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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RDQLD3BRTwJNkwtSJ3R4V5S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita como marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cassou</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanoni</surname>
            <given-names>Cassiana Casagrande</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gosalan</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribas</surname>
            <given-names>Emerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacholok</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koehler</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Angiolab</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>609</fpage>
      <lpage>614</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum &#233; considerado fator de risco cardiovascular e marcador de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana precoce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, e avaliar o EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via como um marcador mais precoce para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e seis pacientes consecutivos, 52 homens e 54 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 51 anos, foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;via direita pela ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;via direita calcularam-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e o intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a para esse coeficiente. A qualidade da medida do EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita para diagn&#243;stico de espessamento precoce, considerando-se o espessamento da car&#243;tida como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (&gt; 0,8 mm), foi descrita por valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia. Pontos de corte para o EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via foram sugeridos pela Curva ROC. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS: Na associa&#231;&#227;o entre 41 art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas sem EMI, 30 (73%) art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias direitas apresentavam EMI &gt; 0,8 mm. O valor m&#233;dio de EMI obtido na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi de 0,87 mm (DP = 0,23) e na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita foi de 1,17 mm (DP = 0,46), com coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,31 (95% IC: 0,12 ; 0,47). A avalia&#231;&#227;o pela curva ROC demonstrou um valor de corte de 0,7 mm para EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, tendo como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia o valor de corte de EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida de 0,8 mm (sensibilidade 91%, especificidade 27%, VPP 66%, VPN 65% e acur&#225;cia 66%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Existe boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita. O EMI pode ser detectado mais precocemente na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via do que nas car&#243;tidas, com valor de corte de 0,7 mm. O EMI na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita pode ser considerado um marcador mais precoce para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>diagn&#243;stico precoce</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita como marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn; Ana Luiza Engelhorn; Maria Fernanda Cassou; Cassiana Casagrande Zanoni; Carlos Jos&#233; Gosalan; Emerson Ribas; Adriana Pacholok; Marcela de F&#225;tima Koehler </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; e Angiolab, Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum &#233; considerado fator de risco cardiovascular e marcador de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana precoce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, e avaliar o EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via como um marcador mais precoce para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e seis pacientes consecutivos, 52 homens e 54 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 51 anos, foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;via direita pela ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;via direita calcularam-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e o intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a para esse coeficiente. A qualidade da medida do EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita para diagn&#243;stico de espessamento precoce, considerando-se o espessamento da car&#243;tida como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (&gt; 0,8 mm), foi descrita por valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia. Pontos de corte para o EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via foram sugeridos pela Curva ROC. Valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Na associa&#231;&#227;o entre 41 art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas sem EMI, 30 (73%) art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias direitas apresentavam EMI &gt; 0,8 mm. O valor m&#233;dio de EMI obtido na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi de 0,87 mm (DP = 0,23) e na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita foi de 1,17 mm (DP = 0,46), com coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,31 (95% IC: 0,12 ; 0,47). A avalia&#231;&#227;o pela curva ROC demonstrou um valor de corte de 0,7 mm para EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, tendo como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia o valor de corte de EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida de 0,8 mm (sensibilidade 91%, especificidade 27%, VPP 66%, VPN 65% e acur&#225;cia 66%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Existe boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita. O EMI pode ser detectado mais precocemente na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via do que nas car&#243;tidas, com valor de corte de 0,7 mm. O EMI na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita pode ser considerado um marcador mais precoce para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal, arteriosclerose coronariana, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, diagn&#243;stico precoce.</p>
    <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a generalizada da parede arterial, que evolutivamente pode progredir, regredir ou estabilizar-se na depend&#234;ncia de uma s&#233;rie de fatores<sup>1</sup>. Esse processo din&#226;mico &#233; caracterizado por remodelamento na parede arterial que pode permanecer silencioso por muito tempo ou pode manifestar-se como um evento vascular agudo, tornando-se clinicamente aparente. A detec&#231;&#227;o de marcadores para doen&#231;a cardiovascular possibilita a interven&#231;&#227;o precoce sobre os fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, como altera&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, tratamento agressivo da hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e diabete melito<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, medido pela ultra-sonografia vascular de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, &#233; considerado atualmente um marcador de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica generalizada, principalmente da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana precoce<sup>2-8</sup>. O aumento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida est&#225; relacionado com a maioria dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares: sexo masculino, hist&#243;ria familiar de acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, tabagismo, diabete melito, dislipidemia, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hiper-homocisteinemia e idade<sup>9-17</sup>. O EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida ajuda a estabelecer com mais precis&#227;o o risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos sem les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo evidenciada pelos exames de rotina, como o eletrocardiograma<sup>18-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O EMI, como marcador de risco cardiovascular, pode ser detectado na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum distal, na bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea, na car&#243;tida interna e, mais recentemente, na art&#233;ria femoral comum<sup>21,22</sup>. No entanto, estudos demonstraram que a medida do EMI na car&#243;tida interna &#233; a que apresenta melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo rotineiro do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico e da origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita nos pacientes enviados ao nosso laborat&#243;rio vascular para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular pela mensura&#231;&#227;o do EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas foi observado que alguns pacientes sem espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas apresentavam EMI na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, por isso o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita e avaliar se o EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita poderia ser considerado como um marcador mais precoce para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cento e seis pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;vias direitas pela ultra-sonografia vascular de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com fator de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Tais fatores de risco inclu&#237;am: idade maior que 55 anos em homens e maior que 65 anos em mulheres, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, tabagismo, dislipidemia, obesidade, sedentarismo e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana precoce.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram indiv&#237;duos sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e a presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas evidenciada durante a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido.</p>
    <p>A medida do EMI foi realizada na car&#243;tida comum distal (1-2 cm proximal &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea) e na car&#243;tida interna bilateralmente, assim como na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita. Em toda a an&#225;lise foi considerado o maior valor de EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas direita e esquerda e o valor mensurado na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita. A art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita pode ser avaliada com facilidade, por localizar-se mais superficialmente que a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via contra-lateral; contudo, n&#227;o apresenta vantagens ou limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. A art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da no estudo em raz&#227;o de sua localiza&#231;&#227;o mais profunda que limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o da origem desse vaso.</p>
    <p>A medida do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal foi realizada com aparelho de ultra-som vascular Siemens Sonoline Elegra<sup>&#174;</sup>. Foi utilizado transdutor linear de 7,5 mHz, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre 7 e 9 mHz, em se&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, no modo B. A medida do espessamento foi realizada na parede anterior ou posterior da art&#233;ria, na dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas representadas pelas interfaces l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia da parede arterial<sup>17,24-26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tida e subcl&#225;via direita, calcularam-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e o intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a para esse coeficiente. Considerando-se a classifica&#231;&#227;o pela car&#243;tida como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de espessamento precoce (valores <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,8 mm indicaram espessamento precoce), ajustou-se uma curva ROC aos valores da EMI da subcl&#225;via e determinou-se o ponto de corte para essa mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o. Para avaliar o resultado obtido, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia para a EMI da subcl&#225;via na identifica&#231;&#227;o do espessamento precoce. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo estudado, dois observadores independentes mediram a EMI da car&#243;tida de treze pacientes para uma an&#225;lise da reprodutibilidade. Essa an&#225;lise foi feita por meio de componentes de vari&#226;ncia. O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% foi adotado em toda a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 52 homens (49%) e 54 mulheres (51%), com idade entre 23 e 83 anos (m&#233;dia 51 <underline>+</underline> 13,19 anos).</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco analisados para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre EMI na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita -</italic> Considerando o crit&#233;rio de &gt; 0,8 mm para EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, 41 art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas n&#227;o apresentaram EMI, e trinta (73%) art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias direitas apresentavam EMI &gt; 0,8 mm. Das 65 art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas com espessamento precoce, 59 (91%) art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias apresentaram EMI &gt; 0,8 mm.</p>
    <p>O valor m&#233;dio de EMI obtido na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09g1">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) foi de 0,87 mm (m&#237;nimo 0,5 mm, m&#225;ximo 1,3 mm, mediana 0,9 mm e desvio padr&#227;o 0,23). O valor m&#233;dio de EMI obtido na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09g2">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>) foi de 1,17 mm (m&#237;nimo 0,4 mm, m&#225;ximo 2,8 mm, mediana 1,1 mm e desvio padr&#227;o 0,46). A an&#225;lise de reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo indicou um erro percentual de 10,2% entre os observadores.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig09g1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig09g2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita foi de 0,31, com um intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a de 0,12 a 0,47.</p>
    <p><italic>EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via como indicador de espessamento precoce -</italic> Determinado o espessamento da car&#243;tida com ponto de corte de 0,8 mm como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de EMI precoce, os valores de EMI da car&#243;tida menores que 0,8 mm foram considerados normais e valores superiores a 0,8 mm considerados espessamento precoce. O ponto de corte, pela curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09g3">Gr&#225;fico 3</xref>), para o EMI na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita que melhor classifica o espessamento foi o valor de 0,7 mm.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig09g3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ponto de corte de 0,7 mm na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, comparado ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (0,8 mm) do EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN e acur&#225;cia de 91%, 27%, 66%, 65% e 66%, respectivamente. Os valores de sensibilidade para outros pontos de corte do EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na parede arterial de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos indica um controle mais rigoroso dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, com o objetivo de prevenir um evento coronariano futuro.</p>
    <p>Estudos populacionais e hospitalares utilizaram t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o-invasivas para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es precoces na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o da parede arterial, como a medida do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal, pesquisa de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial coronariana<sup>25,27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida do EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida &#233; um m&#233;todo de f&#225;cil reprodutibilidade, seguro e baixo custo, que identifica pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica e com maior risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>7,25,29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos determinaram o valor de 0,8 mm para espessamento precoce do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal, relacionado a aumento do risco cardiovascular<sup>4,18,31-33</sup>. Groot e cols. realizaram um estudo com 315 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia familiar comparados com 118 controles, e mostraram que um espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal de at&#233; 0,8 mm seria considerado normal. Os pacientes do grupo com hipercolesterolemia familiar atingiram o valor de 0,8 mm de EMI aos quarenta anos; j&#225; os pacientes do grupo controle atingiam esse valor apenas aos 76 anos, quando seu risco cardiovascular aumentaria por causa da idade<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste baixa a intermedi&#225;ria para a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, apresentam maior risco de eventos coronarianos futuros caso apresentem EMI da car&#243;tida maior que 1 mm<sup>8,25,29,30,34</sup>. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos demonstraram que pacientes com EMI superior a 1 mm apresentam risco maior de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em quatro anos<sup>7,29,30</sup>. Como o objetivo do nosso estudo foi determinar um marcador mais precoce de risco cardiovascular, utilizamos o ponto de corte de 0,8 mm.</p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, neste estudo, foi de 0,31, com um intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a de 0,12 a 0,47. O fato do zero n&#227;o estar inclu&#237;do nesse intervalo indica a signific&#226;ncia dessa correla&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, observando-se os limites de 95% de confian&#231;a, percebe-se que apesar do baixo limite inferior, o limite superior indica uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita.</p>
    <p>Ainda nesse estudo foi determinado pela sensibilidade de 91% o valor do EMI na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita (0,7 mm) inferior ao valor referencial para o EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida (0,8 mm), o que sugere que a medida do espessamento da origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via possa ser um marcador mais precoce de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>O EMI, medido na imagem em modo B do ultra-som, consiste na dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas representadas pelas interfaces l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia da parede arterial. A ultra-sonografia vascular, mesmo de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, &#233; incapaz de diferenciar a camada &#237;ntima da camada m&#233;dia da parede arterial; portanto, rotineiramente o complexo m&#233;dio-intimal &#233; mensurado. Um aumento na espessura do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal pode ser devido tanto a espessamento da camada m&#233;dia como da camada &#237;ntima. Sabe-se que a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica afeta predominantemente a camada &#237;ntima da parede arterial. As art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;vias s&#227;o art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas, com um componente muscular muito pequeno e predom&#237;nio da camada &#237;ntima. Em contraste, nas art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas como a art&#233;ria femoral, observa-se predom&#237;nio da camada muscular m&#233;dia. Portanto, o EMI nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;vias representa principalmente o espessamento da camada &#237;ntima, o qual est&#225; relacionado com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>3,26,35,36</sup>. O EMI da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida superior a 1,3 mm j&#225; &#233; considerado placa ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o aparecimento mais precoce de espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita seria a presen&#231;a de maior angula&#231;&#227;o do vaso observada na origem dessa art&#233;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea. A maior velocidade existente junto &#224; borda interna das curvaturas, como observada na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, &#233; respons&#225;vel por aumentar o estresse da superf&#237;cie endotelial e das for&#231;as de cisalhamento a&#237; existentes.<sup>38</sup> O estresse na parede arterial e a conseq&#252;ente maior for&#231;a de cisalhamento contribuiria para o desenvolvimento de espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal e posteriormente da placa ateroscler&#243;tica no local. J&#225; em 1963, Texon formulou a hip&#243;tese de que a menor press&#227;o no lado interno favoreceria o aparecimento de deposi&#231;&#245;es ateromatosas nas curvaturas<sup>39</sup>. Contudo, n&#227;o foram identificados estudos na literatura relacionando EMI da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita com fatores de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Esse trabalho observou que em 41 pacientes com art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas sem EMI, trinta (73%) art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias direitas apresentavam EMI &gt; 0,8mm. Esse achado demonstra que, mesmo quando a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida estiver normal, pode-se encontrar espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via; portanto, a presen&#231;a de EMI pode ser detectada mais cedo na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via do que na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, permitindo indicar mais precocemente o controle agressivo dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares a fim de prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento coronariano futuro.</p>
    <p>Os autores concluem que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre o EMI das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita. O EMI pode ser detectado mais precocemente na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via do que nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, com valor de corte de 0,7 mm. O EMI na origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita pode ser considerado um marcador mais precoce para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn </p>
        <p> Rua Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 1720/901 </p>
        <p> 81200-110 &#150; Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="carlos.engelhorn@pucpr.br">carlos.engelhorn@pucpr.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 02/06/05; revisado recebido em 20/08/05; aceito em 17/10/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intima-media thickness in the origin of right subclavian artery as an early marker of cardiovascular risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is considered a factor of cardiovascular risk and an early marker of coronary artery disease. This study aimed to investigate the existence of a correlation between IMT in the carotid arteries and at the origin of the right subclavian artery, as well as to evaluate IMT in the subclavian artery as an earlier marker of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: One hundred and six consecutive patients, 52 males and 54 females, average age 51 years, underwent color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate carotid and right subclavian arteries. The relationship between carotid IMT and right subclavian IMT was assessed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and a 95% confidence interval. Reliability of right subclavian artery IMT measurement for the diagnosis of early thickening (considering a &gt; 0.8 mm carotid thickness as reference) was described as to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy. Cut-off values for the right subclavian IMT were indicated by the ROC curve, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of the 41 patients whose carotid arteries were IMT-free, 30 (73%) had right subclavian artery IMT values &gt; 0.8 mm. The mean IMT value for the carotid artery was 0.87 mm (SD = 0.23) and for the subclavian artery, 1.17 mm (SD = 0.46), with a 0.31 correlation coefficient (95% CI: 0.12; 0.47). The ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off value of 0.7 mm for the right subclavian artery IMT, using as reference a 0.8 mm cut-off value for the carotid artery (91% sensitivity, 27% specificity, 66% PPV, 65% NPV, and 66% accuracy). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that carotid artery IMT correlates well with right subclavian artery IMT. With a 0.7 mm cut-off value, it is possible to detect IMT in the right subclavian artery earlier than in the carotid arteries. The IMT at the origin of the right subclavian artery can be considered an earlier marker for the assessment of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Media-intima thickening</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>early diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Intima-media thickness at the origin of the right subclavian artery as an early marker of cardiovascular risk</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn; Ana Luiza Engelhorn; Maria Fernanda Cassou; Cassiana Casagrande Zanoni; Carlos Jos&#233; Gosalan; Emerson Ribas; Adriana Pacholok; Marcela de F&#225;tima Koehler</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; e Angiolab, Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is considered a factor of cardiovascular risk and an early marker of coronary artery disease. This study aimed to investigate the existence of a correlation between IMT in the carotid arteries and at the origin of the right subclavian artery, as well as to evaluate IMT in the subclavian artery as an earlier marker of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and six consecutive patients, 52 males and 54 females, average age 51 years, underwent color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate carotid and right subclavian arteries. The relationship between carotid IMT and right subclavian IMT was assessed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and a 95% confidence interval. Reliability of right subclavian artery IMT measurement for the diagnosis of early thickening (considering a &gt; 0.8 mm carotid thickness as reference) was described as to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy. Cut-off values for the right subclavian IMT were indicated by the ROC curve, and p values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Out of the 41 patients whose carotid arteries were IMT-free, 30 (73%) had right subclavian artery IMT values &gt; 0.8 mm. The mean IMT value for the carotid artery was 0.87 mm (SD = 0.23) and for the subclavian artery, 1.17 mm (SD = 0.46), with a 0.31 correlation coefficient (95% CI: 0.12; 0.47). The ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off value of 0.7 mm for the right subclavian artery IMT, using as reference a 0.8 mm cut-off value for the carotid artery (91% sensitivity, 27% specificity, 66% PPV, 65% NPV, and 66% accuracy).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our study showed that carotid artery IMT correlates well with right subclavian artery IMT. With a 0.7 mm cut-off value, it is possible to detect IMT in the right subclavian artery earlier than in the carotid arteries. The IMT at the origin of the right subclavian artery can be considered an earlier marker for the assessment of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Media-intima thickening, coronary arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, early diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis is a generalized disease of the artery wall that may progress, recede, or stabilize depending on several factors<sup>1</sup>. This dynamic process is characterized by artery wall remodeling, which may go unnoticed for a long time or may be clinically observable as an acute vascular event. The detection of cardiovascular disease markers enables early intervention on modifiable factors for atherosclerosis, such as lifestyle changes, strict management of arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), as measured by high-resolution vascular ultrasonography, is currently considered a marker of generalized atherosclerotic disease, mainly of early coronary artery disease<sup>2-8</sup>. Enlargement of the carotid intima-media complex is associated with most cardiovascular risk factors: male gender, familial history of cerebrovascular accident or acute myocardial infarction, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperhomocysteinemia, and age<sup>9-17</sup>. Carotid artery IMT helps to determine more accurately the cardiovascular risks of hypertensive patients with no injury to the target organ as evidenced by routine tests, such as the electrocardiogram<sup>18-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a marker of cardiovascular risk, IMT can be detected in the distal common carotid artery, at carotid bifurcation, in the internal carotid and, more recently, in the common femoral artery<sup>21,22</sup>. Nevertheless, studies have shown that the measurement of the IMT in the internal carotid shows a better correlation with risk factors for coronary artery disease<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In routine studies of the brachiocephalic branch and the origin of the right subclavian artery in patients referred to our laboratory for cardiovascular risk assessment [by measurement of the carotid artery IMT, we observed that some patients with no carotid intima-media thickness showed IMT at the origin of the right subclavian artery. For this reason, the objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an association between carotid artery IMT and at the origin of the right subclavian artery, and also evaluate if IMT measured in the right subclavian artery could be considered an earlier marker for cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and six consecutive patients underwent high-resolution vascular ultrasonography to have their carotid and subclavian arteries evaluated.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria for the study were asymptomatic subjects with risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as: male patients over 55 years of age and female patients over 65 years of age; systemic arterial hypertension; diabetes mellitus; smoking; hyperlipidemia; obesity; sedentarism and familial history of early coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>Criteria for exclusion were subjects with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries, as shown by color Doppler vascular ultrasonography.</p>
      <p>Measurement of IMT was taken at the common distal carotid (1-2 cm proximal to carotid bifurcation), and bilaterally in the internal carotid, as well as at the origin of the right subclavian artery. During the analysis, the greatest right and left carotid IMT values were considered, as well as the value measured at the origin of the right subclavian artery. The right subclavian artery was easily evaluated since it is more superficial than the contra-lateral subclavian artery; however, this does not denote advantages or technical limitations relative to the carotid arteries. The left subclavian artery was not included in the study due to its deeper location that limits assessment of the origin of this vessel.</p>
      <p>The measurement of the intima-media complex was performed with the help of Siemens Sonoline Elegra<sup>&#174;</sup> vascular ultrasonography equipment. A 7.5 mHz linear transducer was used, with a frequency range of 7-9 mHz, longitudinal section and B-mode images. Thickness measurement was performed at the anterior or posterior artery wall, as the distance between two echogenic lines corresponding to the lumen-intima and media-adventitia interfaces of the artery wall<sup>17,24-26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relationship between carotid artery IMT and right subclavian artery was assessed using Pearson&#180;s correlation coefficient and a 95% confidence interval. Taking into consideration the carotid classification as a reference standard for the diagnosis of early thickening (values <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.8 indicated early thickening), a ROC curve was adjusted for subclavian ITM values and the cut-off value was determined for this same classification. To evaluate the result obtained, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for the subclavian IMT in identifying early thickening. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the method, two independent observers measured the carotid IMT of thirteen patients. Variance components and a 95% confidence interval were used throughout the analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifty-two men (49%) and 54 women (51%), between 23 and 83 years of age (average age 51 <underline>+</underline> 13.19 years) were evaluated.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the prevalence of the risk factors studied for coronary artery disease.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Correlation between carotid artery IMT and right subclavian artery IMT</italic> - Taking into consideration a &gt; 0.8 mm value for the right subclavian artery IMT, 41 carotid arteries were IMT-free, whereas 30 (73%) right subclavian arteries showed IMT &gt; 0.8 mm. Out of the 65 carotid arteries with early thickening, 59 (91%) subclavian arteries showed IMT &gt; 0.8 mm.</p>
      <p>The average IMT value obtained in the carotid artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e09c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>) was 0.87 mm (0.5 mm minimum, 1.3 mm maximum, 0.9 mm median, and standard deviation 0.23). The mean IMT value obtained in the right subclavian artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e09c2-body2">Chart 2</xref>) was 1.7 mm (0.4 mm minimum, 2.8 mm maximum, 1.1 mm median, and 0.46 standard deviation). The analysis of reproducibility of the method indicated a 10.2% error between the [two] investigators.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e09c1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e09c2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The correlation coefficient between the carotid artery IMT and the right subclavian artery IMT was 0.31%, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.12 to 0.47.</p>
      <p><italic>Subclavian artery IMT as an indicator of early thickening -</italic> A 0.8 mm carotid thickening was established as the standard cut-off value for the diagnosis of early IMT. Therefore, carotid IMT values under 0.8 mm were considered normal, whereas values over 0.8 mm were considered as early thickening. According to the ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e09c3-body2">Chart 3</xref>), 0.7 mm was the cut-off value for the IMT at the origin of the right subclavian artery that best characterizes the thickening.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e09c3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The 0.7 mm cut-off value at the origin of the right subclavian artery, when compared to the 0.8 mm IMT reference value in the carotid arteries, showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy values of 91%, 27%, 66%, 65%, and 66%, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="e09t2-body2">Table 2</xref> displays sensitivity levels for other IMT cut-off values in the right subclavian artery.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e09t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0609-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The identification of artery wall changes in asymptomatic subjects indicates the need for a more strict control of cardiovascular risk factors, seeking to prevent future coronary events.</p>
      <p>Population and hospital-based studies used non-invasive techniques to evaluate early changes in the structure and function of the artery wall, such as the measurement of the intima-media complex, investigation of endothelial dysfunction, and coronary artery calcification<sup>25,27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Carotid artery IMT measurement is a safe, low-cost, and easily reproducible method suitable for identifying those patients with subclinical atherosclerotic disease and higher risks for coronary artery disease<sup>7,25,29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies determined 0.8 mm as the reference value for early thickening of the intima-media complex associated with an increase in cardiovascular risks<sup>4,18,31-33</sup>. Groot et al conducted a study with 315 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia compared to 118 controls, and showed that an intima-media thickening of up to 0.8 mm would be considered normal. The familial hypercholesterolemia patients reached a 0.8 mm IMT value at the age of 40 years, whereas control group patients reached such a value only at 76 years of age, when their cardiovascular risk would be greater due to age<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Asymptomatic individuals with a low to intermediate pre-test probability of coronary artery disease, and a carotid IMT value over 1 mm, are at a higher risk of developing coronary events in the future<sup>8,25,29,30,34</sup>. Multicentric studies showed that patients with an IMT greater than 1 mm have a higher risk of acute myocardial infarction within four years<sup>7,29,30</sup>. Since the objective of our study was to determine an earlier marker of cardiovascular risk, we used a 0.8 mm cut-off value.</p>
      <p>In this study, the correlation coefficient between the carotid artery IMT and the right subclavian artery IMT was 0.31, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.12 to 0.47. The fact that zero is not included in this interval indicates the significance of this correlation. However, considering the limits of the 95% confidence interval, it is clear that despite the low value of the lower limit, the upper limit indicates a good correlation between the carotid artery IMT and the right subclavian artery IMT.</p>
      <p>In this study, considering a 91% sensitivity value, a 0.7 mm IMT was determined for the right subclavian artery (lower than the 0.8 mm reference value used for the carotid artery). This suggests that the measurement of the thickening at the origin of the subclavian artery can be an earlier marker of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>The IMT, measured by B-mode ultrasound image, consists of the distance between two echogenic lines corresponding to the lumen-intima and media-adventitia interfaces of the artery wall. Since even high-resolution vascular ultrasonography is incapable of distinguishing the intima layer from the media layer of the artery wall, the intima-media complex measurement is routinely used. An increase in the thickness of the intima-media complex may be due to thickening of the media layer or the intima layer. It is known that the atherosclerotic disease affects primarily the intima layer of the artery wall. Carotid and subclavian arteries are elastic arteries, consisting mainly of the intima layer and a very small muscle component. By contrast, in peripheral arteries such as the femoral artery, medial muscle layer prevails. Therefore, carotid and subclavian IMT represents mainly thickening of the intima layer, which is associated with the presence of atherosclerotic disease<sup>3,26,35,36</sup>.A carotid artery IMT value over 1.3 mm is considered an atherosclerotic plaque<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>One possible explanation for the earlier intima-media thickening in the right subclavian artery would be the presence of greater vessel angulation at its origin as compared to the carotid artery bifurcation. Higher speeds in the inner curvature border, as observed at the origin of the right subclavian artery, are responsible for the increase in endothelial surface stress and shear forces at the site<sup>38</sup>. The artery wall stress and the resulting greater shear force would contribute to the development of the intima-media thickening and a posterior atherosclerotic plaque at the site. Back in 1963, Texon proposed that lower inner wall pressures would favor atheroma deposition in the curvatures<sup>39</sup>. However, there are no studies in medical literature associating right subclavian artery IMT and cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>This study observed that out of the 41 patients whose carotid arteries were IMT-free, thirty (73%) had right subclavian artery IMT values &gt; 0.8mm. This finding shows that, even when the carotid artery is normal, the subclavian artery may show thickening of the intima-media complex. Consequently, the presence of IMT may be detected earlier in the subclavian artery rather than in the carotid artery, enabling an earlier prescription of aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors in order to prevent future coronary events.</p>
      <p>The authors conclude that there is an association between carotid artery IMT and the IMT at the origin of the right subclavian artery. With a 0.7 mm cut-off value, it is possible to detect IMT earlier in the subclavian artery than in the carotid arteries. The IMT at the origin of the right subclavian artery may be considered an earlier marker for the evaluation of cardiovascular risks.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Carlos Alberto Engelhorn</p>
          <p> Rua Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 1720 ap.901 </p>
          <p> 81200-110 &#150; Curitiba, PR, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="carlos.engelhorn@pucpr.br">carlos.engelhorn@pucpr.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 06/02/05; revised manuscript received August 20, 2005; accepted on 10/17/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
