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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jWhPRHyvY8vcj7NJW9XYm6D</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dez anos de experi&#234;ncia com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Diniz Affonso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Welk Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barboza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haggi Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Herm&#237;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collatusso</surname>
            <given-names>Claudinei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Gori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Augusto Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sardetto</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Dumsch de Aragon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marise Brenner Affonso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Iseu Affonso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de Santa Casa </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>583</fpage>
      <lpage>591</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados tardios de 10 anos com a operac&#227;o de Ross, analisando a sobrevida, incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es e desempenho tardio do auto-enxerto pulmonar e homoenxerto da reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. M&#201;TODOS: Entre maio/1995 e fevereiro/2005, 227 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 29,1&#177;11 anos foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross. A etiologia prevalente foi a mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica em 61% dos casos. O auto-enxerto foi implantado com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz em 202 casos, com cilindro intra-luminal em 20 e de forma subcoronariana em 5. A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito foi feita de forma convencional, com homoenxertos criopreservados (n= 160), com extens&#227;o proximal de peric&#225;rdio no homoenxerto (n= 41) e com homoenxertos decelularizados (n= 26). O tempo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variou de 1 - 118 meses ( m&#233;dia= 45,5 meses). RESULTADOS: A mortalidade imediata foi de 3,5% e a sobrevida tardia foi de 96,9%, aos 10 anos. N&#227;o houve epis&#243;dio de tromboembolismo, constatando-se apenas dois casos de endocardite. Onze pacientes foram reoperados, por problemas envolvendo o auto e/ou homoenxerto, progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica mitral e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana iatrog&#234;nica. Ap&#243;s 10 anos, 96,4% e 96,2% dos pacientes estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o no auto-enxerto e no homoenxerto, respectivamente. N&#227;o foi observada dilata&#231;&#227;o tardia dos auto-enxertos.A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito com homoenxertos decelularizados diminuiu de forma significativa a incid&#234;ncia de gradientes tardios. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados tardios com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross demonstraram excelente sobrevida tardia e baixa incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es e morbidade tardia. Consideramos este procedimento a melhor op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valvopatia a&#243;rtica em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Auto-enxerto</kwd>
        <kwd>opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross</kwd>
        <kwd>substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dez anos de experi&#234;ncia com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa; Elaine Welk Lopes Pereira; Luiz Eduardo Barboza; Herm&#237;nio Haggi Filho; Claudinei Collatusso; Carlos Henrique Gori Gomes; S&#233;rgio Augusto Veiga Lopes; Evandro Ant&#244;nio Sardetto; Andr&#233;a Dumsch de Aragon Ferreira; Marise Brenner Affonso da Costa; Iseu Affonso da Costa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de Santa Casa &#150; PUCPR, Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os resultados tardios de 10 anos com a operac&#227;o de Ross, analisando a sobrevida, incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es e desempenho tardio do auto-enxerto pulmonar e homoenxerto da reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre maio/1995 e fevereiro/2005, 227 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 29,1&#177;11 anos foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross. A etiologia prevalente foi a mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica em 61% dos casos. O auto-enxerto foi implantado com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz em 202 casos, com cilindro intra-luminal em 20 e de forma subcoronariana em 5. A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito foi feita de forma convencional, com homoenxertos criopreservados (n= 160), com extens&#227;o proximal de peric&#225;rdio no homoenxerto (n= 41) e com homoenxertos decelularizados (n= 26). O tempo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variou de 1 &#150; 118 meses ( m&#233;dia= 45,5 meses). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A mortalidade imediata foi de 3,5% e a sobrevida tardia foi de 96,9%, aos 10 anos. N&#227;o houve epis&#243;dio de tromboembolismo, constatando-se apenas dois casos de endocardite. Onze pacientes foram reoperados, por problemas envolvendo o auto e/ou homoenxerto, progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica mitral e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana iatrog&#234;nica. Ap&#243;s 10 anos, 96,4% e 96,2% dos pacientes estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o no auto-enxerto e no homoenxerto, respectivamente. N&#227;o foi observada dilata&#231;&#227;o tardia dos auto-enxertos.A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito com homoenxertos decelularizados diminuiu de forma significativa a incid&#234;ncia de gradientes tardios. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados tardios com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross demonstraram excelente sobrevida tardia e baixa incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es e morbidade tardia. Consideramos este procedimento a melhor op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valvopatia a&#243;rtica em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Auto-enxerto, opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross, substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>O substituto valvar a&#243;rtico ideal ainda &#233; bastante controverso; entretanto, muitos consideram a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross como a melhor op&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens<sup>1,2</sup>. Dentre as vantagens do auto-enxerto pulmonar, encontram-se a durabilidade, o desempenho hemodin&#226;mico fisiol&#243;gico com preserva&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo normal de abertura e fechamento valvar, a aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, al&#233;m do potencial de crescimento, quando implantado em crian&#231;as. Essas vantagens t&#234;m sido confirmadas pelos resultados cl&#237;nicos de m&#233;dio e longo prazos em diversas s&#233;ries<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; tecnicamente mais complexa e sujeita &#224; cr&#237;tica de poder criar uma doen&#231;a em duas valvas, no paciente com doen&#231;a original em apenas uma. Al&#233;m disso, varia&#231;&#245;es na t&#233;cnica da opera&#231;&#227;o podem resultar em diferentes tipos de complica&#231;&#245;es com grande impacto nos resultados<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de longo prazo dos casos pioneiros de Ross refletem, em sua maior parte, a experi&#234;ncia com o implante do auto-enxerto pulmonar em posi&#231;&#227;o subcoronariana<sup>6</sup>. Entretanto, na era atual, a t&#233;cnica mais empregada tem sido a de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica, pela maior facilidade em se obter, consistentemente, um enxerto geometricamente alinhado e competente<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da capacidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o da valva e da parede arterial pulmonar ao regime press&#243;rico da circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, existe preocupa&#231;&#227;o crescente de que o auto-enxerto pulmonar esteja sujeito a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva com forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma da neo-aorta, e prolapso e insufici&#234;ncia valvar concomitantes<sup>7,8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de degenera&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do homoenxerto valvar implantado na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, tamb&#233;m pode aumentar a morbidade tardia, sujeitando os pacientes &#224; necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi reavaliar, ap&#243;s dez anos de experi&#234;ncia, os resultados tardios com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross, na qual foi empregada, preponderantemente, a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica, e, diferentemente de outras s&#233;ries, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com predom&#237;nio da mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica como etiologia da doen&#231;a valvar. Foram avaliados os desempenhos funcionais tardios tanto dos auto-enxertos pulmonares como dos homoenxertos valvares empregados para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre maio/1995 e fevereiro/2005, 227 pacientes foram submetidos a substituti&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica pelo auto-enxerto pulmonar, no Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca da Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de Santa Casa &#150; PUCPR. Cento e sessenta e um pacientes (71%) eram masculinos e a idade variou de 5 a 56 anos (m&#233;dia= 29,1&#177;11 anos), sendo que 35 pacientes tinham idade inferior a 18 anos. A etiologia mais freq&#252;ente da doen&#231;a valvar foi a mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica em 140 casos (61%), sendo que 15 pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral importante associada. Dez pacientes apresentavam endocardite bacteriana na valva nativa ou em pr&#243;tese valvar e quatro tinham aneurisma da aorta ascendente. Trinta e quatro pacientes j&#225; haviam sido submetidos a uma ou mais opera&#231;&#245;es anteriores na valva a&#243;rtica sendo, plastia valvar a&#243;rtica em 14, plastia valvar mais ressec&#231;&#227;o de membrana subvalvar em 7 e pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em 13. Alguns dados cl&#237;nicos e de exames complementares encontram-se listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todas as opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgi&#227;o e a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria foi detalhadamente descrita em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores<sup>11</sup>. Entretanto, alguns detalhes t&#233;cnicos relevantes para a correla&#231;&#227;o com eventuais disfun&#231;&#245;es do auto-enxerto e/ou do homoenxerto valvar s&#227;o aqui revistos.</p>
    <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, hipotermia moderada de 30-32&#186;C e prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea gelada intermitente nos &#243;stios coronarianos. O tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico foi de 104&#177;22 min (min= 69, max= 175) e o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea de 137&#177;26 min (min= 92, max= 230).</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica mais freq&#252;entemente empregada foi a da substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica em 202 casos, enquanto a t&#233;cnica do cilindro intra-luminal (inclus&#227;o) foi usada em 20 pacientes e o implante subcoronariano em cinco.</p>
    <p>Durante o preparo do auto-enxerto, foi deixada uma borda muscular de apenas 2-3 mm abaixo do plano valvar. Para a anastomose proximal, foi empregada a t&#233;cnica de pontos separados, tomando-se o cuidado de passar os pontos junto &#224; base das c&#250;spides valvares. Independente da t&#233;cnica empregada, a anastomose proximal foi sempre intra-anular, de forma que o anel a&#243;rtico nativo desse sustenta&#231;&#227;o para o auto-enxerto pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Quando empregada a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica, a anastomose proximal foi sempre refor&#231;ada em toda a sua circunfer&#234;ncia com um tira de teflon ou de peric&#225;rdio bovino, tentando prevenir qualquer dilata&#231;&#227;o futura do anel a&#243;rtico. Da mesma forma, qualquer discrep&#226;ncia de di&#226;metro, proximal ou distal, foi sempre ajustada para compatibilizar as dimens&#245;es do auto-enxerto pulmonar com as do anel a&#243;rtico e da aorta ascendente. Em pacientes com discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o anular foi realizada a plicatura dos tri&#226;ngulos intercomissurais (n= 8) e, nos casos com anuloectasia mais acentuada, foi feita a redu&#231;&#227;o externa do anel a&#243;rtico, com tira de teflon (n= 14). J&#225; nos casos de hipoplasia do anel a&#243;rtico, foi feita a sua amplia&#231;&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica de Mannouguian (n=6) ou pela t&#233;cnica de Ross-Konno, em cinco ocasi&#245;es<sup>12,13</sup>. A aorta ascendente foi ampliada em cinco casos de hipoplasia e, mais freq&#252;entemente, foi reduzida por ressec&#231;&#227;o triangular em cunha, de por&#231;&#227;o da sua parede, em 18 pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o. Nos casos com aneurisma da aorta ascendente, o auto-enxerto foi estendido com um tubo de dacron at&#233; &#224; por&#231;&#227;o inicial do arco a&#243;rtico. Em nenhum caso, a anastomose distal foi refor&#231;ada com tiras de teflon ou peric&#225;rdio bovino.</p>
    <p>O auto-enxerto pulmonar foi sempre orientado de forma que o seu seio mais fino e desprovido de revestimento peric&#225;rdico fosse posicionado para o seio coronariano esquerdo, tendo dessa forma algum suporte das estruturas card&#237;acas posteriores &#224; aorta ascendente.</p>
    <p>Para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, dependendo da t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria empregada ou m&#233;todo de preserva&#231;&#227;o do enxerto. No grupo 1 (n=160), a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da foi feita com homoenxertos valvares frescos ou criopreservados suturados proximal e distalmente, sem a interposi&#231;&#227;o de qualquer tipo de material prot&#233;tico. No grupo 2 (n=41), a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito foi feita com homoenxertos criopreservados; entretanto, a anastomose proximal foi feita com a interposi&#231;&#227;o de um remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino ou peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo imerso em glutaralde&#237;do, de forma a alongar o homoenxerto e evitando qualquer tens&#227;o nas anastomoses ou corpo do homoenxerto. J&#225; o grupo 3 (n=26) foi constitu&#237;do por pacientes cuja via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito foi reconstru&#237;da com homoenxertos valvares descelularizados. A t&#233;cnica de implante, nesse grupo, foi semelhante &#224; do grupo 1.</p>
    <p>Procedimentos associados foram necess&#225;rios em 28 pacientes: plastia mitral em 15, ressec&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta ascendente em 4, corre&#231;&#227;o de CIV em 3 e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, com enxerto venoso para a coron&#225;ria direita, em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita por hipofluxo coronariano, em 6 casos.</p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente fez uso de anticoagulantes, e a prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos cardiot&#244;nicos ou para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ficou a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista de refer&#234;ncia. A observa&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foi feita de acordo com diretrizes bem estabelecidas<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mono e bidimensional com Doppler, antes da alta hospitalar, e foram orientados para repetir esse exame no 6&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e depois anualmente. Foram anotadas as dimens&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, assim como as espessuras da sua parede posterior e septal, sendo o c&#225;lculo da massa ventricular esquerda estimado pela formula, MVE= 0,80 X 1,05 X [(Septo+Parede Posterior+Dimens&#227;o Sist&#243;lica VE)<sup>3</sup> &#150; Dimens&#227;o Sist&#243;lica VE<sup>2</sup>].</p>
    <p>Os gradientes transvalvares, no auto-enxerto pulmonar e no homoenxerto da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, foram calculados pela equa&#231;&#227;o modificada de Bernoulli. O grau de insufici&#234;ncia valvar foi estimado pela largura do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, conforme descrito por Perry, e graduado como ausente, trivial, leve, moderado ou importante<sup>15</sup>. Utilizando a metodologia de Roman e cols., foram medidas as dimens&#245;es do auto-enxerto pulmonar no n&#237;vel anular, dos seios de Valsalva e najun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular<sup>16</sup>. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica tardia dos gradientes pulmonares e das dimens&#245;es do auto-enxerto pulmonar, foram considerados apenas os exames realizados pelo ecocardiografista de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, que foram feitos de forma normatizada por um &#250;nico operador<bold>.</bold></p>
    <p>O levantamento dos dados cl&#237;nicos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma de controle foram feitos de forma dirigida, por tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, entre julho de 2004 e fevereiro de 2005. Cento e dez pacientes (50,2%) vieram a nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e realizaram entrevista, exame cl&#237;nico e ecocardiograma de controle. Em 61 pacientes (27,8%), pudemos obter informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e do ecocardiograma atualizado, por meio de entrevista com o paciente e/ou cardiologista de refer&#234;ncia, enquanto que em outros 31 casos (14,1%) somente as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas puderam ser obtidas. Dezessete pacientes (7,7%) n&#227;o puderam ser contactados e foram considerados perdidos de seguimento. O tempo de seguimento total variou de 1 a 118 meses (m&#233;dia= 45,5 meses).</p>
    <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes pulmonares tardios entre os tr&#234;s grupos analisados, foi usado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, dada a aus&#234;ncia de simetria dos dados e da homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Na an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de gradientes pulmonares tardios, foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. As curvas atuariais de sobrevidade e livres de eventos foram feitas usando-se o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 3,5% (8/227). As causas foram a s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito em 2 casos, hemorragia intra-operat&#243;ria incontrol&#225;vel em 2, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular irrevers&#237;vel no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, les&#227;o de art&#233;ria circunflexa an&#244;mala, les&#227;o do primeiro ramo septal e angula&#231;&#227;o da coron&#225;ria esquerda, em 1 caso cada.</p>
    <p>Houve cinco &#243;bitos tardios. Quatro foram s&#250;bitos, nos 1&#186;, 2&#186;, 4&#186; e 36&#186; meses, enquanto que o quinto &#243;bito foi decorrente de endocardite do homoenxerto direito, aos 4 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Nos tr&#234;s primeiros pacientes que faleceram subitamente, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica era bastante satisfat&#243;ria e n&#227;o havia condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que indicassem a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos desfavor&#225;veis. J&#225; o paciente que faleceu subitamente no 36&#186; m&#234;s, era um caso de estenose a&#243;rtica e suba&#243;rtica cong&#234;nita, com 4 opera&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, bloqueio &#225;trio-ventricular total e dependente de marcapasso card&#237;aco, que veio a falecer no 3&#186; ano de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de uma opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross-Konno. A sobrevida atuarial tardia foi de 96,9%(LC95%= 94,2% - 99,6%) aos 10 anos, quando considerados apenas os &#243;bitos tardios e de 93,5% (LC95%= 90,1% - 97,0%), quando inclu&#237;da a mortalidade hospitalar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dos 197 pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica conhecida, 181 encontram-se em classe funcional I e 15 em classe funcional II. Um paciente, operado com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica IAo e miocardiopatia dilatada, continua com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda acentuada e apresenta-se atualmente em classe funcional III.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi detectado nenhum caso de tromboembolismo no seguimento tardio. Endocardite bacteriana ocorreu duas vezes: uma no homoenxerto da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, causando um dos &#243;bitos tardios e outra no auto-enxerto pulmonar que, apesar de ter sido erradicada com emprego de antibi&#243;ticos, resultou em insufici&#234;ncia valvar importante, por perfura&#231;&#227;o de uma das c&#250;spides valvares, sendo necess&#225;ria a reopera&#231;&#227;o. Nos 10 pacientes que foram operados por endocardite infecciosa, n&#227;o houve recidiva.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de seguimento, houve 11 reopera&#231;&#245;es, as quais est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>. O intervalo entre a opera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e a reopera&#231;&#227;o variou de 6 a 60 meses. Dois pacientes foram reoperados com disfun&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do auto e do homoenxerto valvar; tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o do auto-enxerto pulmonar; dois do homoenxerto valvar direito; dois foram operados por progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a mitral reum&#225;tica; um paciente necessitou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por les&#227;o ostial da coron&#225;ria esquerda; e um paciente com endocardite tric&#250;spide, que se estendeu para o anel do auto-enxerto pulmonar, necessitou de substitui&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e tric&#250;spide. N&#227;o houve mortalidade nas reopera&#231;&#245;es. A probabilidade de os pacientes estarem livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 92,3% (LC95%= 87,8% - 96,8%) ap&#243;s 10 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; a probabilidade de os pacientes estarem vivos e sem reopera&#231;&#227;o aos 10 anos, foi de 89,4% (LC95%= 84,3% - 94,5%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em seis pacientes, foi necess&#225;ria a substitui&#231;&#227;o do auto-enxerto pulmonar, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em quatro desses casos, houve disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com insufici&#234;ncia do auto-enxerto. Tr&#234;s foram operados com a t&#233;cnica de implante subcoronariano e um com a t&#233;cnica de inclus&#227;o. A causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o foi por problema t&#233;cnico em dois casos, seq&#252;ela de endocardite bacteriana em um e auto-enxerto inapropriado em outro. Todos tiveram seus auto-enxertos pulmonares substitu&#237;dos por homoenxertos a&#243;rticos criopreservados.</p>
    <p>Importante salientar que, nenhum paciente operado com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica necessitou de reopera&#231;&#227;o por disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do auto-enxerto pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Um paciente desenvolveu endocardite bacteriana na valva tric&#250;spide, a qual se estendeu para a tira de teflon, em torno do auto-enxerto pulmonar, com forma&#231;&#227;o de importante abcesso para-valvar. Apesar de o auto-enxerto pulmonar n&#227;o estar afetado pelo processo infeccioso e de ser normofuncionante, este foi lesado durante o debridamento dos tecidos infectados, sendo o paciente submetido a pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas, em posi&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rtica e tric&#250;spide.</p>
    <p>Um paciente apresentou pseudo-aneurisma na linha de sutura proximal do auto-enxerto pulmonar com o anel a&#243;rtico, o qual p&#244;de ser corrigido de forma direta, sem necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
    <p>Na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, 152 auto-enxertos pulmonares estavam competentes ou com insufici&#234;ncia trivial, 10 apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia leve, enquanto que quatro pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia valvar moderada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Tr&#234;s deles foram operados em 1995, eram reum&#225;ticos e os auto-enxertos foram implantados com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz. No primeiro caso, a insufici&#234;ncia valvar j&#225; havia sido graduada como moderada no 1&#186; ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o, mantendo-se inalterada at&#233; o nono ano de seguimento. No segundo paciente, existe forte suspeita de novos surtos reum&#225;ticos pois, apesar do desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia moderada no auto-enxerto pulmonar, a progress&#227;o da valvopatia mitral foi ainda mais acentuada. No terceiro paciente, o auto-enxerto pulmonar apresentava insufici&#234;ncia leve, no 3&#186; ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o, progredindo para moderada, no 9&#186; ano de seguimento tardio.</p>
    <p>Um outro paciente, com aneurisma da aorta ascendente, valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular e dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada do anel valvar a&#243;rtico, apresenta insufici&#234;ncia valvar moderada do auto-enxerto desde o 6&#186; m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, mas continua est&#225;vel at&#233; o segundo ano de seguimento.</p>
    <p>A probabilidade de os pacientes estarem livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o, no auto-enxerto pulmonar, foi de 96,4%(LC95%= 93,6% - 99,2%) aos 10 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que 89% (LC95%= 79,6% - 93,6%) est&#227;o livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o e com o auto-enxerto normofuncionante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os gradientes nos auto-enxertos pulmonares foram consistemente baixos, tanto na fase imediata como tardiamente. Na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a m&#233;dia dos gradientes instant&#226;neos m&#225;ximos foi de 8 &#177; 3,2mmHg (min = 2, max= 32). Em apenas dois casos, os gradientes foram maiores que 20 mmHg. No primeiro, o gradiente residual de 24 mmHg se encontra na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em um paciente com estenose a&#243;rtica e suba&#243;rtica cong&#234;nita, apesar de uma amplia&#231;&#227;o do tipo Ross-Konno. O segundo caso se deve a surto reum&#225;tico recidivante, com o paciente tendo o diagn&#243;stico atual de DLAo ( gradiente = 32mmHg) e DLMi moderadas, ap&#243;s 9 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Em decorr&#234;ncia do bom desempenho hemodin&#226;mico dos auto-enxertos, a massa ventricular esquerda reduziu de 288&#177; 45g no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para 197&#177;39g tardiamente.</p>
    <p>As dimens&#245;es do auto-enxerto no n&#237;vel anular, dos seios de Valsalva e da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular, nos 110 pacientes com ecocardiograma de controle tardio realizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, encontram-se relacionadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela 4</xref>. Esses exames foram realizados ap&#243;s um tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 41 meses (min=2, max=114). N&#227;o foram observadas dilata&#231;&#245;es aneurism&#225;ticas no auto-enxerto, sendo a maior dimens&#227;o observada de 4,2 e 4,3 cm nos seios de Valsalva e jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quatro pacientes foram reoperados, para substituir o homoenxerto valvar na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Em todos, as c&#250;spides valvares estavam morfologicamente normais; entretanto, havia importante rea&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica perivascular com retra&#231;&#227;o acentuada e compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca da parede arterial do conduto, causando estenose tubular difusa.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, dez pacientes, embora assintom&#225;ticos, demonstraram gradientes instant&#226;neos m&#225;ximos superiores a 40 mmHg na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica tardia. Em 8 deles, esses gradientes j&#225; haviam sido detectados nos primeiros dois anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, e se mantiveram inalterados ou com pequena progress&#227;o nos anos subsequentes. A probabilidade de os pacientes estarem livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o no homoenxerto valvar direito foi de 96,2% (LC95%= 94,1% - 98,3%) aos 10 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, e 85,5% (LC95%= 82,9% - 88,3%) est&#227;o livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o e com gradientes instant&#226;neos m&#225;ximos <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de reconstru&#231;&#227;o e/ou o m&#233;todo de preserva&#231;&#227;o dos homoenxertos influenciaram de forma significativa os gradientes tardios encontrados na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. No grupo 1 (Homoenxertos convencionais, sem extens&#227;o com peric&#225;rdio) a m&#233;dia dos gradientes instant&#226;neos m&#225;ximos foi de 24,2&#177;17,7mmHg, sendo que 9 pacientes (13,4%) tinham gradiente maior que 40 mmHg. J&#225; no grupo 2, (Homoenxertos convencionais, com extens&#227;o proximal feita com peric&#225;rdio) o gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo foi de 17,2&#177;11,8mmHg, sendo que apenas 1 paciente (4,1%) teve gradiente superior a 40mmHg. No grupo 3, (Homoenxertos decelularizados) o gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo foi de 10,7&#177;4,4mmHg, e o maior gradiente observado nesse grupo foi de 22mmHg.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise univariada de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de gradientes elevados na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito demonstrou que, al&#233;m do m&#233;todo de preserva&#231;&#227;o dos homoenxertos, somente a idade do paciente menor que 20 anos esteve associada a estenoses tardias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo confirma que a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o segura no tratamento cir&#250;rgico de crian&#231;as e adultos jovens com valvopatia a&#243;rtica. A mortalidade hospitalar de 3,5% nos parece bastante aceit&#225;vel, especialmente se considerarmos a complexidade de nossos casos que incluiu pacientes mitro-a&#243;rticos, reopera&#231;&#245;es, aneurismas da aorta ascendente e endocardite bacteriana em valvas nativas e pr&#243;teses valvares. Os riscos aumentados da opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross, nestas circunst&#226;ncias, j&#225; foram bem discutidos<sup>5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, com maior experi&#234;ncia, foi poss&#237;vel melhorar ainda mais os resultados imediatos, havendo apenas um &#243;bito hospitalar nos &#250;ltimos oitenta casos operados.</p>
    <p>As vantagens do emprego de um substituto valvar fisiol&#243;gico ficaram evidenciadas na excelente sobrevida tardia, com aus&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos mesmo sem terapia anticoagulante, baixa preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e ampla recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Embora este estudo n&#227;o seja comparativo, a maior sobrevida e melhor qualidade de vida nos pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross, quando comparados a outros substitutos valvares, j&#225; foram bem documentadas por outros <sup>2,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar disso, a eventual necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es tardias, no auto e/ou homoenxerto valvar, continua sendo a maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, alguns autores relataram dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva e insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica como a principal causa de reopera&#231;&#245;es tardias em pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz. David e cols. analisaram 118 pacientes com tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 44 meses, e encontraram 7 casos de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave, o que representou 92% de pacientes livres dessa complica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 6 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Segundo os autores, pacientes com valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular e dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico constituem um subgrupo de pacientes mais propensos &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o tardia, pois apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas mais acentuadas na parede da aorta ascendente e tronco pulmonar<sup>7</sup>. Na experi&#234;ncia de Elkins e cols., apenas 86% dos pacientes estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o no auto-enxerto pulmonar, ap&#243;s 8 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Em 206 pacientes, com tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 28 meses, foram necess&#225;rias 11 reopera&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia valvar, sendo a dilata&#231;&#227;o anular a causa mais freq&#252;ente. Por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, encontraram que o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de estenose a&#243;rtica, esternotomia pr&#233;via e a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz foram fatores que diminu&#237;ram o risco do desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia valvar tardia<sup>5</sup>. Em contrapartida, na experi&#234;ncia de David e cols., a t&#233;cnica de inclus&#227;o esteve associada a menos dilata&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia valvar do que &#224; t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica<sup>7</sup>. Kouchoukos e cols. reoperaram 11 auto-enxertos pulmonares dentre 119 pacientes com tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio de 51 meses. A maioria das reopera&#231;&#245;es ocorreu ap&#243;s o quinto ano de seguimento, sendo a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva do auto-enxerto a causa mais comum. A probabilidade de os pacientes estarem livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o no auto-enxerto pulmonar foi de apenas 75%, aos 10 anos. Como adendo em sua publica&#231;&#227;o, os autores informaram que sete pacientes adicionais foram reoperados por insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, entre 5,5 e 11,5 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o confirmam estas observa&#231;&#245;es, com diferen&#231;as significativas n&#227;o somente na preval&#234;ncia, mas tamb&#233;m no modo e rela&#231;&#227;o temporal desta complica&#231;&#227;o. Nos 227 pacientes desta s&#233;rie, apenas 6 foram reoperados por disfun&#231;&#227;o no auto-enxerto, o que resultou em 96% livres desse evento, aos 10 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Todas as reopera&#231;&#245;es foram necess&#225;rias antes do quinto ano de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo a falha t&#233;cnica e a endocardite bacteriana as causas mais freq&#252;entes de disfun&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante resaltar que, nenhum paciente operado com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica foi reoperado nos primeiros dez anos. Dos quatro pacientes com IAo moderada tardia, nenhum apresenta dilata&#231;&#227;o anular e dos seios de Valsalva. Em dois de nossos casos, existe forte suspeita de novos surtos reum&#225;ticos como causa. Dados semelhantes aos nossos foram relatados por Carr-White e cols. que n&#227;o evidenciaram dilata&#231;&#245;es superiores a 20% nos auto-enxertos de 49 pacientes, com per&#237;odos de observa&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 4 anos<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos fatores podem influenciar a dilata&#231;&#227;o do auto-enxerto pulmonar. Detalhes da t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria tais como o implante intra-anular, a orienta&#231;&#227;o espacial do enxerto, o refor&#231;o da sutura proximal com tiras de teflon ou peric&#225;rdio e corre&#231;&#227;o de discrep&#226;ncias entre os di&#226;metros do auto-enxerto e a por&#231;&#227;o proximal e distal da aorta, n&#227;o s&#227;o realizados de forma uniforme entre os grupos cir&#250;rgicos<sup>18-20</sup>. O adequado controle da press&#227;o arterial, especialmente nos primeiros meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tamb&#233;m pode ser significativo pois, nessa fase, a parede arterial pulmonar ainda n&#227;o est&#225; adequadamente remodelada para suportar as press&#245;es sist&#234;micas<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram que a parede arterial pulmonar de pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross apresenta, pr&#233;-operatoriamente, graus variados de defici&#234;ncia e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de suas fibras el&#225;sticas, especialmente naqueles com valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular<sup>7,18</sup>. Na maioria das s&#233;ries norte-americanas com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross, a valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular &#233; a etiologia mais freq&#252;ente, o que pode explicar a elevada incid&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o tardia <sup>8</sup>. Nossa s&#233;rie &#233; composta por 60% de doentes reum&#225;ticos, o que pode, pelo menos em parte, justificar a diferen&#231;a nos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, nosso tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 44 meses pode ainda ser insuficiente para conclus&#245;es mais definitivas, o que enfatiza a necessidade de observa&#231;&#227;o continuada nesses pacientes. As dimens&#245;es tardias aqui observadas sugerem que a geometria do auto-enxerto pulmonar &#233; diferente da geometria da raiz a&#243;rtica nativa, sendo os di&#226;metros da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular significativamente maiores do que os do n&#237;vel anular.Nossas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram superpon&#237;veis com as apresentadas por Carr-White e cols., e o fato de nosso tempo de seguimento ser bem superior, refor&#231;a a estabilidade e manuten&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros do auto-enxerto ao longo do tempo<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante na opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross refere-se ao potencial de crescimento, quando implantado em crian&#231;as<sup>21</sup>. Elkins e cols. analisaram 86 crian&#231;as submetidas a esta opera&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando que o crescimento do auto-enxerto pulmonar foi proporcional ao desenvolvimento som&#225;tico. Infelizmente, em nossa casu&#237;stica, os dados referentes &#224;s dimens&#245;es anular, do seio de Valsalva e da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular s&#243; foram elaborados na avalia&#231;&#227;o tardia, e n&#227;o puderam ser sistematicamente comparados &#224;s dimens&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias imediatas, o que nos impede de documentar o crescimento do auto-enxerto pulmonar em nossos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos.</p>
    <p>O envolvimento do auto-enxerto pulmonar em novos surtos de mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica j&#225; foi registrado por outros, sendo a prov&#225;vel causa de IAo moderada em dois de nossos casos. Por isso, a adequada profilaxia contra a doen&#231;a deve ser feita de forma bastante rigorosa<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de os homoenxertos valvares serem mais dur&#225;veis no lado direito da circula&#231;&#227;o, em decorr&#234;ncia do menor n&#237;vel press&#243;rico, tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sujeitos &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o e necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es. A possibilidade de estenoses por retra&#231;&#227;o da parede arterial do conduto ou localizada na regi&#227;o da anastomose distal &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o bem estabelecida ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa experi&#234;ncia confirma a observa&#231;&#227;o de outros, demonstrando que, apesar de os homoenxertos apresentarem desempenho hemodin&#226;mico normal logo ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, freq&#252;entemente existe discreto/moderado aumento dos gradientes em decorr&#234;ncia de retra&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica dos condutos. Este processo &#233; precoce, ocorrendo nos primeiros dois anos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e tende a estabilizar ap&#243;s esse tempo. Na maioria dos pacientes, os gradientes instant&#226;neos m&#225;ximos n&#227;o ultrapassam 20 mmHg e provavelmente sejam de pequena repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Entretanto, em alguns casos, a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria &#233; mais intensa, causando estenoses mais importantes, podendo ser necess&#225;ria a reopera&#231;&#227;o. Conforme j&#225; demonstrado em outros estudos, crian&#231;as e adolescentes apresentam maior risco para essa complica&#231;&#227;o, e isso tamb&#233;m ocorreu em nossa s&#233;rie<sup>9,10,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 114 pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross por Ward e cols., 20% apresentaram gradientes instant&#226;neos m&#225;ximos entre 25&#150;40 mmHg no homoenxerto pulmonar e, em 4% dos casos, esse gradiente foi maior do que 50mmHg. Nos pacientes com estenose importante, os gradientes elevados foram detectados precocemente, entre os 4&#186; - 12&#186; meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Com aux&#237;lio da ecocardiografia, os autores conclu&#237;ram que a maioria dos homoenxertos apresenta uma retra&#231;&#227;o em torno de 15%, sendo mais intensa em alguns casos. Em decorr&#234;ncia disso, recomendam o uso rotineiro de homoenxertos de maior di&#226;metro<sup>10</sup>. Entretanto, a nossa experi&#234;ncia confirma as observa&#231;&#245;es de Moidl e cols. de que o uso de homoenxertos de grande di&#226;metro, por si, n&#227;o foi suficiente para prevenir essa complica&#231;&#227;o<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Carr-White e cols. fizeram minucioso estudo sobre o comportamento dos homoenxertos na opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross, e detectaram gradientes pulmonares maiores que 30mmHg em 17% dos casos, sendo maior que 50mmHg em aproximadamente um ter&#231;o destes. Nos pacientes que desenvolveram gradientes tardios, o estudo por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica demonstrou n&#227;o somente uma retra&#231;&#227;o circunferencial nos condutos, mas tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o em torno de 40%, no comprimento deles. Dentre as poss&#237;veis causas para essa retra&#231;&#227;o, os autores sugerem que a tens&#227;o na parede do conduto possa liberar subst&#226;ncias teciduais que estimulem uma rea&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica cicatricial<sup>9</sup>. Esses achados nos estimularam a fazer a modifica&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, alongando a por&#231;&#227;o proximal dos homoenxertos com remendos de peric&#225;rdio e aliviando a tens&#227;o no corpo do enxerto e nas anastomoses (grupo 2). Com isso, ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes tardios (grupo 1 = 24,2 mmHg versus grupo 2 = 17,2 mmHg), sendo que somente um paciente assim operado teve gradiente maior que 40 mmHg. A diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos foi lim&#237;trofe (p=0,06), mas acreditamos que isso se deva ao n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de casos estudados. A efici&#234;ncia dessa manobra em reduzir os gradientes pulmonares tardios foi confirmada por Betchel e cols.<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de os mecanismos causadores de estenose nos homoenxertos direitos n&#227;o serem totalmente compreendidos, a ocorr&#234;ncia de febre p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e a presen&#231;a de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica na advent&#237;cia com infiltrado linfocit&#225;rio perivascular, em homoenxertos explantados, sugerem que fen&#244;menos imunol&#243;gicos sejam envolvidos<sup>9,10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o emprego de homoenxertos valvares resulta em eleva&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos HLA tipo I e II circulantes. Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau da rejei&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica e a disfun&#231;&#227;o tardia dos enxertos ainda &#233; controversa <sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>O processo de decelulariza&#231;&#227;o elimina as c&#233;lulas endoteliais e intersticiais das c&#250;spides e parede arterial dos homoenxertos, reduzindo acentuadamente seu potencial imunog&#234;nico, o que, pelo menos em teoria, poderia reduzir ou retardar a ocorr&#234;ncia das estenoses dos homoenxertos implantados na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>28,29</sup>. Na experi&#234;ncia de Betchel e cols., o emprego de homoenxertos decelularizados com a tecnologia Synergraft foi eficiente em reduzir a rea&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica, mas n&#227;o preveniu o desenvolvimento de gradientes tardios<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa experi&#234;ncia com homoenxertos decelularizados n&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com a de Betchel e cols. possivelmente em decorr&#234;ncia das diferentes t&#233;cnicas de decelulariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>25,30</sup>. Publicamos, recentemente, nossos resultados com homoenxertos decelularizados, que comprovam acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o da antigenicidade e importante redu&#231;&#227;o nos gradientes tardios<sup>31</sup>. Os pacientes do presente estudo (grupo 3) confirmam que, at&#233; 3 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, os homoenxertos decelularizados apresentam desempenho hemodin&#226;mico normal, sem eleva&#231;&#227;o nos gradientes tardios. Esse dado &#233; bastante animador visto que, em nossa experi&#234;ncia, as complica&#231;&#245;es dos homoenxertos direitos foram as mais prevalentes ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross. Obviamente, resultados de prazo mais longo ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar os m&#233;ritos dessa nova tecnologia.</p>
    <p>Os resultados com at&#233; 10 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o demonstraram que a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross esteve associada com excelente sobrevida tardia, baixa morbidade e excelente recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. O auto-enxerto pulmonar teve pequena incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o observamos dilata&#231;&#245;es tardias, durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento. Nenhum paciente operado com a t&#233;cnica de substitui&#231;&#227;o total da raiz a&#243;rtica foi reoperado por disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.Modifica&#231;&#245;es na t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria e/ou de preserva&#231;&#227;o tecidual dos enxertos minimizaram os problemas relacionados &#224; via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>Em decorr&#234;ncia desses resultados, consideramos a opera&#231;&#227;o de Ross como a melhor alternativa no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valvopatia a&#243;rtica de crian&#231;as e pacientes jovens.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa </p>
        <p> Rua Henrique Coelho Neto, 55 </p>
        <p> 82220-120 &#150; Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fcosta@mps.com.br">fcosta@mps.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 06/05/05; revisado recebido em 17/08/05; aceito em 22/08/05.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ten-year experience with the Ross operation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 10-year outcomes of the Ross Operation, analyzing survival rate, incidence of reoperations, and late performance of pulmonary autografts and homografts in the reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty seven patients with a mean age of 29.1&#177;11 years underwent Ross operation from May 1995 to February 2005. The most prevalent etiology was rheumatic disease in 61% of the cases. Autografts were implanted using the total root replacement technique in 202 cases, with intraluminal cylinder in 20, and in the subcoronary position in 5. The right ventricular outflow tract was conventionally reconstructed with cryopreserved homografts (n = 160), with proximal extension of the homograft with pericardium (n = 41), and with decellularized homografts (n = 26). The postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 to 118 months (mean = 45.5 months). RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 3.5%, and long-term survival was 96.9% at ten years. No episodes of thromboembolism and only two cases of endocarditis occurred. Eleven patients underwent reoperation because of problems related to the auto and/or homograft, progression of rheumatic mitral valve disease, and iatrogenic coronary insufficiency. After 10 years, 96.4% and 96.2% of the patients were free from reoperation in the autograft and homograft groups, respectively. No late autograft dilatation was observed. Reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract with decellularized homografts significantly reduced the incidence of gradients on late follow-up. CONCLUSION: Late outcomes with the Ross Operation were associated with an excellent long-term survival and a low incidence of reoperations and late morbidity. We consider this procedure the best option for the surgical treatment of aortic valve disease in children and young adults.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Autografts</kwd>
        <kwd>Ross operation</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic valve replacement</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ten-year experience with the Ross operation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa; Elaine Welk Lopes Pereira; Luiz Eduardo Barboza; Herm&#237;nio Haggi Filho; Claudinei Collatusso; Carlos Henrique Gori Gomes; S&#233;rgio Augusto Veiga Lopes; Evandro Ant&#244;nio Sardetto; Andr&#233;a Dumsch de Aragon Ferreira; Marise Brenner Affonso da Costa; Iseu Affonso da Costa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de Santa Casa &#150; PUCPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the 10-year outcomes of the Ross Operation, analyzing survival rate, incidence of reoperations, and late performance of pulmonary autografts and homografts in the reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Two hundred and twenty seven patients with a mean age of 29.1&#177;11 years underwent Ross operation from May 1995 to February 2005. The most prevalent etiology was rheumatic disease in 61% of the cases. Autografts were implanted using the total root replacement technique in 202 cases, with intraluminal cylinder in 20, and in the subcoronary position in 5. The right ventricular outflow tract was conventionally reconstructed with cryopreserved homografts (n = 160), with proximal extension of the homograft with pericardium (n = 41), and with decellularized homografts (n = 26). The postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 to 118 months (mean = 45.5 months).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Hospital mortality was 3.5%, and long-term survival was 96.9% at ten years. No episodes of thromboembolism and only two cases of endocarditis occurred. Eleven patients underwent reoperation because of problems related to the auto and/or homograft, progression of rheumatic mitral valve disease, and iatrogenic coronary insufficiency. After 10 years, 96.4% and 96.2% of the patients were free from reoperation in the autograft and homograft groups, respectively. No late autograft dilatation was observed. Reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract with decellularized homografts significantly reduced the incidence of gradients on late follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Late outcomes with the Ross Operation were associated with an excellent long-term survival and a low incidence of reoperations and late morbidity. We consider this procedure the best option for the surgical treatment of aortic valve disease in children and young adults.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Autografts, Ross operation, aortic valve replacement.</p>
      <p>The optimal prosthesis for aortic valve replacement remains highly controversial. However, many consider the Ross Operation the best option, especially in children and young adults<sup>1,2</sup>. Among the advantages of the pulmonary autograft are: the durability, the physiologic hemodynamic performance with preservation of the normal valve opening and closing mechanism, the absence of thromboembolic complications, and the low incidence of infectious complications, in addition to the growth potential when implanted in children. These advantages have been confirmed by mid and long-term clinical results in several series<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the operation is technically more complex and subject to criticism for its potential of inducing disease in two valves in patients with primary disease in only one. Additionally, variations in the surgical procedure may result in different types of complications with an important impact on results<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Long-term outcomes of pioneer Ross cases reflect, in their majority, the experience with pulmonary autograft implantation in the subcoronary position<sup>6</sup>. However, currently, the most frequently used technique has been the total aortic root replacement because a geometrically aligned and competent graft is easier to be consistently obtained<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the ability of the valve and pulmonary arterial wall to adapt to the pressure regimen of the systemic circulation, there is a growing concern that pulmonary autografts are subject to progressive dilatation with formation of neoaortic aneurysm, and concurrent valve prolapse and regurgitation<sup>7,8</sup>. Additionally, the incidence of degeneration and dysfunction of the valve autograft implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract can also increase late morbidity, and the patients become thus subject to the need for reoperations<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to reassess, after a ten-year experience, the late outcomes from the Ross operation in which the total aortic root replacement was mainly used, and - unlike what was done in other series - in a population with predominance of rheumatic disease as the etiology of the valve disease. Late functional performances of both the pulmonary autografts and the valve homografts used for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract were assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two hundred and twenty seven patients underwent aortic valve replacement with pulmonary autograft at the Cardiac Surgery Service of <italic>Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de Santa Casa &#150; PUCPR</italic>, from May 1995 to February 2005. One hundred and seventy one patients (71%) were male and the age ranged from 5 to 56 years (mean = 29.1&#177;11 years). Thirty five patients were younger than 18 years of age. The most frequent etiology of the heart valve disease was rheumatic disease in 140 cases (61%). Fifteen patients had severe associated mitral valve dysfunction. Ten patients had bacterial endocarditis in the native valve or in the valve prosthesis, and four had ascending aortic aneurysm. Thirty four patients had already undergone one or more previous surgeries in the aortic valve, namely aortic valvuloplasty in 14, valvuloplasty plus subvalvar membrane resection in 7, and biological prosthesis implantation in 13. Some clinical and laboratory test data are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon and the surgical procedure had beenthoroughly described in previous publications<sup>11</sup>. However, some relevant technical details for the correlation with occasional valve autograft and/or homograft dysfunctions are reviewed here.</p>
      <p>The surgeries were performed with extracorporeal circulation, moderate hypothermia of 30-32&#186;C, and myocardial protection with intermittent cold blood cardioplegia into the coronary ostia. The aortic clamping time was 104&#177;22 min (min= 69, max= 175) and that of extracorporeal circulation was 137&#177;26 min (min= 92, max= 230).</p>
      <p>The most frequently used technique was the total aortic root replacement in 202 cases, whereas the intraluminal cylinder technique (inclusion) was used in 20 patients and the subcoronary implantation in five.</p>
      <p>During the autograft preparation, a 2-3mm muscular border was left below the valvar level. For the proximal anastomosis separate sutures were used, and care was taken to pass the sutures next to the base of the valve cusps. Regardless of the technique used, the proximal anastomosis was always intra-annular, so that the native aortic ring could support the pulmonary autograft.</p>
      <p>When the total aortic root replacement was used, the proximal anastomosis was always reinforced all around its circumference with a Teflon or bovine-pericardium strip, in an attempt to prevent any further dilatation of the aortic ring. Likewise, any proximal or distal diameter discrepancy was always adjusted to make the pulmonary autograft dimensions compatible with those of the aortic ring and of the ascending aorta. In patients with mild annular dilatation a plication of the intercommissural triangle was performed (n = 8) and, in the cases with a more intense annuloectasia, external reduction of the aortic ring was performed with a Teflon strip (n = 14). Enlargement of the aortic arc using Mannougian(n = 6) or Ross-Konno procedures (n = 5) was performed in patients with aortic ring hypoplasia<sup>12,13</sup>. The ascending aorta was enlarged in five cases of hypoplasia and, more frequently, it was reduced using a wedge resection of part of its wall in 18 patients with dilatation. In the cases with aneurysm of the ascending aorta, the autograft was expanded with a Dacron tube up to the initial portion of the aortic arc. In no case was the distal anastomosis reinforced with Teflon or bovine pericardium strips.</p>
      <p>The pulmonary autograft was always placed so that its thinner sinus lacking a pericardium lining was positioned toward the left coronary sinus, thus being at least partially supported by the cardiac structures posterior to the ascending aorta.</p>
      <p>For the reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, the patients were divided into three groups according to the surgical procedure or method of graft preservation used. In group 1 (n = 160), outflow tract reconstruction was performed with fresh or cryopreserved valve homografts sutured proximally and distally, without the interposition of any type of prosthetic material. In group 2 (n = 41), the reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed with cryopreserved homografts. However, the proximal anastomosis was performed with the interposition of a bovine pericardium or autologous pericardium patch immersed in glutaraldehyde, so as to elongate the homograft and avoid any tension in the anastomoses or in the body of the homograft. Group 3 (n = 26) was comprised of patients whose right ventricular outflow tract was reconstructed with decellularized valve homografts. The implantation procedure in this group was similar to that of group 1.</p>
      <p>Associated procedures were necessary in 28 patients: mitral valvuloplasty in 15, resection of aneurysm of the ascending aorta in 4, VSD correction in 3, and coronary artery bypass grafting with venous graft for the right coronary artery in cases with right ventricular dysfunction due to reduced coronary flow in 6 cases.</p>
      <p>No patient used anticoagulation drugs, and the prescription of cardiotonic or heart failure drugs was left to the discretion of the patient's cardiologist. The observation of postoperative complications was made according to well-established guidelines<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>All patients had M-mode and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiograms with Doppler performed prior to hospital discharge and were advised to repeat this test at the 6th and 12th postoperative months and yearly thereafter. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions were recorded, as well as septal and posterior wall thickness, and the calculation of the left ventricular mass was estimated using the equation LVM= 0.80 X 1.05 X [(Septal+Posterior Wall+LV Systolic Dimension)<sup>3</sup> &#150; LV Systolic Dimension<sup>2</sup>].</p>
      <p>Transvalvular gradients in the pulmonary autograft and in the right ventricular outflow tract homograft were calculated using Bernoulli's modified equation based on flow velocities through the valves. The severity of the heart valve regurgitation was estimated by the regurgitant jet width at the left ventricular outflow tract as described by Perry, and graded as absent, trivial, mild, moderate or severe<sup>15</sup>. The dimensions of the pulmonary autograft at the annulus, of the sinuses of Valsalva, and of the sinotubular junction were measured using Roman et al's method<sup>16</sup>. In the late echocardiographic assessment of the pulmonary gradients and of the pulmonary autograft dimensions only the tests performed by our institution's echocardiographist according to standardized procedures performed by a single operator were considered.</p>
      <p>Three physicians obtained the late postoperative clinical data and performed the control echocardiogram in a guided manner at our institution from July 2004 to February 2005. One hundred and ten patients (50.2%) came to our institution to be interviewed and undergo clinical examination and control echocardiogram. In 61 patients (27.8%) we were able to obtain clinical information and information on the up-to-date echocardiogram by interviewing the patients and/or their cardiologists, whereas in other 31 cases (14.1%) only the clinical information could be obtained. Seventeen patients (7.7%) could not be contacted and were considered lost to follow-up. The total follow-up time ranged from 1 to 118 months (mean = 45.5 months).</p>
      <p>The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used for the comparison of late pulmonary gradients between the three groups analyzed, given the data skewness and heterogeneity of variances. The Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was used in the analysis of risk factors for the development of late pulmonary gradients. Actuarial survival and event-free curves were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital mortality was 3.5% (8/227) The causes were low output syndrome in 2 cases, uncontrollable intraoperative hemorrhage in 2, irreversible ventricular fibrillation in the immediate postoperative period, injury to the anomalous circumflex artery, injury to the first septal branch, and angulation of the left coronary in 1 case each.</p>
      <p>Five late deaths occurred. Four of them were sudden, in the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 36th months, whereas the fifth death resulted from endocarditis in the right homograft in the 4th year of follow-up. In the first three patients who had a sudden death, the clinical course was quite satisfactory and there were no clinical conditions indicating the occurrence of unfavorable events. The patient who had a sudden death in the 36th month had congenital aortic and subaortic stenosis with 4 previous surgeries, complete atrioventricular block, and was pacemaker dependent. He died in the 3rd postoperative year of a Ross-Kono operation. The late actuarial survival was 96.9% (95%CI = 94.2% - 99.6%) at 10 years, when only late deaths were considered, and 93.5% (95%CI = 90.1% - 97.0%) when hospital mortality was included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 197 patients with known clinical course, 181 are in functional class I, and 15 in functional class II. One patient undergoing surgery with AoR and dilated cardiomyopathy remains with severe left ventricular dysfunction and is currently in functional class III.</p>
      <p>No case of thromboembolism was detected in the late follow-up. Bacterial endocarditis occurred twice: one in the right ventricular outflow tract homograft causing one of the late deaths and another in the pulmonary autograft which despite having been eradicated with the use of antibiotics resulted in severe heart valve regurgitation because of perforation of one the valve cusps; thus reoperation was required. No recurrences were observed among the 10 patients undergoing surgery because of infeccious endocarditis.</p>
      <p>In the follow-up 11 reoperations were performed. They are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>. The interval between the primary operation and the reoperation ranged from 6 to 60 months. Two patients underwent reoperation with simultaneous dysfunction of the valve auto and homograft; three patients had pulmonary autograft dysfunction; two of the right valve homograft; two underwent surgery because of progression of rheumatic mitral valve disease; one patient required coronary artery bypass grafting because of ostial lesion of the left coronary artery; and one patient who had tricuspid endocarditis that progressed to the ring of the pulmonary autograft required aortic and tricuspid replacement. No deaths occurred in the reoperations. The probability of freedom from reoperation was 92.3% (95%CI &#150; 87.8% - 96.8%) after 10 years of follow-up. The probability of survival and freedom from reoperation at 10 years was 89.4% (95%CI = 84.3% - 94.5%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Pulmonary autograft replacement was required in six patients, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In four of these cases, primary dysfunction with autograft regurgitation occurred. Three underwent surgery with the subcoronary implantation procedure, and one with the inclusion procedure. The dysfunction resulted from a technical problem in two cases, sequela of bacterial endocarditis in one, and inadequate autograft in the other. All had their pulmonary autografts replaced by cryopreserved aortic homografts.</p>
      <p>No patients undergoing surgery with the total aortic root replacement procedure required reoperation because of primary dysfunction of the pulmonary autograft.</p>
      <p>One patient developed bacterial endocarditis in the tricuspid heart valve, which progressed to the Teflon strip around the pulmonary autograft with formation of a significant paravalvar abscess. Although the pulmonary autograft had not been affected by the infeccious process and had a normal function, it was injured during debridement of the infected tissues, and the patient had to undergo placement of biologic prostheses in the aortic and tricuspid positions.</p>
      <p>One patient presented pseudoaneurysm in the proximal suture line of the pulmonary autograft with the aortic ring, which could be corrected directly without valve replacement.</p>
      <p>In the last echocardiographic assessment, 152 pulmonary autografts were competent or showed trivial regurgitation, 10 presented mild regurgitation, whereas four patients had moderate heart valve regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Three of them underwent surgery in 1995. They were rheumatic and the autografts were implanted with the total root replacement procedure. In the first case, the heart valve regurgitation had already been graded as moderate in the 1st year of follow-up and remained unchanged up to the 9th year of follow-up. In the second patient, there was a strong suspicion of new rheumatic attacks because despite the development of moderate regurgitation in the pulmonary autograft the progression of the mitral valve disease was even more significant. In the third patient, the pulmonary autograft presented mild regurgitation in the 3rd year of follow-up, progressing to moderate in the 9th year of late follow-up.</p>
      <p>Another patient with aneurysm of the ascending aorta, bicuspid aortic valve and marked dilation of the aortic valve ring presented moderate heart valve regurgitation of the autograft as from the 6th postoperative month, but remained stable up to the second year of follow-up.</p>
      <p>The probability of freedom from reoperation with the pulmonary autograft was 96.4% (95%CI = 93.6% - 99.2%) at 10 years of follow-up, whereas 89% (95%CI = 79.6% - 93.6%) were free from reoperation and with a normofunctional autograft (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Pulmonary autograft gradients were consistently low both in the immediate phase and later. In the last echocardiographic assessment, mean peak instantaneous gradients was 8 &#177; 3.2mmHg (min = 2, max= 32). In only 2 cases the gradients were higher than 20 mmHg. In the first, the 24-mmHg residual gradient is found in the left ventricular outflow tract in a patient with congenital aortic and subaortic stenosis despite an enlargement using the Ross-Konno procedure. The second case results from recurrent rheumatic attack, and the patient has been currently diagnosed with moderate DAoL (gradient = 32 mmHg) and DMiL after 9 years of follow-up. As a result of the good hemodynamic performance of the autografts, the left ventricular mass decreased from 288&#177; 45g in the preoperative period to 197&#177;39g later.</p>
      <p>The dimensions of the autograft at the annulus, of the sinuses of Valsalva, and of the sinotubular junction in the 110 patients with late control echocardiogram performed in our institution are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>. These tests were performed after a mean 41-month follow-up (min=2, max=114). No aneurysmatic dilatations were observed in the autograft, and the largest dimension observed was 4.2 and 4.3 cm in the sinuses of Valsalva and in the sinotubular junction, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Four patients underwent reoperation to replace the valvar homograft in the right ventricular outflow tract. In all, the valvar cusps were morphologically normal; however, a significant perivascular fibrotic reaction with marked retraction and extrinsic compression of the arterial wall of the conduit causing diffuse tubular stenosis was observed.</p>
      <p>In addition, ten patients although asymptomatic had peak instantaneous gradients higher than 40 mmHg in the late echocardiographic assessment. In 8 of them, these gradients had already been detected in the first two years of postoperative follow-up and remained unchanged or had a slight progression in subsequent years. The probability of freedom from reoperation in the right heart valve homograft was 96.2% (95% CI = 94.1% - 98.3%) at 10 years of follow-up, and 85.5% (95% CI = 82.9% - 88.3%) are free from reoperation and with peak instantaneous gradients <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The reconstruction procedure and/or method of homograft preservation had a significant influence on the late gradients found in the right ventricular outflow tract. In group 1 (conventional homografts, without pericardial extension) mean peak instantaneous gradients was 24.2&#177;17.7mmHg, and 9 patients (13.4%) had a gradient higher than 40 mmHg. In group 2 (conventional homografts with proximal extension performed with pericardium) the peak instantaneous gradient was 17.2&#177;11.8 mmHg, and only 1 patient (4.1%) had a gradient higher than 40mmHg. In group 3 (decellularized homografts), the peak instantaneous gradient was 10.7&#177;4.4mmHg, and the highest gradient observed in this group was 22mmHg.</p>
      <p>The univariate analysis of risk factors for the development of high gradients in the right ventricular outflow tract demonstrated that, in addition to the method of homograft preservation, only a patient's age - under 20 years - was associated with late stenoses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0583-00006-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study corroborates the thesis that the Ross operation is a safe option in the surgical treatment of children and young adults with aortic heart valve disease. The hospital mortality of 3.5% seems quite acceptable especially when the complexity of our cases which include mitral-aortic patients, reoperations, aneurysms of the ascending aorta and bacterial endocarditis in native heart valves and prosthetic valves is considered. The increased risks of the Ross operation in these circumstances have already been extensively discussed<sup>5</sup>. In addition, with a larger experience we were able to improve immediate results even further so that only one hospital death occurred in the past eighty cases operated.</p>
      <p>The advantages of the use of a physiological valve substitute were evidenced by the excellent late survival with absence of thromboembolic events even when no anticogulation therapy was used, as well as the low prevalence of infectious complications, and the significant functional recovery. Although this study is not comparative, the longer survival and improved quality of life in patients undergoing Ross operation when compared to other valvar substitutes have already been well documented by other authors<sup>2,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the occasional need of late reoperations in the valve auto and/or homograft remains the major concern following the procedure.</p>
      <p>More recently, some authors have reported progressive dilation and aortic valve regurgitation as the major cause of late reoperation in patients undergoing the Ross operation with the total root replacement procedure. David et al analyzed 118 patients with a mean follow-up duration of 44 months and found 7 cases of moderate or severe aortic regurgitation, which represented 92% of freedom from this complication after 6 years of follow-up. According to the authors, patients with bicuspid aortic valve and aortic ring dilation comprise a subset of patients more prone to late dilation, because they have more marked degenerative alterations in the wall of the ascending aorta and pulmonary truncus<sup>7</sup>. In Elkins et al's experience, only 86% of the patients were free from reoperation in pulmonary autograft after 8 years of follow-up. In 206 patients with a mean 28-month follow-up 11 reoperations were necessary because of valvar regurgitation, and annular dilation was the most frequent cause. Using multiple regression analysis, they found that preoperative diagnosis of aortic stenosis, previous sternotomy, and the total root replacement procedure were factors that decreased the risk of development of late valve regurgitation<sup>5</sup>. On the other hand, in David et al's experience the inclusion procedure was associated with less dilation and valve regurgitation than the total aortic root replacement procedure<sup>7</sup>. Kouchoukos et al reoperated 11 pulmonary autografts among 119 patients with a mean 51-month follow-up. The majority of the reoperations occurred after the fifth year of follow-up, and progressive autograft dilation was the most common cause. The probability of freedom from reoperation in the pulmonary autograft was only 75% at ten years. As an addendum to their publication, the authors informed that seven additional patients were reoperated because of aortic regurgitation between 5.5 and 11.5 years of follow-up<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results do not corroborate these observations; they show significant differences not only in the prevalence but also in the way and temporal relation of this complication. In the 227 patients of this series, only 6 underwent reoperation because of autograft dysfunction, which resulted in 96% free from this event at 10 years of follow-up. All reoperations were necessary before the fifth postoperative year, and technical failure and bacterial endocarditis were the most frequent causes of dysfunction. It is important to point out that none of the patients undergoing surgery with the total aortic root replacement was reoperated in the first ten years. Of the four patients with late moderate AoR none had dilation of the annulus and of the sinuses of Valsalva. In two of our cases, there is a strong suspicion of new rheumatic attacks as the cause. Data similar to ours were reported by Carr-White et al who did not demonstrate dilations greater than 20% in the autografts of 49 patients with up to 4 years of follow-up<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several factors may influence the dilation of the pulmonary autograft. Details in the surgical procedure such as intra-annular implantation, space orientation of the graft, reinforcement of the proximal suture with Teflon or pericardium strips, and correction of discrepancies between the diameters of the autograft and the proximal and distal portions of the aorta are not performed evenly among the surgical groups<sup>18-20</sup>. The adequate control of blood pressure, especially in the first few postoperative months, may also be significant because in this phase the pulmonary arterial wall is not yet adequately remodeled to support systemic pressures<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies demonstrated that the pulmonary arterial wall of patients undergoing the Ross operation had varying degrees of defficiency and fragmentation of its elastic fibers preoperatively, especially in those with bicuspid aortic valve<sup>7,18</sup>. In most of the American series with the Ross operation, bicuspid aortic valve is the most frequent etiology, which can explain the high incidence of late dilation<sup>8</sup>. Our series is comprised of 60% of rheumatic patients and this can, at least in part, justify the difference in the results. In addition, our mean 44-month follow-up may also be insufficient for more definitive conclusions, which emphasizes the need of a continued observation of these patients. The late dimensions observed here suggest that the pulmonary autograft geometry is different from that of the native aortic root, and sinotubular junction diameters are significantly larger than those at the annulus. Our measurements are similar to those presented by Carr-White et al, and the fact that the duration of our follow-up is much longer reinforces the stability and maintenance of autograft diameters throughout time<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect in the Ross operation is related to the growth potential when implanted in children<sup>21</sup>. Elkins et al analyzed 86 children undergoing this surgery and demonstrated that the growth of the pulmonary autograft was proportional to the somatic development. Unfortunately, in our case series data regarding dimensions of the ring, of the sinuses of Valsalva and of the sinotubular junction were only collected in the late assessment and could not be systematically compared to the immediate postoperative dimensions, which prevents us from documenting the growth of the pulmonary autograft in our pediatric patients.</p>
      <p>The involvement of the pulmonary autograft in new attacks of rheumatic disease has already been recorded by other authors, and this is probably the cause of moderate AoR in two of our cases. For this reason, the adequate prophylaxis against this disease should be strictly followed<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although valve homografts last longer in the right side of the circulation because of lower pressure levels, they are also subject to dysfunction and the need of reoperations. The possibility of stenosis due to retraction of the arterial wall of the conduit or located in the area of the distal anastomosis is a well-established complication following the Ross Operation<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our experience corroborates other authors' observation, demonstrating that although homografts show a normal hemodynamic performance immediately after surgery, a mild/moderate increase in gradients frequently occurs as a result of fibrotic retraction of the conduits. This is an early process occurring in the first two postoperative years and which tends to stabilize thereafter. In most of the patients, peak instantaneous gradients did not exceed 20 mmHg and probably have a limited clinical impact. However, in some cases the inflammatory reaction is more intense, causing more severe stenosis and reoperation may be required. As already demonstrated in other studies, children and adolescents have a higher risk of developing this complication and this also occurred in our series<sup>9,10,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 114 patients undergoing the Ross performed by Ward et al, 20% showed peak instantaneous gradients between 25-40 mmHg in the pulmonary homograft and in 4% of the cases this gradient was higher than 50 mmHg. In patients with severe stenosis, the high gradients were detected early, between the 4th and 12th postoperative months. Using echocardiography the authors concluded that most of the homografts show an approximately 15% retraction or more in some cases. As a result, they recommend the routine use of oversized homografts<sup>10</sup>. However, our experience corroborates Moidl et al's observations that the use of oversized homografts by itself was not enough to prevent this complication<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Carr-White et al conducted a detailed study on the performance of homografts in the Ross Operation and detected pulmonary gradients higher than 30 mmHg in 17% of the cases, and higher than 50 mmHg in approximately one third. In patients who developed late gradients, the magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated not only a circumferential retraction in the conduits, but also an approximately 40% reduction in their length. Among the possible cause for this retraction, the authors suggest that the tension on the conduit wall may cause the release of tissue factors that stimulate a fibrotic healing reaction<sup>9</sup>. These findings encouraged us to modify the procedure of the reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, by elongating the proximal portion of the homografts with pericardium patches and by relieving the tension in the graft body and in the anastomoses (group 2). As a result, a reduction in late gradients occurred (group 1 = 24.2 mmHg versus group 2 = 17.2 mmHg), and only one patient undergoing this procedure had a gradient higher than 40 mmHg. The statistical difference between the groups was borderline (p = 0.06), but we believe that this was due to the relatively small number of cases studied. The efficiency of this maneuver in reducing late pulmonary gradients was corroborated by Betchet et al<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the mechanisms causing stenosis in right homografts are not completely understood, the occurrence of postoperative fever and the presence of a chronic inflammatory reaction in the adventitia with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate in explanted homografts suggest that immunological phenomena are involved<sup>9,10</sup>. In addition, several studies have demonstrated that the use of valve homografts results in elevation of circulating HLA class I and II antibodies. However, the correlation between the degree of immune rejection and late graft dysfunction is still controversial<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The decellularization process eliminates endotelial and interstitial cells from the cusps and arterial wall of homografts, significantly reducing their immunogenic potential which could, at least in theory, reduce or postpone the occurence of stenosis in homografts implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract<sup>28,29</sup>. In Betchel et al's experience, the use of decellularized homografts with Synergraft technology was efficient in reducing the immune reaction but did not prevent the development of late gradients<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our experience with decellularized homografts is not in line with that of Betchel et al's, possibly because of different decellularization techniques<sup>25,30</sup>. We recently published our results with decellularized homografts which confirm a significant reduction in antigenicity and in late gradients<sup>31</sup>. The patients in the present study (group 3) corroborate the thesis that up to 3 years of follow-up decellularized homografts have a normal hemodynamic performance with no elevation in late gradients. This fact is quite encouraging, given that in our experience the complications of right homografts were the most prevalent following the Ross Operation. Obviously, long-term results will be required to confirm the advantages of this new technology.</p>
      <p>The results with up to 10 years of follow-up have demonstrated that the Ross operation has been associated with an excellent late survival, low morbidity, and excellent functional recovery. The pulmonary autograft had a low incidence of dysfunction and no late dilations were observed during the follow-up. No patients undergoing surgery with the total aortic root replacement procedure were reoperated because of primary dysfunction. Modifications in the surgical and/or graft tissue preservation procedures minimized the problems related to the right ventricular outflow tract.</p>
      <p>Based on these results, we consider the Ross operation to be the best alternative in the surgical treatment of aortic valve disease in children and young patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa</p>
          <p> Rua Henrique Coelho Neto, 55 </p>
          <p> 82220-120 &#150; Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fcosta@mps.com.br">fcosta@mps.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 6, 2005; revised manuscript received August 17, 2005; accepted August 22, 2005.</p>
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