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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dw5fkD4qvJHZSv99qqgrWXy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700513</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica durante o teste ergom&#233;trico ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco: correla&#231;&#227;o com o quadro cl&#237;nico e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular avaliada pela ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Ana F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordovil</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Japy Angelini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">EPM </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>628</fpage>
      <lpage>633</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Em pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco (TxC) descreve-se redu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE). Este fen&#244;meno, cuja origem &#233; desconhecida, ocorre em freq&#252;&#234;ncia e intensidade vari&#225;veis. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o incremento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (deltaPAS) e aspectos cl&#237;nicos, bem como as vari&#225;veis aferidas no TE e ecocardiograma sob estresse pela dobutamina (EED), em pacientes na fase tardia ap&#243;s TxC. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta e cinco homens, 49,04&#177;10,19 anos, 40,91&#177;27,46 meses p&#243;s-TxC submeteram-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, TE e EED . Avaliou-se o &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Consideraram-se anormais deltaPAS&lt;35mmHg no TE (SBC,1995). RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre deltaPAS e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, antecedentes de rejei&#231;&#227;o, dose de diltiazem, consumo de oxig&#234;nio estimado, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar. O deltaPAS foi normal em 17 casos (Grupo I) e anormal em 28 pacientes (Grupo II). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes de ambos os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aspectos cl&#237;nicos e aos resultados do TE e EED. CONCLUS&#195;O: Ao contr&#225;rio de outras popula&#231;&#245;es, os autores n&#227;o detectaram correla&#231;&#245;es entre deltaPAS e o quadro cl&#237;nico e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes com TxC. Os fatores associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do deltaPAS no TE p&#243;s-TxC permanecem desconhecidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Transplante card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>teste ergom&#233;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica durante o teste ergom&#233;trico ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco: correla&#231;&#227;o com o quadro cl&#237;nico e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular avaliada pela ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana F&#225;tima Salles; Cristiano Vieira Machado; Adriana Cordovil; Wagner Aparecido Leite; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s; Dirceu Rodrigues de Almeida; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho; Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP-EPM, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Em pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco (TxC) descreve-se redu&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE). Este fen&#244;meno, cuja origem &#233; desconhecida, ocorre em freq&#252;&#234;ncia e intensidade vari&#225;veis. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o incremento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (DPAS) e aspectos cl&#237;nicos, bem como as vari&#225;veis aferidas no TE e ecocardiograma sob estresse pela dobutamina (EED), em pacientes na fase tardia ap&#243;s TxC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Quarenta e cinco homens, 49,04&#177;10,19 anos, 40,91&#177;27,46 meses p&#243;s-TxC submeteram-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, TE e EED . Avaliou-se o &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Consideraram-se anormais DPAS&lt;35mmHg no TE (SBC,1995). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre DPAS e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, antecedentes de rejei&#231;&#227;o, dose de diltiazem, consumo de oxig&#234;nio estimado, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar. O DPAS foi normal em 17 casos (Grupo I) e anormal em 28 pacientes (Grupo II). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes de ambos os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aspectos cl&#237;nicos e aos resultados do TE e EED. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Ao contr&#225;rio de outras popula&#231;&#245;es, os autores n&#227;o detectaram correla&#231;&#245;es entre DPAS e o quadro cl&#237;nico e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes com TxC. Os fatores associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do DPAS no TE p&#243;s-TxC permanecem desconhecidos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Transplante card&#237;aco, teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (DPAS) durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) tem sido relacionado ao desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<sup>1</sup>. Tem-se descrito menores valores de DPAS em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de VE de origem isqu&#234;mica ou de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da de VE<sup>1</sup>. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco (TxC), tem-se observado resposta deprimida da PAS<sup>2-6</sup> e da PA m&#233;dia<sup>7-9</sup> no TE. Em nosso meio, em an&#225;lise de TE consecutivos realizados p&#243;s-Tx, encontramos resposta deprimida da PAS no TE em 69% dos pacientes transplantados<sup>10</sup>, considerando anormais DPAS &lt;35mmHg (SBC,1995)<sup>11</sup>. A causa da resposta deprimida da PAS no TE p&#243;s-TxC n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecida<sup>7</sup>. Poderia estar associada &#224; doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto, uma das causas freq&#252;entes de mortalidade nos sobreviventes de TxC<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar os indicadores do comportamento atenuado da PAS no TE em pacientes do sexo masculino, submetidos a TxC, utilizando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, e par&#226;metros obtidos no TE e EED.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudaram-se 45 homens, 49,04 &#177; 10,19 anos, 40,91 &#177; 27,46 meses p&#243;s-TxC. As causas do transplante foram: cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (40%), miocardiopatia cr&#244;nica chag&#225;sica (33%), miocardiopatia cr&#244;nica isqu&#234;mica (25%) e miocardiopatia hipertensiva (2%). Os pacientes pertenciam &#224;s classes funcionais NYHA I (n = 43) e NYHA II (n = 2), e faziam uso regular de ciclosporina A, azatioprina, prednisona, anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes e hipoglicemiantes. Em todos os casos n&#227;o se registraram epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o de grau superior a 3A (<italic>International Society Heart Lung Transplantation</italic>), h&#225; pelo menos 2 meses. O tempo m&#233;dio de isquemia do enxerto foi de 114,24 &#177; 29,73 minutos.</p>
    <p>Os TE foram sintoma limitantes em esteira (Trackmaster TM 500-E). Utilizou-se o protocolo de Bruce com registro do ECG em 13 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Teb-Apex 2000). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi aferida na fase I dos sons de Korotkoff e a diast&#243;lica na fase V com esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) foi estimado por equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. O FAI (<italic>Functional Aerobic Impairment</italic>) foi definido pela equa&#231;&#227;o: FAI= (VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito - VO<sub>2</sub> pico aferido) / VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito x10<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Consideraram-se normais os valores do FAI entre &#150;27% a +26%<sup>1</sup>. A an&#225;lise dos resultados do TE foi realizada segundo os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>No EED (Ultramark 9-HDI, ATL), utilizou-se infus&#227;o de dobutamina com ou sem atropina<sup>14</sup>. Avaliou-se a contratilidade regional do VE, subdividido em 16 segmentos por escores<sup>15</sup>. Definiu-se &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar (ICS) a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica desses escores<sup>15</sup>. Avaliou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE (FE) pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, em repouso e no pico de infus&#227;o (Image Vue<sup>&#174;</sup> DCR<sup>&#174;</sup>, Nova Microsonics). Foram considerados normais os valores de FE de repouso superiores a 0,55<sup>15</sup>. Na literatura especializada, n&#227;o se descrevem valores de refer&#234;ncia para FE no pico de infus&#227;o da dobutamina.</p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos (avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, TE e EED) foram realizados por observadores independentes.</p>
    <p>Foi analisada a correla&#231;&#227;o existente entre o DPAS e vari&#225;veis selecionadas: tempo de transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, dose de diltiazem, VO<sub>2</sub> pico, FE repouso, FE pico, DFE e DFE (%). Em segunda etapa, os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos em: Grupo I - DPAS normal (n=17) e Grupo II - DPAS anormal (n=28) para a pesquisa de eventuais marcadores da resposta atenuada da PAS entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e os par&#226;metros aferidos no TE e no EED.</p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson e a regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foram usados para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre DPAS e as vari&#225;veis selecionadas. Utilizaram-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, o teste exato de Fisher e o qui-quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos I e II. O teste <italic>t</italic> pareado e o teste de McNemar foram empregados para comparar os valores de repouso em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de pico. Consideraram-se significantes os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes assinaram previamente o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o linear significativa entre DPAS e tempo de transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, dose de diltiazem, VO<sub>2</sub> pico estimado, FE repouso, FE pico, varia&#231;&#227;o da FE em valores absolutos e relativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise conjunta de dez vari&#225;veis por regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (FE repouso, FE pico, varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da FE, ICS repouso, ICS no pico de infus&#227;o, tempo de transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, antecedentes de epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o de grau <underline>&gt;</underline>3 A, dose de diltiazem, VO<sub>2</sub> pico estimado), demonstrou que nenhuma das vari&#225;veis analisadas, ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 10%, influenciou os valores de DPAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os grupos I e II n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; idade, peso, altura, tempo de transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e obesidade, antecedentes de rejei&#231;&#227;o grau <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 A e uso de prednisona, estatinas ou diltiazem (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados do TE vem expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela 4</xref>. Os grupos I e II apresentaram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) em repouso, PA em repouso, % FC m&#225;xima predita, VO<sub>2</sub> pico estimado, FAI, tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> semelhantes (p=NS). O TE foi considerado isqu&#234;mico em 2 pacientes (grupo I) e em um paciente (grupo II). Os valores de PAS no pico do exerc&#237;cio e DPAS foram significativamente menores no grupo II (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados do EED v&#234;m registrados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">6</xref>. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos ao estresse com a mesma dose de dobutamina, e alcan&#231;aram percentagens equivalentes de FC m&#225;xima predita. Houve necessidade de adi&#231;&#227;o de atropina em um paciente do grupo I e em 4 pacientes do grupo II. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a: 1) valores do ICS e da FE em repouso e no pico de infus&#227;o; 2) ocorr&#234;ncia de ICS anormal em repouso e no pico de infus&#227;o; 3) presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial &#233; regida por mecanismo complexo que envolve fatores hemodin&#226;micos, neurais e hormonais. Seus determinantes s&#227;o o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica. A PAS se relaciona, principalmente, a fatores que determinam o desempenho ventricular: contratilidade, grau de estiramento da fibra card&#237;aca (princ&#237;pio de Frank-Starling), volume sang&#252;&#237;neo, resist&#234;ncia &#224; eje&#231;&#227;o de sangue (p&#243;s-carga) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A PAS eleva-se com a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, alcan&#231;ando 50% a mais de seu valor basal em exerc&#237;cios m&#225;ximos<sup>16</sup>. Neste estudo, constatou-se a resposta deprimida da PAS em 62% dos casos, em TE realizados em evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia p&#243;s-TxC. Tem-se sugerido que a ocorr&#234;ncia de DPAS anormal durante o TE estaria associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da reserva inotr&#243;pica, secund&#225;ria &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade causadas pela doen&#231;a coronariana, miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, miocardiopatia hipertensiva, cardiomiopatia dilatada e outras afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas<sup>1,17-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados demonstraram n&#227;o haver correla&#231;&#227;o entre o DPAS anormal e o tempo de TxC. Os pacientes tinham, em m&#233;dia, mais de 3 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, estando sujeitos &#224; doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto.</p>
    <p>A causa mais freq&#252;ente de mortalidade ap&#243;s o primeiro ano de TxC &#233; a doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto<sup>20</sup>. O EED tem-se revelado o exame n&#227;o invasivo promissor na detec&#231;&#227;o desta condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>, com sensibilidade de 67% a 100%, especificidade de 55% a 89,5%, valor preditivo negativo de 90% a 100%, e valor preditivo positivo de 33% a 76%<sup>22-25</sup>. A doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade VE, as quais poderiam interferir no DPAS. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o DPAS e a eventual isquemia secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a vascular do enxerto n&#227;o pode ser esclarecida. Nos grupos I e II a ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia no EED foi de, respectivamente, 6% versus 21%; no entanto, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre estes valores (p=0,227), a despeito da ocorr&#234;ncia da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no EED ser tr&#234;s vezes maior no grupo II. Talvez, a aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia se deva ao n&#250;mero de casos estudados. De outro modo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos I e II em rela&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da FE no pico do EED (35,3% vs 17,8%) e a m&#233;dia de incremento da FE durante o EED (6,06&#177;16,03 vs 13,83&#177;17,74).</p>
    <p>Epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o freq&#252;entes ap&#243;s TxC e, se repetidos, podem causar fibrose e diminui&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular<sup>9</sup>. Sob a a&#231;&#227;o da dobutamina, Bellotti e cols. relataram contratilidade normal em pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o. Em vig&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o, a contratilidade estava diminu&#237;da<sup>26</sup>. Nossa casu&#237;stica n&#227;o confirmou estes achados: os antecedentes de rejei&#231;&#227;o foram iguais nos grupos I e II (23% versus 18%, p=NS). Entre os 9 pacientes com antecedentes de rejei&#231;&#227;o, havia altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade em apenas tr&#234;s casos: dois pertencentes ao Grupo I (DPAS normal) e 1 ao Grupo II (DPAS anormal). Em nenhum dos casos, registrou-se fibrose ventricular e diminui&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular.</p>
    <p>Alguns autores tem atribu&#237;do &#224; reinerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica tardia &#224; melhoria da resposta press&#243;rica durante exerc&#237;cio. Wilson e cols. descreveram tend&#234;ncia a DPAS mais elevados no seguimento tardio de pacientes com evid&#234;ncias de reinerva&#231;&#227;o acentuada p&#243;s-TxC<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Valores anormais de DPAS poderiam ser influenciados pela rigidez e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE secund&#225;rias &#224; isquemia ventricular causada durante a preserva&#231;&#227;o do enxerto pelo frio<sup>28,29</sup>. Na nossa casu&#237;stica, o tempo m&#233;dio de isquemia do enxerto foi de 114 minutos e n&#227;o se correlacionou com o DPAS anormal. Segundo Kao e cols., &#233; improv&#225;vel que um per&#237;odo de duas horas de isquemia pelo frio possa ocasionar altera&#231;&#245;es no enxerto capazes de persistirem at&#233; 16 meses de TxC<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>T&#234;m-se utilizado, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, o cloridrato de diltiazem no controle da PA p&#243;s-TxC. Em nossos casos, 28 (62,2%) pacientes faziam uso regular de diltiazem em doses de 60 a 240mg/dia. A dose do f&#225;rmaco n&#227;o se correlacionou com o DPAS no TE. O percentual de pacientes que faziam uso de diltiazem bem como a dose utilizada eram semelhantes em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o DPAS anormal e o VO<sub>2</sub> pico estimado. Segundo o princ&#237;pio de Fick, o VO<sub>2</sub> varia com a FC, volume sist&#243;lico e diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio. A PAS &#233; fun&#231;&#227;o da FC, volume sist&#243;lico, contratilidade, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga. Desta forma, seria fact&#237;vel a detec&#231;&#227;o de DPAS anormais em fun&#231;&#227;o de valores reduzidos de VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Douard e cols.<sup>30</sup> encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os valores de pico da PAS e o VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Em nossos resultados, al&#233;m desta rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ter sido observada, os grupos I e II alcan&#231;aram os valores iguais de VO<sub>2</sub> pico. &#201; poss&#237;vel que estes resultados tenham sido influenciados pelo uso de valores estimados, calculados a partir de f&#243;rmulas talvez inadequadas a pacientes transplantados. Em realidade, teria sido mais adequado o uso de medidas diretas do VO<sub>2</sub> pico em testes cardiopulmonares.</p>
    <p>Em geral, ap&#243;s TxC o desempenho sist&#243;lico de VE tem-se mostrado satisfat&#243;rio em repouso e exerc&#237;cio. A maioria dos trabalhos tem relatado valores normais da FE em repouso e no pico de esfor&#231;o, durante seguimento precoce e tardio<sup>8,9,31-37</sup>. Em nossos resultados, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE, avaliada pelo ICS e FE, n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com DPAS anormal. Os valores de ICS e FE foram iguais nos pacientes dos grupos I e II. Nossos resultados foram corroborados por outros autores. Pflugfelder e cols. n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre o pico de FE e o pico de PA durante exerc&#237;cio, em pacientes ap&#243;s 13 meses de TxC<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, ergom&#233;tricas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o conseguiram caracterizar o grupo com DPAS anormal. Os grupos I e II apresentavam as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e resultados semelhantes no TE e EED.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es</italic><bold>-</bold> Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: 1) reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes nos grupos I e II; 2) heterogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferentes etiologias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio de outras popula&#231;&#245;es, os autores n&#227;o detectaram correla&#231;&#245;es entre DPAS anormal e dados cl&#237;nicos e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes em evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia de TxC. Expressivo percentual destes pacientes evoluem com DPAS atenuado durante o TE. A fisiopatologia deste comportamento permanece desconhecida. &#201; poss&#237;vel que este fen&#244;meno seja de origem multifatorial, refletindo caracter&#237;stica pr&#243;pria dos pacientes transplantados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Ana F&#225;tima Salles </p>
        <p> Rua Cantagalo, 229 </p>
        <p> 03319-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="asalles@cardiol.br">asalles@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 15/04/04; revisado recebido em 01/05/06; aceito em 09/05/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing after heart transplantation: correlation with the clinical condition and ventricular function assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Patients who underwent heart transplantation (HTX) experience a reduction in the elevation that is usual in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing. Of unknown origin, this phenomenon varies in frequency and intensity. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between systolic blood pressure increase (delta SBP) and clinical aspects, as well as variables measured during exercise testing (ET) and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in patients in the late post-transplantation course. METHODS: Forty-five men, mean age 49.04 &#177; 10.19, underwent clinical assessment, ET and DSE 40.91 &#177; 27.46 months after heart transplantation. Left ventricular wall motion score index and ejection fraction were assessed. Delta SBP &lt; 35mmHg during ET was considered abnormal (SBC,1995). RESULTS: No significant correlation was found between delta SBP and post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, history of rejection, diltiazem dosage, oxygen uptake, ejection fraction, and wall motion score index (WMSI). Delta SBP was normal in 17 patients (Group I) and abnormal in 28 (Group II). Patients of both groups did not differ significantly in regard to clinical features and ET and DSE results. CONCLUSION: Unlike other populations, no correlation was found between delta SBP during exercise testing and clinical condition or left ventricular function in heart transplant patients. Pathophysiological factors associated with delta SBP reduction during exercise testing remain unknown.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise testing</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing after heart transplantation: correlation with the clinical condition and ventricular function assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana F&#225;tima Salles; Cristiano Vieira Machado; Adriana Cordovil; Wagner Aparecido Leite; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s; Dirceu Rodrigues de Almeida; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho; Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP-EPM, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Patients who underwent heart transplantation (HTX) experience a reduction in the elevation that is usual in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing. Of unknown origin, this phenomenon varies in frequency and intensity. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between systolic blood pressure increase (delta SBP) and clinical aspects, as well as variables measured during exercise testing (ET) and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in patients in the late post-transplantation course.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty-five men, mean age 49.04 &#177; 10.19, underwent clinical assessment, ET and DSE 40.91 &#177; 27.46 months after heart transplantation. Left ventricular wall motion score index and ejection fraction were assessed. Delta SBP &lt; 35mmHg during ET was considered abnormal (SBC,1995).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No significant correlation was found between delta SBP and post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, history of rejection, diltiazem dosage, oxygen uptake, ejection fraction, and wall motion score index (WMSI). Delta SBP was normal in 17 patients (Group I) and abnormal in 28 (Group II). Patients of both groups did not differ significantly in regard to clinical features and ET and DSE results.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Unlike other populations, no correlation was found between delta SBP during exercise testing and clinical condition or left ventricular function in heart transplant patients. Pathophysiological factors associated with delta SBP reduction during exercise testing remain unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart transplantation, exercise testing, echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>Systolic blood pressure elevation (delta SBP) during exercise testing (ET) has been related to left ventricular (LV) performance<sup>1</sup>. In LV contractile dysfunction cases caused by ischemia or LV outflow tract obstruction, lower delta SBP values have been described<sup>1</sup>. In the early and late post-transplantation (HTX) course, a depressed response in SBP<sup>2-6</sup> and mean BP<sup>7-9</sup> during ET has been observed. In an analysis of consecutive ET performed after heart transplantation showed that 69% of the heart recipients showed a depressed response of SBP during exercise testing<sup>10</sup>; delta SBP &lt; 35mmHg was considered abnormal (SBC,1995)<sup>11</sup>. The cause of SBP depressed response during ET after heart transplantation is still unclear<sup>7</sup>. It may be associated with graft vascular disease, one of the frequent causes of mortality among heart recipient survivors<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to determine indicators of attenuated behavior of SBP during ET in male patients who underwent heart transplantation using clinical variables and parameters derived from ET and DSE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty-five men, mean age 49.04 &#177; 10.19, were studied 40.91 &#177; 27.46 months after heart transplantation. Causes for transplantation were: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (40%), chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (33%), chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy (25%), and hypertensive cardiomyopathy (2%). Study patients were in NYHA functional class I (n = 43) and II (n = 2) and using cyclosporine A, azathioprine, prednisone, anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic drugs regularly. No patient showed rejection episodes exceeding grade 3A (International Society Heart Lung Transplantation) for at least two months. Mean graft ischemic time was 114.24 &#177; 29.73 minutes.</p>
      <p>Symptom-limited exercise treadmill tests (TRACKMASTER TM 500-E) were conducted according to the Bruce protocol with a 13-lead ECG recording (TEB-APEX 2000). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at phase I of Korotkoff sounds and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was measured at phase V, using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>) was estimated by regression equation<sup>13</sup>. Functional Aerobic Impairment (FAI) was defined by the following formula: FAI = (predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max &#150; measured VO<sub>2</sub>max) / predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max x 10<sup>2</sup>. FAI values between &#150; 27% to + 26% were considered normal<sup>1</sup>. Exercise test results were analyzed according to criteria established by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>During dobutamine stress echocardiography (Ultramark 9-HDI, ATL), intravenous dobutamine was infused with or without atropine<sup>14</sup>. Regional LV contractility was evaluated by using the 16-segment model<sup>15</sup>, and the mean score was considered as the wall motion score index (WMSI)<sup>15</sup>. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was determined by Simpson's method, both at rest and at peak infusion (Image Vue<sup>TM</sup> DCR<sup>TM</sup>, Nova Microsonics). Resting EF values above 0.55 were regarded as normal<sup>15</sup>. No reference values for EF at peak dobutamine infusion are reported in the literature</p>
      <p>All procedures (clinical evaluation, ET, and DSE) were performed by independent observers.</p>
      <p>The correlation between delta SBP and the following variables were analyzed: post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, diltiazem dosage, VO<sub>2</sub>max, resting EF, peak EF, delta EF, and % delta EF. Subsequently, patients were distributed into two groups: Group I - normal delta SBP (n = 17) and Group II - abnormal delta SBP (n = 28), so that possible markers of attenuated SBP responses between clinical variables and parameters measured by ET and DSE could be studied.</p>
      <p>Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the linear relationship between delta SBP and selected variables. The Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson's chi-square test with Yates' correction were used to compare groups I and II. The paired <italic>t</italic> test and McNemar's test were applied to compare resting and peak values. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>The protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, and all patients signed an informed consent before entering the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No significant linear correlation was found between delta SBP and post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, diltiazem dosage, VO<sub>2</sub>max, resting EF, peak EF, and EF variation in absolute and relative values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The combined analysis of 10 variables, for which multiple linear regression (resting EF, peak EF, and % EF, WMSI at rest, WMSI at peak infusion, post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, history of rejection episodes <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 A, diltiazem dosage, VO<sub>2</sub>max) were used, showed that no variable, at the 10% significance level, influenced delta SBP values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant differences were found between groups I and II regarding age, body weight, height, post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity, history of rejection <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 A, and use of prednisone, statins or diltiazem (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Exercise test results are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>.Groups I and II showed similar resting heart rate (HR), resting BP, % of predicted HRmax, VO<sub>2</sub> max, FAI, endurance time (p = NS). Exercise testing was considered ischemic in two patients from group I and one patient from group II. SBP values at exercise peak and delta SBP were significantly lower in group II (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>DSE results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6-body2">6</xref>. Both groups underwent stress with the same dose of dobutamine and reached equivalent percentages of predicted HRmax. One patient from group I and four patients from group II required atropine co-administration.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0628-00013-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There were no significant differences between groups with respect to: [1] WMSI and EF values at rest and at peak infusion; [2] abnormal WMSI at rest and at peak infusion; [3] presence of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure is governed by a complex mechanism involving hemodynamic, neural, and hormonal factors. Its determinants are cardiac output and peripheral resistance. SBP is primarily related to factors influencing ventricular performance, namely contractility, the degree to which myocardial fibers are stretched (Frank-Starling principle), blood volume, resistance to blood ejection (afterload), and heart rate.</p>
      <p>The SBP rises during exercise, showing a 50% increase over its baseline value at maximal exercise<sup>16</sup>. In this study, 62% of the patients experienced a depressed response in SBP during ET performed at late post-transplantation course. It has been suggested that abnormal delta SPB during ET is associated with reduced inotropic reserve secondary to changes in contractility caused by coronary disease, Chagas cardiomyopathy, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and other heart diseases<sup>1,17-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results showed no correlation between abnormal delta SBP and post-transplantation time. On average, patients had undergone heart transplantation more than three years earlier and, thereby, were subject to graft vascular disease.</p>
      <p>Graft vascular disease is the major cause of death after the first year of heart transplantation<sup>20</sup>. Dobutamine stress echocardiography has emerged as a promising non-invasive examination for detecting this condition<sup>21</sup>, with sensitivity of 67% to 100%, specificity of 55% to 89.5%, negative predictive value of 90% to 100% and positive predictive value of 33% to 76%<sup>22-25</sup>. Graft vascular disease may cause changes in LV contractility, affecting delta SBP. The association between delta SBP and ischemia secondary to graft vascular disease is yet to be established. Myocardial ischemia incidence in groups I and II by DSE was 6% and 21%, respectively; however, no statistical significance was found between these values (p = 0.227), even though ischemia was three times higher in group II. This lack of significance may be related to the number of patients studied. Nor was significant difference found between groups I and II regarding, respectively, EF decrease at peak DSE (35.3% <italic>vs</italic> 17.8%) and mean EF increase during DSE (6.06 &#177; 16.03 <italic>vs</italic> 13.83 &#177; 17.74).</p>
      <p>Rejection episodes are common after heart transplantation and, if repeated, may cause fibrosis and a decrease in ventricular cavity size<sup>9</sup>. Under dobutamine stress, Bellotti <italic>et al</italic>. reported normal contractility in heart transplant recipients in whom there was no rejection. In the presence of rejection, contractility was reduced<sup>26</sup>. Our series did not corroborate these findings, since history of rejection was similar in groups I and II (23% <italic>vs</italic> 18%, <italic>p</italic> = NS). Among the nine patients with history of rejection, only three showed changes in contractility, two from Group I (normal delta SBP) and one from Group II (abnormal delta SBP). No case of ventricular fibrosis or reduction in ventricular cavity was identified.</p>
      <p>Some authors have attributed the enhanced pressure response to exercise to a late sympathetic reinnervation. Wilson et al described a trend to increased delta SBP during late follow-up of patients with evidence of marked reinnervation after heart transplantation<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Abnormal delta SBP values might be influenced by LV stiffness and dysfunction secondary to ventricular ischemia caused during cold preservation of the graft<sup>28,29</sup>. In our series, mean graft ischemic time was 114 minutes and was not correlated with abnormal delta SBP. According to Kao et al, it is unlikely that two hours of cold ischemia would cause changes in the graft capable of persisting up to 16 months post-transplantation<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diltiazem hydrochloride has been frequently used for BP control after heart transplantation. In our series, 28 (62.2%) patients took diltiazem regularly at doses ranging from 60 to 240 mg/day. Drug dosage did not correlate with delta SBP during exercise testing. Both the percentage of patients on diltiazem and the dose used were similar in both groups.</p>
      <p>No correlation was found between abnormal delta SBP and VO<sub>2</sub>max. According to the Fick principle, VO<sub>2</sub> varies with HR, stroke volume, and arteriovenous oxygen difference. SBP is a function of HR, stroke volume, contractility, preload and afterload. Therefore, it would be possible to detect abnormal delta SBP in the presence of the decreased VO<sub>2</sub>max values. Douard et al<sup>30</sup> found a significant correlation between SBP peak values and VO<sub>2</sub>max. In our study, not only was this relationship not observed, but groups I and II reached equal VO<sub>2</sub>max values. These results may have been affected by the estimated values used, calculated from formulas that were perhaps inadequate for transplant patients. Actually, the use of direct measurements of VO<sub>2</sub>max in cardiopulmonary tests would have been more appropriate.</p>
      <p>Overall, LV systolic performance after heart transplantation has been shown to be satisfactory at rest and during exercise. Most studies have reported normal LV values at rest and at exercise peak, during both early and late follow-up<sup>8,9,31-37</sup>. In our study, LV systolic function, assessed by the WMSI and EF, showed no correlation with abnormal delta SBP. WMSI and EF values were similar in patients of both groups. Our results were corroborated by other authors. Pflugfelder at al found no correlation between peak EF and peak BP during exercise in patients after thirteen months of transplantation<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other clinical, ergometric, and echocardiographic measurements also failed to characterize the abnormal delta SBP group. Groups I and II shared the same clinical features, and their results were similar on ET and DSE.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations</italic><bold>-</bold> Our study has some limitations, [1] namely, the small number of patients in groups I and II; [2] and population heterogeneity regarding different etiologies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Unlike other populations, the authors found no correlation between abnormal delta SBP and clinical data plus left ventricular function in heart recipients at late post-transplantation course. A significant number of these patients progress to attenuated delta SBP during ET. The pathophysiology of this behavior remains unknown. This phenomenon is probably multifactorial in origin, reflecting a distinctive characteristic of transplanted patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Ana F&#225;tima Salles</p>
          <p> Rua Cantagalo, 229 </p>
          <p> 03319-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="asalles@cardiol.br">asalles@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 15, 2004; revised manuscript received May 1, 2006; accepted May 5, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
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