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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zybz8VGrkxFfStspP5rxhhx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700522</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angina pectoris em paciente com hipertireoidismo e coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casini</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Ferri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Carla A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Regina H. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaisman</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e176</fpage>
      <lpage>e178</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de angina pectoris em mulher pr&#233;-menopausa sem outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, obriga-nos a descartar outras causas de les&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o hipertireoidismo e as altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular est&#225; bem estabelecida, contudo o hipertireoidismo responde por menos de 5% dos casos de dor tor&#225;cica. Apresenta-se um caso de uma mulher, 47 anos, com sintomas de precordialgia t&#237;pica e eletrocardiograma (ECG) sugestivo de isquemia coronariana, mas sem altera&#231;&#227;o laboratorial sugestiva de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e resultados laboratoriais permitiram firmar o diagn&#243;stico de hipertireoidismo. Investiga&#231;&#227;o subseq&#252;ente com o cateterismo card&#237;aco n&#227;o demonstrou les&#245;es obstrutivas. Ap&#243;s tratamento com iodo radioativo e retorno ao eutireoidismo, a paciente manteve-se assintom&#225;tica e o ECG e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica foram negativos para isquemia. Esses resultados sugerem uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre hiperatividade tireoidiana e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, tendo o hipertireoidismo como prov&#225;vel etiologia dos achados cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertireoidismo</kwd>
        <kwd>angina pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>Angina pectoris</italic> em paciente com hipertireoidismo e coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alessandra Ferri Casini; Ilan Gottieb; Leonardo V. Neto; Carla A. Almeida; Regina H. A. Fonseca; Mario Vaisman</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#150; UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de <italic>angina pectoris</italic> em mulher pr&#233;-menopausa sem outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, obriga-nos a descartar outras causas de les&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o hipertireoidismo e as altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular est&#225; bem estabelecida, contudo o hipertireoidismo responde por menos de 5% dos casos de dor tor&#225;cica. Apresenta-se um caso de uma mulher, 47 anos, com sintomas de precordialgia t&#237;pica e eletrocardiograma (ECG) sugestivo de isquemia coronariana, mas sem altera&#231;&#227;o laboratorial sugestiva de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e resultados laboratoriais permitiram firmar o diagn&#243;stico de hipertireoidismo. Investiga&#231;&#227;o subseq&#252;ente com o cateterismo card&#237;aco n&#227;o demonstrou les&#245;es obstrutivas. Ap&#243;s tratamento com iodo radioativo e retorno ao eutireoidismo, a paciente manteve-se assintom&#225;tica e o ECG e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica foram negativos para isquemia. Esses resultados sugerem uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre hiperatividade tireoidiana e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, tendo o hipertireoidismo como prov&#225;vel etiologia dos achados cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertireoidismo, angina pectoris, eletrocardiograma, art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e hipertireoidismo j&#225; &#233; descrita, ainda que n&#227;o completamente esclarecida. O hipertireoidismo responde por menos de 5% dos casos de dor tor&#225;cica de origem card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>, uma vez que o horm&#244;nio tireoidiano pode influenciar diretamente os fatores que determinam o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia aparente de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, resultando em <italic>angina pectoris</italic> e menos comumente em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A preval&#234;ncia do hipertireoidismo na popula&#231;&#227;o normal varia de 0,5% a 1%<sup>2</sup>. Relata-se um caso de s&#237;ndrome coronariana por vasoespasmo numa paciente portadora de hipertireoidismo, sem outros fatores de risco coronarianos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 47 anos apresentou quadro cl&#237;nico de nervosismo, palpita&#231;&#227;o, associado &#224; sudorese excessiva e ins&#244;nia, h&#225; aproximadamente um ano. Mencionava, tamb&#233;m, oligomenorr&#233;ia, sendo descartada altera&#231;&#227;o gonadal ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o ginecol&#243;gica (FSH 2,34 mUI/ml, LH 3,64 mUI/ml). Foi posteriormente encaminhada ao endocrinologista. Apresentou seis interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores por dor retroesternal, em repouso, de tr&#234;s minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o, sem associa&#231;&#227;o com sintomas vagais, que respondia ao tratamento com nitroglicerina. Negava uso de medicamentos, ou mesmo anticoncepcional oral at&#233; o in&#237;cio do quadro anginoso quando iniciou uso de dinitrato de isossorbida 10 mg duas vezes ao dia, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 200 mg/dia, atenolol 50 mg/dia e captopril 12,5 mg/dia. Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para tireoideopatia, por&#233;m sem antecedentes de cardiopatia ou dislipidemia. Tabagismo ocasional de um a dois cigarros/dia.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico da &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o revelou ritmo card&#237;aco regular, tr&#234;s tempos, presen&#231;a de quarta bulha, press&#227;o arterial - 120/70 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - 98 bpm, com tremor fino de extremidades, pele caracteristicamente quente e de textura fina. Gl&#226;ndula tire&#243;ide aumentada de volume &#224; custa de n&#243;dulo m&#243;vel, indolor, com cerca de dois cent&#237;metros em p&#243;lo superior do lobo direito, e o restante da gl&#226;ndula de superf&#237;cie regular e consist&#234;ncia el&#225;stica. Aus&#234;ncia de adenomegalias cervicais.</p>
    <p>Durante os epis&#243;dios anginosos, inclusive de interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) demonstrou invers&#227;o de onda T de V1 a V4, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de V2 a V3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1el">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o laboratorial que sugerisse les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: CK 41 U/l, 92 U/l (21-215 U/l), CKMB 0 U/l, 2 U/l (0-20 U/l), troponina 0 ng/ml (0,1-0,5 ng/ml), TGO 19 U/l, 15 U/l (15-37 U/l). Foi diagnosticada como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e iniciada a terap&#234;utica com antiagregante, hepariniza&#231;&#227;o, nitroglicerina endovenosa e betabloqueador, com boa resposta em todos os momentos de dor. Durante a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o, o ecocardiograma evidenciou hipocinesia septo-m&#233;dio-apical, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica leve e mitral m&#237;nima e, a coronariografia e ventriculografia demonstraram fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada com coron&#225;rias livres de les&#245;es obstrutivas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1el">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e176-00022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o, o ecocardiograma realizado ap&#243;s oito dias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro mostrou-se inteiramente normal e o ECG normalizou-se por algumas vezes nos per&#237;odos sem dor. Perfil lip&#237;dico: CT 178 mg/dl, LDL 113 mg/dl, HDL 49 mg/dl, TG 82 mg/dl. O hipertireoidismo foi confirmado por exames laboratoriais: T4L 2,57 ng/dl (0,8-1,9 ng/dl), TSH 0,099 uU/ml (0,40-4,00 uU/ml). A cintilografia tireoidiana mostrou capta&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas com <sup>131</sup> I de 21,26%, com ac&#250;mulo de material radioativo quase exclusivamente em lobo direito, sugerindo b&#243;cio nodular t&#243;xico. Submetida &#224; dose terap&#234;utica com <sup>131</sup> I 18,8 mCi, foi necess&#225;rio tratamento complementar com propiltiouracil (dose inicial de 400 mg/dia) por cinco meses ap&#243;s, quando a paciente se tornou eutireoidiana.</p>
    <p>O ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1el">Fig. 1</xref>) e a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o com <sup>99m</sup>Tc em repouso e ap&#243;s estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol, realizados imediatamente ap&#243;s retorno ao eutireoidismo (T4L 1,39 ng/dl, TSH 2,24 uU/mL), foram negativos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Desde ent&#227;o, a paciente apresenta-se clinicamente assintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sistema cardiovascular e horm&#244;nio tireoidiano est&#227;o estreitamente relacionados. Discretas altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana influenciam de forma marcante a contratilidade card&#237;aca e a atividade el&#233;trica.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos cardiovasculares do excesso do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano resultam predominantemente da a&#231;&#227;o direta do T3 nos cardiomi&#243;citos por meio da liga&#231;&#227;o ao seu receptor, especialmente a isoforma TR alfa1 (a&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica), e indireta, por meio dos efeitos simp&#225;ticos, tais como: aumento da sensibilidade &#224;s catecolaminas, aumento do n&#250;mero de receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos receptores alfa-adren&#233;rgicos no mioc&#225;rdio; forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres e consumo de oxig&#234;nio com o aumento do metabolismo basal por estimula&#231;&#227;o da NA/K/ATPase, al&#233;m dos efeitos na vasculatura como diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e retorno venoso acelerado<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rias as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares do hipertireoidismo: taquicardia sinusal (invariavelmente o achado mais freq&#252;ente), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, arritmias (especialmente a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana. Na grande maioria dos casos, tais altera&#231;&#245;es remitem ap&#243;s o controle do hipertireoidismo.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia coronariana no contexto do hipertireoidismo &#233; representada pela <italic>angina pectoris</italic> e pelo infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Apesar da angina ocorrer em torno de 0,5% a 20% dos pacientes, o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; extremamente incomum, com poucos casos relatados na literatura, com uma incid&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 1,8%<sup>4</sup>. Descri&#231;&#227;o de relatos de casos, habitualmente em mulheres com menos de 40 anos, demonstram a presen&#231;a de coron&#225;rias livres de les&#245;es por meio da coronariografia<sup>5-7</sup>, como no caso desta paciente.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos permanecem sem completo esclarecimento. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que o horm&#244;nio tireoidiano exer&#231;a efeitos sobre os fatores que determinam o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio<sup>3</sup> e que anomalias de dissocia&#231;&#227;o oxig&#234;nio-hemoglobina poderiam explicar tal fato. Outros poss&#237;veis mecanismos incluem: isquemia secund&#225;ria a vasoespasmo coronariano<sup>5,6,8</sup> por desequil&#237;brio da inerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, altera&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de tromboxane A e prostaciclina na circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, com vasodilata&#231;&#227;o insuficiente para suprir a demanda metab&#243;lica<sup>9</sup>, doen&#231;a microvascular e tromboembolismo com posterior recanaliza&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men arterial.</p>
    <p>Embora incomuns, existem outras causas n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas de obstru&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, como vasculites, enfermidades reum&#225;ticas, s&#237;filis, uso de coca&#237;na, angina de Prinzmetal, que entrariam como diagn&#243;stico diferencial no caso descrito. Al&#233;m do mais, se a paciente n&#227;o apresentasse n&#243;dulo palp&#225;vel ao exame f&#237;sico ou hist&#243;ria familiar de tireoideopatia, alguns dos sintomas relatados poderiam levantar a hip&#243;tese de climat&#233;rio. Por&#233;m a remiss&#227;o da angina ap&#243;s o tratamento do hipertireoidismo, associado ao quadro de coron&#225;rias normais, descartando-se as demais etiologias, sugere vasoespasmo coronariano que resultou em angina mioc&#225;rdica. Isso obriga-nos a a descartar patologia tireoidiana, especialmente em mulheres pr&#233;-menopausa com sintomas de cardiopatia sem outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e176-00022-e01.jpg"/></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Alessandra Ferri Casini </p>
        <p> Av. Doutor Pedro Feu Rosa, 501 ap. 102 </p>
        <p> 29060-730 &#150; Vit&#243;ria, ES </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ale.casini@ig.com.br">ale.casini@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/07/05; revisado recebido em 03/03/06; aceito em 07/03/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Angina pectoris in patient with hyperthyroidism and normal angiography coronary</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In the presence of angina pectoris in a premenopausal woman without significant risk factors for coronary disease, we have to rule out other causes of coronary lesion of non atherosclerotic origin. The relations between hyperthyroidism and the cardiovascular system are well known, but hyperthyroidism is responsable for less than 5% of all causes of chest pain. We present a clinical case of a 47 year old woman with typical chest pain and eletrocardiogram (EKG) suggesting coronary ischemia but with normal laboratory data. Anamnesis, clinical and the laboratory data confirmed the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Further investigation showed a normal coronary angiography. After treatment with radioiodine and the establishment of euthyroidism, the patient remained asymptomatic and EKG and myocardial scintilography were negative for ischemia. These results suggest a cause and effect relationship between thyroid overactivity and myocardial ischemia, implying a probable etiological role for hyperthyroidism in the clinical and EKG findings.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Angina pectoris in patient with hyperthyroidism and angiographically normal coronary arteries</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alessandra Ferri Casini; Ilan Gottieb; Leonardo V. Neto; Carla A. Almeida; Regina H. A. Fonseca; Mario Vaisman</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#150; UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of angina pectoris in a premenopausal woman with no other major risk factors for coronary heart disease demands that we rule out other causes for non-atherosclerotic coronary lesions. The relationship between hyperthyroidism and cardiovascular abnormalities is well established, but hyperthyroidism accounts for less than 5% of cases of chest pain. This study is about a female patient, 47 years of age, with typical symptoms of precordialgia and an electrocardiogram (EKG) suggestive of coronary ischemia, but whose laboratory tests showed no abnormalities that might indicate myocardial injuries. The anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory results helped to confirm the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Subsequent cardiac catheterism did not show any obstructive lesions. After treatment with radioactive iodine (radioiodine) and a return to euthyroidism, the patient remained asymptomatic, and both the EKG and myocardial scintigraphy were negative for ischemia. These results propose an interaction between thyroid hyperactivity and myocardial ischemia, implying that hyperthyroidism might be the probable etiology for the clinical and electrocardiographic findings.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hyperthyroidism, angina pectoris, electrocardiogram, coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>The relationship between ischemic cardiopathy and hyperthyroidism has already been described, although not totally explained. In spite of hyperthyroidism accounting for less than 5% of all cases of cardiac origin chest pain<sup>1</sup>, the fact that the thyroid hormone can directly affect the factors that determine the consumption of oxygen by the myocardium, even when there is no apparent cardiac disease, may result in angina pectoris and, less commonly, acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in the general population varies from 0.5% to 1%<sup>2</sup>. We report a case of coronary syndrome due to vasospasm in a female patient with hyperthyroidism that did not have any other risk factors for coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An 47-year-old female presented with clinical symptoms of nervousness and palpitation associated with excess sudoresis and insomnia for approximately one year. She also reported oligomenorrhea, but no gonadal function abnormalities were observed upon gynecological evaluation (FSH = 2.34 mIU/ml and LH = 3.64 (mIU/ml). The patient was subsequently referred to an endocrinologist. She had been previously hospitalized six times due to resting retrosternal pain with three minutes of duration, not associated with vagal symptoms, and responsive to treatment with nitroglycerin. She denied the use of medications, even oral contraceptives, up until the beginning of the angina symptoms, when she started using 10 mg of isosorbide dinitrate twice a day, acetylsalicylic acid 200 mg/day, atenolol 50 mg/day, and captopril 12.5 mg/day. She had a positive family history for thyroid disease, although there were no cases of cardiopathy or dislipidemia. She reported being an occasional smoker (one or two cigarettes a day).</p>
      <p>The physical examination from the previous hospitalization revealed a regular triphasic cardiac rhythm, presence of a fourth heart sound, arterial blood pressure 120/70 mmHg, heart rate &#150; 98 bpm, fine tremors of the extremities, and characteristically hot thin skin. The volume of the thyroid gland was augmented due to a non painful mobile nodule measuring approximately two centimeters and located at the upper pole of the right lobe. The remaining gland had a smooth surface and elastic consistency. Absence of cervical adenomegaly.</p>
      <p>During the angina episodes, including those in previous hospital admissions, the electrocardiogram (EKG) showed T-wave inversion from V1 through V4, and ST-segment elevation from V2 through V3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_03f1el-body2">figure 1</xref>). Laboratory results did not suggest myocardial lesions. CK 41 U/l, 92 U/l (21-215 U/l), CKMB 0 U/l, 2 U/l (0-20 U/l), troponine 0 ng/ml (0.1-0.5 ng/ml), TGO 19 U/l, 15 U/l (15-37 U/l). The patient was diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and therapy was initiated with antiaggregant agents, heparinization, intravenous nitroglycerin and beta-blockers. She responded well to therapy in all episodes of pain. During her last hospitalization, the echocardiogram showed mid-apical septal hypokinesia, mild aortic insufficiency and minimal mitral insufficiency. The coronariography and ventriculography showed that the left ventricular systolic function was preserved and the coronary arteries were free of obstructive lesions.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_03f1el-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e176-00022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram performed eight days after the first one was completely normal, and the EKG normalized a few times during the periods without pain. Lipid profile: TC 178 mg/dl, LDL 113 mg/dl, HDL 49 mg/dl, TG 82 mg/dl. Hyperthyroidism was confirmed by laboratory tests: T4L 2.57 ng/dl (0.8-1.9 ng/dl), TSH 0.099 uU/ml (0.40-4.00 uU /ml). Thyroid scintigraphy showed 24-hour <sup>131</sup> I uptake of 21.26% and an accumulation of radioactive material almost entirely in the right lobe, suggesting toxic nodular goiter. The patient was submitted to a therapeutical dose of <sup>131</sup> I 18.8 mCi and a supplemental treatment with propylthiouracil (initial dose of 400 mg/day) during the following five months, after which the patient became euthyroid again.</p>
      <p>The EKG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_03f1el-body2">Fig. 1</xref>) and perfusion scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc at rest, and after pharmacological stress with dipyridamole, performed immediately after the return to euthyroidism (T4L 1.39 ng/dl, TSH 2.24 uU/ml) were negative for myocardial ischemia. Since then, the patient has been clinically asymptomatic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiovascular system and thyroid hormone are closely related. Mild alterations in the thyroid function markedly affect the contractility and electrical activity of the heart.</p>
      <p>The cardiovascular hemodynamic effects from the excess thyroid hormone result mainly from the direct action of T3 on cardiomyocytes by binding to its receptor, especially the alpha-1-TR isoform (genomic action), and indirect action through sympathetic effects such as an increase in sensitivity to catecholamines, increase of the number of beta-adrenergic receptors, and decrease of the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium; formation of free radicals and oxygen consumption resulting in an increased basal metabolism rate due to stimulation of NA/K/ATPase, besides the effects on vasculature such as reduction of the peripheral vascular resistance and accelerated venous return<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are several cardiovascular manifestations of hyperthyroidism: sinus tachycardia (invariably the most frequent finding), systolic arterial hypertension, abnormalities in the systolic and diastolic ventricular function, arrhythmias (mainly atrial fibrillation), and coronary insufficiency. In the great majority of cases, such abnormalities recede after the control of hyperthyroidism.</p>
      <p>In the context of hyperthyroidism, coronary insufficiency is represented by angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction. Although angina affects approximately 0.5% to 20% of the patients, myocardium infarction is extremely uncommon, with only a few cases reported in medical literature (an incidence of approximately 1.8 %)<sup>4</sup>. Descriptions of case reports, typically affecting women under 40 years of age, depict coronary arteries free of lesions on the coronariography<sup>5-7</sup>, such was the case of our patient.</p>
      <p>However, the physiopathology mechanisms have not yet been totally explained. There is evidence that the thyroid hormone may affect the factors that determine the consumption of oxygen by the myocardium<sup>3</sup>, and that abnormalities in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation could explain such a fact. Other possible mechanisms are: ischemia secondary to coronary vasospasm<sup>5,6,8</sup> due to an unbalance in the autonomic cardiac innervation, a modification in the concentrations of tromboxane A, and prostacycline in the coronary circulation, with insufficient vasodilation to supply the metabolic demand<sup>9</sup>, microvascular disease and thromboembolism with posterior recanalization of the arterial lumen. Although uncommon, there are other non-atherosclerotic causes for the obstruction of the coronary arteries such as vasculitis, rheumatic diseases, syphilis, use of cocaine, Prinzmetal angina, which would be considered as differential diagnoses in the case described. Moreover, if the patient did not have a palpable node on physical examination or a family history of thyropathy, some of the reported symptoms could lead to the hypothesis of climacterium. However, the remission of angina after the hyperthyroidism treatment associated with the patient's normal coronaries and ruling out all other etiologies, suggest coronary vasospasm resulting in myocardial angina. Therefore, all this considered, we feel it should be mandatory to rule out any thyroid pathology, particularly in premenopausal women with symptoms of cardiopathy in the absence of other coronary risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-e176-00022-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Alessandra Ferri Casini</p>
          <p> Av. Doutor Pedro Feu Rosa, 501/ 102</p>
          <p> 29060-730 &#150; Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ale.casini@ig.com.br">ale.casini@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 1, 2005; revised Manuscript received March 3, 2006; accepted March 7, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
