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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wbSrfqhDXTdNmMsZXSQxJXf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700514</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento geral de m&#233;dicos emergencistas de hospitais de Salvador - Bahia sobre o atendimento de v&#237;timas com parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Filgueiras Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Nivaldo Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Delmondes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo Junior</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>634</fpage>
      <lpage>640</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar a propor&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos emergencistas com habilita&#231;&#227;o em cursos de imers&#227;o (SAVC - Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia e SAVT - Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida no Trauma), relacionando vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, especialidade m&#233;dica, titula&#231;&#227;o e tipo de hospital com o grau de conhecimento te&#243;rico no atendimento de v&#237;timas de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados de forma consecutiva, de novembro/2003 a julho/2004, os emergencistas de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados da cidade de Salvador - Bahia, que voluntariamente aceitaram participar do estudo. Esses responderam a um question&#225;rio constru&#237;do de informa&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis de interesse: perfil do profissional, realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o dos cursos de imers&#227;o SAVC e SAVT, avalia&#231;&#227;o cognitiva com 22 quest&#245;es objetivas sobre ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. Calculou-se para cada participante um valor de acertos indicado como vari&#225;vel escore. Esse question&#225;rio foi validado a partir do resultado do escore dos instrutores do curso SAVC em Salvador - BA. RESULTADOS: Dos 305 m&#233;dicos que responderam ao question&#225;rio, 83 (27,2%) haviam realizado o curso SAVC, tendo como m&#233;dia da vari&#225;vel escore o valor de 14,9+3,0, comparada com os 215 m&#233;dicos (70,5%) que n&#227;o o haviam feito e cuja m&#233;dia foi de 10,5+3,5 (p=0,0001). A m&#233;dia do escore dos 65 cardiologistas (21,5%) foi de 14,1+3,3, comparada com os 238 m&#233;dicos (78,5%) que eram de outras especialidades, com m&#233;dia de 9,7+3,7(p=0,0001). N&#227;o foi identificada diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia do escore entre os m&#233;dicos que haviam ou n&#227;o realizado o curso SAVT (p=0,67). CONCLUS&#195;O: Na amostra avaliada, o conhecimento te&#243;rico sobre ressucita&#231;&#227;o c&#225;rdio-pulmonar (RCP) foi superior naqueles profissionais que realizaram o SAVC, diferente do que ocorreu naqueles que realizaram o SAVT. Os especialistas em Cardiologia que realizaram o SAVC demonstraram um conhecimento te&#243;rico superior, sobre o atendimento de v&#237;timas de parada c&#225;rdio-respirat&#243;ria (PCR), quando comparado com as demais especialidades avaliadas em conjunto - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Cirurgia e Ortopedia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>SAVC (Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia)</kwd>
        <kwd>treinamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento geral de m&#233;dicos emergencistas de hospitais de Salvador &#150; Bahia sobre o atendimento de v&#237;timas com parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nivaldo Menezes Filgueiras Filho; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Bandeira; Thales Delmondes; Adriano Oliveira; Alberto Soares Lima Junior; Vinicius Cruz; F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas; &#193;lvaro Rabelo Junior</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar a propor&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos emergencistas com habilita&#231;&#227;o em cursos de imers&#227;o (SAVC - Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia e SAVT - Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida no Trauma), relacionando vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, especialidade m&#233;dica, titula&#231;&#227;o e tipo de hospital com o grau de conhecimento te&#243;rico no atendimento de v&#237;timas de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados de forma consecutiva, de novembro/2003 a julho/2004, os emergencistas de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados da cidade de Salvador &#150; Bahia, que voluntariamente aceitaram participar do estudo. Esses responderam a um question&#225;rio constru&#237;do de informa&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis de interesse: perfil do profissional, realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o dos cursos de imers&#227;o SAVC e SAVT, avalia&#231;&#227;o cognitiva com 22 quest&#245;es objetivas sobre ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. Calculou-se para cada participante um valor de acertos indicado como vari&#225;vel escore. Esse question&#225;rio foi validado a partir do resultado do escore dos instrutores do curso SAVC em Salvador &#150; BA. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 305 m&#233;dicos que responderam ao question&#225;rio, 83 (27,2%) haviam realizado o curso SAVC, tendo como m&#233;dia da vari&#225;vel escore o valor de 14,9+3,0, comparada com os 215 m&#233;dicos (70,5%) que n&#227;o o haviam feito e cuja m&#233;dia foi de 10,5+3,5 (p=0,0001). A m&#233;dia do escore dos 65 cardiologistas (21,5%) foi de 14,1+3,3, comparada com os 238 m&#233;dicos (78,5%) que eram de outras especialidades, com m&#233;dia de 9,7+3,7(p=0,0001). N&#227;o foi identificada diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia do escore entre os m&#233;dicos que haviam ou n&#227;o realizado o curso SAVT (p=0,67). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Na amostra avaliada, o conhecimento te&#243;rico sobre ressucita&#231;&#227;o c&#225;rdio-pulmonar (RCP) foi superior naqueles profissionais que realizaram o SAVC, diferente do que ocorreu naqueles que realizaram o SAVT. Os especialistas em Cardiologia que realizaram o SAVC demonstraram um conhecimento te&#243;rico superior, sobre o atendimento de v&#237;timas de parada c&#225;rdio-respirat&#243;ria (PCR), quando comparado com as demais especialidades avaliadas em conjunto &#150; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Cirurgia e Ortopedia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, SAVC (Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia), treinamento.</p>
    <p>As medidas adotadas em situa&#231;&#245;es de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) devem ser comprovadamente eficazes, e iniciadas no menor intervalo de tempo poss&#237;vel. Assim, ao estarmos diante de uma PCR, o tempo &#233; o principal determinante de sucesso, visto que cada minuto perdido reduz a chance de sobrevida em 10%<sup>1</sup>. Para conseguirmos esse intento, &#233; fundamental estabelecermos condutas e normas de procedimentos. O emergencista deve estar apto a rapidamente reconhecer, diagnosticar e executar manobras, instituindo o tratamento adequado. Em situa&#231;&#245;es de risco iminente de vida, a tomada de decis&#227;o tem de ser r&#225;pida. Portanto, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para os profissionais com atividade em unidades de emerg&#234;ncia o conhecimento e treinamento na &#225;rea da reanima&#231;&#227;o. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de fluxogramas parece auxiliar no processo de tomada de decis&#227;o. Fluxogramas t&#234;m sido difundidos e utilizados para o aprendizado em cursos de treinamento, como o Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC).</p>
    <p>O curso Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida no Trauma derivou do esfor&#231;o do <italic>American College of Surgeons</italic> em criar uma sistematiza&#231;&#227;o no atendimento dos pacientes v&#237;timas de trauma baseada nas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas vigentes. A mortalidade e a morbidade associadas ao trauma representam problema complexo e grave na sociedade ocidental, j&#225; que atinge de forma significante uma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o produtiva economicamente e imputa ao sistema de sa&#250;de gastos significativos em reabilita&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. A introdu&#231;&#227;o do SAVT para sistematiza&#231;&#227;o no atendimento ao trauma levou a significante diminui&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade, principalmente ap&#243;s a primeira hora e em doentes com les&#245;es muito graves<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O SAVC (SAVC e SAVT s&#227;o cursos internacionais reconhecidos mundialmente pelas siglas ACLS &#150; Advanced Cardiac Life Support e ATLS &#150; Advanced Trauma Life Support) foi desenvolvido pela American Heart Association (AHA) nos anos 1970. Ao longo desses anos, os programas de treinamento em SAVC multiplicaram-se. Em 1995, mais de 300 mil pessoas foram treinadas nos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, desde 1997, cerca de 3.900 m&#233;dicos, enfermeiras e fisioterapeutas receberam treinamento pelo Comit&#234; Nacional de Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o (CNR) do Fundo de Aperfei&#231;oamento e Pesquisa em Cardiologia (FunCor) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O SAVC ensina t&#233;cnicas de Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida (SBV) e de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia em ambiente hospitalar para profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. Existem estudos favor&#225;veis<sup>4-7</sup> e outros que questionam<sup>8-10</sup> seus resultados no tocante ao efeito do treinamento de m&#233;dicos e enfermeiros sobre a efici&#234;ncia da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) e taxa de sobrevida. Outro dado importante nesse contexto &#233; o grau de conhecimento dos m&#233;dicos acerca das medidas de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. &#201; aceito pela maioria dos especialistas que cursos como o SAVC tornam os m&#233;dicos mais eficientes no atendimento de v&#237;timas de PCR. Assim, nos Estados Unidos, a maioria dos hospitais possui m&#233;dicos e enfermeiros treinados em SBV e SAVC, sendo esse treinamento uma exig&#234;ncia para os profissionais que atuam em emerg&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>Essas quest&#245;es t&#234;m sido pouco tratadas na literatura nacional, encontrando-se apenas um estudo feito numa capital da regi&#227;o Sudeste do pa&#237;s que avaliou o impacto sobre a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com PCR, da presen&#231;a, na equipe de reanima&#231;&#227;o, de m&#233;dico ou enfermeiro com treinamento em SAVC<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos nacionais para avaliar o conhecimento te&#243;rico de m&#233;dicos emergencistas com atividades em hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados, e ao mesmo tempo, correlacionar esses resultados com a realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de cursos de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (SAVT) e de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida no Trauma (SAVT).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de corte transversal com processo de sele&#231;&#227;o amostral por conveni&#234;ncia, constitu&#237;do por 305 m&#233;dicos emergencistas (cl&#237;nicos, cardiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es e ortopedistas) com atua&#231;&#227;o em pronto-atendimento de pacientes adultos em 18 hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados da cidade de Salvador (BA). Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos do trabalho e leitura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, os m&#233;dicos candidatos aceitaram preencher um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para a coleta de informa&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis de interesse, contendo: a) o perfil desse profissional &#150; idade, sexo, especialidade m&#233;dica, titula&#231;&#227;o, realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o dos cursos SAVC e SAVT e a &#233;poca em que foram conclu&#237;dos ou revalidados; b) avalia&#231;&#227;o cognitiva com 22 quest&#245;es objetivas sobre RCP.</p>
    <p>Cada question&#225;rio aplicado foi identificado por um n&#250;mero que correspondeu a um m&#233;dico emergencista. O question&#225;rio foi aplicado a cada m&#233;dico por estudantes de Psicologia e de Medicina. Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es contidas no question&#225;rio foram previamente submetidas em estudo-piloto aos m&#233;dicos instrutores do curso SAVC do centro-formador de Salvador (BA). Esse resultado serviu para valida&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio. A coleta de dados foi realizada de 1&#186; de novembro de 2003 a 1&#186; de julho de 2004.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Foram analisados os dados referentes ao total da amostra, de 305 participantes, com as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, estado civil, especialidade m&#233;dica, titula&#231;&#227;o, faculdade cursada, hospital em que trabalhava como emergencista, e calculadas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias simples e propor&#231;&#245;es simples, as freq&#252;&#234;ncias cumulativas e propor&#231;&#245;es cumulativas.</p>
    <p>Calculou-se para cada participante um valor de acertos para as respostas cognitivas (cog1 at&#233; cog22), representado pelo somat&#243;rio do n&#250;mero de respostas corretas, resultado definido por um escore e indicado como vari&#225;vel escore, e procedeu-se tamb&#233;m ao c&#225;lculo da propor&#231;&#227;o de acertos definido como o total de respostas corretas dividida por 22, n&#250;mero correspondente ao total de quest&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Para a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores da vari&#225;vel escore, construiu-se um gr&#225;fico do tipo Box-Plot com o valor m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, e os quartis da distribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Estimou-se tamb&#233;m, para toda a amostra, a m&#233;dia e os quartis da distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel escore estratificada para as seguintes vari&#225;veis: hospital ao que o m&#233;dico pertencia; sexo; curso SAVC; curso SAVT; tipo de especialidade m&#233;dica; tipo de hospital (p&#250;blico ou privado).</p>
    <p>Foram calculadas as diferen&#231;as dos valores da vari&#225;vel escore entre diferentes subgrupos por meio do teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Os subgrupos analisados foram: curso SAVC; curso SAVT; tipo de especialidade m&#233;dica; tipo de hospital (p&#250;blico ou privado).</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados os <italic>softwares</italic> Microsoft Office Word 2003, Microsoft Office Excel 2003, SAS for Windows vers&#227;o 6.11, e StatXact-3 vers&#227;o 3.0.1 para realiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise do banco de dados. Foram considerados significantes valores de p inferiores ou iguais a 5% (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de novembro de 2003 a julho de 2004, foram realizados 305 question&#225;rios com os m&#233;dicos emergencistas em 18 hospitais da cidade de Salvador (BA). Desses, 5 corresponderam a hospitais p&#250;blicos e 13 a hospitais privados.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> dividimos os m&#233;dicos em quatro categorias distintas por especialidade: cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, cirurgia, ortopedia e cardiologia. Dois m&#233;dicos n&#227;o forneceram essa informa&#231;&#227;o. Dos 303 (100%) que responderam a essa pergunta, 118 (38,9%) eram cl&#237;nicos; 111 (36,3%), cirurgi&#245;es; 65 (21,5%) eram cardiologistas; e 9 (3,0%), ortopedistas. Do total da amostra, 202 (66,2%) eram do sexo masculino e 103, (33,8%) do sexo feminino.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No tocante &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia com que os emergencistas haviam realizado cursos de treinamento, constatou-se que 83 (27,2%) tinham feito o SAVC, enquanto 215 (70,5%), n&#227;o; e 7 (2,3%) n&#227;o forneceram essa informa&#231;&#227;o. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao SAVT, 99 (32,5%) fizeram esse curso e 204 (66,9%), n&#227;o. Dois emergencistas (0,6%) n&#227;o forneceram essa informa&#231;&#227;o. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">3</xref> demonstram esses dados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando perguntado ao emergencista se ele teria tido algum treinamento em reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (RCP) durante o curso m&#233;dico, a resposta foi sim em 224 question&#225;rios (73,4%) e n&#227;o em 77 (25,2%). Quatro (1,4%) n&#227;o responderam.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref> o gr&#225;fico Box-Plot demonstra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores da vari&#225;vel escore em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o global do estudo, sendo o valor m&#237;nimo 2, o m&#225;ximo 20, a mediana 12, o quartil 25 foi 9 e o quartil 75 foi 15.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do escore conforme o sexo foi de 11,4<underline>+</underline>4,0 para homens e 12,3<underline>+</underline>3,6 para mulheres (p &lt; 0,05). A m&#233;dia do escore dos m&#233;dicos que haviam feito ou n&#227;o o curso de SAVT foi 11,6<underline>+</underline>3,5 e 11,8<underline>+</underline>4,0, respectivamente (p = 0,665). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s especialidades m&#233;dicas, as m&#233;dias do escore foram de 14,1<underline>+</underline>3,3 para os cardiologistas; 11,8<underline>+</underline>3,9 para os cl&#237;nicos; 10,6<underline>+</underline>3,4 para os cirurgi&#245;es; e 6,8<underline>+</underline>2,2 para os ortopedistas. A m&#233;dia dos hospitais privados foi de 11,9<underline>+</underline>3,9, e dos p&#250;blicos foi de 11,3<underline>+</underline>3,9 (p = 0,237).</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do escore dos instrutores de SAVC foi de 19,8 variando de 18 a 21.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as dos valores da vari&#225;vel escore entre diferentes subgrupos:</p>
    <p>&#149; SAVC</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do escore dos 83 emergencistas (27,2%) que realizaram o SAVC foi de 14,9<underline>+</underline>3,0; enquanto nos 215 m&#233;dicos (70,5%) que n&#227;o o haviam feito foi de 10,5<underline>+</underline>3,5. Essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,0001) &#150; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>. A an&#225;lise estratificada dos 231 m&#233;dicos de outras especialidades (excluindo os cardiologistas), separando-os em dois grupos &#150; os que haviam (n = 47) ou n&#227;o (n = 184) realizado esse curso, mostrou que a diferen&#231;a era estatisticamente significante (p = 0,0001).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os cardiologistas (n = 65) foram divididos em dois grupos, com e sem SAVC. O grupo de cardiologistas que realizou o curso SAVC teve o escore de 15,4&#177;2,9; enquanto aqueles que n&#227;o o fizeram tiveram o escore de 12,4&#177;3,2; diferen&#231;a essa estatisticamente significante em favor dos que haviam realizado o curso (p = 0,001), demonstrando o impacto do curso nesses especialistas, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estratificada com os 83 m&#233;dicos que haviam realizado o curso SAVC divididos em dois grupos, cardiologistas (n = 36) e n&#227;o-cardiologistas (n = 47), n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p = 0,269), sugerindo o impacto do curso, independentemente da especialidade conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">figura 4</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O escore observado dos m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es que n&#227;o haviam realizado o curso SAVC foi de 10,3&#177;3,4, e nos cardiologistas que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o haviam feito o curso foi de 12,4&#177;3,2; sendo essa diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p = 0,002), demonstrando uma diferen&#231;a de conhecimento entre as especialidades nos emergencistas que n&#227;o realizaram o curso. Isso pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">figura 5</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Entre os cardiologistas n&#227;o-treinados pelo curso SAVC, o escore observado foi de 12,4<underline>+</underline>3,2 (n = 29), enquanto entre os m&#233;dicos de outras especialidades (n&#227;o-cardiologistas) que realizaram o SAVC o escore foi 14,6<underline>+</underline>3,1 (n = 47), sendo essa diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p = 0,003). V&#234;em-se os dados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">figura 6</xref>. Esse resultado confirma o impacto do SAVC no conhecimento m&#233;dico sobre reanima&#231;&#227;o independentemente da especialidade.</p>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>&#149; SAVT</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia dos escores dos 99 emergencistas (32,5%) que realizaram o SAVT foi de 11,6<underline>+</underline>3,5; enquanto nos 204 m&#233;dicos (66,9%) que n&#227;o o haviam feito foi 11,8<underline>+</underline>4,0. Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">figura 7</xref> (p = 0,665).</p>
    <fig id="fig7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>&#149; Especialidade &#150; Cardiologia</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da vari&#225;vel escore dos 65 cardiologistas (21,5%) foi de 14,1<underline>+</underline>3,3; enquanto nos 238 m&#233;dicos (78,5%) que eram de outras especialidades foi de 9,7<underline>+</underline>3,7; diferen&#231;a essa estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,0001) &#150; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">fig. 8</xref>. Essa diferen&#231;a ocorreu pelo fato de um maior n&#250;mero de cardiologistas ter feito o SAVC, j&#225; que a propor&#231;&#227;o desses foi 2,72 vezes maior que a propor&#231;&#227;o dos cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es que haviam realizado o curso.</p>
    <fig id="fig8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>&#149; Hospital P&#250;blico <italic>versus</italic> Privado</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da vari&#225;vel escore dos 97 m&#233;dicos emergencistas (31,8%) que realizaram o question&#225;rio em hospitais p&#250;blicos foi de 11,3<underline>+</underline>3,9; enquanto nos 208 m&#233;dicos (68,2%) que o fizeram em hospitais da rede privada foi de 11,9<underline>+</underline>3,9; n&#227;o sendo observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,237), como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">figura 9</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho procurou avaliar o perfil e o grau de conhecimento te&#243;rico sobre RCP dos m&#233;dicos que trabalham nas emerg&#234;ncias de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados da cidade de Salvador (BA), comparando com a realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de cursos de treinamento em SAVC e SAVT. Identificamos uma defici&#234;ncia no conhecimento sobre reanima&#231;&#227;o nos 305 m&#233;dicos da amostra, caracterizado por uma m&#233;dia do total de acertos de 12 quest&#245;es de um total de 22, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de acertos de 54,5%. Dados da literatura s&#227;o concordantes com os nossos achados.</p>
    <p>Assim, Galinski e cols.<sup>11</sup> observaram um conhecimento te&#243;rico insuficiente sobre Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida (SBV) nos m&#233;dicos e enfermeiras que responderam a um question&#225;rio em um hospital universit&#225;rio franc&#234;s com 450 leitos. De um total de 996 question&#225;rios, 571 (57%) foram respondidos: 158 por m&#233;dicos e 413 por enfermeiras. Um dado interessante desse estudo, denotando conduta inadequada, foi o fato de que, no grupo de m&#233;dicos, diante de uma PCR, 50% abriram via a&#233;rea, 75% iniciaram ventila&#231;&#227;o, 86% come&#231;aram massagem card&#237;aca externa, enquanto apenas 42% chamaram por ajuda. A aus&#234;ncia do chamado por ajuda corresponde a erro grave durante o treinamento em RCP, j&#225; que isso atrasa a vinda do desfibrilador &#150; &#250;nico equipamento capaz de reverter uma PCR. Diaz e cols.<sup>12</sup> aplicaram um question&#225;rio com 63 m&#233;dicos de fam&#237;lia do munic&#237;pio de Quemado de Guines, Villa Clara em Cuba, demonstrando que havia um aceit&#225;vel conhecimento te&#243;rico, apesar do treinamento insuficiente em reanima&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, nesse estudo os m&#233;dicos apresentaram defici&#234;ncias no manejo da via a&#233;rea.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo<sup>13</sup> realizado em hospitais p&#250;blicos da cidade de Quito &#150; Equador demonstrou que 62,3% dos 151 m&#233;dicos interrogados desconheciam como utilizar um desfibrilador e apenas 39,4% acreditavam estar plenamente capacitados em RCP. Apesar de 68,6% terem recebido treinamento em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, 2,4% erraram a totalidade das dez quest&#245;es sobre Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia &#150; SAVC. Wheatley e cols.<sup>14</sup> tamb&#233;m utilizaram um question&#225;rio para avaliar o grau de conhecimento em reanima&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos e enfermeiras em Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, M&#233;xico. Com base no treinamento relatado pelos profissionais, foram formados tr&#234;s grupos: A) com treinamento informal, B) sem treinamento e C) com treinamento formal. Esse &#250;ltimo grupo teve 77% de acertos quando comparado com os 64% obtido pelos outros grupos (p &lt; 0,001). No grupo que teve acesso informal ao aprendizado, somente 30% realizaram pr&#225;tica com manequim de RCP.</p>
    <p>Birnbaum e cols.<sup>15</sup> aplicaram um teste para m&#233;dicos e enfermeiras em 12 hospitais rurais, em Wiscosin, nos Estados Unidos, encontrando conhecimento inadequado em SAVC. Nesse estudo, somente 39,6% dos enfermeiros e 64,1% dos m&#233;dicos identificaram corretamente um bloqueio atrioventricular do terceiro grau, e 33% dos enfermeiros e 22% dos m&#233;dicos n&#227;o conseguiram identificar uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular grosseira. As evid&#234;ncias desses estudos est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com o que observamos neste trabalho.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a m&#233;dia do escore dos m&#233;dicos que haviam feito ou n&#227;o o curso SAVC foi 14,9<underline>+</underline>3,0 e 10,5<underline>+</underline>3,5, demonstrando uma diferen&#231;a no conhecimento te&#243;rico, que foi estatisticamente significativa. Isso ocorreu apesar da grande maioria (73,5% dos emergencistas) ter realizado treinamento em RCP durante o curso m&#233;dico, demonstrando falha no sistema de educa&#231;&#227;o em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. Na literatura encontramos estudos que avaliaram o efeito do treinamento no desempenho da RCP e na taxa de sobrevida. Lowenstein e cols.<sup>8</sup> encontraram um manejo inadequado das arritmias letais pelos plantonistas, n&#227;o tendo havido nenhuma diferen&#231;a quando foi avaliada a realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por esses profissionais do treinamento em SAVC.</p>
    <p>Mancini e Kaye<sup>9</sup> avaliaram o desempenho de m&#233;dicos residentes treinados em SAVC durante a ocorr&#234;ncia de ressuscita&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares, demonstrando inadequada realiza&#231;&#227;o de RCP, insuficiente lideran&#231;a da equipe, dificuldades com equipamento e falha de execu&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia dos algoritmos. Entretanto, ao testarem as habilidades de cirurgi&#245;es em manejo de via a&#233;rea, uso do monitor e desfibrilador, e reconhecimento e tratamento de taquicardia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, assistolia e bloqueio card&#237;aco completo, Shannon e cols.<sup>4</sup> verificaram que o reconhecimento de arritmia e a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o foram executados com uma efici&#234;ncia significativamente superior entre os que haviam feito previamente o SAVC.</p>
    <p>Um estudo canadense<sup>10</sup> controlado, multic&#234;ntrico e intervencionista avaliou em duas fases, antes e ap&#243;s o treinamento de param&#233;dicos em Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC), qual seria o resultado na sobrevida imediata considerada como alta hospitalar. Esse estudo mostrou que a introdu&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de treinamento em SAVC no pr&#233;-hospitalar n&#227;o diminuiu a mortalidade, quando j&#225; houvesse sido previamente implantado um programa de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce. Contudo, Dane e cols.<sup>6</sup> avaliaram o resultado do atendimento de v&#237;timas de PCR em um hospital terci&#225;rio de 550 leitos na Ge&#243;rgia &#150; Estados Unidos, por enfermeiras com e sem treinamento em SAVC. A sobrevida foi quase quatro vezes mais alta quando a enfermeira que respondeu ao chamado era treinada em SAVC, sendo essa vari&#225;vel considerada preditora independente na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Tamb&#233;m Moretti<sup>7</sup>, em S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP, em um estudo observacional, multic&#234;ntrico e prospectivo, demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de pelo menos uma pessoa treinada em SAVC na equipe de atendimento da PCR aumenta em at&#233; duas vezes a chance de sucesso de revers&#227;o imediata do evento.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, ao analisarmos os m&#233;dicos emergencistas que haviam ou n&#227;o realizado o curso SAVT, n&#227;o identificamos diferen&#231;a no conhecimento em RCP. A m&#233;dia do escore foi 11,6<underline>+</underline>3,5 e 11,8<underline>+</underline>4,0, respectivamente. O curso SAVT &#233; voltado para o atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia da v&#237;tima de trauma, n&#227;o existindo o treinamento espec&#237;fico do atendimento da v&#237;tima em PCR, e talvez, por isso, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a. Cabe salientar que quase nenhum cardiologista realizou esse curso, n&#227;o permitindo an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Um outro achado interessante neste estudo foi a n&#237;tida diferen&#231;a no conhecimento te&#243;rico dos emergencistas que haviam feito o SAVC, independentemente da especialidade. Ao analisarmos de forma estratificada todos os m&#233;dicos n&#227;o-cardiologistas, separando-os em dois grupos (os que haviam realizado ou n&#227;o esse curso), identificamos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Ao dividirmos os cardiologistas da mesma forma, em dois grupos, com e sem SAVC, verificamos melhor escore entre os que fizeram o curso, mostrando, assim, o impacto do curso at&#233; entre os especialistas. Ao analisarmos todos os m&#233;dicos que haviam realizado o SAVC, separando-os em dois grupos, cardiologistas e outras especialidades, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia do curso na melhoria do conhecimento, independentemente da especialidade. Analisamos tamb&#233;m o escore dos cardiologistas que n&#227;o realizaram o SAVC, e comparamos com os m&#233;dicos de outras especialidades que realizaram o curso, encontrando escore maior entre os que fizeram o SAVC, mesmo n&#227;o sendo cardiologista. Concordante com os nossos dados, Canesin e Grion<sup>16</sup> demonstraram em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada com 92 m&#233;dicos, todos com t&#237;tulo de especialista, um maior grau de conhecimento sobre RCP entre os que haviam realizado o curso SAVC <italic>versus</italic> os que n&#227;o tinham realizado.</p>
    <p>O fato de n&#227;o termos encontrado diferen&#231;a entre o resultado dos m&#233;dicos que realizaram os question&#225;rios em hospitais p&#250;blicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que o fizeram em hospitais privados teria como poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o o bom desempenho dos m&#233;dicos do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, respons&#225;vel pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do escore dos hospitais p&#250;blicos. Nesse caso, est&#225; clara a explica&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que a &#250;nica emerg&#234;ncia do hospital &#233; composta exclusivamente por cardiologistas. Em acordo com o nosso estudo, Devlin<sup>17</sup> avaliou as habilidades das enfermeiras em Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida (SBV) de um hospital do Sudeste da Inglaterra, comparando com as enfermeiras de hospitais p&#250;blicos, encontrando defici&#234;ncias nos dois grupos, independentemente do tipo de hospital.</p>
    <p>No nosso trabalho n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no grau de conhecimento te&#243;rico entre cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es. A m&#233;dia do escore foi de 11,8<underline>+</underline>3,9, para os cl&#237;nicos, e de 10,6<underline>+</underline>3,4, para os cirurgi&#245;es. Concordante com o nosso achado, um estudo<sup>8</sup> realizado em um hospital universit&#225;rio demonstrou um inadequado desempenho dos m&#233;dicos plantonistas em paradas card&#237;acas simuladas, independentemente da especialidade, se cl&#237;nica ou cir&#250;rgica. Somente um ter&#231;o dos m&#233;dicos realizou a intuba&#231;&#227;o em tempo <underline>&lt;</underline> 35 segundos, e apenas 31% e 40% desses atenderam adequadamente uma PCR simulada do tipo fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e assistolia, respectivamente.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo -</italic> No nosso estudo foi utilizada uma amostra n&#227;o-probabil&#237;stica. &#201; evidente que as pesquisas conduzidas com amostras probabil&#237;sticas possuem superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Portanto, entendemos as limita&#231;&#245;es ao utilizarmos uma amostra selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia. Desse modo, os nossos resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados em raz&#227;o de poss&#237;veis vieses inerentes ao processo de sele&#231;&#227;o amostral.</p>
    <p>Como a aceita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico emergencista se fez mediante o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, pode ter havido um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, &#233; prov&#225;vel que essa recusa tenha acontecido entre os profissionais que se sentiam menos &#224; vontade em responder sobre o tema, o que faria que a m&#233;dia do escore fosse ainda mais baixa, n&#227;o acarretando assim diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao resultado observado neste estudo. Outro dado que torna esse vi&#233;s improv&#225;vel &#233; que conseguimos, na maioria dos hospitais, uma amostra superior a 80% do total dos m&#233;dicos emergencistas.</p>
    <p>Uma falha do nosso estudo foi o de n&#227;o considerar que muitos profissionais que trabalham em hospitais p&#250;blicos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m v&#237;nculo em hospitais privados (esse dado n&#227;o foi coletado). No entanto, cada m&#233;dico preencheu o inqu&#233;rito somente uma vez, ou seja, caso ele j&#225; o tivesse preenchido em um hospital qualquer, independentemente de ser p&#250;blico ou privado, ele n&#227;o mais o preencheria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo permite concluir que o conhecimento te&#243;rico sobre o atendimento de v&#237;timas de PCR foi superior naqueles profissionais que realizaram o curso SAVC, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com os que realizaram o curso SAVT. Os especialistas em Cardiologia que realizaram o curso SAVC demonstraram um conhecimento te&#243;rico superior sobre o atendimento de v&#237;timas de PCR, quando comparado com as demais especialidades avaliadas em conjunto &#150; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Cirurgia e Ortopedia. Na an&#225;lise de subgrupo de todos os cardiologistas, identificamos que aqueles que realizaram o SAVC apresentaram um maior conhecimento em reanima&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que n&#227;o realizaram o curso.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Nivaldo Menezes Filgueiras Filho </p>
        <p> Rua do Tarum&#227;, 90/1101 &#150; Caminho das &#193;rvores </p>
        <p> 41810-440 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nfilgueiras@cardiol.br">nfilgueiras@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/02/05; revisado recebido em 28/08/06; aceito em 28/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the general knowledge of emergency physicians from the hospitals of the city of Salvador (Brazil) on the care of cardiac arrest patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify the proportion of emergency physicians certified in immersion courses (ACLS - Advanced Cardiac Life Support and ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support) correlating the variables of age, gender, medical specialty, academic title, and type of hospital with the level of theoretical knowledge on the care of Cardiac Arrest (CA) victims. METHODS: Emergency physicians from public and private hospitals of the city of Salvador, State of Bahia - Brazil, were consecutively evaluated from November, 2003 to July, 2004. They volunteered to participate in the study, and responded to a questionnaire consisting of information on the following variables of interest: professional profile, participation or not in ACLS and ATLS immersion courses, and cognitive assessment with 22 objective questions on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). A score of correct answers was calculated for each participant, and then designated as score variable. This questionnaire was validated based on the result of the score obtained by ACLS course instructors in Salvador, BA. RESULTS: Of the 305 physicians who responded to the questionnaire, 83 (27.2%) had attended the ACLS course and had a mean score variable of 14.9+3.0 compared with the 215 physicians (70.5%) who had not attended the course and whose mean was 10.5+ 3.5 (p=0.0001). The mean score of the 65 cardiologists (21.5%) was 14.1+3.3 compared with the mean of 9.7+3.7(p=0.0001) of the 238 physicians (78.5%) from other specialties. No difference was observed in the mean scores between physicians who had attended the ATLS course or not (p=0.67). CONCLUSION: In the sample studied, theoretical knowledge on CPR was higher among physicians who had attended the ACLS course, as opposed to those who had attended the ATLS course. Cardiologists who had attended the ACLS demonstrated a higher theoretical knowledge on the care of CA patients when compared to physicians from other specialties taken as whole - Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Orthopedics.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support)</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical training</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Assessment of the general knowledge of emergency physicians from hospitals of the city of Salvador (Brazil) on the care of cardiac arrest patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nivaldo Menezes Filgueiras Filho; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Bandeira; Thales Delmondes; Adriano Oliveira; Alberto Soares Lima Junior; Vinicius Cruz; F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas; &#193;lvaro Rabelo Junior</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To identify the proportion of emergency physicians certified in immersion courses (ACLS &#150; Advanced Cardiac Life Support and ATLS &#150; Advanced Trauma Life Support) correlating the variables of age, gender, medical specialty, academic title, and type of hospital with the level of theoretical knowledge on the care of Cardiac Arrest (CA) victims.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Emergency physicians from public and private hospitals of the city of Salvador, State of Bahia &#150; Brazil, were consecutively evaluated from November, 2003 to July, 2004. They volunteered to participate in the study, and responded to a questionnaire consisting of information on the following variables of interest: professional profile, participation or not in ACLS and ATLS immersion courses, and cognitive assessment with 22 objective questions on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).</p>
      <p> A score of correct answers was calculated for each participant, and then designated as score variable. This questionnaire was validated based on the result of the score obtained by ACLS course instructors in Salvador, BA.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 305 physicians who responded to the questionnaire, 83 (27.2%) had attended the ACLS course and had a mean score variable of 14.9+3.0 compared with the 215 physicians (70.5%) who had not attended the course and whose mean was 10.5+ 3.5 (p=0.0001). The mean score of the 65 cardiologists (21.5%) was 14.1+3.3 compared with the mean of 9.7+3.7(p=0.0001) of the 238 physicians (78.5%) from other specialties. No difference was observed in the mean scores between physicians who had attended the ATLS course or not (p=0.67).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the sample studied, theoretical knowledge on CPR was higher among physicians who had attended the ACLS course, as opposed to those who had attended the ATLS course. Cardiologists who had attended the ACLS demonstrated a higher theoretical knowledge on the care of CA patients when compared to physicians from other specialties taken as whole &#150; Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Orthopedics.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support), medical training.</p>
      <p>Measures adopted in the cardiac arrest (CA) setting should be of proven efficacy and started within the shortest possible time interval. Thus, when managing a CA, time is the major determinant of success, since each minute lost reduces the survival rate by 10%<sup>1</sup>. To achieve this purpose, it is fundamental to establish procedural guidelines and management. Emergency physicians should be able to promptly recognize, diagnose and perform maneuvers, thus providing the adequate treatment. In situations of imminent life threat, decision-making should be prompt. Therefore, knowledge and training in resuscitation are of the utmost importance for professionals working in emergency services. The use of flowcharts seems to help in the decision-making process. Flowcharts have been disseminated and used for teaching in training courses such as the ACLS &#150; Advanced Cardiac Life Support.</p>
      <p>The ATLS course resulted from the effort of the American College of Surgeons in systematizing the care of trauma patients based on current scientific evidences. Mortality and morbidity associated with trauma are a complex and serious problem in the western society, since they significantly affect part of the economically active population and place a significant burden on the health system in terms of rehabilitation and treatment. The introduction of ATLS to systematize trauma care led to a significant reduction in mortality, mainly after the first hour and in patients with very severe lesions<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>ACLS (The Advanced Cardiac Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support are international courses recognized worldwide by the acronyms ACLS and ATLS, respectively) was developed by the AHA (American Heart Association) in the 1970's. Since then, ACLS training programs have multiplied. In 1995, more than 300,000 people were trained in the United States. In Brazil, as of 1997, approximately 3900 physicians, nurses, and physical therapists have been trained by the National Committee on Resuscitation (NCR) of the Fund on Improvement and Research in Cardiology (FunCor) of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (BSC)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>ACLS provides Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiac Life Support training in hospital facilities for health professionals. Some studies are favorable to<sup>4,5,6,7</sup> while others question<sup>8,9,10</sup> the results of these courses as regards the effect of physician and nurse training on the efficacy of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and survival rates. Another important factor in this context is the physicians' proficiency in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation measures. The majority of specialists accept that courses like the ACLS make physicians more efficient in the treatment of CA patients. Thus, in the United States, the majority of hospitals have BLS and ACLS-trained physicians and nurses, and this training is mandatory for professionals who provide emergency care.</p>
      <p>These issues have been seldom addressed in the Brazilian literature, and we found only one study conducted in a capital of a Southeastern Brazilian State assessing the impact of the presence, in the resuscitation team, of an ACLS-trained physician or nurse on the survival rate of CA patients<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, further local studies are necessary to assess the theoretical knowledge of emergency physicians working in private and public hospitals, and also to correlate these results with their having attended or not Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) and Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study using a convenience sampling that included 305 emergency physicians (general practitioners, cardiologists, surgeons, and orthopedists) who worked in adult emergency rooms of 18 public and private hospitals in the city of Salvador (State of Bahia, Brazil). After explanation of the purposes of the study and reading of the Written Consent Form, the eligible physicians agreed to respond to a specific questionnaire from which information on the variables of interest would be collected. This questionnaire included: a) the physician's profile: age, gender, medical specialty, academic titles, attendance or not to ACLS or ATLS courses, and time when the courses were concluded or revalidated; b) cognitive assessment with 22 objective questions on CPR.</p>
      <p>Each questionnaire applied was identified with a number corresponding to one emergency physician. The questionnaire was applied to each physician by Psychology and Medicine students. All information contained in the questionnaire was previously submitted to ACLS course instructors from the training center in Salvador, Bahia, in a pilot study. This result was used to validate the questionnaire. Data collection was performed from November, 1st, 2003 to July, 1st, 2004.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Data from the 305 participants of the total sample were analyzed as regards the following variables: age, gender, marital status, medical specialty, academic title, medical college attended, and hospital where the emergency physician worked. Simple frequencies and proportions, and cumulative frequencies and proportions were calculated.</p>
      <p>A score of correct answers to the cognitive questions (cog 1 to cog 22) was calculated for each participant. This value represented the sum of the number of correct answers; the result was defined by a score and indicated as the score variable. The calculation of the proportion of correct answers, defined as the number of correct answers divided by 22 (number corresponding to the total of questions) was also calculated.</p>
      <p>For the distribution of values of the score variable, a Box-Plot with the minimum value, maximum value and distribution quartiles was drawn.</p>
      <p>For the total sample, the mean and distribution quartiles of the stratified score variable were also estimated for the following variables: hospital where the physician worked, gender, ACLS course, ATLS course, medical specialty, type of hospital (public or private).</p>
      <p>The differences of values of the score variable between the subgroups were calculated using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. The subgroups analyzed were: ACLS course, ATLS course, medical specialty, and type of hospital (public or private).</p>
      <p>The Microsoft Office Word 2003, Microsoft Office Excel 2003, SAS for Windows version 6.11, and StatXact-3 version 3.0.1 software programs were used to perform and analyze the database. Values of p lower than or equal to 5% (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.05) were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From November, 2003 to July, 2004, 305 questionnaires were filled out by emergency physicians in 18 hospital of the city of Salvador, Bahia. Of these, five were public and 13 were private hospitals.</p>
      <p>Physicians were divided into four different categories according to their medical specialty: internal medicine, surgery, orthopedics and cardiology, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Two physicians did not give information on their specialty. Of the 303 (100%) who answered this question, 118 (38.9%) were general practitioners, 111 (36.3%) were surgeons, 65 (21.5%) were cardiologists and 9 (3.0%) were orthopedists. Of the total sample, 202 (66.2%) were males and 103 (33.8%) were females.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the frequency of emergency physicians who had attended training courses, we verified that 83 (27.2%) had attended the ACLS, whereas 215 (70.5%) had not, and 7 (2.3%) did not provide information. In relation to the ATLS, 99 (32.5%) had attended the course and 204 (66.9%) had not. Two emergency physicians (0.6%) did not provide information. These data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When the emergency physician was asked whether he had had any training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) during his medical course, the answer was positive in 224 questionnaires (73.4%), and negative in 77 (25.2%). Four (1.4%) did not answer.</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>, the Box-Plot shows the distribution of values of the score variable in relation to the total population of the study. The minimum value was 2, the maximum value was 20, the median was 12, the 25th quartile was 9, and the 75th quartile was 15.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The mean score according to gender was 11.4<underline>+</underline>4.0 for males and 12.3<underline>+</underline>3.6 for females (p&lt;0.05). The mean score of physicians who had attended the ATLS course or not was 11.6<underline>+</underline>3.5 and 11.8<underline>+</underline>4.0, respectively (p= 0.665). Regarding medical specialties, the mean scores were 14.1<underline>+</underline>3.3 for cardiologists; 11.8<underline>+</underline>3.9 for general practitioners; 10.6<underline>+</underline>3.4 for surgeons; and 6.8<underline>+</underline>2.2 for orthopedists. The mean of private and public hospitals was 11.9<underline>+</underline>3.9 and 11.3<underline>+</underline>3.9 (p=0.237), respectively.</p>
      <p>The mean score of ACLS instructors was 19.8, ranging from 18 to 21.</p>
      <p>
        <italic>Analysis of differences of values in the score variable among different subgroups:</italic>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; ACLS</p>
      <p>The mean score of the 83 emergency physicians (27.2%) who had attended the ACLS was 14.9<underline>+</underline>3.0, whereas that of the 215 physicians (70.5%) who had not attended was 10.5<underline>+</underline>3.5. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.0001) &#150; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>. The stratified analysis of the 231 physicians from other specialties (excluding cardiologists), divided into two groups &#150; those who had attended (n=47) or not (n=184) the ACLS course, showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.0001).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Cardiologists (n=65) were divided into two groups, with and without ACLS. The group of cardiologists who had attended the ACLS course had a score of 15.4&#177;2.9, whereas those who had not attended the course had a score of 12.4&#177;3.2; this difference was statistically significant in favor of those who had attended the course (p=0.001), thus demonstrating the impact of the course on these specialists, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The stratified analysis of the 83 physicians who had attended the ACLS course, divided into two groups &#150; cardiologists (n=36) and non-cardiologists (n=47), did not show any statistically significant difference (p=0.269), thus suggesting the impact of the course, regardless of specialty, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The score obtained by the general practitioners and surgeons who had not attended the ACLS course was 10.3&#177;3.4, and by the cardiologists who also had not attended the course was 12.4&#177;3.2. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.002), demonstrating a difference of proficiency related to the specialty among emergency physicians who had not attended the course. This is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Among not-ACLS-trained cardiologists, the score observed was 12.4<underline>+</underline>3.2 (n=29), whereas among ACLS-trained physicians from other specialties (non-cardiologists), the score was 14.6<underline>+</underline>3.1 (n=47); this difference was statistically significant (p=0.003). Data are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">Figure 6</xref>. This result corroborates the impact of ACLS on medical proficiency in resuscitation, regardless of specialty.</p>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>&#149; ATLS</p>
      <p>The mean score of the 99 emergency physicians (32.5%) who had attended the ATLS was 11.6<underline>+</underline>3.5; whereas that of the 204 physicians (66.9%) who had not attended the course was 11.8<underline>+</underline>4.0. This difference was not statistically significant, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7-body2">Figure 7</xref> (p=0.665).</p>
      <fig id="fig7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>&#149; Specialty - Cardiology</p>
      <p>The mean score variable of the 65 cardiologists (21.5%) was 14.1<underline>+</underline>3.3, whereas that of the 238 physicians (78.5%) from other specialties was 9.7<underline>+</underline>3.7. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8-body2">Figure 8</xref>). This difference resulted from the fact that a greater number of cardiologists had attended the ACLS, since the proportion of these cardiologists was 2.72 greater than that of general practitioners and surgeons who had attended the course.</p>
      <fig id="fig8-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>&#149; Public versus Private Hospital</p>
      <p>The mean score variable of the 97 emergency physicians (31.8%) from public hospitals who responded to the questionnaire was 11.3<underline>+</underline>3.9, whereas that of the 208 physicians (68.2%) from private hospitals was 11.9<underline>+</underline>3.9. No statistically significant difference was observed (p=0.237), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9-body2">Figure 9</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig9-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0634-00014-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study sought to evaluate the profile and level of theoretical knowledge on CPR of physicians who work in emergency services of public and private hospitals of the city of Salvador &#150; State of Bahia, Brazil, comparing those who had attended ACLS and ATLS training courses with those who did not. A deficiency in knowledge on resuscitation was identified in the 305 physicians of the sample, characterized by a mean of correct answers of 12 out of a total of 22 questions, with a mean proportion of correct answers of 54.5%. Data from the literature are consistent with our findings. Thus, Galinski M et al<sup>11</sup> observed insufficient theoretical knowledge on Basic Life Support (BLS) in the cases of physicians and nurses who responded to a questionnaire in a 450-bed French university hospital. Of a total of 996 questionnaires, 571 (57%) were filled out - 158 by physicians and 413 by nurses. Noteworthy in this study, in the group of physicians managing a CA, is the fact that 50% opened the airway, 75% started ventilation, 86% started external cardiac compression, only 42% asked for help,thus denoting an inadequate management . Failure to ask for help is a serious mistake during CPR training, since this causes a delay in the availability of a defibrillator &#150; the only equipment able to revert a CA. Diaz et al<sup>12</sup> applied a questionnaire to 63 family physicians in the city of Quemado de Guines, Villa Clara, in Cuba, demonstrating that they had an acceptable theoretical knowledge despite insufficient resuscitation training. However, in that study, physicians showed deficiencies in managing the airway. Another study<sup>13</sup> conducted in public hospitals in the city of Quito, Ecuador, demonstrated that 62.3% of the 151 physicians surveyed did not know how to use a defibrillator, and only 39.4% believed themselves fully proficient in CPR. Although 68.6% had been trained in resuscitation, 2.4% gave wrong answers to all the 10 questions on Advanced Cardiac Life Support &#150; ACLS. Wheatley et al<sup>14</sup> also used a questionnaire to assess physicians and nurses from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, as regards their level of knowledge on resuscitation. Based on the training reported by the professionals, three groups were formed: A) with informal training; B) without any training; and C) with formal training. Group C had 77% of correct answers when compared with the 64% obtained by the other groups (p&lt;0.001). In the group that had informal access to training, only 30% had practiced on a CPR manikin. Birnbaum et al<sup>15</sup> applied a test to physicians and nurses of 12 rural hospitals in Wisconsin, United States, and found inadequate knowledge on ACLS. In that study, only 39.6% of the nurses and 64.1% of the physicians correctly identified a third degree atrioventricular block, whereas 33% of the nurses and 22% of the physicians could not identify an overt ventricular fibrillation. The evidences of these studies are consistent with those observed in our study.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the mean score of physicians who had attended or not the ACLS course was 14.9<underline>+</underline>3.0 and 10.5<underline>+</underline>3.5, respectively, thus demonstrating a statistically significant difference in theoretical knowledge. This occurred despite the fact that the great majority (73.5% of the emergency physicians) had been trained in CPR during their medical course, thus demonstrating a failure in the educational system as regards resuscitation. In the literature, we found studies that assessed the effect of training on the performance of CPR and on survival rates. Lowenstein et al<sup>8</sup> verified inadequate management of lethal arrhythmias by physicians on duty, and no difference was observed when these professionals had previously ACLS training. Mancini and Kaye<sup>9</sup> assessed the performance of ACLS-trained resident physicians during the occurrence of intra-hospital resuscitations, and showed inadequate performance of CPR, insufficient team leadership, difficulties in operating equipment and failure to follow the algorithm sequence. However, when Shanon et al<sup>4</sup> tested the ability of surgeons to manage the airway, use monitor and defibrillator, and recognize and treat tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole and complete heart block, they verified that arrhythmia and defibrillation were recognized with a significantly higher efficiency among those who had previously attended the ACLS.</p>
      <p>A Canadian controlled multicenter intervention study<sup>10</sup> evaluated in two phases &#150; before and after Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) training of paramedics &#150; the effect on survival to discharge. This study showed that the systematic introduction of ACLS training in the pre-hospital care had not decreased mortality, when a rapid defibrillation program had been previously implanted. However, Dane et al<sup>8</sup> evaluated the result of CA patient care provided by ACLS-trained or non-trained nurses in a tertiary 550-bed hospital in Georgia, United States. The survival rate was four-fold higher when the nurse assisting the patient was ACLS trained, and this variable was considered an independent predictor in the logistic regression analysis. In an observational multicenter prospective study conducted in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, Moretti<sup>7</sup> also demonstrated that the presence of at least one ACLS-trained person in the team assisting the CA increased by up to two times the chance of success of immediate event reversion.</p>
      <p>In our study, when we analyzed the emergency physicians who had attended or not the ATLS course, we did not identify any difference in the knowledge on CPR. The mean score was 11.6<underline>+</underline>3.5 and 11.8<underline>+</underline>4.0, respectively. The ATLS course is focused on emergency care of trauma patients, and it does not include any specific training on the treatment of CA patients; this is probably why no difference was found. It should be noted that almost no cardiologist had attended this course, thus no statistical analysis could be carried out.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding in this study was the clear difference in the theoretical knowledge of emergency physicians who had attended the ACLS, regardless of their specialty. When a stratified analysis of all non-cardiologists was made, dividing them into two groups (those who had attended or not this course), a statistical difference was identified. When cardiologists were likewise divided into two groups, with and without ACLS, a higher score was observed among those who had attended the course, thus showing the impact of the course even among specialists. When all physicians who had attended the ACLS, divided into two groups &#150; cardiologists and other specialties - were analyzed, no difference was observed between the groups, thus demonstrating the importance of the course in the improvement of knowledge, regardless of specialty. We also analyzed the scores of cardiologists who had not attended the ACLS, and compared them to those of physicians from other specialties who had attended the course, and found higher scores among those who had attended the ACLS, despite their not being cardiologists. Consistent with our data, Canesin and Grion<sup>16</sup> assessed 92 physicians, all holding a specialist's title, and demonstrated a higher level of knowledge on CPR among those who had attended the ACLS course versus those who did not.</p>
      <p>The fact that no difference was found between the scores of physicians from public or private hospitals could be explained by the good performance of physicians from the University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, which accounted for the increased mean score regarding public hospitals. In this case, the reason is clear, since the only emergency service of the hospital is comprised exclusively of cardiologists. Consistent with our study, Devlin M<sup>17</sup> assessed nurses from a Southeastern hospital in England as regards their Basic Life Support (BLS) skills, and compared them with those of nurses from public hospitals. Deficiencies were found in both groups, regardless of the type of hospital.</p>
      <p>In our study, no difference in the level of theoretical knowledge was found between clinicians and surgeons. The mean score was 11.8<underline>+</underline>3.9 for clinicians and 10.6<underline>+</underline>3.4 for surgeons. Consistent with our finding, a study<sup>8</sup> conducted in a university hospital demonstrated inadequate performance of physicians on duty in simulated cardiac arrests, regardless of specialty, whether clinical or surgical. Only 1/3 of the physicians performed intubation in less than 35 seconds and only 31% and 40% of them, respectively, were able to adequately manage a simulated CA with ventricular fibrillation and asystole.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations -</italic> A non-probability sample was used in this study. It is clear that research conducted with probability samples is superior as regards the generalization of results. Therefore, we recognize the limitations when using convenience sampling. Thus, our results should not be generalized, because of possible biases inherent to the process of sample selection.</p>
      <p>Since emergency physicians agreed to participate by signing the written informed consent form, a selection bias may have occurred. However, the professionals who refused to participate may have been those who felt less comfortable with answering about the theme, which would have made the mean score even lower, thus not leading to a significant difference in relation to the results observed in this study. Another fact that makes this bias unlikely is that we were able to obtain a sample with more than 80% of the emergency physicians in most of the hospitals.</p>
      <p>Our study failed in not considering that many professionals who work in public hospitals also work in private hospitals (this datum was not collected). However, each physician filled out the questionnaire only once, that is, if he/she had already filled out the questionnaire in any hospital, whether public or private, he/she would not fill it out again.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on this study, we can conclude that theoretical knowledge on the care of CA patients was higher among professionals who had attended the ACLS course, as opposed to those who had attended the ATLS course. Specialists in Cardiology who had attended the ACLS course demonstrated a higher theoretical knowledge on the care of CA patients when compared to other specialties taken together &#150; Internal Medicine, Surgery and Orthopedics. In the subgroup analysis of all cardiologists, we identified that those who had attended the ACLS presented a higher level of knowledge on resuscitation in comparison to those who had not attended the course.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>Nivaldo Menezes Filgueiras Filho</p>
          <p> Rua do Tarum&#227;, 90/1101 &#150; Caminho das &#193;rvores </p>
          <p> 41810-440 &#150; Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nfilgueiras@cardiol.br">nfilgueiras@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received February 14, 2005; revised manuscript received August 28, 2006; accepted August 28, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
