosticados como portadores de epilepsia, principalmente naqueles com dif&#237;cil controle terap&#234;utico. O <italic>tilt</italic> teste &#233; uma ferramenta simples e n&#227;o-invasiva que pode ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais nestes casos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e192-00026-e01.jpg"/></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro </p>
        <p> Rua Carlos Chambelland, 226/405 &#150; Vila da Penha </p>
        <p> 21910-090 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="castrorrt@terra.com.br">castrorrt@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 24/09/05; revisado recebido em 08/12/05; aceito 08/12/05.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Tilt table test in the differential diagnosis of refractory "epilepsy"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Epilepsy is one of the most frequent causes of neurological disorders in young adults. We report the case of a patient who lived with the diagnosis of refractory epilepsy for twelve years, when actually the cause of the symptoms could be found with the performance of a tilt table test. Cardiologists should be aware of the possible diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope in patients previously diagnosed with epilepsy, especially in those with difficult therapeutic control.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tilt table test in the differential diagnosis of refractory "epilepsy"</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro; Antonio Claudio Lucas da N&#243;brega</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco and Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Epilepsy is one of the most frequent causes of neurological disorders in young adults. We report the case of a patient who lived with the diagnosis of refractory epilepsy for twelve years, when actually the cause of the symptoms could be found with the performance of a tilt table test. Cardiologists should be aware of the possible diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope in patients previously diagnosed with epilepsy, especially in those with difficult therapeutic control.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Syncope, Epilepy, tilt teste, differential diagnosis, confusion state.</p>
      <p>Epilepsy is a term that encompasses a group of chronic conditions whose main clinical manifestation is the occurrence of epileptic seizures &#150; sudden episodes, generally spontaneous, of alteration of consciousness and involuntary movements<sup>1</sup>. Epilepsy is one of the most frequent causes of neurological disorders in young adults, affecting approximately fifty million people worldwide<sup>2,3</sup>. The prevalence of epilepsy in Europe ranges from 4.5 to seven cases per 1,000 inhabitants, depending on the age range considered. Three hundred and eleven thousand new cases are diagnosed per year<sup>4</sup>. The knowledge, on the part of physicians, of the high prevalence of epilepsy especially among children may cause this diagnosis to be made without considering the possibility of other differential diagnosis.</p>
      <p>We report the case of a patient who lived with the diagnosis of refractory epilepsy for twelve years, when actually the cause of the symptoms could be found with the performance of a tilt table test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-year-old female patient with history of five episodes of transient loss of postural tonus without loss of consciousness (she reported preserved hearing during these episodes) since the age of eight years. All presyncopal episodes were preceded by an ill-defined malaise, tiredness, blurred vision, hot sensation and visualization of scintillating scotomas. The patient reported that in none of the episodes she presented urinary and/or fecal incontinence, muscle jerks, tongue bite or other signs that could be interpreted as a grand mal seizure. Additionally, there were no further symptoms that could indicate postictal confusion state.</p>
      <p>Neurologic assessment after the first episode concluded that the patient had absence epilepsy (petit mal epilepsy), despite a normal electroencephalogram, and she was prescribed carbamazepine. Despite the regular use of the medication for twelve years and maintenance of therapeutic serum levels of the drug, the patient presented four similar episodes since the treatment was started. Two of them occurred in the orthostatic position, and two in the sitting position. No precipitating factors such as heat, prolonged standing position, emotional stress, sight of blood, or others could be identified.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the patient referred several episodes in which she felt all prodromes previously reported, albeit without progression to presyncope, and with improvement after assuming the supine position.</p>
      <p>Due to the diagnosis of refractory epilepsy, the patient underwent a new clinical investigation. No alterations were observed in her physical examination. Total blood count, biochemical determinations, electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter, and electroencephalogram were performed, showing no alterations.</p>
      <p>Investigation continued with a tilt table test, which was performed in a silent environment, at a temperature of 26&#176;C and a 54% relative humidity of air, with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (ECG 98&#153;, HW, Brazil), and intermittent blood pressure (BP) monitoring with a digital sphygmomanometer (Vital Lite&#153;, Indumed, Brazil). After ten minutes in the supine position, the patient was passively put in the orthostatic position at 70&#176;, which was kept for twenty minutes. Next, 400 mcg sublingual glyceryl-trinitrate (Nitrolingual Pumpspray&#153;, G. Pohl-Boskamp GmbH &amp; Co, Germany) were administered. At the 40th minute in the standing position the patient started complaining about an ill-defined malaise, tiredness, blurred vision, hot sensation and visualization of scintillating scotomas. Symptoms became more intense, with paleness and presyncope. She improved after reassuming the supine position.</p>
      <p>The complete reproduction of the symptoms that led to the investigation, in association with the sudden drop in BP levels (systolic BP reduction = 40 mmHg, and diastolic BP reduction = 40 mmHg, minimum BP = 77 x 32 mmHg) and in the heart rate (minimum HR = 63 bpm) enabled the diagnosis of neurocardiogenic presyncope of the mixed type in response to the tilt table test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07f1el-body2">Figure 1</xref>). This pattern of response to the tilt table test is characterized by a sudden drop in BP and HR values, provided the lowest HR value is lower than 90% of the maximum value achieved in the test (in this case, maximum HR = 107 bpm; 90% of the maximum HR = 96 bpm), and greater than 40 bpm.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07f1el-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e192-00026-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After the test, carbamazepine was discontinued and the patient started treatment with fludrocortisone, and was given orientation as regards behavioral measures to be taken for the prevention of the episodes, such as the use of high compression stockings, aerobic training, and increased water and salt intake<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Syncope is a frequent symptom, and is the cause of 3% to 5% of the emergency consultations, and 1% to 3% of hospital stays<sup>6,7</sup>. Its prevalence varies according to the age range studied, ranging from 15% among children younger than eighteen years of age<sup>8</sup> to 23% among elderly older than 70 years of age<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The higher prevalence of syncope among adult populations and the high incidence of epilepsy among children frequently induce the acceptance of the diagnosis of epilepsy in children with neurological symptoms (loss of consciousness), without proceeding with a deeper investigation.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the diagnosis of petit mal epilepsy is frequently clinical. Although a typical electroencephalographic pattern of this type of epilepsy exists, the absence of electroencephalographic alterations in a patient with a strong clinical suspicion does not exclude this diagnosis<sup>10</sup>. Electroencephalographic alterations may occasionally be recorded, but only during the brief moments of loss of consciousness.</p>
      <p>The present case had findings such as the prodromes described, rapid recovery, and absence of postictal confusion, which suggested the diagnostic possibility of neurocardiogenic syncope. However, although these findings help differentiate it from the classical grand mal epilepsy, they have a lower value in the diagnosis of petit mal epilepsy, because the latter is generally not followed by a postictal confusion state.</p>
      <p>We should point out that the presence of muscle jerks does not exclude the diagnosis of syncope. Patients with cardioinhibitory neurocardiogenic syncope may present prolonged periods of asystole, with significant damage to cerebral perfusion<sup>11</sup>. In these cases, patients may present asymmetric or generalized tonic or tonic-clonic movements. These "seizures" usually disappear after the patient is placed in positions that facilitate cerebral perfusion (supine position or Trendelemburg position). Although these movements are very similar to the seizures that are characteristic of epilepsy, the latter can be differentiated by the presence of a postictal confusion state<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of movements similar to seizures seems to be more frequent among children. Fernandez Sanmartin et al<sup>13</sup> published a case series in which 11.6% of the 216 patients with age between five and eighteen years had "seizures" during a tilt table test positive for neurocardiogenic syncope.</p>
      <p>Cases in which neurocardiogenic syncope is interpreted as epilepsy have become more common with the wider use of the tilt table test. In the year 2000, Zaidi et al<sup>14</sup> evaluated 74 patients with diagnosis of refractory epilepsy. Forty one per cent of these patients had a positive tilt table test. A great part of these patients were diagnosed with neurocardiogenic syncope and not with epilepsy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Epidemiologic data such as the prevalence of diseases should be used to guide the clinical investigation on three bases: history taking, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Cardiologists should be aware of the possible diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope in patients previously diagnosed with epilepsy, mainly in those with difficult therapeutic control. The tilt table test is a simple, non-invasive tool that may be useful to identify differential diagnoses in these cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e192-00026-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Renata Rodrigues Teixeira de Castro</p>
          <p> Rua Carlos Chambelland, 226/405 &#150; Vila da Penha</p>
          <p> 21910-090 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="castrorrt@terra.com.br">castrorrt@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 24, 2005; revised Manuscript received December 8, 2005; accepted December 8, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
