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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TwvXyy7K94LCdqkB5H8rFnP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700512</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O cora&#231;&#227;o em portadores do v&#237;rus da hepatite C: avalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tosta</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guz</surname>
            <given-names>Betty</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>623</fpage>
      <lpage>627</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais card&#237;acas em portadores cr&#244;nicos do v&#237;rus da hepatite C pela Dopplerecocardiografia. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional caso-controle com an&#225;lise de par&#226;metros Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficos de 31 pacientes portadores cr&#244;nicos do v&#237;rus da hepatite C numa fase n&#227;o avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a, diagnosticados por bi&#243;psia (sem cirrose, carcinoma hepatocelular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica) e 20 casos-controle. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes da espessura parietal, di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, encurtamento circunferencial e nas velocidades de fluxo mitral e teciduais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do anel mitral entre os dois grupos estudados. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nas fases n&#227;o avan&#231;adas, portadores do v&#237;rus da hepatite C n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es morfo-funcionais card&#237;acas, sob an&#225;lise do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dopplerecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>hepatite pelo v&#237;rus C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o em portadores do v&#237;rus da hepatite C. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Tosta; Ricardo Ladeira; Betty Guz; Jo&#227;o Pimenta</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais card&#237;acas em portadores cr&#244;nicos do v&#237;rus da hepatite C pela Dopplerecocardiografia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional caso-controle com an&#225;lise de par&#226;metros Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficos de 31 pacientes portadores cr&#244;nicos do v&#237;rus da hepatite C numa fase n&#227;o avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a, diagnosticados por bi&#243;psia (sem cirrose, carcinoma hepatocelular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica) e 20 casos-controle. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes da espessura parietal, di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, encurtamento circunferencial e nas velocidades de fluxo mitral e teciduais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do anel mitral entre os dois grupos estudados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nas fases n&#227;o avan&#231;adas, portadores do v&#237;rus da hepatite C n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es morfo-funcionais card&#237;acas, sob an&#225;lise do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Dopplerecocardiografia, cardiomiopatia, hepatite pelo v&#237;rus C.</p>
    <p>A hepatite pelo v&#237;rus C (HVC) tem elevada taxa de cronifica&#231;&#227;o, situando-se em 77 % quando p&#243;s-transfusional<sup>1</sup> ou em 62 % quando ap&#243;s HVC espor&#225;dica<sup>2</sup>. Apresenta preval&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de 1,2% a 1,5% no sul da Europa e Jap&#227;o, 0,6% na Europa Central e Estados Unidos<sup>3</sup>, estimada em torno de 1% a 2% no Brasil<sup>4</sup>. A HVC cronificada tem evolu&#231;&#227;o lenta uma vez que da infec&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o aparecimento de hepatite cr&#244;nica h&#225; um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 10 anos, sendo 20 anos para a cirrose hep&#225;tica e de 30 anos para o surgimento do carcinoma hepatocelular<sup>5</sup>. Cerca de onze subtipos do v&#237;rus s&#227;o conhecidos, seis deles com maior profundidade, sendo o gen&#243;tipo 1 o mais encontrado no Brasil. Estudos de preval&#234;ncia de sorologia positiva para HVC em portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) e em cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) demonstraram taxas significativamente elevadas de sua presen&#231;a<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Dopplerecocardiografia constitui m&#233;todo com reconhecida valia no diagn&#243;stico de altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais das estruturas card&#237;acas. Mais recentemente foi introduzido o Doppler tecidual das paredes mioc&#225;rdicas ou do anel mitral, com as vari&#225;veis de velocidades diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica para avaliar as mesmas aferi&#231;&#245;es<sup>8</sup>. Na literatura m&#233;dica dispon&#237;vel n&#227;o se encontrou pesquisa que tivesse paralelamente inclu&#237;do o Doppler tecidual e o &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) como vari&#225;veis a serem analisadas em portadores de HVC.</p>
    <p>Assim, este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar novos par&#226;metros nos indiv&#237;duos portadores de HVC na fase cr&#244;nica, mas n&#227;o avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento do estudo -</italic> Observacional caso-controle com in&#237;cio em setembro de 2000 e encerramento em julho de 2003. Este projeto foi submetido e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o</italic><bold>-</bold> Foram estudados 31 pacientes portadores cr&#244;nicos da HVC (grupo I), de modo aleat&#243;rio, de ambos os sexos, sendo 18 mulheres, com idade variando entre 12 e 49 anos, m&#233;dia de 37 anos, supostamente isentos de cardiopatia estrutural. Os diagn&#243;sticos de HVC foram estabelecidos entre 1994 e 2002. Foram tamb&#233;m estudados 20 casos-controle (grupo II), de modo aleat&#243;rio, de ambos os sexos, 10 do sexo feminino, com idade variando de 21 a 46 anos, m&#233;dia de 34 anos, provenientes do corpo de funcion&#225;rios, sem antecedentes de fatores de risco para HVC e sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia. Todos os pacientes do grupo I apresentavam sorologia e teste de biologia molecular (<italic>polimerase chain reaction</italic> &#150; PCR) positivos para HVC, com ou sem in&#237;cio de terapia espec&#237;fica, por&#233;m em fase n&#227;o avan&#231;ada de infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, a saber, isentos de cirrose hep&#225;tica, carcinoma hepatocelular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica acentuada, confirmados por bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo portadores de diabetes melitus, gravidez ou doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas consumptivas.</p>
    <p>Pacientes dos dois grupos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica durante a fase de inclus&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada por meio de um ecocardi&#243;grafo marca Hewlett-Packard, Sonos 2000 com transdutor 3.5-2.5 mHz e registro em fotos de impressora Sonny 890. Os exames foram registrados a 50 ou 100 mm/s e as medidas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios adaptados da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>9</sup>, sendo realizadas tr&#234;s mensura&#231;&#245;es por par&#226;metro avaliado. Dois examinadores atuaram nas aferi&#231;&#245;es. Foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros mensur&#225;veis ao modo M, ao Doppler puls&#225;til e tecidual:</p>
    <p>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1"><italic>fig. 1-A</italic></xref>): di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (EDSIV) e espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EDPPVE).</p>
    <p content-type="html">
      <fig id="fig1">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TwvXyy7K94LCdqkB5H8rFnP/b6a3231e313fb1b3ae416d1bd4ef8220ef2a5b4b.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0623-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Par&#226;metros funcionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</italic> - Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz ao modo M, encurtamento circunferencial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ECVE) e o IPM do VE, vindo a expressar as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica desta cavidade.</p>
    <p><italic>Doppler do fluxo mitral</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1-B</xref>) <bold>-</bold> Velocidade protodiast&#243;lica do fluxo mitral (E), velocidade telediast&#243;lica do fluxo mitral (A), rela&#231;&#227;o E/A do fluxo mitral e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral (TD). O IPM foi mensurado a partir de intervalos do fluxo mitral e de via de sa&#237;da de VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1-C</xref>).</p>
    <p>Doppler tecidual do anel mitral lateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1"><italic>fig. 1-D</italic></xref>) <bold>-</bold> Velocidade protodiast&#243;lica do anel mitral (E'), velocidade telediast&#243;lica do anel mitral (A') e velocidade sist&#243;lica (S) do anel mitral lateral.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do estudo novas vari&#225;veis de Doppler tecidual para avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas foram utilizadas &#150; &#250;ltimos 23 casos &#150; para a aferi&#231;&#227;o das velocidades teciduais E', A' e S obtidas do anel mitral.</p>
    <p><italic>Exames laboratoriais</italic><bold>-</bold> A) MEIA (imunoenzima ensaio por micropart&#237;culas) de 3&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o, foi realizado em equipamento AxSYM (Abbott Diagnostics, EUA). Os ant&#237;genos do HVC utilizados na sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o das micropart&#237;culas foram: C22, C33c, NS4 e NS5 com o sistema de revela&#231;&#227;o fluorescente. B) Immunoblot de 3&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o de proced&#234;ncia comercial (Cambridge, Iotech, EUA) realizado como teste suplementar. C) A PCR utilizou-se metodologia <italic>in house</italic> os primers externos 5<sup>'</sup> NC &#150; '' BIO CCC TGT GAG GAA CTW CTG TCT TCA CGC " e 5' NC &#150; 2 "BIO GGT GCA CGG TCT ACG AGA CCT " . D) A genotipagem foi realizada por m&#233;todo de hibridiza&#231;&#227;o reversa utilizando-se InnoLipa (Innogenetcs, B&#233;lgica).</p>
    <p><italic>Par&#226;metros histopatol&#243;gicos &#224; bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica</italic> - As an&#225;lises histopatol&#243;gicas consistiram de classifica&#231;&#245;es quanto ao estadio de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais de 0 a 4 e quanto &#224; atividade periportal, de 0 a 4, segundo crit&#233;rio da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia do F&#237;gado<sup>10</sup> que estabelece atividade periportal: 0 = normal, 1 = infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio na maior parte dos espa&#231;os portais sem agress&#227;o da placa limitante, padr&#227;o da antiga hepatite cr&#244;nica persistente, 2 = necrose saca-bocado (NSB) de grau discreto, antiga hepatite cr&#244;nica ativa (HCA), 3 = NSB de grau moderada (HCA moderada), 4 = NSB de grau intenso (HCA intensa). Do mesmo modo classifica a altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural: 0 = normal, 1 = expans&#227;o fibrosa portal e periportal, 2 = grau 1 (+) forma&#231;&#227;o de septos periportais, 3 = grau 2 (+) forma&#231;&#227;o de septos porta-centro com presen&#231;a de n&#243;dulos ocasionais e amplo predom&#237;nio da estrutura lobular, 4 = cirrose.</p>
    <p><italic>Tratamento estat&#237;stico</italic> - Os dados quantitativos foram analisados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>student</italic> para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre grupos e ser&#227;o apresentados em valores m&#233;dios &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, probabilidade de acaso p &lt;0,05 e signific&#226;ncia de 95% e teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon para concord&#226;ncia inter-observador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da amostra populacional evidenciou uma m&#233;dia et&#225;ria e distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos bem como os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ao modo M, ao Doppler do fluxo mitral e ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). As vari&#225;veis quantitativas mensuradas pelo Doppler no espectro do fluxo mitral e de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos pacientes com HVC n&#227;o evidenciaram resultados significantemente diferentes daqueles do grupo controle.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0623-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A histopatologia hep&#225;tica mostrou em todos os pacientes estadio de altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural <underline>&lt;</underline> 3 e atividade periportal <underline>&lt;</underline> 2, indicando fases n&#227;o avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0623-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos neste estudo envolvendo an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficas como espessuras, di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo assim como vari&#225;veis do Doppler do fluxo mitral e do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral lateral, mostraram concord&#226;ncia com alguns resultados relatados at&#233; o momento, ou seja, a de que n&#227;o haveria evid&#234;ncias suficientes para atribuir &#224; HVC um potencial de agress&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio humano. Os par&#226;metros de fluxo mitral E, A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, DT que analisam a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica assim como o IPM de utilidade na an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica de VE<sup>11</sup>, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Num estudo de preval&#234;ncia de HVC em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatias em 19 institui&#231;&#245;es japonesas, tamb&#233;m foram encontradas taxas de 10,6% de HVC soropositividade entre portadores de CMH e 6,3% entre acometidos de CMD em contraposi&#231;&#227;o a 2,4% em doadores de sangue e 5,4% em freq&#252;entadores de 5 hospitais gerais<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, h&#225; estudos com maior n&#250;mero de casos com resultados discordantes. Matsumori e cols. relatou uma casu&#237;stica de 10 (13,5%) casos de HVC dentre 76 pacientes acometidos de CMD, indicando rela&#231;&#227;o causal igualmente significante para a presen&#231;a de CMH<sup>13</sup>. Posteriormente o mesmo grupo apresentou o resultado de 9 anos de seguimento em que havia 14 (16,3%) de portadores de HVC dentre 86 pacientes acometidos de CMH<sup>13</sup>. Ambos os estudos utilizaram m&#233;todos sorol&#243;gicos e de biologia molecular, assim como bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica em seus protocolos. Estes achados foram robustecidos com o estudo de Okabe<sup>14</sup> com o encontro de material viral de HVC em tecido mioc&#225;rdico bem como no f&#237;gado de tr&#234;s pacientes acometidos de miocardite que faleceram de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, existem investiga&#231;&#245;es que indicam a falta de rela&#231;&#227;o entre HVC e desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia. Dessa forma, na Gr&#233;cia, Dalekos e cols.<sup>15</sup>, acompanhou 102 casos de portadores cr&#244;nicos de HVC durante 9,2 anos e 55 casos de CMD pelo per&#237;odo de 13,3 meses com diagn&#243;stico para HVC em amostras de sangue, assim como para o diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia, por&#233;m sem an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica ou biomolecular viral de tecido mioc&#225;rdico. Nestes grupos n&#227;o encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o de causalidade seja no aparecimento de HVC em portadores de CMD, seja na detec&#231;&#227;o de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico nos portadores de HVC. Contudo, os crit&#233;rios para envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico previam graus n&#227;o t&#227;o incipientes de comprometimento ventricular esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 45%), ECVE &lt;30% ao modo M, e DDVE &gt;57 mm/m&#178;), com ou sem sintomas.</p>
    <p>Sugeriu que fatores heredit&#225;rios &#233;tnicos ou gen&#233;ticos e tamb&#233;m outros como costumes e terapias populares tais quais acupuntura e incis&#245;es cut&#226;neas com facas n&#227;o esterilizadas pudessem explicar as diferen&#231;as de preval&#234;ncia<sup>15</sup>, embora poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas e tamanho da amostra respondiam pelas diverg&#234;ncias encontradas. Assim, concluiu recomendando a n&#227;o necessidade de testes sorol&#243;gicos para HVC em portadores de CMD nem o seguimento de portadores de HVC visando detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatia. Em outro importante estudo na It&#225;lia<sup>16</sup>, 752 pacientes cardiopatas pertencentes a um programa de transplante card&#237;aco de seis hospitais dos quais 309 portadores de CMD, foram pesquisados quanto a presen&#231;a de HVC. Os resultados mostraram uma positividade sorol&#243;gica e de biologia molecular global de 5,4%. Entretanto, a mesma taxa foi de 3,9% no grupo de CMD e de 6,5% para os n&#227;o miocardiopatas. Consideraram os autores, portanto, que n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a HVC e CMD.</p>
    <p>Assim, diante destas observa&#231;&#245;es, constatou-se que os estudos anteriores concentravam-se em analisar a preval&#234;ncia de HVC por sorologia e ou biologia molecular em portadores de cardiomiopatias como estrat&#233;gia para pesquisa de rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre esta virose e poss&#237;vel acometimento card&#237;aco. Autores japoneses o fizeram tamb&#233;m em tecido mioc&#225;rdico de bi&#243;psia e de material de necropsia<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi realizado a partir de indiv&#237;duos portadores de HVC, sabidamente n&#227;o cardiopatas, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es morfo-funcionais do VE. Mesmo assim foram definidos crit&#233;rios limitantes de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico mais restritivos o que, apesar de potencialmente mais sens&#237;veis, n&#227;o logrou detectar rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre HVC e altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais mioc&#225;rdicas.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis do Doppler tecidual E', A' e S que respectivamente refletem a performance da proto e teledi&#225;stole, assim como a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til global de VE, tamb&#233;m se apresentaram normais e indistingu&#237;veis do grupo controle. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#250;ltima, a velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral (S), a vari&#225;vel teve import&#226;ncia adicional na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til global do VE, pois, n&#227;o foram realizadas mensura&#231;&#245;es quantitativas da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar ou global. Da mesma forma, estas vari&#225;veis teciduais n&#227;o foram utilizadas nos outros estudos analisados.</p>
    <p>Portanto, como outros estudos foram conduzidos em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o homog&#234;neas e partindo de doentes cardiopatas, o que pode induzir a conclus&#245;es equivocadas, os achados do presente estudo sugerem que o comprometimento card&#237;aco em portadores de HVC &#233; muito question&#225;vel, principalmente numa fase n&#227;o avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo -</italic> Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es foi a pequena casu&#237;stica de 31 portadores de HVC devido &#224;s dificuldades metodol&#243;gicas, como obter consentimento para realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psias. O Doppler tecidual foi utilizado apenas nos &#250;ltimos 23 pacientes. Por&#233;m, como p&#244;de ser observado, todos os par&#226;metros Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os indiv&#237;duos do grupo I e grupo II, podendo sugerir que o aumento do n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados n&#227;o iria alterar os resultados. N&#227;o foram realizadas mensura&#231;&#245;es quantitativas da contratilidade segmentar, uma vez que foi optado pelas mensura&#231;&#245;es ao modo M, e as an&#225;lises visuais n&#227;o indicavam qualquer comprometimento da contratilidade.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Pimenta </p>
        <p> Rua das Cam&#233;lias, 357 </p>
        <p> 04048-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pimenta@cardiol.br">pimenta@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 25/01/06; revisado recebido em 24/03/06; aceito em 24/03/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac morphofunctional injuries in patients with hepatitis C virus: doppler echocardiographic evaluation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible morphological and functional heart injuries in hepatitis C virus patients. METHODS: Control-case study analyzing Doppler echocardiographic aspects in 31 hepatitis C virus patients and 20 controls. RESULTS: There were no significant difference in relation to the myocardial thickening, left ventricular diameters, circumferential shortening, ejection fraction, mitral valve flow velocities, tissue sistolic and diastolic mitral annular ones. CONCLUSION: Individuals with hepatitis C virus in the initial phases of the disease did not show morpho-functional abnormalities of the heart when evaluated by doppler echocardiography.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Doppler Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>hepatitis C virus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac morphofunctional injuries in patients with hepatitis C virus. Doppler echocardiographic evaluation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Tosta; Ricardo Ladeira; Betty Guz; Jo&#227;o Pimenta</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ASBTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate possible cardiac morphofunctional injuries in patients chronically infected with the Hepatitis C virus using Doppler echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Control-case observational study analyzing Doppler echocardiographic parameters of 31 patients with chronic hepatitis C, in a non-advanced stage of the disease diagnosed through biopsy (without cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatic disfunction), and twenty control cases.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There were not statistically significant differences in relation to parietal thickening, cavity diameters, ejection fraction, circumferential shortening, mitral flow velocities and mitral annular systolic and diastolic tissue velocities between both groups studied.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Individuals with hepatitis C on its initial stages did not show cardiac morphofunctional abnormalities in left ventricular Doppler echocardiography evaluation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Doppler echocardiography, cardiomyopathy, hepatitis C virus.</p>
      <p>Hepatitis caused by C virus (HCV) has high chronification rate: 77% after blood transfusions<sup>1</sup>, or 62% after sporadic HCV<sup>2</sup>. It presents mean prevalence from 1.2% to 1.5% in South Europe and Japan, 0.6% in Central Europe and in the United States<sup>3</sup>, and is estimated between 1% to 2% in Brazil<sup>4</sup>. Chronified HCV has slow evolution, whereas an average period of ten years elapses from the infection until the manifestation of chronic hepatitis; twenty years for hepatic cirrhosis, and thirty years for the manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma<sup>5</sup>. Around eleven HCV subtypes are known, six of them in greater depth, and genotype 1 is the most usually found in Brazil. Prevalence studies of positive serology for hepatitis C virus in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) demonstrated significantly elevated rates of its presence<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography is a valuable acknowledged method for the diagnosis of morphological and functional changes of cardiac structures. More recently, tissue Doppler was introduced for myocardial walls or mitral annulus, and through this imaging method diastolic and systolic velocities variables are assessed<sup>8</sup>. In the available medical literature there is not a study including, concomitantly, tissue Doppler and myocardial performance index (MPI) as variables analyzed in patients with hepatitis C virus.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study was developed to evaluate new parameters in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) when the disease is chronic and in its initial stages.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design -</italic> Control-case observational study initiated in September, 2000, and concluded in July, 2003. The project was submitted to the Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o (<italic>Institution Research Ethical Committee</italic>) and was approved.</p>
      <p><italic>Population -</italic> Thirty one patients with chronic hepatitis C (group I), both genders, were randomly studied. In this group there were eighteen females, aged 12 to 49 years, mean age 37 years, supposedly without structural cardiopathy. The HCV diagnoses were established between 1994 and 2002. Twenty control-cases (group II), both genders, were randomly studied. In this second group there were ten females, aged 21 to 46 years, mean age 34 years, coming from the institutional staff, without antecedents of risk factors for HCV and without evidence of cardiopathy. All patients of group I presented serology and molecular biological test (<italic>polimerase chain reaction</italic> &#150; PCR) positive for HCV, with or without specific therapy initiated, yet in non-advanced chronic infection stage, which means without hepatic cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or accentuated hepatic disfunction confirmed by hepatic biopsy. Patients with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy or with consumptive chronic diseases were not included.</p>
      <p>Patients of both groups were submitted to clinical and eletrocardiographic evaluation during inclusion phase. Doppler echocardiographic evaluation was conducted using a Hewlett-Packard, Sonos 2000, echocardiograph, with a 3.5-2.5 MHz transducer and photo register with a Sonny 890 printer. The exams were registered in 50 or 100 mm/s and the measurements taken accordingly to criteria adapted from the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>9</sup>. For each evaluated parameter, three measurements were taken. Two examiners made the assessments. The following measurable parameters were analyzed through M-mode imaging and tissue and pulsatile Doppler:</p>
      <p><italic>Left ventricle echocardiometric evaluation</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11fig1-body2">Fig. 1-A</xref>) - Left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD), interventricular septum diastolic thickening (IVSDT) and left ventricular posterior wall diastolic thickening (LVPWDT).</p>
      <p content-type="html">
        <fig id="e11fig1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TwvXyy7K94LCdqkB5H8rFnP/d5343cbd1c13570e4fd0730a850277b3ebf85b1f.gif"/>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0623-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Left ventricular functionals</italic> - Ejection Fraction (EF) measured according to Teichholz method through M-mode imaging, left ventricular circumferential shortening (LVCS) and the myocardial performance index (MPI) of LV expressing diastolic and systolic functions of that cavity.</p>
      <p><italic>Doppler of the mitral flow</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11fig1-body2">Fig. 1-B</xref>) - Mitral flow protodiastolic velocity (E), Mitral flow telediastolic velocity (A), mitral flow E/A ratio and mitral flow decelerating time (DT). The MPI was measured from mitral flow intervals and LV outlet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11fig1-body2">Fig. 1-C</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Lateral mitral annulus Tissue Doppler</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11fig1-body2">Fig. 1-D</xref>) - Mitral annulus protodiastolic velocity (E'), mitral annulus telediastolic velocity (A') and mitral annulus systolic lateral velocity (S).</p>
      <p>Since the beginning of the study, new tissue Doppler variables for evaluation of diastolic changes were used &#150; last 23 cases &#150; for measurement of mitral annulus tissue velocities E', A' e S.</p>
      <p>Laboratorial Exams &#150; a) MEIA (microparticle enzyme immunoassay) of third generation was performed with AxSYM equipment (Abbott Diagnostics, EUA). C22, C33c, NS4 and NS5 were the HCV antigens used to improve microparticles sensitivity through fluorescent revelation system; b) Third-generation commercial Immunoblot (Cambridge, Iotech, EUA) performed as supplemental test; c) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used "in house" methodology with the external primers 5<sup>'</sup> NC &#150; "BIO CCC TGT GAG GAA CTW CTG TCT TCA CGC" e 5' NC &#150; 2 "BIO GGT GCA CGG TCT ACG AGA CCT"; d) Genotyping was performed through reverse hybridization method using InnoLipa (Innogenetcs, B&#233;lgica).</p>
      <p>Histopathological parameters to hepatic biopsy - The histopathological analysis consisted of classifications concerning the stage of structural changes from 0 to 4 and concerning the periportal activity, from 0 to 4, according to criteria from the Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (Brazilian Society of Hepatology) and Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia do F&#237;gado<sup>10</sup> (Brazilian Society of Pathology of the Liver) which establish periportal activity: 0 = normal, 1 = inflammatory infiltrated in most of portal spaces without aggression upon the limitant plaque, pattern of the former persistent chronic hepatitis, 2 = mild piecemeal necrosis (PMN), former active chronic hepatitis (mild ACH), 3 = moderate PMN (moderate ACH), 4 = severe PMN (severe HCA).</p>
      <p>The same way structural alteration is classified: 0 = normal, 1 = portal and periportal fibrous expansion, 2 = score 1 (+) periportal septa formation, 3 = score 2 (+) portocentral septa formation with occasional nodules and extensive predominance of lobular structure, 4 = cirrhosis.</p>
      <p>Statistical treatment - Quantitative data were analysed through Student's t-test for comparison of means between groups and are presented in mean values &#177; standard deviation, p &lt; 0,05 chance probability and significance of 95% and Wilcoxon non-parametric test for interobserver concordance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis of the population sampling did not differ significantly in relation to mean age and gender distribution between both groups, as well as in relation to echocardiographic parameters obtained with M-mode echocardiogram or Doppler of the mitral flow or tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). The quantitative variables measured by Doppler on mitral flow spectrum and on left ventricle outlet of patients with HCV did not evidence significantly different results from those in the control group.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0623-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Hepatic histopathology revealed in all patients the stage of structural alteration <underline>&lt;</underline> 3 and periportal activity <underline>&lt;</underline> 2, indicating non-advanced stages of the disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0623-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study results involving analysis of Doppler echocardiographic variables like thickening, cavity diameters and parameters of left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions as well as variables of Doppler of the mitral flow and Doppler tissue of the lateral mitral annulus are in accordance with some results related up to the present time, and corroborate that there would not be sufficient evidences to attribute to HCV a potential of aggression to human myocardium. Mitral flow E, A parameters, E/A ratio and DT, which analyze diastolic function, as well as the MPI useful in the analysis of LV<sup>11</sup> systodiastolic function did not show statistically significant differences in relation to the control group. In a study about HCV prevalence in patients with cardiomyopathies, performed in nineteen Japanese institutions, a 10.6% rate of HCV seropositivity was also found among patients with HCM, and 6.3% among patients with DCM in contrast to 2.4% in blood donors, and 5.4% in frequenters of five general hospitals<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, there are studies with a greater number of cases showing discordant results. Matsumori et al related a casuistry of ten HCV cases (13.5%) among 76 patients with DCM, indicating causal relation equally significant to the presence<sup>13</sup> of HCM. Afterwards, the same researchers brought out the results of a nine year follow-up in which fourteen patients (16.3%) were infected with HCV among 86 patients with HCM<sup>13</sup>. Both studies used serological and molecular biology methods, as well as endomyocardial biopsy in its protocols. These findings were reinforced by Okabe et al<sup>14</sup> study with HCV viral material in myocardial tissue, as well as in the livers of three patients with myocarditis who died of congestive cardiac failure.</p>
      <p>There are also investigations which indicate the lack of relation between HCV and cardiomyopathy development. In this way, in Greece, Dalekos et al.<sup>15</sup> followed 102 cases of patients chronically infected with HCV during 9.2 years, and 55 cases of patients with DCM during 13.3 months with diagnoses for HCV in blood samples, as well as for cardiomyopathy, although without viral histological or biomolecular analysis of myocardium tissue. In these groups it was not found causality correlation, neither in the manifestation of HCV in DCM carriers, nor in the detection of myocardial involvement in patients with HCV. However, the criteria for myocardial involvement anticipated stages not so incipient of left ventricular impairment (ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 45%), LVCS &lt; 30% on M-mode, and LVDD &gt; 57 mm/m&#178;, with or without symptoms. The authors suggested that ethnical or genetic hereditary factors, and others like habits and popular therapies, such as acupuncture and cutaneous incisions with non-sterilized knifes, could explain prevalence differences<sup>15</sup>, although possible methodological differences and size sample would answer for the divergences found. Therefore, they concluded recommending neither the need of serological HCV tests in DCM carriers, nor follow-ups of HCV carriers viewing cardiomyopathy detection. In another important study conducted in Italy<sup>16</sup> 752 cardiopathy patients, enrolled in a cardiac transplant program of six hospitals, among them 309 with DCM, were researched in relation to HCV presence. The results showed serological positivity and global molecular biology of 5.4%. However, for the same aspect, the rate was 3.9% in the group with DCM, and 6.5% for non-myocardiopathy patients. The authors concluded that there was not causal relation between HCV and DCM.</p>
      <p>Therefore, from these observations it was confirmed that the former studies focused on the analysis of HCV prevalence through serology and/or molecular biology in cardiomyopathy patients as research strategy of causal relation between that virosis and possible cardiac impairment. Japanese authors made the same with myocardial tissue from biopsy and necropsis material<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study was conducted with subjects infected with HCV and proved without cardiopathy, to evaluate left ventricular morphofunctional changes. Also more restrictive limitant criteria were defined for myocardial involvement which, in spite of their being potentially more sensitive, did not succeed in detecting causal relation between HCV and morphological and functional myocardial changes.</p>
      <p>The tissue Doppler E', A' e S variables, which respectively reflect the proto and telediastolic <italic>performance</italic>, as well as the LV global contractile function were also normal and indistinguishable from those of the control group. In relation to the last, the mitral annulus systolic velocity S, the variable had its importance increased in the evaluation of the LV global contractile function, for quantitative measurements of the segmentary or global contraction were not performed. In the same way, these tissue variables were not used in the other studies analyzed.</p>
      <p>Therefore, as the other studies were conducted with non-homogeneous populations and with cardiopathy patients, which can induce to equivocal conclusions, the findings of the present study suggest that cardiac impairment in patients infected with HCV is very questionable, mainly in a non-advanced stage of the disease.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations <bold>-</bold></italic> One study limitation was the small casuistry of 31 HCV carriers on account of methodological difficulties, as obtaining permission to perform biopsies. Tissue Doppler was used only with the last 23 patients. However, as it was observed, all Doppler echocardiographic parameters didn't show differences between individuals of group I and group II, so it is reasonable to suppose that increasing the number of patients studied would not alter the results. Segmentary contractility quantitative measurements were not performed, for M-mode measurements were chosen, and the visual analyses did not indicate any abnormal contractility.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Pimenta</p>
          <p> Rua das Cam&#233;lias, 357</p>
          <p> 04048-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pimenta@cardiol.br">pimenta@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received January 25, 2006; revised manuscript received March 24, 2006; accepted March 24, 2006.</p>
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