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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qFKLdbDsSGytqtYvvzPGnds</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700516</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: import&#226;ncia dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos em pacientes com risco de morte s&#250;bita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo de Tarso Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>649</fpage>
      <lpage>657</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Pretende-se avaliar em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e risco de MSC, submetidos a implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI): a) ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos; b) ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos e correla&#231;&#245;es com eventos arr&#237;tmicos; c) ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque do CDI e correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-funcionais; d) preditores cl&#237;nico-funcionais de progn&#243;stico. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 26 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e fatores de risco de MSC, submetidos a implante de CDI no per&#237;odo de maio de 2000 a janeiro de 2004 (seguimento m&#233;dio = 20 meses). Quatorze pacientes (53,8%) eram do sexo feminino e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 42,7 anos. Em 16 pacientes (61,5%), a indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI foi para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, e em 10 (38,5%), para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Vinte pacientes (76,9%) apresentavam s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via ao implante de CDI, metade desses relacionados a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada; 15 (57,7%) tinham hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita familiar; 12 pacientes (46,2%), taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada ao Holter de 24 horas; e 5 (19,2%) apresentavam o septo interventricular com espessura maior que 30 mm. RESULTADOS: No seguimento foram registrados no CDI 4 terapias de choque em arritmias potencialmente letais (3 pacientes com taquicardia ventricular sustentada e 1 paciente com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular). Ocorreu um &#243;bito por prov&#225;vel acidente vascular cerebral tromboemb&#243;lico. Quatro pacientes tiveram recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope sem evento arr&#237;tmico registrado pelo CDI. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica demonstrou signific&#226;ncia da precocidade do choque do CDI em pacientes cujo septo interventricular tinha espessura maior que 30 mm. CONCLUS&#195;O: 1- ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos em 50% dos pacientes: a maioria (62%) foi taquicardia ventricular, sustentada (31%) e n&#227;o-sustentada (31%); nos outros pacientes ocorreu taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular; 2- s&#237;ncopes recorrentes na minoria dos pacientes (16%), que, entretanto, n&#227;o se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de eventos arr&#237;tmicos; 3- presen&#231;a de septo interventricular superior a 30 mm, ao ecocardiograma, se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque precoce (p = 0,003); 4- aus&#234;ncia de preditores cl&#237;nicos ou funcionais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmia</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: import&#226;ncia dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos em pacientes com risco de morte s&#250;bita</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo de Tarso Jorge Medeiros; Martino Martinelli Filho; Edmundo Arteaga; Roberto Costa; S&#233;rgio Siqueira; Charles Mady; Leopoldo Soares Piegas; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Pretende-se avaliar em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e risco de MSC, submetidos a implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI): a) ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos; b) ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos e correla&#231;&#245;es com eventos arr&#237;tmicos; c) ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque do CDI e correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-funcionais; d) preditores cl&#237;nico-funcionais de progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 26 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e fatores de risco de MSC, submetidos a implante de CDI no per&#237;odo de maio de 2000 a janeiro de 2004 (seguimento m&#233;dio = 20 meses). Quatorze pacientes (53,8%) eram do sexo feminino e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 42,7 anos. Em 16 pacientes (61,5%), a indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI foi para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, e em 10 (38,5%), para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Vinte pacientes (76,9%) apresentavam s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via ao implante de CDI, metade desses relacionados a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada; 15 (57,7%) tinham hist&#243;ria de morte s&#250;bita familiar; 12 pacientes (46,2%), taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada ao Holter de 24 horas; e 5 (19,2%) apresentavam o septo interventricular com espessura maior que 30 mm. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No seguimento foram registrados no CDI 4 terapias de choque em arritmias potencialmente letais (3 pacientes com taquicardia ventricular sustentada e 1 paciente com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular). Ocorreu um &#243;bito por prov&#225;vel acidente vascular cerebral tromboemb&#243;lico. Quatro pacientes tiveram recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope sem evento arr&#237;tmico registrado pelo CDI. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica demonstrou signific&#226;ncia da precocidade do choque do CDI em pacientes cujo septo interventricular tinha espessura maior que 30 mm. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> 1- ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos em 50% dos pacientes: a maioria (62%) foi taquicardia ventricular, sustentada (31%) e n&#227;o-sustentada (31%); nos outros pacientes ocorreu taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular; 2- s&#237;ncopes recorrentes na minoria dos pacientes (16%), que, entretanto, n&#227;o se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de eventos arr&#237;tmicos; 3- presen&#231;a de septo interventricular superior a 30 mm, ao ecocardiograma, se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque precoce (p = 0,003); 4- aus&#234;ncia de preditores cl&#237;nicos ou funcionais.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, arritmia, cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, fatores de risco, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica com padr&#227;o de transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mico dominante<sup>1</sup>, caracterizada por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, na aus&#234;ncia de outras causas de aumento da massa mioc&#225;rdica. A CMH &#233; considerada a principal causa de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) em jovens, incluindo atletas competitivos<sup>2</sup>. Por ser uma doen&#231;a polig&#234;nica com heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica e muta&#231;&#245;es reconhecidas, tem crescido o interesse na busca de novas muta&#231;&#245;es mediante estudos cl&#237;nicos e exames complementares que possam determinar o risco de morte s&#250;bita (MS)<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope e a MSC, que s&#227;o as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais dram&#225;ticas<sup>5,6</sup> da doen&#231;a, geralmente decorrem da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos primordiais do tratamento da CMH s&#227;o o al&#237;vio dos sintomas e a preven&#231;&#227;o de MSC. Essa, freq&#252;entemente acomete jovens previamente assintom&#225;ticos, ou com sintomas discretos. A MSC incide em cerca de 1% ao ano em adultos com CMH, e 2% a 4% em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>7-10</sup>. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; muito dif&#237;cil e a defini&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento profil&#225;tico eficaz tem representado importante desafio cl&#237;nico<sup>6,11-13</sup>. Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente das causas de MS em 387 jovens atletas, a principal causa, que ocorreu em 102 casos (26,4%) foi a CMH; em outros 29 &#243;bitos (7,5%) havia hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de causa indeterminada<sup>2</sup>, ficando a d&#250;vida se a causa poderia ser a CMH.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos, entretanto, demonstraram evid&#234;ncias de fatores preditivos de maior risco de MSC na CMH<sup>11,13-16</sup>. Dentre esses achados, a taquicardia ventricular (TV) parece ser o mecanismo principal de MSC da doen&#231;a<sup>15</sup>, estando relacionada com o grau de fibrose entre as fibras mioc&#225;rdicas. A presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada (TVNS) est&#225; associada &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel apenas na presen&#231;a de sintomas de baixo fluxo sist&#234;mico ou cerebral. Nesse caso, a amiodarona constitui o agente antiarr&#237;tmico de escolha, embora o seu impacto sobre a sobrevida desses pacientes seja controverso<sup>17</sup>. Existem relatos de que pacientes com TVNS apresentam maior risco de MSC do que entre os n&#227;o portadores de TVNS<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncopes recorrentes, mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es em que a TV n&#227;o &#233; documentada, parece ser importante marcador de risco de mortalidade s&#250;bita, mas n&#227;o existem estudos conclusivos a esse respeito.</p>
    <p>O tratamento das taquiarritmias ventriculares com cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) demonstra que pacientes com CMH recuperados de parada card&#237;aca, assim como portadores de taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS) sincopal apresentam importante melhora do progn&#243;stico e da longevidade ap&#243;s implante do CDI<sup>18-20</sup>. Esse pode exercer um excelente papel coadjuvante &#224; sua fun&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica antitaquicardia (mediante estrat&#233;gias de programa&#231;&#227;o) permitindo monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o por meio de armazenamento de eventos arr&#237;tmicos.</p>
    <p>Foi demonstrado que fortes preditores de MSC na CMH, como s&#237;ncopes de etiologia n&#227;o-identificada, hist&#243;ria familiar de MSC, medida ecocardiogr&#225;fica do septo ou da parede posterior do VE maior que 30 mm, in&#237;cio dos sintomas na inf&#226;ncia, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica ou persistente, e outros pouco estudados como muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas poderiam ser apropriadamente avaliados por meio do implante do CDI que obviamente proporcionaria, antes de tudo, seguran&#231;a terap&#234;utica a esses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a CMH ser uma doen&#231;a pouco freq&#252;ente, raramente respons&#225;vel por MSC, as evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas acima relatadas e a disponibilidade recente do CDI em nosso meio motivaram a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com CMH e risco de MSC submetidos a implante de CDI, avaliar: a) ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos; b) ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos e correla&#231;&#245;es com eventos arr&#237;tmicos; c) ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque do CDI e correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-funcionais; d) preditores cl&#237;nico-funcionais de progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre os 476 pacientes com CMH de uma coorte, foram selecionados prospectivamente 26 pacientes consecutivos com risco de MSC, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2000 a janeiro de 2004. Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de qualquer idade ou sexo com CMH (forma obstrutiva ou n&#227;o-obstrutiva) e classificados quanto &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI em dois grupos: a) <italic>grupo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</italic> de MSC, os recuperados de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) ou com TVS sincopal; b) <italic>grupo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</italic>, os pacientes sem arritmia potencialmente documentada, mas com associa&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais fatores preditivos de risco de MSC: hist&#243;ria de MSC em familiares de 1&#186; grau (pais e irm&#227;os com idade inferior a 40 anos); com s&#237;ncope recorrente de origem n&#227;o identificada; com espessura da parede do VE &gt; 30 mm e com TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, doen&#231;a valvar, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e gestantes.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, 26 pacientes participaram do estudo, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,7 anos, sendo 14 (53,8%) do sexo feminino. Todos apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, ao ecocardiograma, e, na maioria (88,5%), a classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, conforme a New York Heart Association (NYHA), foi I ou II. As outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da casu&#237;stica est&#227;o contidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Exames Realizados:</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica -</italic> Dirigida para a ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC familiar (pais e irm&#227;os com idade inferior a 40 anos), presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope, tonturas, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dispn&#233;ia e dor tor&#225;cica. Classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional pelos crit&#233;rios da NYHA, medica&#231;&#227;o em uso e dose di&#225;ria otimizada.</p>
    <p><italic>ECO Doppler</italic> - Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional, modo-M e Doppler (puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo e mapeamento de fluxo em cores), com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um aparelho Acuson, modelo Sequoia (Mountain View, California), obtendo-se os cortes paraesternais e apicais padr&#245;es. Os registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do modo-M e do Doppler foram orientados pelo exame bidimensional e seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico da CMH<sup>22</sup></italic> (medidas realizadas em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, e valores calculados pela m&#233;dia simples):</p>
    <p>1) Medidas b&#225;sicas do ecocardiograma modo-M:</p>
    <array>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico final do VE.</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </array>
    <p>2) Valores calculados a partir das medidas b&#225;sicas do modo-M:</p>
    <array>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela f&#243;rmula de Teicholz<sup>23</sup>: Vd = D<sup>3</sup> x (7/2,4 + D);</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>
            <p>-</p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <p>Vs = S<sup>3</sup> x (7/2,4 + S) FE = Vd - Vs / Vd</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </array>
    <p>3) Medidas b&#225;sicas ao bidimensional:</p>
    <array>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>espessura diast&#243;lica da parede com maior espessura.</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </array>
    <p>4) Medidas b&#225;sicas ao Doppler:</p>
    <array>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>onda-E = pico de velocidade do fluxo protodiast&#243;lico transmitral;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>onda-A = pico de velocidade do fluxo telediast&#243;lico transmitral;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>rela&#231;&#227;o E/A = rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades da onda-E e onda-A;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE;</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>-</td>
          <td>
            <p>tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda-E.</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </array>
    <p><italic>Eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica de 24 horas pelo sistema Holter -</italic> Uso de gravadores port&#225;teis Marquette 8000, com calibra&#231;&#227;o fixada em 1 mV: 10 mm e registro de ondas com amplitude modulada (AM), contendo fita cassete para grava&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua, para posterior an&#225;lise em equipamento Holter GE-Marquette, MARS-vers&#227;o 4.0&#170;, revisado por t&#233;cnico e um m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia, n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares por hora, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de TPSV sustentada e n&#227;o-sustentada e ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; n&#250;mero e tipo de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de TVNS (tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos consecutivos com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maior que 100 bpm).</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico -</italic> Indicado em 16 pacientes como coadjuvante do esclarecimento de sintomas (s&#237;ncopes), mediante um protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada que consistia de: indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular com dois ciclos de estimula&#231;&#227;o e tr&#234;s extra-est&#237;mulos em &#225;pice e via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito, estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada com dois ciclos e dois extra-est&#237;mulos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de arritmias atriais, al&#233;m de medida de intervalos b&#225;sicos do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aco.</p>
    <p><italic>Implante do CDI -</italic> O tipo de indica&#231;&#227;o definiu o grupo (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria) e correspondeu aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo, que est&#227;o contidos nas Diretrizes dos Departamentos de Arritmia e Eletrofisiologia Cl&#237;nica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o utilizados foram de dupla-c&#226;mara, obedecendo-se &#224; t&#233;cnica convencional de implante de marcapasso card&#237;aco (MP) endoc&#225;rdico com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radioscopia. Foram implantados dois cabos-eletrodos bipolares endoc&#225;rdicos, um posicionado na regi&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial direito, e um na regi&#227;o da ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>A programa&#231;&#227;o do CDI foi protocolar: freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o 40 bpm para a zona de bradicardia (fun&#231;&#227;o de MP), com tr&#234;s zonas de detec&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia: Zona 1- freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre 140 e 160 bpm; Zona 2- freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre 160 e 180 bpm; Zona 3- freq&#252;&#234;ncia superior a 180 bpm.</p>
    <p>Para as duas primeiras, as fun&#231;&#245;es de terapia foram desativadas e o CDI funcionava como monitor de registros para todo evento que ocorresse entre essas faixas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia, que foi chamada de Zona de Holter.</p>
    <p>Na Zona 3, foi ativada a fun&#231;&#227;o de terapia com choque (cardiovers&#227;o e/ou desfibrila&#231;&#227;o). A energia dos choques foi programada de acordo com o limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o obtido na cirurgia.</p>
    <p><italic>Seguimento -</italic> Constou de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletr&#244;nica do CDI a cada 90 dias, ou sempre que o paciente manifestasse s&#237;ncope ou referisse choque do CDI. Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram: limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o, limiares de sensibilidade, imped&#226;ncia dos cabos-eletrodos e as condi&#231;&#245;es da bateria. Os eventos registrados e armazenados pelo CDI foram resgatados na forma de eletrograma intracard&#237;aco, incluindo o registro do canal de marcas. Considerou-se choque apropriado &#224; arritmia potencialmente letal (TVS ou FV detectada pelo CDI), que foi revertida por uma terapia de choque de cardiovers&#227;o ou de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A seq&#252;&#234;ncia desses procedimentos e a periodicidade das avalia&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-implante do CDI est&#227;o contidas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Metodologia estat&#237;stica -</italic> Foram utilizadas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias relativas (percentuais) e absolutas (N) das classes de cada vari&#225;vel qualitativa. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram utilizadas m&#233;dias e medianas para resumir as informa&#231;&#245;es, seguidas de desvios-padr&#227;o m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo para indicar a variabilidade dos dados.</p>
    <p>Para comparar as distribui&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis qualitativas foi utilizado o teste Qui Quadrado de Pearson<sup>25</sup>. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que os valores esperados foram inferiores a 5. Considerou-se associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre as vari&#225;veis para valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>Utilizamos tamb&#233;m a abordagem de an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia, considerando como evento de interesse o choque do CDI. Calculamos as probabilidades de sobreviv&#234;ncia para o total de pacientes utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier<sup>26</sup>. Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis como MS familiar, s&#237;ncope, espessura do septo interventricular, foram constru&#237;das curvas de Kaplan-Meier para as categorias de cada vari&#225;vel. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas utilizamos o teste de Log-Rank<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os achados da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope), exames complementares n&#227;o-invasivos e do EEF foram submetidos a tratamento estat&#237;stico comparativo com as informa&#231;&#245;es armazenadas pelo CDI.</p>
    <p>Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foram aplicados os testes T de Student e para amostras independentes os testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos de Mann Whitney, quando n&#227;o ocorreu variabilidade dos dados. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foram aplicados os testes Qui quadrado e Exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os resultados cujos n&#237;veis descritivos (valores de p) foram inferiores a 0,05. Para os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos, foi utilizado o software SPSS (Statistical Pachage for the Social Science) para Windows vers&#227;o 10.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 19&#177;11,1 meses, variando entre 2,6 e 42,1 meses.</p>
    <p>Em 14 (53,8%) pacientes foram registradas arritmias ao Holter de 24 horas, antes do implante do CDI. Doze pacientes (46,2%) apresentaram TVNS, sendo 6 do grupo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e 6 do grupo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria; TPSV ocorreu em 6 pacientes (23%). Quatro pacientes (15,4%) apresentaram os dois tipos de arritmia e n&#227;o houve casos de taquiarritmia sustentada.</p>
    <p>O EEF documentou arritmia ventricular hemodinamicamente inst&#225;vel em 9 (56,2%) pacientes. Dentre esses, TVS em 4 (25%), FV em 4 (25%) e flutter ventricular em 1 (6,2%).</p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria ocorreu em 10 (38,5%) pacientes: 5 (19,2%) sobreviventes de PCR e 5 (19,2%) com TVS sincopal documentada, e em 16 (61,5%) para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (associa&#231;&#227;o de dois fatores preditivos de MSC): em 5 (19,2%) MSC familiar e s&#237;ncope, em 4 (15,4%) MSC familiar e septo interventricular em espessura &gt; 30 mm, em 2 (7,7%) MSC familiar e TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas, e em 5 (19,2%) s&#237;ncope e TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas. Dentre as indica&#231;&#245;es do CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, o crit&#233;rio mais freq&#252;ente foi a MSC familiar, que ocorreu em 11 (42,3%) pacientes.</p>
    <p>O tempo decorrido entre a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes (ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, Holter de 24 horas e EEF) e o implante do CDI foi, em m&#233;dia, de aproximadamente 15 dias.</p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento, os registros dos eletrogramas endocavit&#225;rios do CDI n&#227;o documentaram nenhuma arritmia em 13 (50,0%) pacientes. Em 5 (19,2%) pacientes foi registrada TPSV; em 4 (15,4%), epis&#243;dios de TVNS. Em 4 (15,4%) pacientes, arritmias potencialmente letais (3 TVS e 1 FV) foram revertidas por terapia de choque do CDI, e em 3 desses o CDI foi indicado para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e somente em 1 paciente para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope, sem registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico endocavit&#225;rio de arritmia no CDI, ocorreu em 4 (15,4%) pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Esses pacientes realizaram o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica com protocolo passivo prolongado<sup>24</sup>, cujo resultado foi negativo.</p>
    <p>Apenas um &#243;bito foi registrado durante todo o seguimento da casu&#237;stica, 24 meses p&#243;s-implante do CDI por PCR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Nesse paciente, havia sido documentada terapia de choque do CDI para revers&#227;o de FV tr&#234;s meses antes do &#243;bito. Al&#233;m disso, tinha hist&#243;ria pregressa de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, com seq&#252;ela neurol&#243;gica discreta, e estava em uso de anticoagulante oral por fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente.</p>
    <p>A curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos choque do CDI, pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, demonstrou que, ao final de 30,9 meses, n&#227;o ocorreu terapia de choque do CDI em 22 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2A</xref>). A ocorr&#234;ncia das terapias de choque n&#227;o diferiu entre os pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria do CDI (p = 0,517).</p>
    <p content-type="html">
      <fig id="fig2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qFKLdbDsSGytqtYvvzPGnds/71b1dd366b46c34605c2589a91b7f6c5d3dcf8ef.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa dos eventos, conforme a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de hist&#243;ria de MS familiar, demonstrou (teste de Log-Rank) que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de comportamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2B</xref>).</p>
    <p>Quando se comparou a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos (choque do CDI) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via ao implante do CDI, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">figura 2C</xref>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; curva livre de evento (choque do CDI), comparada a espessura do septo interventricular ao ecocardiograma, foi demonstrado que os choques do CDI ocorreram mais precocemente, nos pacientes que apresentavam septo interventricular com mais de 30 mm de espessura (p = 0,03), conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">figura 2D</xref>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o significante entre os eventos arr&#237;tmicos (TPSV, TVNS, TVS e FV) recuperados dos eletrogramas do CDI, assim como s&#237;ncope recorrente ap&#243;s o implante, com as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (sexo, idade, antecedentes de MSC familiar, s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via ao implante do CDI), vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (medida do septo interventricular maior ou menor que 30 mm), presen&#231;a de TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas e presen&#231;a de arritmias ao EEF (TPSV, TVNS, TVS e FV).</p>
    <p>A idade, considerada para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, inferior ou superior a 40 anos, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o discriminou maior ou menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos registrados nos eletrogramas do CDI, ou de recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope. A an&#225;lise comparativa dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos registrados pelo CDI e da recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope, em pacientes que apresentavam s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via ao implante, revelou que os 4 pacientes que tiveram recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope ap&#243;s o implante do CDI apresentavam s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Comparando-se os pacientes com antecedentes de MSC familiar, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos arr&#237;tmicos registrados pelo CDI e a recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope p&#243;s-implante, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Tamb&#233;m, a an&#225;lise dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos recuperados dos eletrogramas registrados pelo CDI ou recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia potencialmente letal como TVS ou FV ao EEF, n&#227;o discriminou maior incid&#234;ncia de ocorr&#234;ncias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>A medida do septo interventricular, superior ou inferior a 30 mm (ecocardiograma), e a presen&#231;a de TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas n&#227;o discriminaram maior ou menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos registrados pelo CDI ou recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos dias atuais, o maior foco de interesse para investiga&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da CMH est&#225; voltado para o subgrupo de pacientes com alto risco de morte s&#250;bita. Este estudo prospectivo &#233; o primeiro realizado, em nosso meio, com portadores de CMH e CDI indicado por risco de MSC. Trata-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito selecionada, com baixa preval&#234;ncia, para a qual a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados exige cautela.</p>
    <p>Begley e cols.<sup>18</sup> documentaram a import&#226;ncia do CDI em sobreviventes de MSC com CMH, por&#233;m com ressalvas na indica&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Nosso estudo incluiu: a) pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de MSC, em 3 (12%) dos quais ocorreu terapia de choque apropriado (TV/FV) em curto per&#237;odo de seguimento, todos com arritmias potencialmente letais antes do implante do CDI; b) pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, dos quais somente um apresentou choque apropriado seis meses ap&#243;s o implante. O baixo n&#250;mero de ocorr&#234;ncia de choque no grupo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria possivelmente se deve ao curto tempo de seguimento dos pacientes de nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Corroborando os achados de Maron<sup>13</sup> e Maron e cols.<sup>14</sup>, em nossa casu&#237;stica a hist&#243;ria de MSC entre pais e irm&#227;os tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi preditor isolado de maior ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque do CDI ou registro de eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Elliott e McKenna<sup>7</sup>, entretanto, relataram maior incid&#234;ncia desses eventos em pacientes com MS familiar, que pode estar relacionada &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas genot&#237;pica / fenot&#237;pica da CMH.</p>
    <p>Diferente de alguns estudos com seguimento mais longo, em que a taquiarritmia ventricular foi considerada respons&#225;vel pelos quadros sincopais<sup>18-20</sup>, s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via ao implante do CDI, que esteve presente em 20 dos nossos pacientes, n&#227;o se associou &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos. A recorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncopes ap&#243;s implante do CDI, sem registro de evento arr&#237;tmico, assim como ocorreu em 4 pacientes de nossa casu&#237;stica n&#227;o deve desvalorizar essa manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ainda que isolada, na indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI. Esses 4 pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, cujo resultado foi negativo (protocolo passivo prolongado)<sup>24</sup>, descartando o mecanismo neurocardiog&#234;nico como causa da s&#237;ncope. Ent&#227;o, para esses casos, o esclarecimento etiol&#243;gico dos quadros sincopais parece depender do tempo de seguimento e da observa&#231;&#227;o criteriosa de futuras abordagens diagn&#243;sticas.</p>
    <p>Dentre os achados anatomofuncionais que caracterizam a CMH, o mais expressivo do presente estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o de espessura do septo interventricular superior a 30 mm, ao ecocardiograma, com ocorr&#234;ncia precoce (seis ou sete meses) de terapia de choque do CDI (p = 0,003).</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a TVNS (Holter 24 horas) foi o evento arr&#237;tmico mais prevalente (46,2%), mas n&#227;o foi marcador de mau progn&#243;stico. Entretanto, a aus&#234;ncia de arritmias n&#227;o se associou &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel da doen&#231;a. Maron e cols.<sup>14</sup> relataram a import&#226;ncia da TVNS como preditor de maior ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC (8% de risco em tr&#234;s anos) e que a aus&#234;ncia dessa arritmia proporciona redu&#231;&#227;o dessas taxas a cerca de 1%. No presente estudo, o sistema de armazenamento de eletrogramas do CDI foi essencial para a documenta&#231;&#227;o dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos: a maior preval&#234;ncia foi de taquiarritmias ventriculares (TVS e FV), corroborando os achados da literatura.</p>
    <p>Favale e cols.<sup>27</sup> relataram o papel da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (incid&#234;ncia 20%) como precursor de taquiarritmia fatal na CMH. Dois outros ensaios controlados n&#227;o-randomizados<sup>18,19</sup> estudaram a documenta&#231;&#227;o de eventos arr&#237;tmicos por eletrogramas endocavit&#225;rios (maioria com dispositivos c&#226;mara &#250;nica-ventricular). Apesar de as arritmias supraventriculares n&#227;o terem representado amea&#231;a aos nossos pacientes, todos receberam dispositivos dupla c&#226;mara (atrioventriculares). Essa &#233; uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o importante nessa doen&#231;a, pois, diferentemente dos dispositivos c&#226;mara &#250;nica, os dispositivos atrioventriculares t&#234;m capacidade funcional avan&#231;ada para discrimina&#231;&#227;o algor&#237;tmica e armazenamento dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos reduzindo significativamente a taxa de choques inapropriados.</p>
    <p>O EEF, na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da CMH, &#233; controverso na literatura<sup>28,29</sup>; e os achados, em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m foram inconclusivos. Dois pacientes com TVS induzida n&#227;o manifestaram arritmia cl&#237;nica em dois anos de seguimento e em 1 paciente com TVS revertida por terapia de choque do CDI n&#227;o foi induzida nenhuma arritmia ao EEF.</p>
    <p>Begley e cols.<sup>18</sup> estimaram em cerca de 90% a taxa de sobrevida de portadores de CDI e CMH sob risco de MSC, em dez anos de seguimento. Ocorreu um &#250;nico &#243;bito em nossa s&#233;rie (24 meses p&#243;s-implante do CDI) em portadora de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente e ocorr&#234;ncia de choque apropriado (FV) tr&#234;s meses antes do &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e as terapias de choques apropriados documentados, em nosso estudo, demonstraram que a indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI em recuperados de PCR ou com TVS sincopal (preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria) &#233; inquestion&#225;vel. Entretanto, para pacientes com risco potencial de MSC sem arritmias letais documentadas (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria), ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de vinte meses, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel definir o papel do CDI. Para essas situa&#231;&#245;es recomenda-se obedecer aos crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas&#150;SBC.</p>
    <p>Infelizmente, o presente estudo n&#227;o avaliou as caracter&#237;sticas genot&#237;picas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos, que devem representar, em futuro breve, as ferramentas decisivas para estabelecer preditores concretos do progn&#243;stico na CMH.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com CMH e risco de MSC submetidos a implante de CDI, ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de vinte meses, observaram-se: 1- ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos em 50% dos pacientes (TV em 62%, sendo TVS em 31% e TVNS em 31%); 2- s&#237;ncopes recorrentes na minoria dos pacientes (16%), que n&#227;o se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de eventos arr&#237;tmicos; 3- presen&#231;a de septo interventricular superior a 30 mm, ao ecocardiograma, que se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia de choque precoce (p = 0,003); 4- aus&#234;ncia de preditores cl&#237;nicos ou funcionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Paulo de Tarso Jorge Medeiros </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Candido Souza, 526 </p>
        <p> 04518-051 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="paulotjm@cardiol.br">paulotjm@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ptjmedeiros@uol.com.br">ptjmedeiros@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 22/10/04, revisado recebido em 11/06/06; aceito em 02/08/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the importance of arrhythmic events in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: It is controversial the correlation between complex ventricular arrhythmia of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac sudden death (CSD). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and at risk for CSD that have been undergone implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation, we evaluated: a- occurrence of arrhythmic events; b- clinical event occurrence and its correlation with arrhythmic events; c- ICD shock therapy occurrence and clinical-functional correlation; d- prognosis clinical-functional predictors. METHODS: Twenty-six patients have been studied. They presented hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and risk factors for CSD. These patients underwent ICD implantation, period May, 2000 through January, 2004 (average follow-up - 19 months). Fourteen patients (53.8%) were female and the mean age was 42.7. Sixteen patients (61.5%) ICD was performed due to primary prevention for sudden death and ten (38.5%) secondary prevention. Twenty patients (76.9%) had had syncope, previus to ICD implantation, half of them associated with ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia; 15 had had family sudden death; 12 patients (46.2%) presented non-sustained ventricular tachycardia at 24-hour Holter and 5 (19.2%) showed the ventricular septum thickness larger than 30 mm. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 4 shocks therapy were recorded by ICD in potentially lethal arrythmias (3 sustained ventricular tachycardia and 1 ventricular fibrillation). There was one death, due to likely stroke. Four patients had syncope recurrence, with no arrhythmic event recorded by ICD. The statistical analysis has showed precocity significance of ICD shock, in patients whose ventricular septum thickness was larger than 30 mm. CONCLUSION: 1- arrhythmic events have occurred in 50% of the patients. Most of those events (62%) were ventricular tachycardia, 31% sustained tachycardia and 31% non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. The remainders had supraventricular tachycardia. 2- recurrent syncope in only 16% of the patients. Nevertheless, they were not related to the presence of arrhythmic events. 3- the presence of ventricular septum larger than 30mm, at Echocardiogram, was associated with early shock therapy occurence (p = 0.003). 4- absence of clinical or functional predictors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmia</kwd>
        <kwd>implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the importance of arrhythmic events in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo de Tarso Jorge Medeiros; Martino Martinelli Filho; Edmundo Arteaga; Roberto Costa; S&#233;rgio Siqueira; Charles Mady; Leopoldo Soares Piegas; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and risk for SCD who underwent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation: a- the occurrence of arrhythmic events; b- the occurrence of clinical events and their correlation with arrhythmic events; c- the occurrence of ICD shock therapy and clinical and functional correlations; d- clinical and functional predictors of prognosis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty six patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and risk factors for SCD undergoing ICD implantation from May, 2000 to January, 2004 (mean follow-up = 20 months) were studied. Fourteen patients (53.8%) were females and the mean age was 42.7 years. ICD was indicated for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in 16 patients (61.5%), and for secondary prevention in 10 patients (38.5%). Twenty patients (76.9%) presented syncope prior to ICD implantation; half of them were related to ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia, 15 (57.7%) had a history of familial sudden death, 12 patients (46.2%) had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on the 24-hour Holter monitoring, and five (19.2%) had an interventricular septal thickness greater than 30 mm.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Four shock therapies were recorded by the ICD in potentially lethal arrhythmias (three patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia and one patient with ventricular fibrillation) during the follow-up. One death occurred, probably due to a thromboembolic stroke. Four patients had recurrence of syncope with no arrhythmic event recorded by the ICD. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in early ICD shock therapy in patients whose interventricular septal thickness was greater than 30mm.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> 1- occurrence of arrhythmic events in 50% of the patients; most of them (62%) were ventricular tachycardia, whether sustained (31%) or nonsustained (31%); in the remaining patients paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was observed. 2- recurrent syncope in the minority of the patients (16%), however not associated with the presence of arrhythmic events. 3- the presence of an interventricular septal thickness greater than 30mm in the echocardiogram was associated with early shock therapy (p = 0.003). 4- absence of clinical or functional predictors.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, risk factors, sudden cardiac death.</p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease<sup>1</sup> characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of other causes of myocardial mass enlargement. HCM is considered the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young individuals, including competitive athletes<sup>2</sup>. Because it is a polygenic disease with clinical heterogeneity and known mutations, interest has grown in the search of new mutations through clinical studies and laboratory tests that could determine the risk of sudden death (SD)<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Syncope and SCD, which are the most dramatic clinical manifestations of the disease<sup>5,6</sup>, usually result from ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The fundamental objectives of the treatment of HCM are the relief of symptoms and prevention of SCD. SCD frequently affects young individuals previously asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. The incidence of SCD is of 1% per year among adults with HCM, and of 2 to 4% among children and adolescents<sup>7,8,9,10</sup>. Risk stratification is very difficult and the definition of an efficient prophylactic treatment hasproven a significant clinical challenge<sup>6,11,12,13</sup>. In a recent publication on SD causes in 387 young athletes, the major cause, occurring in 102 cases (26.4%), was HCM; in 29 other deaths (7.5%) there was left ventricular hypertrophia of undetermined cause<sup>2</sup>; the doubt whether HCM could be the cause remained unclarified.</p>
      <p>Some studies, however, have demonstrated evidences of predictive factors of a higher risk for SCD in HCM<sup>11,13,14,15,16</sup>. Among these findings, VT seems to be the main mechanism of SCD of the disease<sup>15</sup>, and is related to the degree of fibrosis between the myocardial fibers. The presence of NSVT is associated with an unfavorable course only in the presence of symptoms of low systemic or cerebral blood flow. In this case, amiodarone is the antiarrhythmic drug of choice, although its impact on the survival of these patients is controversial<sup>17</sup>. Some reports show that patients with NSVT have a higher risk for SCD than those without NSVT<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of recurrent syncopes, even in situations where VT is not documented, seems to be an important risk marker of sudden death, but there are no conclusive studies on this respect.</p>
      <p>The treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) demonstrates that patients with HCM resuscitated from cardiac arrest, as well as those with syncopal SVT, show an important improvement of prognosis and life expectancy after ICD implantation<sup>18,19,20</sup>. This can be an excellent supporting role to its antitachycardia function (through strategies of programming) allowing continuous monitoring of the cardiac electrical activity by means of arrhythmic event storage.</p>
      <p>Strong predictors of SCD in HCM, such as syncope of non-identified etiology, history of familial SCD, echocardiographic measurement of the septum or of the LV posterior wall greater than 30mm, onset of symptoms in childhood, presence of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation, and other little-studied predictors such as genetic mutations, proved to be properly assessed using ICD implantation which, above all, would obviously provide these patients with therapeutic safety.</p>
      <p>Although HCM is an infrequently found disease, rarely responsible for SCD, the clinical evidences reported above and the fact that ICD has recently become available in our setting encouraged us to conduct this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To evaluate, in patients with HMC and risk for SCD undergoing ICD implantation: a) the occurrence of arrhythmic events; b) the occurrence of clinical events and their correlation with arrhythmic events; c) the occurrence of ICD shock therapy and clinical and functional correlations; d) clinical and functional predictors of prognosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty six consecutive patients at risk for SCD were prospectively selected among 476 HCM patients of a cohort from May, 2000 to January, 2004. All patients signed the Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>Patients of any age or gender with HCM (obstructive or non-obstructive form) were included and classified according to the indication of ICD into two groups: a) group of secondary prevention of SCD, those resuscitated from cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) or syncopal SVT; b) group of primary prevention, patients without potentially documented arrhythmia, but with two or more factors predictive of risk for SCD associated: history of SCD in first-degree relatives (parents and siblings younger than 40 years of age); recurrent syncope of non-identified etiology; LV wall thickness &gt; 30mm and with NSVT on the 24-hour Holter monitoring.</p>
      <p>Patients with systolic heart failure, valve disease, systemic hypertension, as well as pregnant women were excluded.</p>
      <p>Thus, 26 patients participated in the study; 14 of them (53.8%) were females, and the mean age 42.7 years. All had a normal ejection fraction on the echocardiogram, and most (88.5%) had a heart failure functional class I or II, according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA). Other clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Tests Performed:</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical Evaluation -</italic> The clinical evaluation was focused on the occurrence of familial SCD (parents and siblings younger than 40 years of age), presence of syncope, dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea and chest pain. Functional classification according to the NYHA criteria, medication used, and optimized daily dose.</p>
      <p><italic>Echo-doppler -</italic> Two-dimensional echocardiographic study, M-mode and Doppler (pulsatile, continuous and color flow mapping) using an Acuson model Sequoia instrument (Mountain View, CA), obtaining parasternal and apical views. M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic records were guided by the two-dimensional study and followed the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <italic>Criteria for the echocardiographic diagnosis of HCM<sup>22</sup> -</italic>
      </p>
      <p>(measurements taken in 3 consecutive cardiac cycles, and values calculated using the simple mean):</p>
      <p>1) Basic measurements of the M-mode echocardiogram:</p>
      <array>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>left atrial diameter;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>LV posterior wall diastolic thickness;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>interventricular septal diastolic thickness;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>LV end-systolic and diastolic diameter.</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </array>
      <p>2) Values calculated from the basic M-mode measurements:</p>
      <array>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>ejection fraction using the Teicholz formula<sup>23</sup> : dV = D<sup>3</sup> x (7/2.4 + D);</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>sV = S<sup>3</sup> x (7/2.4 + S) EF = dV - sV / dV</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </array>
      <p>3) Basic measurements on two-dimensional echocardiography:</p>
      <array>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>Diastolic thickness of the wall with the greatest thickness.</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </array>
      <p>4) Basic measurements on Doppler:</p>
      <array>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>E wave = peak transmitral protodiastolic flow velocity;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>
              <p>-</p>
            </td>
            <td>
              <p>A wave = peak transmitral telediastolic flow velocity;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>E/A ratio = ratio between E- wave and A- wave velocities;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>LV isovolumetric relaxation time;</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>
              <p>E wave deceleration time.</p>
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </array>
      <p><italic>24-hour dynamic electrocardiography using the Holter system -</italic> Use of Marquette 8000 portable recorders with calibration set at 1mV: 10mm and amplitude-modulated (AM) wave record, containing a cassette tape for continuous recording for further analysis in a GE-Marquette, MARS &#150; version 4.0 Holter monitoring instrument revised by a technician and a responsible physician. The variables analyzed were: mean heart rate, number of supraventricular extra-systoles per hour, presence or absence of sustained and non-sustained PSVT and occurrence of atrial fibrillation; number and type of ventricular extrasystoles, and presence or absence of NSVT (3 or more consecutive beats with a heart rate higher than 100 bpm).</p>
      <p><italic>Electrophysiological study -</italic> Indicated in 16 patients as a supporting test to clarify the symptoms (syncopes), using a programmed ventricular pacing protocol consisting of: induction of ventricular arrhythmia with two pacing cycles and three extra stimuli in the apex and right ventricular outflow tract; programmed atrial pacing with two cycles, and two extra stimuli to assess atrial arrhythmias, in addition to measurement of basic intervals of the intracardiac conduction system.</p>
      <p><italic>ICD implantation -</italic> The type of indication defined the group (primary or secondary prevention) and corresponded to the inclusion criteria of the study, which are described in the Guidelines of the Departments of Arrhythmia and Clinical Electrophysiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and Artificial Cardiac Pacing of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pacing systems used were of the double-chamber type, complying with the conventional technique of endocardial pacemaker (PM) implantation using radioscopy. Two bipolar endocardial leads were implanted, one positioned in the right atrial appendix region, and the other in the right ventricular apex.</p>
      <p>ICD programming followed a protocol: pacing frequency of 40bpm for the bradycardia zone (PM function), with three detection zones of tachycardia: Zone 1- frequency between 140 and 160 bpm; Zone 2- frequency between 160 and 180 bpm; Zone 3- frequency higher than 180 bpm.</p>
      <p>For the two first zones, therapy functions were deactivated and the ICD operated as a recording monitor for all events occurring between these frequency zones, which were called Holter Zones.</p>
      <p>In Zone 3, the shock therapy function was activated (cardioversion and/or defibrillation). The shock energy was programmed according to the defibrillation threshold obtained in the surgery.</p>
      <p><italic>Follow-up -</italic> The follow-up was comprised of clinical and electronic assessment of the ICD every 90 days, or whenever the patient had a syncope or reported ICD shock. The parameters assessed were: pacing threshold, sensitivity threshold, lead impedance and battery condition. The events recorded and stored by the ICD were retrieved in the form of intracardiac electrogram, including the mark channel recording. Shock therapy was considered appropriated when delivered in response to a potentially lethal arrhythmia (SVT or VF detected by the ICD), which was reverted by a cardioversion or defibrillation shock therapy.</p>
      <p>The sequence of these procedures and the periodicity of ICD post-implantation assessments are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e15f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e15f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical methodology -</italic> Relative (percentage) and absolute (N) class frequencies of each qualitative variable were used. For quantitative variables, means and medians were used to summarize the information, followed by minimum and maximum standard deviations to indicate data variability.</p>
      <p>The Pearson chi square test (VIEIRA, 1998)<sup>25</sup> was used to compare frequency distributions of qualitative variables. Fisher's exact test was used in situations where the values expected were lower than 5. The association between variables was considered significant for p values &lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>The survival analysis approach was also used, considering ICD shock as the endpoint of interest. Survival probabilities for the total of patients were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method (Armitage, 1987)<sup>25</sup>. To assess the influence of variables such as familial SD, syncope, and interventricular septal thickness, Kaplan-Meier curves for the categories of each variable were plotted. The Log-Rank test was used to compare the curves (Armitage, 1987)<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Findings from the clinical assessment (recurrence of syncope), non-invasive laboratory tests, and EPS underwent statistical treatment to compare them with the information stored by the ICD.</p>
      <p>Student's t tests were used for quantitative variables, and Mann Whitney non-parametric tests were used for independent samples, when data variability did not occur. The chi square test and Fisher's exact test were used for qualitative variables.</p>
      <p>Results were considered statistically significant when their descriptive levels (p values) were lower than 0.05. For statistical calculations, the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software version 10.0 for Windows was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean follow-up period was 19 &#177; 11.1 months, ranging from 2.6 to 42.1 months.</p>
      <p>In 14 (53.8%) patients, arrhythmias were recorded by the 24-hour Holter monitoring prior to ICD implantation. Twelve patients (46.2%) presented NSVT, six of which were from the secondary prevention group and six from the primary prevention group; PSVT occurred in 6 patients (23%). Four patients (15.4%) presented both types of arrhythmia and no cases of sustained tachyarrhythmia were observed.</p>
      <p>The EPS documented hemodinamically unstable ventricular arrhythmia in 9 (56.2%) patients; SVT occurred in 4 of them (25%), VF in 4 (25%), and ventricular flutter in 1 (6.2%).</p>
      <p>Indication of ICD for secondary prevention occurred in 10 (38.5%) patients: 5 (19.2%) survivors of cardiac arrest, and 5 (19.2%) with documented syncopal SVT; it was also indicated in 16 (61.5%) for primary prevention (association of two predictive factors of SCD); 5 (19.2%) with familial SCD and syncope; 4 (15.4%) with familial SCD and interventricular septal thickness &gt; 30mm; 2 (7.7%) with familial SCD and NSVT on the 24-hour Holter monitoring; and 5 (19.2%) with syncope and NSVT on the 24-hour Holter monitoring. Among the indications of ICD for primary prevention, the most frequent criterion was familial SCD, which occurred in 11 (42.3%) patients.</p>
      <p>The time elapsed between patient selection (after clinical assessment, echocardiographic study, 24-hour Holter monitoring and EPS) and ICD implantation was in average approximately 15 days.</p>
      <p>During follow-up, the intracardiac electrogram records of the ICD did not document any arrhythmia in 13 (50%) patients. In five (19.2%) patients and in 4 (15.4%) PSVT and episodes of NSVT were respectively recorded. In four patients (15.4%), potentially lethal arrhythmias (3 SVT and 1 VF) were reverted with ICD shock therapy; in three of them the ICD had been indicated for secondary prevention and in only 1 patient for primary prevention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e15t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e15t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Recurrence of syncope without intracardiac electrocardiographic record of arrhythmia in the ICD occurred in 4 (15.4%) patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e15t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). These patients underwent a tilt table test with a prolonged passive protocol<sup>24</sup>, whose result was negative.</p>
      <p>Only one death was recorded during the whole patient follow-up 24 months post-ICD implantation, due to CPA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e15t2-body2">Table 2</xref>). ICD shock therapy for reversion of VF had been documented in this patient three months prior to death. Additionally, the patient had a history of ischemic stroke with mild neurological sequela and was taking an oral anticoagulation medication for permanent atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>The ICD-shock-free survival curve using the Kaplan-Meier method demonstrated that by the end of 30.9 months ICD shock therapy had not occurred in 22 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e15fig2-body2">Fig. 2A</xref>). The occurrence of shock therapies was not different among the patients with primary or secondary indications for ICD (p=0.517).</p>
      <p content-type="html">
        <fig id="e15fig2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qFKLdbDsSGytqtYvvzPGnds/71991f85106c5335acc0285d53b756428cd7b41c.gif"/>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The comparative analysis of events according to the presence or absence of history of familial SD showed (Log-Rank test) that there was no difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e15fig2-body2">Fig. 2B</xref>).</p>
      <p>When the occurrence of events (ICD shock) was compared with the occurrence of syncope prior to ICD implantation, no significant difference was observed either, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e15fig2-body2">Figure 2C</xref>.</p>
      <p>In relation to the event-free survival curve (ICD shock) compared with the echocardiographic interventricular septal thickness, ICD shocks were demonstrated to occur earlier in patients who had an interventricular septal thickness greater than 30mm (p=0.03), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e15fig2-body2">Figure 2D</xref>.</p>
      <p>No significant relation was observed between the arrhythmic events (PSVT, NSVT, SVT and VF) retrieved from the ICD electrograms and the clinical variables (gender, age, history of familial SCD, syncope prior to ICD implantation), echocardiographic variables (interventricular septal measurement greater or smaller than 30mm), presence of NSVT on the 24-hour Holter monitoring and presence of arrhythmias on the EPS (PSVT, NSVT, SVT and VF). Likewise, no relation was observed between recurrent syncope post-implantation and these variables.</p>
      <p>Age under or above 40 years, as considered for statistical analysis, also did not discriminate a higher or lower incidence of either arrhythmic events recorded on the ICD electrograms, or of recurrence of syncope. The comparative analysis of arrhythmic events recorded by the ICD and recurrence of syncope in patients who presented syncope prior to implantation revealed that the four patients who had recurrence of syncope after ICD implantation presented previous syncope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e15t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e15t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0649-00016-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Comparing the patients with history of familial SCD in relation to the arrhythmic events recorded by the ICD and the recurrence of post-implantation syncope, no statistically significant difference was observed. Also, the analysis of arrhythmic events retrieved from the electrograms recorded by the ICD or recurrence of syncope in relation to induction of potentially lethal arrhythmia such as SVT or VF on the EPS did not discriminate a higher incidence of occurrences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e15t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Interventricular septal thickness greater or smaller than 30mm (echocardiogram) and the presence of NSVT on the 24-hour Holter monitoring did not discriminate a higher or lower incidence of arrhythmic events recorded by the ICD or a recurrence of syncope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e15t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Currently, the major focus of interest for the prognostic investigation of HCM is aimed at the subgroup of patients at high risk for sudden death. This prospective study is the first to be conducted in our country in patients with HCM and ICD indicated for risk of SCD. The population was highly selected, with a low prevalence of the disease, so the interpretation of the findings should be cautiously made.</p>
      <p>Begley<sup>18</sup> documented the importance of ICD in survivors of SCD with HCM, however with reservations about the indication for primary prevention. Our study included: a) patients of secondary prevention of SCD, in three (12%) of whom appropriate shock therapy (VT/VF) occurred in a short period of time, all with potentially lethal arrhythmias prior to ICD implantation; b) patients of primary prevention, of whom only one presented appropriate shock six months after implantation. The low number of occurrence of shock in the group of primary prevention is likely due to the short follow-up period of the patients studied.</p>
      <p>Corroborating Maron's findings<sup>13,14</sup>, in our series, history of SCD among parents and siblings was not an isolated predictor of a higher occurrence of ICD shock therapy or record of arrhythmic events. Elliott and McKenna<sup>7</sup>, however, reported a higher incidence of these events among patients with familial SD, which can be related to genotypic / phenotypic characteristics of the HCM.</p>
      <p>Unlike some studies with a longer follow-up period, in which ventricular tachyarhythmia was considered responsible for syncopal features<sup>18,19,20</sup>, in our study syncope previous to ICD implantation, which was present in 20 of our patients, was not associated with a higher incidence of arrhythmic events. Recurrence of syncope after ICD implantation with no arrhythmic event recorded, as occurred in 4 patients of our case series, should not reduce the value of this clinical manifestation, although isolated, in the indication of ICD. These four patients underwent tilt table test, whose result was negative (prolonged passive protocol)<sup>24</sup>, thus ruling out a neurocardiogenic mechanism as the cause of syncope. Therefore, for these cases, the elucidation of the etiology of syncopes seems to depend on the follow-up period and on a judicious observation of further diagnostic approaches.</p>
      <p>Among the anatomical and functional findings that characterize HCM, the most significant in the present study was the association between an interventricular septal thickness greater than 30mm, on the echocardiogram, with the early occurrence (6 or 7 months) of ICD shock therapy (p = 0.003).</p>
      <p>In our study, NSVT (24-hour Holter monitoring) was the most prevalent arrhythmic event (46.2%), but was not a marker of poor prognosis. However, the absence of arrhythmias was not associated with a favorable progression of the disease. Maron<sup>14</sup> reported the importance of NSVT as a predictor of a higher incidence of SCD (risk of 8% in 3 years); he also reported that the absence of this arrhythmia provides a reduction of these rates by approximately 1%. In the present study, the ICD electrogram storage system was fundamental to document arrhythmic events: the highest prevalence was of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT and VF), which is consistent with the findings in the literature.</p>
      <p>Favale<sup>27</sup> reported the role of atrial fibrillation (incidence of 20%) as a precursor of fatal tachycardia in HCM. Two other non-randomized controlled trials<sup>18,19</sup> studied the documentation of arrhythmic events by intracardiac electrograms (most of them with single-ventricular chamber devices). Although supraventricular arrhythmias did not represent a threat to our patients, all received double-chamber (atrioventricular) devices. This is an important recommendation in this disease, because, unlike single-chamber devices, atrioventricular devices have an advanced functional capacity for algorithmic discrimination and storage of arrhythmic events, thus significantly reducing the rate of inappropriate shocks.</p>
      <p>EPS in the HCM risk stratification is controversial in the literature<sup>28,29</sup>, and the findings in our study were also inconclusive. Two patients with induced SVT did not present clinical arrhythmia in 2 years of follow-up, and in one patient with SVT reverted by ICD shock therapy no arrhythmia was induced in the EPS.</p>
      <p>Begley<sup>18</sup> estimated the survival rate of patients with ICD and HCM at risk for SCD at approximately 90% in a 10-year follow-up. One single death occurred in our case series (24 months post-ICD implantation): a female patient with permanent atrial fibrillation and occurrence of appropriate shock (VF) three months prior to death.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of arrhythmic events and documented appropriate shock therapies in our study demonstrated that the indication of ICD in patients resuscitated from CPA or with syncopal SVT (secondary prevention) is unquestionable. On the other hand, in patients with potential risk of SCD without documented lethal arrhythmias (primary prevention) after a mean 20-month follow-up, the role of ICD could not be defined. For these situations, compliance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias &#150; SBC is recommended.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, the present paper did not assess the genotypic characteristics of the patients studied. These characteristics will likely represent, in the near future, the decisive tools for the establishment of concrete predictors of prognosis in HCM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following findings were observed in patients with HCM and risk for SCD undergoing ICD implantation after a mean 20-month follow-up: 1- Occurrence of arrhythmic events in 50% of the patients (VT in 62%, of which SVT in 31% and NSVT in 31%); 2- Recurrent syncopes in the minority of the patients (16%), not associated with the presence of arrhythmic events; 3- Presence of interventricular septal thickness greater than 30mm, on the echocardiogram, associated with the occurrence of early shock therapy (p=0.003); 4- Absence of clinical or functional predictors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>Paulo de Tarso Jorge Medeiros</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Candido Souza, 526 </p>
          <p> 04518-051 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="paulotjm@cardiol.br">paulotjm@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ptjmedeiros@uol.com.br">ptjmedeiros@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 10, 2004; received manuscript June 11, 2006; accepted August 8, 2006.</p>
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