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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VQHYNDwL4s7QVPdRmDDQZDN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico evolutivo das altera&#231;&#245;es an&#225;tomo-funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o em obesos submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Admar Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiminacio Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suplicy</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Interna </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>615</fpage>
      <lpage>622</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar com a Dopplerecocardiografia a reversibilidade das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o em obesos submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 23 obesos (19 mulheres: 82,6%) com idade m&#233;dia de 37,9 anos. Tinham obesidade classe III ou classe II com co-morbidades. Realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 6 meses e 3 anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Antes da opera&#231;&#227;o o peso era de 128,7 &#177; 25,8 kg e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) 142,2 &#177; 16,2/92,2 &#177; 10,4 mmHg. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio houve redu&#231;&#227;o do peso aos 6 meses (97,6 &#177; 18,3 Kg) e aos 3 anos (83,6 &#177; 13,5 Kg), e da PA aos 6 meses (128,5 &#177; 16,1/80,7 &#177; 9,9 mmHg) com resultado mantido em 3 anos. Ao ecocardiograma, antes da cirurgia havia hipertrofia da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e septo interventricular, com dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE normal e padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico predominante de remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico (74%). Ap&#243;s 6 meses, diminu&#237;ram as espessuras do septo e da parede posterior, e aumentou a dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Em 3 anos o padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico predominante era o normal (69%), com redu&#231;&#227;o da massa de VE e do &#237;ndice de massa do VE/altura&#178; . Observou-se tamb&#233;m melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE, com aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A em 6 meses, mantendo-se em 3 anos e diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE em 6 meses e em 3 anos. Houve melhora do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico em 6 meses, mantendo-se em 3 anos, em 13 pacientes estudados retrospectivamente. Notou-se aumento do tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o em 6 meses, mantendo-se em 3 anos, e discreto aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em 3 anos, sugerindo melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE. CONCLUS&#195;O: A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso obtida atrav&#233;s da cirurgia para obesidade promove modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais ben&#233;ficas ao cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia bari&#225;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico evolutivo das altera&#231;&#245;es an&#225;tomo-funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o em obesos submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. Cunha; Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da Cunha; Admar Moraes de Souza; Nelson Chiminacio Neto; Ricardo Soares Pereira; Henrique Lacerda Suplicy </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar com a Dopplerecocardiografia a reversibilidade das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o em obesos submetidos &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 23 obesos (19 mulheres: 82,6%) com idade m&#233;dia de 37,9 anos. Tinham obesidade classe III ou classe II com co-morbidades. Realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 6 meses e 3 anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Antes da opera&#231;&#227;o o peso era de 128,7 &#177; 25,8 kg e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) 142,2 &#177; 16,2/92,2 &#177; 10,4 mmHg. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio houve redu&#231;&#227;o do peso aos 6 meses (97,6 &#177; 18,3 Kg) e aos 3 anos (83,6 &#177; 13,5 Kg), e da PA aos 6 meses (128,5 &#177; 16,1/80,7 &#177; 9,9 mmHg) com resultado mantido em 3 anos. Ao ecocardiograma, antes da cirurgia havia hipertrofia da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e septo interventricular, com dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE normal e padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico predominante de remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico (74%). Ap&#243;s 6 meses, diminu&#237;ram as espessuras do septo e da parede posterior, e aumentou a dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Em 3 anos o padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico predominante era o normal (69%), com redu&#231;&#227;o da massa de VE e do &#237;ndice de massa do VE/altura&#178; . Observou-se tamb&#233;m melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE, com aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A em 6 meses, mantendo-se em 3 anos e diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE em 6 meses e em 3 anos. Houve melhora do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico em 6 meses, mantendo-se em 3 anos, em 13 pacientes estudados retrospectivamente. Notou-se aumento do tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o em 6 meses, mantendo-se em 3 anos, e discreto aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em 3 anos, sugerindo melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso obtida atrav&#233;s da cirurgia para obesidade promove modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais ben&#233;ficas ao cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Obesidade, cirurgia bari&#225;trica, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; definida como a presen&#231;a de excesso de gordura corporal total<sup>1</sup>. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica o principal par&#226;metro utilizado para caracterizar a obesidade &#233; o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), definido pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso (em kg) e a altura (em m&#178;). O IMC permite estabelecer crit&#233;rios de normalidade, sobrepeso e obesidade, sendo esta subdividida em tr&#234;s classes<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qua1">quadro 1</xref>): a obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e progressiva que predisp&#245;e ao aumento da taxa de mortalidade, como demonstrado em diversos estudos populacionais<sup>3</sup>. Sua import&#226;ncia torna-se ainda maior quando se observa que sua preval&#234;ncia vem aumentando drasticamente, tanto em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos como naqueles em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Ela representa um fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, definida como a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana, morte s&#250;bita e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>4</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; independente de n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, taxa de colesterol, tabagismo, presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, apesar de haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda<sup>5</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica tem incid&#234;ncia aproximadamente 2,9 vezes maior em obesos que em indiv&#237;duos de peso normal<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="qua1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o do obeso, a press&#227;o de enchimento e o volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) aumentam, desviando para a esquerda a curva de Frank-Starling e induzindo &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras. O volume da c&#226;mara dilatada aumenta tamb&#233;m, inapropriadamente, o estresse da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o ventr&#237;culo se adapta induzindo ao aumento dos elementos contr&#225;teis e da massa mioc&#225;rdica. O produto final dessa adapta&#231;&#227;o &#233; a hipertrofia, normalmente do tipo exc&#234;ntrica<sup>7,8</sup>. O ecocardiograma &#233;, atualmente, o m&#233;todo mais utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, comum na obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial. Baseia-se no c&#225;lculo da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que pode ser estimada por diversas f&#243;rmulas, sendo uma das mais empregadas a de Devereux<sup>9</sup>. Tamb&#233;m &#233; muito utilizado o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda, obtido pela divis&#227;o da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal<sup>10</sup>, mas restri&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido feitas &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste &#237;ndice em pacientes obesos, sugerindo uma subestima&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia por se considerar a obesidade como uma vari&#225;vel fisiol&#243;gica de crescimento cont&#237;nuo<sup>11</sup>. Para evitar esse vi&#233;s, s&#227;o propostos &#237;ndices de massa de VE sem a inclus&#227;o do peso nas f&#243;rmulas<sup>11</sup>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de massa do VE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; espessura relativa do VE permitiu a Ganau e cols.<sup>12</sup> proporem uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de geometria ventricular. A ecocardiografia tem sido aplicada tamb&#233;m na avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE nos obesos<sup>8,13-16</sup>. O &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico (&#205;ndice de Tei)<sup>17</sup>, que avalia simultaneamente as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, n&#227;o foi ainda utilizado no estudo dos cora&#231;&#245;es de obesos.</p>
    <p>A perda de peso pode ser obtida diminuindo-se a ingesta cal&#243;rica, aumentando-se a atividade f&#237;sica, com uso de medicamentos e procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos<sup>18</sup>. Entretanto, apenas aproximadamente 20% dos obesos conseguem fazer mudan&#231;as em h&#225;bitos de vida e, de maneira muito irregular. Isso faz com que os programas de perda de peso baseados somente em dieta mais atividade f&#237;sica sejam freq&#252;entemente ineficazes: em torno de 90% a 95% das pessoas que perdem peso voltam a recuper&#225;-lo ou ganham ainda mais<sup>19</sup>. Os tratamentos medicamentosos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m efic&#225;cia bastante limitada a longo prazo, com estudos mostrando pouca perda de peso quando comparado ao placebo<sup>20</sup>. Assim, atualmente a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica que oferece a mais efetiva perda de peso para obesidade severa &#233; a cirurgia bari&#225;trica<sup>19</sup>. O consenso para manejo da obesidade recomenda que o melhor tratamento para os pacientes com IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e para os quais tenham falhado a dieta, a atividade f&#237;sica e as medica&#231;&#245;es para perda de peso, &#233; o tratamento cir&#250;rgico<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos comprovaram a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, tanto sist&#243;lica como diast&#243;lica, que acompanha a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso, mostrando tamb&#233;m melhora em par&#226;metros dos lip&#237;dios e glicose s&#233;ricos<sup>14,21-23</sup>. Portanto, a perda de peso e sua subseq&#252;ente manuten&#231;&#227;o reduzem os fatores de risco maiores para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, o que deve favorecer para que as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas decorrentes da obesidade sejam parcialmente revers&#237;veis. Neste estudo, analisa-se em ecocardiogramas evolutivos, a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, o comportamento an&#225;tomo-funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia bari&#225;trica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 23 pacientes consecutivos do Ambulat&#243;rio de Obesidade do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, no per&#237;odo compreendido entre janeiro de 1999 e agosto de 2000. Havia 4 pacientes do sexo masculino e 19 do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 39,7 &#177; 8,4 anos, variando de 26 a 56 anos.</p>
    <p>Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram considerados: (1) todos os pacientes obesos classe III; (2) obesos classe II com co-morbidades associadas; (3) assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido para participar no estudo; (4) concord&#226;ncia com a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia bari&#225;trica; (5) estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico com qualidade t&#233;cnica satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica antes da cirurgia, com particular aten&#231;&#227;o aos dados do peso, altura e press&#227;o arterial. As medidas de press&#227;o arterial foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo indireto com t&#233;cnica palpat&#243;ria e auscultat&#243;ria, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide devidamente calibrado. Os pacientes permaneciam em repouso por 5 a 10 minutos antes da medida da press&#227;o e eram orientados a evitar atividade f&#237;sica, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, fumo, ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica ou caf&#233; por pelo menos 30 minutos antes da medida, e conversa, dor, tens&#227;o e ansiedade durante a medida.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o no Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;. A opera&#231;&#227;o realizada em todos foi a proposta por Capella e cols.<sup>24</sup>, a qual compreende uma gastroplastia vertical com bandagem associada a deriva&#231;&#227;o gastrojejunal em Y-de-Roux.</p>
    <p>Os ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos foram realizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, aos 6 meses e aos 3 anos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo utilizado para tal um ecocardi&#243;grafo <italic>Hewlett-Packard modelo Sonos 5500</italic>, com transdutor de 2 a 4 MHz. Os registros foram realizados em fitas de v&#237;deo, empregando equipamento profissional <italic>Super-VHS Panasonic AG-7300.</italic> A t&#233;cnica de exame foi a estabelecida na literatura<sup>25-28</sup>. Os registros dos eventos ao ecocardiograma unidimensional e ao Doppler foram feitos com velocidade de 50 mm/seg.</p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados constou de an&#225;lise qualitativa e quantitativa dos ecocardiogramas uni e bidimensional, do Doppler puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo, e do mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Todos os ecocardiogramas foram realizados por um &#250;nico operador, titulado na &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o em Ecocardiografia pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira, com 23 anos de experi&#234;ncia no m&#233;todo. A variabilidade intra-observador n&#227;o foi estudada.</p>
    <p>Os tra&#231;ados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos unidimensionais foram obtidos com direcionamento pela imagem bidimensional. Com essa t&#233;cnica, foram feitas as medidas convencionais, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>29</sup>. No c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, os volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico foram estimados com a f&#243;rmula de Teichholz e cols.<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A massa de VE foi avaliada utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Devereux <sup>9</sup>:</p>
    <p>MVE = 0,8 [ 1,04(SV + VEd +PP)&#179; - (VEd)&#179;] + 0,6</p>
    <p>onde SV &#233; a espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular, VEd &#233; a espessura diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e PP &#233; a dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O limite m&#225;ximo normal da massa foi 294 g para os homens e 198 g para as mulheres<sup>31</sup>. Foram calculados dois &#237;ndices de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dividindo-se:</p>
    <p>(1) a massa de VE pela superf&#237;cie corporal<sup>32</sup> : iMVE = MVE/SC</p>
    <p>(2) a massa de VE pela altura ao quadrado<sup>11</sup>: iMVE = MVE/A&#178;</p>
    <p>A espessura relativa (ER) foi calculada pela soma das espessuras diast&#243;licas do septo interventricular e da parede posterior, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>12</sup>: ER = (SV+PP)/VEd</p>
    <p>Os padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular foram definidos como <sup>12</sup>:</p>
    <p>1<italic>- Normal</italic>: indiv&#237;duos com iMVE e ER normais (respectivamente menores que 125 g/m&#178; e 0,45)</p>
    <p>2- <italic>Remodelamento Conc&#234;ntrico:</italic> (que se caracteriza por) iMVE normal com ER aumentada.</p>
    <p>3- <italic>Hipertrofia Exc&#234;ntrica</italic>: iMVE aumentado com ER normal</p>
    <p><italic>4- Hipertrofia Conc&#234;ntrica:</italic> iMVE e ER aumentados.</p>
    <p>No estudo pelo Doppler todas as medidas foram feitas em 3 ciclos consecutivos e calculada sua m&#233;dia. Foram medidas as velocidades do fluxo mitral (ondas E e A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A), tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico de VE.</p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico<sup>17</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) foram feitos estudos retrospectivos dos registros de Doppler dos fluxos mitral e da via de sa&#237;da do VE, com a devida calibra&#231;&#227;o. O intervalo <italic>a</italic> era medido no registro da velocidade do fluxo mitral, desde a interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo em um ciclo card&#237;aco at&#233; o in&#237;cio do pr&#243;ximo, e envolvia a soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (TCI), tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TE) e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRI). O intervalo <italic>b</italic>, medido no registro da velocidade do fluxo na via de sa&#237;da do VE, era igual ao tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice de Tei era calculado como (a &#150; b)/b, que corresponde a (ICT + IRT)/ET<bold>.</bold></p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:</p>
    <p>Recorreu-se &#224; an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados atrav&#233;s de quadros e gr&#225;ficos. Para a comprova&#231;&#227;o do objetivo levantado neste trabalho foram utilizados a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia para dados repetidos (Repeated Measures ANOVA) e os testes param&#233;tricos "t de Student para amostras pareadas" e o n&#227;o param&#233;trico "Friedman" (atrav&#233;s do software "Primer of Biostatistics"). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (probabilidade de signific&#226;ncia) m&#237;nimo adotado foi de 5% (0,05)<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1- Dados demogr&#225;ficos:</p>
    <p>Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do peso tanto em 6 meses (24,2%) quanto em 3 anos (35,0%) de seguimento. Simultaneamente diminu&#237;ram tamb&#233;m o IMC e a superf&#237;cie corporal. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica diminu&#237;ram em 6 meses (9,6% e 12,5%, respectivamente) de avalia&#231;&#227;o, mantendo-se aproximadamente nos mesmos n&#237;veis em 3 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>2- Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<bold>:</bold></p>
    <p>2.1 Ecocardiograma unidimensional:</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do ecocardiograma unidimensional demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o da espessura de septo ventricular (12,4%) e da parede posterior de VE (14,8%) em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o com resultados mantidos em 3 anos. Antes da cirurgia, essas estruturas mostravam valores m&#233;dios aumentados, que se normalizaram ap&#243;s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE tinha uma m&#233;dia normal no estudo basal, e observou-se discreto aumento em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o (8,2%), mantendo-se em 3 anos. O encurtamento sist&#243;lico percentual de VE era normal no exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e n&#227;o mudou nas avalia&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m era normal no ecocardiograma basal, n&#227;o se observando altera&#231;&#227;o em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o, mas houve discreto aumento (4,8%) em 3 anos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo inicial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A massa ventricular esquerda estava aumentada em 7 pacientes (30%); n&#227;o se alterou em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o, mas apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o de 9,2% em 3 anos. O &#237;ndice de massa do VE corrigido para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (iMVE/SC) n&#227;o apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o nos tr&#234;s anos de observa&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE dividido pela altura ao quadrado (iMVE/A&#178;), que n&#227;o variou em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o, mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o de 9,5% em 3 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A espessura relativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava aumentada em 17 pacientes (74%) antes da cirurgia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>). Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, passou a ser notada em 11 pacientes (48%), e em apenas 5 (22%) ap&#243;s 3 anos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico ventricular predominante pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia bari&#225;trica era o de remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, observado em 17 casos (74%), passando a ser normal na maioria dos pacientes em 3 anos (16 casos = 70%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>2.2 Dopplerecocardiograma:</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A tinha um valor m&#233;dio de 1,29 no exame basal. Quatro pacientes tinham valores inferiores a 1,0, indicativo de relaxamento anormal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Observou-se aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o E/A de 11,9% em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o e nessa ocasi&#227;o apenas um paciente manteve-se com valor inferior a 1,0; entre 6 meses e 3 anos n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>);</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de 9,0% na medida do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o, de 25,0% em 3 anos e de 17,6% entre 6 meses e 3 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>);</p>
    <p>Observou-se aumento de 8,7% na medida do tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o, e entre 6 meses e 3 anos n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>);</p>
    <p>O &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico foi estudado em apenas 13 pacientes, que tiveram os dados localizados retrospectivamente. Seu valor m&#233;dio basal era 0,59; observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de 23,4% em 6 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o e de 21,8% em 3 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade representa um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular, com alarmante progress&#227;o na sua preval&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m de ser considerada um fator de risco independente<sup>4</sup>, traz consigo freq&#252;entes associa&#231;&#245;es que incrementam sobremaneira esse risco, entre elas a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, o diabetes, as dislipidemias e a apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono, aumentando ainda mais a probabilidade de se instalarem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais e funcionais que podem levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coronariana e morte s&#250;bita<sup>34,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>As tentativas de mudan&#231;as em h&#225;bitos alimentares e o tratamento medicamentoso da obesidade infelizmente n&#227;o t&#234;m sido muito contributivos, notadamente nos casos mais avan&#231;ados. A efic&#225;cia dos tratamentos deixa a desejar e os efeitos colaterais s&#227;o freq&#252;entes, com dist&#250;rbios ps&#237;quicos comuns, diarr&#233;ia, acometimento hep&#225;tico, altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e inclusive manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, taquicardia, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e valvopatias<sup>18,36,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, atualmente a interven&#231;&#227;o que oferece a mais efetiva perda de peso para a obesidade severa &#233; a cirurgia bari&#225;trica<sup>19</sup>. No presente estudo, todos os pacientes operados tiveram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do peso, com melhora da qualidade de vida e n&#237;tido benef&#237;cio para a sa&#250;de como um todo. Esses benef&#237;cios se mantiveram ao longo dos 3 anos, confirmando dados da literatura<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se a classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial para adultos (idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos) do <italic>The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</italic><sup>6</sup>, que define como hipertens&#227;o arterial as cifras iguais ou superiores a 140x90 mmHg, havia entre os 23 pacientes deste grupo, 19 com hipertens&#227;o arterial (82,6%) antes do tratamento, enquanto que ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica apenas 8 (34,8%) a apresentavam. Confirma-se, portanto, a relevante participa&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o do peso no controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Diante da freq&#252;ente associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial, muitos aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dessas doen&#231;as acabam se confundindo. As altera&#231;&#245;es associadas mais diretamente com a obesidade, principalmente a resist&#234;ncia &#224; leptina, redu&#231;&#227;o do fator natriur&#233;tico atrial, natriurese press&#243;rica anormal e reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, conduzem ao aumento do volume intravascular e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com conseq&#252;ente hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por outro lado, outras modifica&#231;&#245;es como os est&#237;mulos ao sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e ao sistema renina-angiotensina, aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular do c&#225;lcio e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, determinam aumento da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, causando hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Na freq&#252;ente situa&#231;&#227;o do paciente hipertenso obeso, comumente estas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas se mesclam e resultam em adapta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais dim&#243;rficas, caracterizadas por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda exc&#234;ntrica-conc&#234;ntrica<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos ecocardiogramas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, observou-se que a massa ventricular esquerda (n&#227;o corrigida para superf&#237;cie corporal ou altura) estava aumentada em 7 pacientes (30%), indicando hipertrofia ventricular esquerda segundo esse crit&#233;rio (normal at&#233; 198 g para mulheres e 294 g para homens)<sup>31</sup>. Por outro lado, ficou evidenciado um aumento significativo das espessuras diast&#243;licas da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do septo ventricular, notando-se entre os 23 exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, 16 paredes posteriores (69%) e 15 septos ventriculares (65%) hipertrofiados (&gt; 11 mm). As cavidades ventriculares esquerdas n&#227;o foram significativamente dilatadas, havendo apenas um paciente com dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica de 57 mm (normal at&#233; 56 mm). A espessura relativa do VE era aumentada em 17 pacientes (74%) antes da cirurgia e o padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico de remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico era o predominante (74%). Essas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indicam modifica&#231;&#245;es da geometria ventricular nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, possivelmente relacionadas &#224; obesidade e &#224; elevada associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apesar da no&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de predom&#237;nio da hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica na obesidade, Mensah e cols.<sup>40</sup> referem que o padr&#227;o predominante entre os obesos de sua popula&#231;&#227;o era tamb&#233;m o de remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da obesidade, com significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e diminui&#231;&#227;o associada da press&#227;o arterial, notou-se acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o das espessuras diast&#243;licas do septo ventricular (p = 0,003) e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p &lt; 0,0001). Houve tamb&#233;m diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda e do &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda &#150; peso/A&#178; (p &lt; 0,05) ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. O emprego do &#237;ndice MVE/SC n&#227;o demonstrou varia&#231;&#227;o da massa, pois a redu&#231;&#227;o da MVE fica mascarada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie corporal. Salienta-se ent&#227;o a melhor aplica&#231;&#227;o nos obesos dos &#237;ndices de MVE que utilizam apenas a altura em sua f&#243;rmula, ratificando achados pr&#233;vios<sup>11,41</sup>. Este estudo contribui tamb&#233;m para validar a f&#243;rmula proposta em nosso meio por Rosa e cols.<sup>11</sup>, de aplica&#231;&#227;o mais simples que a indicada previamente por De Simone<sup>41</sup>, que utilizava a altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7.</p>
    <p>Tanto a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso como da press&#227;o arterial poderiam propiciar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da cavidade esquerda, mas o que se notou foi principalmente uma queda das espessuras das paredes, achado mais relevante que o leve aumento das dimens&#245;es, o que permitiu mesmo assim uma redu&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda, no longo prazo. Atribui-se essa modifica&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o obesidade-hipertens&#227;o, prevalente na amostra, com padr&#245;es diversos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e que, uma vez corrigida, permitiu rearranjos variados na geometria ventricular, mas, de qualquer forma, permitindo uma redu&#231;&#227;o de quase 10% da massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Notou-se amplo benef&#237;cio em todos os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na popula&#231;&#227;o global do estudo, com aumento da onda E, redu&#231;&#227;o da onda A, aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e encurtamento do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE. O benef&#237;cio da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica conseq&#252;ente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do peso tem sido repetidamente documentado por diversos autores<sup>16,42-45</sup>. O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, outra vari&#225;vel que tem se relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, n&#227;o foi estudado nesta amostra. Todavia, a dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo ao ecocardiograma unidimensional n&#227;o revelou varia&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s o tratamento da obesidade.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, geralmente h&#225; menor varia&#231;&#227;o dependente da obesidade. Todos os pacientes desta pesquisa tinham &#237;ndices sist&#243;licos normais antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. A varia&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento sist&#243;lico percentual do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o mostrou qualquer mudan&#231;a significativa. No reestudo feito com 6 meses, n&#227;o se observou varia&#231;&#227;o significativa na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m houve discreta melhora em 3 anos. Apesar de ser composto pelos mesmos dados que participam na f&#243;rmula da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, os componentes do encurtamento percentual s&#227;o valores menores, que ficam mais agrupados e com conseq&#252;ente dificuldade de terem demonstrada como significativa a diferen&#231;a entre eles. O tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma medida derivada do Doppler e demonstrou ter uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o peso: &#224; medida que baixou o peso, notou-se aumento do tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o, indicativo de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Apesar destas modifica&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, deve haver cautela na valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos dados, visto que a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til j&#225; era normal no estudo basal.</p>
    <p>O &#205;ndice do Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico foi descrito em 1995, por Chuwa Tei, com o intuito de desenvolver um par&#226;metro que aferisse simultaneamente dados da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica<sup>17</sup>. In&#250;meros trabalhos, sobre as mais variadas doen&#231;as, t&#234;m confirmado a aplicabilidade do &#237;ndice, notadamente com implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas<sup>17,46-54</sup>. No levantamento bibliogr&#225;fico n&#227;o foi encontrado qualquer trabalho que abordasse o comportamento do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico na obesidade. Retrospectivamente, foram obtidos os exames de 13 pacientes, visto que em 10 houve problemas no armazenamento das imagens de 3 anos antes. Mas, apesar do menor n&#250;mero de pacientes, p&#244;de-se verificar um comportamento do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico compat&#237;vel com o observado nos demais par&#226;metros desta pesquisa: a redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores deste &#237;ndice ap&#243;s a perda de peso coincide com a melhora das fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, previamente descritas.</p>
    <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es nesta pesquisa citamos o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes, a dificuldade de utilizar outros m&#233;todos de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (estudo do fluxo das veias pulmonares, &#237;ndices derivados do Doppler Tecidual e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo) e a an&#225;lise retrospectiva, com a perda de pacientes, na aprecia&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, pacientes obesos m&#243;rbidos, ap&#243;s a gastroplastia, apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais ben&#233;ficas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, traduzida pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da espessura relativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, da massa do VE e do &#237;ndice de massa do VE (MVE/altura&#178;). Apresentam tamb&#233;m melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e aparente benef&#237;cio da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, avaliadas em separado ou conjuntamente atrav&#233;s do &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da Cunha </p>
        <p>R. Olavo Bilac,181 </p>
        <p> 80440-040 &#150; Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cpcunha@cardiol.br">cpcunha@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 19/01/06; revisado recebido em 07/04/06; aceito em 01/06/06.</p>
  </body>
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              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Lang</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>53. Ling LH, Tei C, Mccully RB, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Pellikka PA. Analysis of systolic and diastolic time intervals during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: diagnostic potential of the Doppler myocardial performance index. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001; 14: 978-86.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Analysis of systolic and diastolic time intervals during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: diagnostic potential of the Doppler myocardial performance index</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>978</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
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              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Tei</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Mccully</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>54. Lacorte JC,    Cabrezia SE, Rabkin DG, et al. Correlation of the Tei index with invasive measurements    of ventricular function in a porcine model. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16:    442-7.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evolutive echocardiographic study of the structural and functional heart alterations in obese individuals after bariatric surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate with Doppler echocardiography the reversibility of structural and hemodynamic changes in obeses after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Twenty-three patients (19 women = 82.6%) were studied. Mean age was 37.9 years. All subjects had Class III or Class II obesity with comorbidity and were submitted to bariatric surgery. Clinical and echocardiographic evaluation were performed preoperatively, in 6 months and 3 years after surgery. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean weight and blood pressure (BP) were respectively 128.7&#177; 25.8 kg and 142.2 &#177; 16.2 / 92.2 &#177; 10.4 mmHg. Postoperatively, they showed important body weight reduction in 6 months (97.6 &#177; 18.3 kg) and 3 years (83.6 &#177; 13.5 kg), and BP reduction in 6 months (128.5 &#177; 16.1/80.7 &#177; 9.9 mmHg) that remain stable in 3rd year. On echocardiogram, preoperatively, there was hypertrophy of the septum and posterior wall associated with normal diastolic dimension; the predominant LV geometric pattern was concentric remodeling (74%). At six months, thinning of the ventricular septum and LV posterior wall, and increase in LV diastolic dimension were demonstrated. At 3rd year, the predominant LV pattern was normal (69%), with reduction of LV mass and LV mass/height&#178; index. We noticed improved diastolic function, with an increased E/A ratio and a decreased LV isovolumic relaxation time. The Myocardial Performance Index was obtained retrospectively in 13 patients and improved in 6 months. There was an increase of the ejection time in 6 months and an elevation of the ejection fraction in 3rd year, suggesting improvement of the LV systolic function. CONCLUSION: The weight loss obtained with bariatric surgery promotes both structural and functional myocardial changes that improve cardiac performance.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>bariatric surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>transthoracic echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Evolutive echocardiographic study of the structural and functional heart alterations in obese individuals after bariatric surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. Cunha; Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da Cunha; Admar Moraes de Souza; Nelson Chiminacio Neto; Ricardo Soares Pereira; Henrique Lacerda Suplicy</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJCETIVE:</bold> To evaluate with Doppler echocardiography the reversibility of structural and hemodynamic changes in obeses after bariatric surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-three patients (19 women = 82.6%) were studied. Mean age was 37.9 years. All subjects had Class III or Class II obesity with comorbidity and were submitted to bariatric surgery. Clinical and echocardiographic evaluation were performed preoperatively, in 6 months and 3 years after surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Preoperatively, the mean weight and blood pressure (BP) were respectively 128.7&#177; 25.8 kg and 142.2 &#177; 16.2 / 92.2 &#177; 10.4 mmHg. Postoperatively, they showed important body weight reduction in 6 months (97.6 &#177; 18.3 kg) and 3 years (83.6 &#177; 13.5 kg), and BP reduction in 6 months (128.5 &#177; 16.1/80.7 &#177; 9.9 mmHg) that remain stable in 3rd year. On echocardiogram, preoperatively, there was hypertrophy of the septum and posterior wall associated with normal diastolic dimension; the predominant LV geometric pattern was concentric remodeling (74%). At six months, thinning of the ventricular septum and LV posterior wall, and increase in LV diastolic dimension were demonstrated. At 3rd year, the predominant LV pattern was normal (69%), with reduction of LV mass and LV mass/height&#178; index. We noticed improved diastolic function, with an increased E/A ratio and a decreased LV isovolumic relaxation time. The Myocardial Performance Index was obtained retrospectively in 13 patients and improved in 6 months. There was an increase of the ejection time in 6 months and an elevation of the ejection fraction in 3rd year, suggesting improvement of the LV systolic function.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The weight loss obtained with bariatric surgery promotes both structural and functional myocardial changes that improve cardiac performance.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Obesity, bariatric surgery, transthoracic echocardiography, left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>Obesity is defined as the presence of excess of total body fat<sup>1</sup>. In clinical practice, the main parameter used to characterize obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI), defined as the ratio between the weight (in kg) and the the height (in m<sup>2</sup>). The BMI allows the establishment of normality, overweight and obesity criteria, with the latter subdivided into 3 classes<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qua1-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qua1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Obesity is a chronic and progressive disease that predisposes to an increase in the mortality rate, as demonstrated by several population studies<sup>3</sup>. Its importance becomes even greater when it is observed that its prevalence has been increasing drastically, in developed as well as in developing countries, such as Brazil. It represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, defined as the incidence of coronary disease, sudden death and congestive cardiac failure<sup>4</sup>. The association between obesity and cardiovascular disease is independent from the levels of arterial pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or glucose intolerance, although there is an important association between excess weight, arterial hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy<sup>5</sup>. Systemic arterial hypertension has an approximately 2.9 fold-higher incidence among the obese than in individuals with normal weight<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the heart of the obese individual, the left ventricular filling pressure and volume increase, shifting the Frank-Starling curve to the left, and inducing chamber dilation. The volume of the dilated chamber also inappropriately increases the left ventricular wall stress, and the ventricle adapts by inducing an augment of the contractile elements and myocardial mass. The final product of this adaptation is the hypertrophy, normally of the eccentric type<sup>7,8</sup>. The echocardiogram is currently the most used method for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, common in obesity and arterial hypertension. It is based on the left ventricular mass calculation, which can be estimated by several formulas, with the Devereux's formula being one of the most frequently employed<sup>9</sup>. The left ventricular mass index is also very often employed, which is obtained by the division of the left ventricular mass by the body surface area<sup>10</sup>, but restrictions have been made to the use of this index in obese patients, suggesting an underestimation of hypertrophy as obesity is considered a physiologic variable of continuous increase<sup>11</sup>. In order to prevent this bias, LV mass index without the inclusion of weight in the formula has been proposed.<sup>11</sup> The distribution of the LV mass values in relation to the relative thickness of the LV allowed Ganau et al.<sup>12</sup> to propose a classification of ventricular geometry. The echocardiography has also been applied in the assessment of the LV systolic and diastolic functions in the obese<sup>8,13-16</sup>. The Myocardial Performance Index (MPI or Tei Index) that evaluates simultaneously the systolic and diastolic functions, has yet to be used in the study of obese individuals' hearts.</p>
      <p>Weight loss can be attained by decreasing the calorie intake, by increasing physical activity, and through the use of drugs and surgical procedures<sup>18</sup>. However, only approximately 20% of the obese can promote changes in their life styles and do so in a very irregular way. This makes the weight-loss programs based solely on dieting plus physical activity frequently ineffective: around 90 to 95% of the people who lose weight, eventually recover it, or even put on additional weight<sup>19</sup>. Drug treatments also have a very limited long-term efficacy, with studies showing little weight loss when compared to placebo.<sup>20</sup> Thus, currently, the therapeutic intervention that offers the most effective weight loss for severe obesity is the bariatric surgery<sup>19</sup>. The consensus for the management of obesity recommends that the best treatment for patients whose BMI is &gt; 40kg/m<sup>2</sup> in whom dieting, physical activity and drugs for weight loss have failed, is the surgical treatment<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have confirmed the decrease in arterial pressure, systolic as well as diastolic, following weight reduction, also showing an improvement in the parameters of serum lipids and glucose<sup>14,21-23</sup>. Therefore, weight loss and its subsequent maintenance reduce the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which must favor the fact that the cardiac alterations of obesity be partially reversible. In this study, the anatomofunctional heart behavior is analyzed after bariatric surgery, through mid-and long-term evolutive echocardiograms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-three consecutive patients from the Obesity Outpatient Clinic of Hospital das Clinicas of the Federal University of Parana were selected from January 1999 and August 2000. Four patients were males and 16 were females, with mean ages of 39.7 &#177; 8.4 years, ranging from 26 to 56 yrs.</p>
      <p>As inclusion criteria were considered the following items: (1) all of the patients who had obesity class III; (2) the patients who had obesity class II with associated co-morbidities; (3) signature of the free Informed Consent Term agreeing to participate in the study; (4) agreement to undergo the bariatric surgery; (5) echocardiographic study with satisfactory technical quality.</p>
      <p>Patients underwent a clinical evaluation before the surgery, with particular attention on the weight, height and arterial pressure data. The arterial pressure measurements were carried out by the indirect method with a palpation and auscultatory technique, in the sitting position, with an adequately calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer. The patients remained in a resting position for 5 to 10 minutes before the pressure measurement, and were instructed to avoid physical activity, eating, smoking and drinking coffee or alcoholic beverage for at least 30 minutes before the measurement and talking, pain, tension or anxiety during the procedure.</p>
      <p>All of the patients were submitted to the intervention at the Service of Digestive System Surgery of Hospital das Clinicas of the Federal University of Parana. The operation performed in all patients was the one proposed by Capella et al<sup>24</sup>, which involves a vertical banded gastroplasty associated to a gastrojejunal derivation Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.</p>
      <p>The transthoracic echocardiograms were performed during the preoperative assessment, and six months and three years postoperatively, using a <italic>SONOS 5500 (</italic>Hewlett Packard, Andover<italic>,</italic> MA<italic>,</italic> USA<italic>)</italic>, echocardiographer with 2 to 4 MHz transducer. The recordings were performed in videotapes, using a professional equipment, <italic>Super-VHS Panasonic AG-7300.</italic> The examination technique was the one already established in literature<sup>25-28</sup>. The recordings of the events at the one-dimensional echocardiogram and Doppler were carried out with a velocity of 50 mm/s.</p>
      <p>The data interpretation consisted of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the one and two-dimensional echocardiograms, pulsed and continuous wave Doppler, and the color-flow mapping. All echocardiograms were performed by a single examiner, Board-certified in the area of Echocardiography by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and Brazilian Medical Association, with an experience of 23 years using the method. The intra-observer variability was not assessed.</p>
      <p>The one-dimensional echocardiographic tracings were two-dimensional image guided. Using this technique, the conventional measurements were carried out, following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>29</sup>. For the calculation of the LV Ejection Fraction, the systolic and diastolic volumes were estimated by the formula of Teichholz et al<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The LV mass was assessed using the Devereux formula <sup>9</sup>:</p>
      <p>LVM = 0.8 [ 1.04(VS + LVd +PW)&#179; - (LVd)&#179;] + 0.6</p>
      <p>where SV is the diastolic thickness of the ventricular septum, LVd is the diastolic dimension of the left ventricle and PW is the diastolic dimension of the LV posterior wall. The maximum normal mass limit was 294 g for men and 198 g for women<sup>31</sup>. Two left ventricular mass indexes were calculated, by dividing:</p>
      <p>(1) the mass of the LV by the body surface<sup>32</sup> : LVMi = LVM/BS;</p>
      <p>(2) the mass of the LV by the square height<sup>11</sup> : LVMi = LVM/H&#178;.</p>
      <p>The relative thickness (RT) was calculated by the sum of the diastolic thickness of the ventricular septum and the posterior wall, in relation to the left ventricular diastolic dimension<sup>12</sup>: RT = (VS+PW) /LVd.</p>
      <p>The patterns of ventricular geometry were defined as<sup>12</sup>:</p>
      <p>1<italic>- Normal</italic>: individuals with normal LVMi and RT (respectively &lt; than 125g/m&#178; and 0.45);</p>
      <p>2- Concentric Remodeling<italic>:</italic> characterized by increased RT with normal LVMi;</p>
      <p>3- Eccentric hypertrophy: increased LVMi with normal RT;</p>
      <p>4- Concentric hypertrophy: increased LVMi and RT.</p>
      <p>At the Doppler study, all measurements were carried out in 3 consecutive cycles and their mean was calculated. The mitral flow velocity (E and A waves, E/A ratio), LV ejection time and LV isovolumetric relaxation time were measured.</p>
      <p>To calculate the Myocardial Performance Index (MPI)<sup>17</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>) retrospective studies of the mitral flow Doppler recordings and LV outflow tract were carried out, with the appropriate calibration. The <italic>a</italic> interval was measured at the recording of the mitral flow, from the flow interruption in a cardiac cycle to the start of the next, and involved the sum of the isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), ejection time (ET) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT). The <italic>b</italic> interval, measured at the recording of the LV outflow tract, was equal to the ejection time. Tei index was calculated as (a &#150; b)/b, which corresponds to (ICT + IRT)/ET<bold>.</bold></p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> The descriptive analysis of the data was carried out through charts and graphs. In order to verify the aim of this study, analysis of variance was used for repeated data (Repeated Measures ANOVA) and the parametric student's <italic>t</italic> test for paired samples and Friedman's non-parametric test (through the software "Primer of Biostatistics") were also used. The level of significance was set at 5% (0.05)<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1- Demographic data:</p>
      <p>There was significant weight reduction within the six-month evaluation period (24.2%) as well as after the 3yr follow-up period (35.0%). BMI and body surface also decreased simultaneously. The systolic arterial pressure and the diastolic arterial pressure decreased within 6 months (9.6% and 12.5%, respectively) of evaluation, maintaining approximately the same levels after the 3-yr follow-up period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e10t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>2- Echocardiographic data:</p>
      <p>2.1 One-dimensional Echocardiogram:</p>
      <p>The analysis of the one-dimensional echocardiogram showed a decrease in the LV septum thickness (12.4%) and posterior wall (14.8%) within a 6-month evaluation period with the results being maintained in the 3-yr follow-up period. Before surgery, these structures showed increased mean values, which normalized after surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e10t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The LV diastolic dimension had a normal mean at the basal study, and a slight increase was observed within the 6-month evaluation period (8.2%), which was maintained in the 3-yr follow-up period. The LV percentage of systolic shortening was normal at the pre-operative evaluation and remained unaltered in the subsequent assessments. Ejection fraction was also normal at the basal echocardiogram and remained unaltered at the 6-month evaluation, but there was a slight increase (4.8%) at the 3-yr follow-up assessment, in relation to the initial study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The left ventricular mass was increased in 7 patients (30%), and it remained unaltered at the 6-month evaluation, but there was a reduction of 9.2% at the 3-yr follow-up assessment. The LV mass index for body surface (LVMi/BS) did not present variations at the 3-yr follow-up. On the other hand, the LVMi divided by the square height (LVMi/H<sup>2</sup>), which did not show alteration at the 6-month evaluation period, demonstrated a reduction of 9.5% at the 3-yr follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The relative LV wall thickness was increased in 17 patients (74%) before surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). At the post-operative period, 11 patients (48%) presented relative LV wall thickness, which decreased to only 5 (22%) after 3 years.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e10t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The predominant LV geometric pattern before the bariatric surgery was that of concentric remodeling observed in 17 cases (74%), which became normal in most patients at the 3-year follow-up period (16 cases, 70%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>2.2 Doppler Echocardiogram:</p>
      <p>The E/A ratio presented a mean value of 1.29 at the basal assessment. Four patients had levels &lt; 1.0, indicating LV abnormal relaxation. An increase in the E/A ratio of 11.9% at the 6-month evaluation was observed, and at this time, only one patient maintained a value &lt; 1.0; there was no alteration between 6 months and 3 years of follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e10t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0615-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The measurement of isovolumetric relaxation time decreased 9.0%, 25.0% and 17.6% at 6 months, three years and between 6 months and three years of evaluation, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>An increase of 8.7% was observed in the measurement of the ejection time at six months of follow-up, but no alteration was observed between 6 months and 3 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>The Myocardial Performance Index was studied in only 13 patients, who had their data located retrospectively. Its mean basal value was 0.59; a decrease of 23.4% was observed at the 6-month and 21.8% at the 3-year follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity represents one of the main cardiovascular risk factors, with alarming progression in its prevalence. In addition to being considered an independent risk factor<sup>4</sup>, it brings frequent associations that greatly augment this risk - among them, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and the obstructive sleep apnea, augmenting even more the probability of structural and functional cardiac alterations that can lead to heart failure, coronary disease and sudden death<sup>34,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, the attempts to change eating habits and the use of drugs in the treatment of obesity have been little contributive, especially in the most advanced cases. The efficacy of treatments is still deficient, and the side effects are frequent, with common psychological disorders, diarrhea, liver involvement and hormonal alterations, as well as cardiovascular manifestations such as systemic arterial hypertension, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension and valvulopathies<sup>18,36,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the intervention that currently offers the most effective weight loss for severe obesity is the bariatric surgery<sup>19</sup>. In the present study, all patients who underwent surgery had a significant weight reduction, with improvement of the quality of life and a clear benefit for the health status as a whole. These benefits were kept along the 3-year follow-up, confirming the literature data<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the classification of arterial hypertension for adults (age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 yrs) from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure<sup>6</sup>, which defines arterial hypertension as values <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mm Hg, of the 23 patients in the study there were 19 (82.6%) who presented arterial hypertension before treatment, whereas, after surgery, only 8 (34.8%) were considered to be hypertensive. Thus, the relevant significance of weight reduction on the control of arterial pressure is confirmed.</p>
      <p>In the face of the frequent association between obesity and arterial hypertension, many physiopathological aspects of these diseases end up being mistakenly diagnosed. The alterations more closely associated with obesity, especially resistance to leptin, reduction of the natriuretic factor, abnormal pressure natriuresis and sodium retention, lead to the increase of intravascular volume and cardiac output, with consequent left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy. On the other hand, other modifications such as sympathetic nervous system and rennin-angiotensin system stimuli, increase in the intracellular calcium concentration and insulin resistance determine the increase of the peripheral resistance and arterial pressure, causing left ventricular concentric hypertrophy. At the frequent situation of the hypertensive obese patient, these physiopathological alterations commonly combine and result in structural dimorphic cardiac adaptations, characterized by eccentric-concentric left ventricular hypertrophy<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiograms of the studied populations showed that the left ventricular mass (not corrected for body surface or height) was increased in 7 patients (30%), indicating left ventricular hypertrophy according to this criterion (normal up to 198 g for women and 294 g for men)<sup>31</sup>. On the other hand, a significant increase in the LV posterior wall diastolic thickness and ventricular septum was observed, with 16 posterior walls (69%) and 15 ventricular septa (65%) being hypertrophic (&gt; 11 mm) among the 23 pre-operative assessments. The left ventricular cavities were not significantly dilated, and only one patient had a diastolic dimension equal to 57 mm (normal up to 56 mm). The left ventricular relative thickness was increased in 17 patients (74%) before surgery, and the geometric pattern of concentric remodeling was the predominant one (74%). These structural alterations of the left ventricle indicate modifications of the ventricular geometry in this population, possibly related to obesity and the elevated association with arterial hypertension. Despite the classic view of the predominance of eccentric hypertrophy in obesity, Mensah et al<sup>40</sup> report that the predominant pattern among the obese in their study population was also the concentric remodeling.</p>
      <p>After the surgical treatment of obesity, with a significant weight reduction and associated arterial pressure decrease, a noteworthy reduction in the diastolic thickness of the ventricular septum (p=0.003) and left ventricular posterior wall (p&lt; 0.0001) were observed. Additionally, there was also a decrease in the left ventricular mass and left ventricular mass index &#150; weight/H<sup>2</sup> (p&lt;0.05) after 3 years of post-operative follow-up. The use of the LVM/BS index did not show mass variation, as the reduction of the LVM is masked by the decrease of the body surface.</p>
      <p>It is thus evidenced the better application of the LVM indexes in the obese that use only the height in their formula, confirming previous findings<sup>11,41</sup>. This study also contributes to validate the formula proposed in our country by Rosa et al.<sup>11</sup>, which is simpler to use than the one proposed previously by De Simone<sup>41</sup> that used height raised to 2.7 power.</p>
      <p>Weight as well as arterial pressure reduction can result in a decrease of the left cavity, but what was noticed was mainly a decrease in the wall relative thickness, a more relevant finding than the slight increase of dimensions that allowed, nevertheless, a long-term reduction in the left ventricular mass. This modification is attributed to the obesity-hypertension association that was prevalent in the sample, which presented several patterns in the pre-operative period and, once corrected, allowed varied rearrangements in the ventricular geometry; nonetheless, it permitted a reduction of almost 10% of the left ventricular mass.</p>
      <p>An extensive benefit regarding all parameters of the diastolic function was noticed among the global study population, with an increase in thee wave, reduction of the A wave, increase of the E/A ratio and shortening of the LV isovolumetric relaxation time. The benefit in the diastolic function that resulted from the weight loss has been repeatedly documented by several authors<sup>16,42-45</sup>. The left atrium volume, another variable that has been associated with the LV diastolic function, was not studied in this sample. However, the study of the left atrium dimension at the one-dimensional echocardiogram did not reveal a significant variation after the treatment of obesity.</p>
      <p>Regarding the systolic function, there is usually a lower obesity-dependent variation. All patients in this study had normal systolic indexes before surgery. The variation of the LV percentage systolic shortening did not show any significant change. At the 6-month re-study, no significant variation in the ejection fraction was observed, although it showed a slight improvement at the 3-year follow-up. Despite the fact that they consist of the same data that participate in the ejection fraction formula, the components of the percentage shortening are lower values, which will tend to group together with a consequent difficulty to display the significant difference among them. Ejection time is a measurement derived from the Doppler, which showed to have an inverse correlation with weight: as weight decreased, an increase in the ejection time was observed, which is indicative of systolic function improvement. Despite these favorable modifications regarding the systolic function, caution must be exercised when considering the data, as the contractile function was normal at the basal study.</p>
      <p>The Myocardial Performance Index, MPI, was described in 1995 by Chuwa Tei, with the aim of developing a parameter that could simultaneously measure systolic and diastolic function data<sup>17</sup>. Several studies of different diseases have confirmed the applicability of the index, notably with diagnostic implications<sup>17,46-54</sup>. During the literature review, no study was found regarding the role of the MPI in obesity. Examinations from 13 patients were retrospectively obtained, as there were problems with image storage of 10 of the patients, taken 3 years before.</p>
      <p>However, despite the smaller number of patients, it was possible to observe a behavior of the MPI that was compatible with that seen regarding the other parameters in this study: the reduction in this index after weight loss coincides with the previously described improvement of the diastolic and systolic functions.</p>
      <p>As limitations of this study, we mention the small sample size, the difficulty to use other methods to evaluate the systolic and the diastolic function (pulmonary vein flow study, Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and left atrium volume indexes) and the retrospective analysis, with patient loss, when analyzing the MPI.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, morbidly obese patients, after undergoing gastroplasty, present a reduction in the arterial blood pressure and beneficial structural modifications to the heart, with decrease of the left ventricular hypertrophy translated as the reduction in the LV relative thickness, LV mass and LV mass index (LVM/height<sup>2</sup>). They also present improvement in the diastolic function and an apparent beneficial effect on the systolic function, evaluated alone or jointly through the Myocardial Performance Index.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da Cunha</p>
          <p> R. Olavo Bilac,181 </p>
          <p> 80440-040 &#150; Curitiba, PR, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cpcunha@cardiol.br">cpcunha@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 19, 2006; revised manuscript received April 7, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
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