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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JtCmnwHMmrz3t7vrXcQTNwr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clonidina na cineangiocoronariografia: efeitos sedativos sobre a press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jedson dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#243;dolo</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Sueli Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Ghissoni de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#243;rea</surname>
            <given-names>Edilma Maria Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Kleber Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Isabel</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>603</fpage>
      <lpage>608</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da clonidina sobre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o arterial (PA) e seda&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. M&#201;TODOS: Um ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado, controlado, foi realizado com 62 pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografias eletivas, divididos em dois grupos: grupo clonidina que utilizou 0,8 &#181;g/kg desta droga, e o grupo controle que utilizou solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica a 0,9%. A seda&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada com base na escala de Ramsay e o consumo de meperidina 0,04 mg/kg que foi utilizada nos pacientes que apresentaram agita&#231;&#227;o ou ansiedade durante o procedimento. A PA invasiva, a FC e o escore de seda&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com a escala de Ramsay, foram analisados a cada 5 minutos e quatro diferentes momentos foram considerados para avalia&#231;&#227;o: M1- inicio do exame; M2- 5 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do exame; M3- mediana do tempo do exame e M4 - final do exame. RESULTADOS: O grupo clonidina apresentou maior estabilidade da PA e FC e efic&#225;cia na seda&#231;&#227;o, enquanto o grupo controle apresentou um maior consumo de meperidina (p&lt;0,05). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, para infer&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi utilizado o teste T ou Mann-Whitney e chi2 ou Teste Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este trabalho mostrou que, nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da clonidina foi eficaz tanto no controle da PA e FC quanto em proporcionar uma seda&#231;&#227;o consciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Clonidina</kwd>
        <kwd>seda&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>cineangiocoronariografia</kwd>
        <kwd>anestesia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Clonidina na cineangiocoronariografia: efeitos sedativos sobre a press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento; Norma Sueli Pinheiro M&#243;dolo; Heitor Ghissoni de Carvalho; Edilma Maria Lima D&#243;rea; Kleber Pimentel Santos</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Santa Isabel, Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos da clonidina sobre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o arterial (PA) e seda&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado, controlado, foi realizado com 62 pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografias eletivas, divididos em dois grupos: grupo clonidina que utilizou 0,8 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg desta droga, e o grupo controle que utilizou solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica a 0,9%. A seda&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada com base na escala de Ramsay e o consumo de meperidina 0,04 mg/kg que foi utilizada nos pacientes que apresentaram agita&#231;&#227;o ou ansiedade durante o procedimento. A PA invasiva, a FC e o escore de seda&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com a escala de Ramsay, foram analisados a cada 5 minutos e quatro diferentes momentos foram considerados para avalia&#231;&#227;o: M1- inicio do exame; M2- 5 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do exame; M3- mediana do tempo do exame e M4 - final do exame. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo clonidina apresentou maior estabilidade da PA e FC e efic&#225;cia na seda&#231;&#227;o, enquanto o grupo controle apresentou um maior consumo de meperidina (p&lt;0,05). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, para infer&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi utilizado o teste T ou Mann-Whitney e c<sup>2</sup> ou Teste Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este trabalho mostrou que, nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da clonidina foi eficaz tanto no controle da PA e FC quanto em proporcionar uma seda&#231;&#227;o consciente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Clonidina, seda&#231;&#227;o, cineangiocoronariografia, anestesia.</p>
    <p>O aumento na incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana tem acelerado o desenvolvimento de protocolos para o diagn&#243;stico e a terap&#234;utica desta doen&#231;a, sendo a angiografia coronariana um dos exames mais importantes para definir a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana os pacientes encontram-se sob estresse emocional e ansiedade, que desencadeiam respostas simp&#225;ticas levando &#224; taquicardia e &#224; hipertens&#227;o, que podem ser prejudiciais para o paciente com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas que controlam a resposta simp&#225;tica e trazem estabilidade cardiovascular parece ser muito &#250;til, e a clonidina apresenta caracter&#237;sticas farmacol&#243;gicas que justificam um estudo nesta popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>2-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O controle da resposta auton&#244;mica no paciente com suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana j&#225; &#233; realizado com o uso de betabloqueadores cuja efic&#225;cia &#233; bem conhecida<sup>8</sup>. Os alfa<sub>2</sub> agonistas como a clonidina est&#227;o sendo estudados. No entanto a literatura carece de estudos do seu uso em procedimentos invasivos<sup>5,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Particularmente na cineangiocoronariografia estudos sobre seda&#231;&#227;o neste procedimento s&#227;o poucos e o conhecimento do uso de alfa<sub>2</sub> agonistas durante o mesmo &#233; pobre<sup>2-8</sup>. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da clonidina sob a press&#227;o arterial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e seda&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa e assinatura do consentimento informado, um ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado e controlado foi realizado.</p>
    <p>Antes de assinar o consentimento informado os pacientes foram esclarecidos das rotinas do servi&#231;o e dos objetivos do presente trabalho. Foi tamb&#233;m comunicado que ele poderia utilizar clonidina e seus poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios durante o exame seriam avaliados.</p>
    <p>Sessenta e dois pacientes de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 80 anos de idade foram admitidos para o estudo, os quais realizariam cineangiocoronariografia eletiva, todos com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica ou teste de esfor&#231;o positivos para isquemia.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea maior que 35; altera&#231;&#227;o do sens&#243;rio que impedisse a avalia&#231;&#227;o e historia de alergia &#224;s drogas utilizadas.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros utilizados neste estudo foram a press&#227;o arterial (PA), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e o escore de seda&#231;&#227;o conforme a escala de Ramsay<sup>9</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes eram monitorizados na sala de hemodin&#226;mica com oximetria de pulso (Criticare 504DX), eletrocardiografia cont&#237;nua com seis deriva&#231;&#245;es e press&#227;o arterial invasiva atrav&#233;s art&#233;ria femoral ou braquial a depender da abordagem utilizada no exame (Pol&#237;grafo SP12 - TEB&#174;).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estavam em jejum h&#225; pelo menos oito horas e n&#227;o receberam nenhum tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o ansiol&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>Um cateter n&#250;mero 20 foi introduzido na veia cef&#225;lica do membro superior esquerdo e a infus&#227;o padr&#227;o de 10 ml/ kg/ h de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica a 0,9% foi realizada.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos randomicamente utilizando o programa PEPI {[COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGISTS (PEPI)] by J.H. Abramson and Paul M. Gahlinger. Version 4.04x}, em dois grupos com sorteio de envelope selado, as seringas contendo a droga eram preparadas por um pesquisador que n&#227;o fosse avaliar o paciente. Ao grupo clonidina foi administrado 0,8 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg de clonidina dilu&#237;do em 5 ml de &#225;gua destilada, pela via venosa e o grupo controle recebia 5 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica 0,9%, ambos com seringas-padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral foi escolhida para os pacientes internados no hospital e a dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial para os pacientes ambulatoriais. Ap&#243;s, os pacientes eram tamb&#233;m monitorizados com oximetria de pulso e eletrocardiografia cont&#237;nua, e iniciada a avalia&#231;&#227;o. A FC, PA e seda&#231;&#227;o eram avaliadas do in&#237;cio da inje&#231;&#227;o venosa e a cada 5 minutos at&#233; o final do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Houve varia&#231;&#227;o de 15 a 90 minutos no tempo do exame dependendo do paciente e da dificuldade t&#233;cnica. Por isso foi necess&#225;rio criar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o em momentos espec&#237;ficos para corrigir este aspecto. Portanto, foram escolhidos quatro momentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, FC e escores de seda&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes: Momento 1 (M1)- antes da inje&#231;&#227;o venosa, seria o momento controle; Momento 2 (M2)- cinco minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o da droga; Momento 3 (M3)- mediana do tempo do exame; esta foi escolhida pois ocorreria na metade do tempo do procedimento; e o momento 4 (M4)- final do exame.</p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es avaliadas foram bradicardia e hipotens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o, por quest&#245;es &#233;ticas, a meperidina 0,04 mg/kg foi utilizada nos pacientes que continuaram agitados ou ansiosos ap&#243;s dez minutos do inicio do exame. Sendo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta droga um dos par&#226;metros de efic&#225;cia sedativa da clonidina.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exame os pacientes eram observados no m&#237;nimo durante uma hora e no m&#225;ximo quatro horas, e poderiam manter-se internados caso houvesse indica&#231;&#227;o devido a gravidade da patologia ou quando da abordagem da art&#233;ria femoral devido a necessidade de repouso e imobiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que realizavam o exame via femoral teriam alta cerca de 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, obviamente se o diagn&#243;stico da cineangiocoronariografia o permitisse.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes ambulatoriais que eram abordados com a dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial poderiam ser liberados do hospital, caso n&#227;o ocorressem complica&#231;&#245;es, durante o procedimento, ou gravidade de les&#245;es coronarianas que justificassem seu internamento. Estes tamb&#233;m eram informados que deveriam retornar para o servi&#231;o caso acontecesse qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e mediana, vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas atrav&#233;s de percentual. Para infer&#234;ncia, o teste T ou Mann-Whitney foram utilizados nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e o c<sup>2</sup> ou Teste Exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Adotando-se um a de 5% (Erro tipo I).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada nos grupos estudados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, idade, peso, altura ou &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado durante seis meses, dos meses de julho a dezembro do ano de 2004.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo clonidina apresentaram uma menor varia&#231;&#227;o da FC e PA que os pacientes do grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC, a analise estat&#237;stica dos grupos em cada momento, comprovou que no M4 o grupo controle apresentou valores maiores que o grupo clonidina (p&lt;0,05), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas nos momentos anteriores. Na an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as entre os momentos em cada grupo, os resultados foram estatisticamente avaliados o grupo clonidina apresentou M1=M2=M3=M4 enquanto o grupo controle M4&gt; (M1=M3)&gt;M2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em cada momento demonstrou que apenas em M1 os grupos n&#227;o diferiram, e nos momentos posteriores o grupo controle apresentou valores estatisticamente superiores (p&lt;0,05) ao grupo clonidina. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as entre os momentos em cada grupo, o grupo clonidina apresentou M1&gt; (M2=M3=M4) enquanto no grupo controle M1&gt; (M2=M3)&gt;M4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) a an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em cada momento, revelou que apenas em M1 os grupos foram semelhantes sendo que em M2, M3 e M4 o grupo controle apresentou valores maiores que o grupo clonidina (p&lt;0,05). Na diferen&#231;a entre os momentos em cada grupo, o grupo clonidina apresentou M1&gt; (M2=M3=M4) e o grupo controle M3&gt; (M1=M2)&gt;M4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento sedativo o consumo de meperidina foi maior no grupo controle havendo doze pacientes que utilizaram este recurso contra quatro pacientes no grupo clonidina (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2</xref>). Os escores de seda&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos momentos do estudo a m&#233;dia do tempo do exame foi 25,73&#177;10,45 min. E o momento tr&#234;s, que foi a mediana do tempo do exame, foi de 15,20 &#177; 10,94 min.</p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente apresentou hipotens&#227;o que necessitasse de tratamento e apenas dois pacientes que utilizaram clonidina precisaram tratar bradicardia com atropina 0,01 mg/kg, no entanto sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Dos pacientes submetidos a este estudo apenas 3 mantiveram-se internados e isto devido a gravidade das les&#245;es coronarianas, sendo que destes um era ambulatorial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A clonidina mostrou ser uma droga efetiva no controle da PA e FC tendo um efeito sedativo discreto, o que &#233; desej&#225;vel no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo de tamanho amostral foram usados os seguintes par&#226;metros: erro a de 5%, poder de 80%, tendo como diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia entre os grupos de 16 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, um desvio padr&#227;o de 20,22 mmHg no grupo controle e de 22,58 mmHg no grupo teste. Com estes par&#226;metros se chegou a um tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo de 30 pacientes para cada grupo.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva da PA, via femoral ou braquial, &#233; rotineira na cineangiocoronariografia e &#233; um m&#233;todo muito fidedigno de avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea.</p>
    <p>Foi empregada a escala de Ramsay para avalia&#231;&#227;o da seda&#231;&#227;o, pois a mesma &#233; bastante utilizada por diversos autores e trabalhos em anestesiologia e terapia intensiva e tem mostrado ser um m&#233;todo consagrado em qualidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o de seda&#231;&#227;o<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como o tempo m&#233;dio do exame foi 25,73 &#177; 10,45 min, quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es pontuais neste intervalo foram suficientes para contemplar a maior parte das varia&#231;&#245;es existentes.</p>
    <p>A dose de clonidina de 0,8 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg &#233; menor que a utilizada na literatura (habitualmente maior que 1<italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg). Alguns autores defendem que doses, como a usada neste trabalho, s&#227;o efetivas no controle da PA e FC<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; bradicardia e hipotens&#227;o que seriam as complica&#231;&#245;es mais esperadas com o uso da clonidina, n&#227;o se observou nenhum paciente com hipotens&#227;o e apenas dois pacientes que apresentaram bradicardia, n&#227;o apresentando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da FC e PA o grupo clonidina teve m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o com menor varia&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>). Da mesma forma tanto a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica quanto a diast&#243;lica diminu&#237;ram progressivamente no grupo clonidina enquanto no grupo controle os valores mantiveram-se mais elevados e com maior varia&#231;&#227;o entre os momentos.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de um momento controle (M1) foi importante, pois validou a homogeneidade dos grupos antes da interfer&#234;ncia do pesquisador. Todos os par&#226;metros avaliados foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p&gt;0,05).</p>
    <p>O M2 nos trouxe a id&#233;ia de que haveria um efeito imediato da clonidina pela via venosa e, pelo menos a press&#227;o arterial, apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos neste momento (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>No M3 houve diferen&#231;a estatistica da PA entre os dois grupos (p&lt;00,5), a FC apresentava valores menores no grupo clonidina, no entanto sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>No M4 tanto a PA quanto a FC apresentavam diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas (p&lt;0,05) entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>&#201; interessante ressaltar a import&#226;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio no paciente que tem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, pois nele quanto maior a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial, maior o trabalho do cora&#231;&#227;o e maior o risco de isquemia<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Obviamente desde que os valores da FC e PA se mantenham dentro dos limites fisiol&#243;gicos isto &#233; interessante, pois se houver hipotens&#227;o o risco de isquemia aumenta. Como nenhum paciente neste grupo apresentou hipotens&#227;o presumimos que a dose da clonidina utilizada foi satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Alguns autores referem-se ao potencial dos alfa<sub>2</sub>agonistas, como a clonidina, de diminu&#237;rem a morbidade cardiovascular<sup>14,15</sup>. Este ponto ainda &#233; controverso e necessita de maior n&#250;mero de trabalhos com boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica e com n&#250;mero maior de pacientes para chegar a conclus&#245;es mais concretas.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o existe consenso na literatura sobre seda&#231;&#227;o de pacientes no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, no entanto alguns autores descrevem a necessidade de haver coopera&#231;&#227;o durante o exame e questionam se a seda&#231;&#227;o poderia tirar a responsividade dos pacientes e prejudicar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este aspecto pode ser contestado pela exist&#234;ncia da t&#233;cnica da seda&#231;&#227;o consciente. Define-se seda&#231;&#227;o consciente como o estado farmacol&#243;gico de depress&#227;o da consci&#234;ncia que possibilita a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos reflexos protetores. O paciente, apesar de sedado, fica desperto o bastante para responder corretamente &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica ou a ordens verbais. Durante a seda&#231;&#227;o consciente, o paciente manter&#225; sua fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria sem ajuda ou estimula&#231;&#227;o<sup>16, 17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A clonidina tem efeito sedativo que depende da dose utilizada e o seu s&#237;tio de a&#231;&#227;o &#233; o <italic>locus ceruleus</italic>, pequeno n&#250;cleo neuronal localizado na parte superior do tronco cerebral. Este efeito j&#225; foi descrito por v&#225;rios autores e &#233; importante ressaltar que o efeito sedativo n&#227;o &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o ou qualquer efeito cardiovascular<sup>12,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por quest&#245;es &#233;ticas foi necess&#225;rio haver uma op&#231;&#227;o de seda&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes que se mantivessem ansiosos durante o procedimento. Por isso a op&#231;&#227;o da meperidina foi utilizada. Esta &#233; uma droga muito utilizada para seda&#231;&#227;o em diversos procedimentos e representou, ao mesmo tempo, um par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da seda&#231;&#227;o<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pode-se alegar que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da meperidina dificultaria a avalia&#231;&#227;o da seda&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes. No entanto 38% (12 pacientes) do grupo controle utilizaram este recurso e apenas 12% (4 pacientes) no grupo clonidina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2</xref>). Certamente este foi o motivo de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos, na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos escores da escala de Ramsay (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>). Mas se considerarmos os pacientes que utilizaram a meperidina como ansiosos, o grupo controle passa a apresentar diferen&#231;a (p&lt; 0,05) com rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo clonidina.</p>
    <p>Certamente, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ansiedade influenciou a redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva dos par&#226;metros avaliados. Isto foi observado com a exist&#234;ncia do grupo controle, mas o grupo clonidina apresentou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o mais intensa e progressiva que o controle, o que sugere o papel da droga influenciando os dados cardiovasculares e sedativos, sendo que o efeito sedativo iniciou-se mais tardiamente que os efeitos cardiovasculares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Essa dissocia&#231;&#227;o do efeito sedativo e do efeito cardiovascular da clonidina j&#225; foi descrita. No entanto, os trabalhos relatam que os efeitos da clonidina iniciam-se por volta de 10 a 15 minutos ap&#243;s sua inje&#231;&#227;o venosa. Neste trabalho com cinco minutos encontramos evid&#234;ncias de que havia influ&#234;ncias pelo menos sobre a PA.</p>
    <p>O numero de trabalhos nacionais sobre seda&#231;&#227;o em cineangiocoronariografia &#233; pequeno e com este trabalho esperamos contribuir para aumentar as experi&#234;ncias metodologicamente realizadas assim como melhorar o cuidado dos pacientes com risco coronariano.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, iniciamos a discuss&#227;o da melhora da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica do paciente que &#233; submetido &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. Hoje n&#227;o existe consenso sequer se estes pacientes devem ser sedados<sup>16</sup> e com este trabalho mostramos benef&#237;cios no controle da PA e FC, bem como n&#227;o houve preju&#237;zo t&#233;cnico na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, pois os pacientes apesar de sedados, continuaram colaborativos.</p>
    <p>Num pr&#243;ximo momento iremos comparar a clonidina com os benzodiazep&#237;nicos que j&#225; foram descritos na literatura para este procedimento, no entanto, ainda n&#227;o foram comparados<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como este trabalho n&#227;o tinha por objetivo avaliar morbimortalidade da cineangiocoronariografia associada a seda&#231;&#227;o, avaliamos as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao uso da droga neste procedimento, que foram a hipotens&#227;o e a bradicardia.</p>
    <p>Portanto este trabalho mostrou que; nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da clonidina foi eficaz tanto no controle da PA e FC, quanto em proporcionar uma seda&#231;&#227;o consciente que &#233; desejada para este tipo de procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao amigo professor Carlos Wilson Marques pelos pr&#233;stimos durante a elabora&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento </p>
        <p> Rua Engenheiro Jos&#233; Anasoh, 28 </p>
        <p> 40275-220 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br">jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 13/03/05; revisado recebido em 04/09/05; aceito em 30/09/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clonidine in cineangiocardiography: sedative effects on blood pressure and heart rate</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of clonidine on heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) as well as its sedative effect on patients submitted to a cineangiocardiography. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, double blind, prospective clinical trial was conducted on 62 patients submitted to an elective cineangiocardiography. The patients were divided in two groups: the clonidine group, that were administered a 0.8 &#181;g/kg dose of this drug and the control group, that were administered a 0.9% saline solution. Sedation was evaluated based on the Ramsay Scale and the administration of a 0.04 mg/kg dose of meperidine that was given to the patients who were agitated or anxious during the procedure. The invasive BP, HR and sedation score based on the Ramsay Scale were analyzed every 5 minutes and four different intervals were considered for the assessment: I1- start of the test; I2- 5 minutes after the start of the test; I3- median time of the test and I4- end of the test. RESULTS: The clonidine group presented better BP and HR stability and sedation efficacy while the control group presented a higher intake of meperidine (p&lt;0.05). In the statistical analysis, the inference of the continuous variables was calculated using the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test and the chi2 or Fisher Exact Probability test was used for the categorical variables. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that clonidine was an efficient means to control BP and HR and provided a conscious sedation for patients submitted to a cineangiocardiography.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Clonidine</kwd>
        <kwd>sedation</kwd>
        <kwd>cineangiocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>anesthesia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clonidine in cineangiocardiography: sedative effects on blood pressure and heart rate</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento; Norma Sueli Pinheiro M&#243;dolo; Heitor Ghissoni de Carvalho; Edilma Maria Lima D&#243;rea; Kleber Pimentel Santos </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Santa Isabel, Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia - Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of clonidine on heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) as well as its sedative effect on patients submitted to a cineangiocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A randomized, controlled, double blind, prospective clinical trial was conducted on 62 patients submitted to an elective cineangiocardiography. The patients were divided in two groups: the clonidine group, that were administered a 0.8 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg dose of this drug and the control group, that were administered a 0.9% saline solution. Sedation was evaluated based on the Ramsay Scale and the administration of a 0.04 mg/kg dose of meperidine that was given to the patients who were agitated or anxious during the procedure. The invasive BP, HR and sedation score based on the Ramsay Scale were analyzed every 5 minutes and four different intervals were considered for the assessment: I1- start of the test; I2- 5 minutes after the start of the test; I3- median time of the test and I4- end of the test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The clonidine group presented better BP and HR stability and sedation efficacy while the control group presented a higher intake of meperidine (p&lt;0.05). In the statistical analysis, the inference of the continuous variables was calculated using the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test and the c<sup>2</sup> or Fisher Exact Probability test was used for the categorical variables.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study demonstrated that clonidine was an efficient means to control BP and HR and provided a conscious sedation for patients submitted to a cineangiocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Clonidine, sedation, cineangiocardiography, anesthesia.</p>
      <p>The increased incidence of coronary artery disease has accelerated the development of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols, and the coronary angiography is one of the most important tests to define therapeutic decisions<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>During a coronary angiography, patients are anxious and under emotional stress. This can unleash sympathetic responses leading to tachycardia and hypertension that could be dangerous for a patient suspected of having heart failure<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of drugs to control sympathetic responses and stabilize the cardiovascular system appears to be beneficial and clonidine has pharmacological characteristics that justify a study in this population<sup>2-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The autonomic response of patients suspected of having heart disease is already controlled with beta-blockers whose efficacy is well known<sup>8</sup>. Studies on alfa<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor agonists such as clonidine are ongoing, however, very few studies have been published regarding their use in invasive procedures<sup>5,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies in reference to sedation for coronary angiography procedures are especially limited and information on the use of alfa<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor agonists during this test is inadequate<sup>2-8</sup>. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of clonidine on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) as well as its sedative effect on patients submitted to a coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After approval by the Research Ethics Committee and the informed consent forms were signed, a randomized, controlled, double blind, prospective clinical trial was conducted.</p>
      <p>Before signing the informed consent form the patients were briefed on the hospital's routines and the objectives of this study. They were also informed that clonidine could be used and its possible benefits during the test would be evaluated.</p>
      <p>Sixty-two patients from both genders between the ages of 18 and 80 were admitted to the study and were submitted to an elective coronary angiography. All the patients had previously undergone a myocardial scintigraphy or stress test which was positive for ischemia.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria included patients with unstable angina, a body mass index greater than 35, altered sensory function that would hinder evaluation and a history of allergies to the drugs to be used.</p>
      <p>The parameters used in this study were blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and sedation score in accordance with the Ramsay scale<sup>9</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patients were monitored in the hemodynamic laboratory with a pulse oximeter (Criticare 504DX), a continuous six-lead electrocardiograph and invasive blood pressure measurement through the femoral or brachial artery depending on the approach used in the test (Pol&#237;grafo SP12 - TEB<sup>TM</sup>).</p>
      <p>All patients had fasted for at least eight hours and did not receive any type of ansiolytic medication.</p>
      <p>A number 20 catheter was introduced into the cephalic vein of the left upper limb and a standard infusion of 10 ml/ kg/h of 0.9% saline solution was administered.</p>
      <p>The patients were randomly divided into two groups using a raffle with sealed envelops and the computer program PEPI (Computer Programs for Epidemiologists by J.H. Abramson and Paul M. Gahlinger. Version 4.04x). The syringes containing the drug were prepared by a researcher that would not evaluate the patients. The clonidine group was administered 0.8 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg of clonidine diluted in 5 ml of distilled water intravenously and the control group received 5 ml of 0.9% saline solution, both with standard syringes.</p>
      <p>A femoral artery puncture was chosen for the patients admitted to the hospital and a brachial artery dissection for the out-patients. Afterwards, the patients were monitored with a pulse oximeter and a continuous electrocardiogram and the evaluation was started. HR, BP and sedation were evaluated by the vein injection and every five minutes up until the end of the procedure.</p>
      <p>The length of the test varied from 15 to 90 minutes depending on the patient and technical difficulty. Consequently, the creation of an evaluation at specific intervals was required to correct this aspect. Therefore, four intervals were chosen to evaluate the patients' BP, HR and sedation scores: Interval 1 (I1) - the control interval before the intravenous injection; Interval 2 (I2) - five minutes after the drug was injected; Interval 3 (I3) - median time of the test, this was chosen since it occurred halfway through the procedure and Interval 4 (I4) - end of the test.</p>
      <p>The complications evaluated were bradycardia and hypotension.</p>
      <p>For ethical reasons, 0.04 mg/kg of meperidine was used as a sedative for the patients who remained agitated or anxious ten minutes after the start of the test. The use of this drug was one of the parameters to test the sedative efficacy of clonidine.</p>
      <p>After the test was completed the patients were kept under observation for a period of one to four hours with the possibility of an extended hospital stay if the seriousness of the pathology warranted it or if a femoral artery approach had been used as this requires a longer period of imobilization through complete bed rest.</p>
      <p>The patients who had the test via the femoral vein were released from the hospital roughly 24 hours after the procedure, as long as the coronary angiography diagnosis permitted it.</p>
      <p>The out-patients, who had the brachial artery dissection approach, could be released from the hospital as long as there were no complications during the procedure or there were no severe coronary lesions that justified their admission. These patients were also informed to return to the hospital in the case of any complications.</p>
      <p>The results of the continuous variables were presented as mean and median values and the categorical variables as percentages. Inference was calculated using the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney test for the continuous variables and the c<sup>2</sup> or Fisher Exact Probability Test for the categorical variables. An a of 5% was adopted (Type I error).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Gender, age, weight, height and body mass index were similar for the study groups. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e08t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e08t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The six month study was conducted between July and December, 2004.</p>
      <p>Variations in HR and BP for the clonidine group patients were lower than the control group patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e08f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis of HR between the groups for each interval confirmed that the control group had higher values for I4 than the clonidine group (p&lt;0.05), however the other intervals presented no significant differences. Statistical analysis of the differences between the intervals for each group revealed I1=I2=I3=I4 for the clonidine group and I4&gt;(I1=I3)&gt;I2 for the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Comparison of systolic blood pressure (SBP) between the groups for each interval demonstrated that I1 was similar for both groups; however the control group values for the other three intervals were statistically higher (p&lt;0.05) than the clonidine group. Statistical analysis of the differences between the intervals for each group revealed I1&gt;(I2=I3=I4) for the clonidine group and I1&gt;(I2=I3)&gt;I4 for the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Analysis of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) differences between the groups for each interval revealed that I1 was similar for both groups; however the control group values for I2, I3 and I4 were higher than the clonidine group (p&lt;0.05). The differences between the intervals for each group revealed I1&gt;(I2=I3=I4) for the clonidine group and I3&gt;(I1=I2)&gt;I4 for the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>In regard to sedative effect, twelve patients in the control group required meperidine versus four patients in the clonidine group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The sedation scores between the two groups did not present a significant statistical difference (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e08f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0603-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In relation to study intervals, the average test time was 25.73 &#177; 10.45 minutes. Interval 3 which was the median test time was 15.20 &#177; 10.94 minutes.</p>
      <p>No patient presented hypotension that required treatment and only two of the clonidine patients required treatment for bradycardia with atropine 0.01 mg/kg however, no statistical significance was found.</p>
      <p>Only three of the patients submitted to this study, one an outpatient, were kept in the hospital due to the severity of the coronary lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clonidine proved to be an effective drug to control BP and HR with a slight sedative effect that is desirable in the hemodynamic laboratory.</p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated using the following parameters: error a of 5%, power of 80%, a mean difference between the groups of 16 mmHg for systolic blood pressure, a standard deviation of 20.22 mmHg for the control group and 22.58 mmHg for the test group. Using these parameters a minimum sample size of 30 patients for each group was obtained.</p>
      <p>Invasive BP monitoring using the femoral or brachial vein is routine for coronary angiography and is the most dependable method to evaluate blood pressure.</p>
      <p>The Ramsay scale was used to evaluate sedation since it has been widely used by various authors and in several anesthesiology and intensive care studies and has proven to be a reliable method to evaluate sedation<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the average test time was 25.73 &#177; 10.45 minutes, four punctual evaluations during this timeframe were sufficient to consider the majority of the variations that occurred.</p>
      <p>The 0.8 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg clonidine dose is lower than that used in medical literature (usually higher than 1<italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg). Some authors defend that doses, such as the one used in this study, are effective to control of BP and HR<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to bradycardia and hypotension, that would be the most common complications associated with clonidine, no patient presented hypotension and only two patients presented bradycardia, however, without statistical significance.</p>
      <p>In relation to HR and BP behavior, variations in the averages and standard deviations for the clonidine group were lower (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Likewise, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures presented a progressive reduction in the clonidine group while the values for the control group remained at higher levels with greater variations between the intervals.</p>
      <p>It was important to have a control interval (I1) since it validated the similarity of the groups before the interference of the researcher. All the parameters evaluated were similar between the two groups, without any significant statistical difference (p&gt;0.05).</p>
      <p>I2 led us to believe that the intravenous administration of clonidine would have an immediate effect. Comparison of the two groups during this interval revealed a significant statistical difference for blood pressure (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>I3 presented a statistical difference for BP between the two groups (p&lt;0.05). The clonidine group had lower HR values, however without any statistical significance (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>I4 presented statistical differences (p&lt;0.05) between the groups for both BP and HR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>A point that should be emphasized is the importance of the reduced oxygen consumption by the myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease. As the heart rate and blood pressure levels increase in these patients, the harder the heart must work and the higher the risk of ischemia<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Obviously as long as the HR and BP values remain within the physiological limits this is important, since if there was hypotension the ischemia risk could occur. Since no patient in this group presented hypotension it is assumed that the clonidine dose used was satisfactory.</p>
      <p>Some authors refer to the potential of alfa<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor agonists, such as clonidine, to reduce cardiovascular morbidity<sup>14,15</sup>. This point is still controversial and requires more studies with reliable methods and a larger number of patients to reach more concrete conclusions.</p>
      <p>There is no consensus in medical literature regarding the sedation of patients in the hemodynamic laboratory, however, some authors have related that patient cooperation during the exam is essential and question whether sedation would diminish patient responsiveness and jeopardize the procedure<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>This aspect could be contested by the conscious sedation technique. Conscious sedation is defined as the pharmacological state of conscious depression that enables the maintenance of protective reflexes. Even though the patient is sedated, she is alert enough to respond correctly to physical stimulation or verbal orders. During conscious sedation the patient is able to maintain a patent airway without help or stimulation<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The sedative effect of clonidine is directly related to the dosage. The site of action is the <italic>locus ceruleus</italic>, a small neuron nucleus located in the upper part of the brain stem. This effect has been described by various authors and it is important to emphasize that the sedative effect is not a consequence of hypotension or any cardiovascular effect<sup>12,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>For ethical reasons a sedation option was required for the patients that remained anxious during the procedure and because of this meperidine was selected. This drug is widely used for sedation in various procedures and was also an evaluation parameter for sedation effectiveness<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>It could be said that the use of meperidine hindered the sedation evaluation in the patients; however it was only used for 38% (12 patients) of the control group and 12% (4 patients) of the clonidine group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). For sure this was the reason why there was no significant statistical difference between Ramsay scale scores of the two groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). However, considering only the anxious patients that used meperidine, the control group presents a difference (p&lt; 0.05) in relation to the clonidine group.</p>
      <p>Without a doubt, lowering the anxiety levels had an influence on the progressive reduction of the parameters evaluated. This was observed with the control group, but the clonidine group presented a more intense and progressive reduction than the control group. This suggests that the drug had an influence on the cardiovascular and sedative data, since the sedative effect started later than the cardiovascular effects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f1-body2">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e08f3-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>This dissociation between the sedative and cardiovascular effect of clonidine has already been documented. However, the studies relate that the effects of clonidine begin roughly 10 to 15 minutes after injection in the vein. In this study we found evidence that within 5 minutes it had influenced at least BP.</p>
      <p>In Brazil there are very few studies regarding sedation for coronary angiography procedures. It is our hope that this study will help to increase the methodological information available and improve the care for patients with coronary risk.</p>
      <p>From a practical view point, we have raised the issue of improving medical care for patients who are submitted to a coronary angiography. Currently there is absolutely no consensus as to whether or not these patients should be sedated<sup>16</sup>. In this study we have demonstrated the benefits of controlling BP and HR and that the procedure was not technically jeopardized, since even though the patients were sedated they remained cooperative.</p>
      <p>In the future we plan to compare clonidine with benzodiazepines, which have been documented in medical literature for this procedure; however no comparisons have yet been made<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The scope of this study did not include the evaluation of coronary angiography morbidity and mortality rates associated with sedation. We evaluated the complications associated with the use of clonidine during this procedure which were hypotension and bradycardia; however no statistical significance was found.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study demonstrated that for patients submitted to a coronary angiography, clonidine is an efficient means to control BP and HR and offers a conscious sedation that is desirable for this type of procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank our friend Professor Carlos Wilson Marques for his assistance during the preparation of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Stevens RD, Burri H, Tram&#232;r MR. Pharmacologic Myocardial Protection in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Quantitative Systematic Review. Anesth Analg 2003, 97(3): 623-33. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Taittonen MT, Kirvella OA, Aantaa R, Kanto J. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to clonidine and midazolam premedication. Euro J Anest 1997; 14(2): 190-6. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J 1974; 2: 656-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. De Jonghe B, Cook D, Appere-De-Vecchi C, et al. Using and understanding sedation scoring systems: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26(3):275-85. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Watson BD, Kane-Gill SL. Sedation assessment in critically ill adults: 2001-2004 update. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38(11): 1898-906. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Hall JE, Uhrich TD, Ebert TJ. Sedative, analgesic and cognitive effects of clonidina infusion in humans; Br J Anaesth 2001; 86(1): 5-11. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Bergendahl HTG, Eksborg S, L&#246;nnqvist PA. Low-dose intravenous clonidine in children: plasma concentrations and haemodinamic response. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41(3):381-4. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Uesugi T, et al. Efficacy of clonidine for prevention of perioperative miocardical ischemia: A critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Anesthesiology 2002; 96(2): 323-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Wijeysundera DN, Naik JS, Beattie WS. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2003; 114(9): 742-52. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Baris S, Karakaya D, Aykent R, Kirdar K, Sagkan O, Tur A. Comparison of midazolam with or without fentanyl for conscious sedation and hemodynamics in coronary angiography. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17(3): 277-81. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Hall SC. Practical solutions for difficult problems I &#150; Pediatric anesthesia outside the operation room. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 1996; 14(2): 385-405. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Stermer E, Gaitini L, Yudashkin M, et al. Patient-controlled analgesia for conscious sedation during colonoscopy: a randomized controlled study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2000; 51(3):278-81. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Marriott P, Laasch H-U, Wilbraham L, et al. Conscious sedation for endoscopic and non-endoscopic interventional gastrointestinal procedures: meeting patients' expectations, missing the standard. Clin Radiol 2004; 59(2):180-5. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Quintin L, Ghignone M. Risk associated with perioperative use of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists. In: Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthesia and Intensive Care. Bali&#232;res Clin Anaesthesiol 2000; 14(2): 349-68.  </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Jedson dos Santos Nascimento</p>
          <p> Rua Engenheiro Jos&#233; Anasoh, 28 </p>
          <p> 40275-220 &#150; Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br">jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 13, 2005; revised manuscript received September 4, 2005; accepted September 30, 2005.</p>
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