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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vwbM5hnvJpdFTsSczcSkXRB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001800004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001800004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ncope em pacientes com extra-s&#237;stoles de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito e sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ludovice</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>570</fpage>
      <lpage>574</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes com s&#237;ncope inexplicada e extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV), com morfologia de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente. M&#201;TODOS: Noventa pacientes (66 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 40,2 &#177; 16,95 anos) com EV monom&#243;rficas com origem na VSVD foram avaliados prospectivamente. Cinq&#252;enta e quatro pacientes apresentavam s&#237;ncopes ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes associadas ou n&#227;o a palpita&#231;&#245;es; 27 apresentavam palpita&#231;&#245;es sem pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope, e 9 eram assintom&#225;ticos. Todos foram submetidos a ecocardiograma, ECG de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e teste de esfor&#231;o para afastar cardiopatia estrutural e taquicardia ventricular adren&#233;rgico-dependente, e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter e monitor de eventos sintom&#225;ticos para correlacionar os sintomas com a arritmia. A investiga&#231;&#227;o de suscetibilidade a s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica foi avaliada pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI). Os grupos foram comparados quanto a sexo, idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia e complexidade das extra-s&#237;stoles, com e sem esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, resultado do TI e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. RESULTADOS: No grupo com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, o TI foi positivo em 38% dos casos e nos grupos com palpita&#231;&#245;es e assintom&#225;ticos, em 11% (p = 0,0257). Ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, 85% dos pacientes com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-sincope e TI positivo permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos durante seguimento m&#233;dio de 40 meses. Dois pacientes com s&#237;ncope e TI negativos apresentaram taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes com EV idiop&#225;ticas de VSVD &#233; alta. Pacientes com s&#237;ncope recorrente inexplicada e EV idiop&#225;ticas devem ser mantidos sob investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmias ventriculares</kwd>
        <kwd>taquicardia ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#237;ncope em pacientes com extra-s&#237;stoles de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito e sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Cristina Ludovice; Denise Tessariol Hachul; Francisco Carlos Darrieux; Silvana Cardoso Bastos; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar a preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes com s&#237;ncope inexplicada e extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV), com morfologia de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Noventa pacientes (66 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 40,2 &#177; 16,95 anos) com EV monom&#243;rficas com origem na VSVD foram avaliados prospectivamente. Cinq&#252;enta e quatro pacientes apresentavam s&#237;ncopes ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes associadas ou n&#227;o a palpita&#231;&#245;es; 27 apresentavam palpita&#231;&#245;es sem pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope, e 9 eram assintom&#225;ticos. Todos foram submetidos a ecocardiograma, ECG de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e teste de esfor&#231;o para afastar cardiopatia estrutural e taquicardia ventricular adren&#233;rgico-dependente, e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter e monitor de eventos sintom&#225;ticos para correlacionar os sintomas com a arritmia. A investiga&#231;&#227;o de suscetibilidade a s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica foi avaliada pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI). Os grupos foram comparados quanto a sexo, idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia e complexidade das extra-s&#237;stoles, com e sem esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, resultado do TI e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No grupo com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, o TI foi positivo em 38% dos casos e nos grupos com palpita&#231;&#245;es e assintom&#225;ticos, em 11% (p = 0,0257). Ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, 85% dos pacientes com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-sincope e TI positivo permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos durante seguimento m&#233;dio de 40 meses. Dois pacientes com s&#237;ncope e TI negativos apresentaram taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes com EV idiop&#225;ticas de VSVD &#233; alta. Pacientes com s&#237;ncope recorrente inexplicada e EV idiop&#225;ticas devem ser mantidos sob investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares, s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, arritmias ventriculares, taquicardia ventricular.</p>
    <p>As extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV) s&#227;o observadas com freq&#252;&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Ocorrem em aproximadamente 1% dos indiv&#237;duos submetidos a um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de rotina, e em 50% a 73%, quando submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do eletrocardiograma<sup>1</sup>. Em geral, n&#227;o provocam manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas graves em indiv&#237;duos com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e funcional<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>EV com morfologia sugestiva de origem na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) ao ECG s&#227;o freq&#252;entemente observadas. Esses pacientes podem apresentar pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes e s&#237;ncopes recorrentes, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel, na maioria das vezes, estabelecermos uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo com os sintomas durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do ECG.</p>
    <p>S&#237;ncope recorrente &#233; um sintoma alarmante. Em indiv&#237;duos portadores de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares n&#227;o raramente a etiologia da s&#237;ncope &#233; atribu&#237;da erroneamente a essa arritmia, independentemente da correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos sintomas com os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica &#233; a etiologia mais freq&#252;ente de s&#237;ncope em indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia aparente, n&#227;o sendo observado nesse grupo de pacientes aumento do risco cardiovascular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o normal<sup>3,4</sup>. Seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido pela hist&#243;ria sugestiva, pela n&#227;o-demonstra&#231;&#227;o de origem arr&#237;tmica e pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivo.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes com EV idiop&#225;ticas com origem na VSVD.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente noventa pacientes com m&#233;dia de 40,2 &#177; 16,95 anos de idade (entre seis e 79 anos), 66 do sexo feminino. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram: presen&#231;a de EV idiop&#225;ticas com morfologia sugestiva de origem na VSVD, caracterizadas ao ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es pela morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo com eixo do QRS desviado para direita (complexos QRS positivos em D2, D3 e AVF); isoladas ou repetitivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>), e cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: cardiopatia de qualquer etiologia (exceto prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral sem insufici&#234;ncia valvar); taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea ou induzida ao esfor&#231;o ou no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico; correla&#231;&#227;o de EV ou TVNS com os sintomas pr&#233;-sincopais ou sincopais, eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR) positivo; EV polim&#243;rficas.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos previamente a ampla avalia&#231;&#227;o subsidi&#225;ria para afastar displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito por ecocardiografia (ECO), resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica e eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR). Para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o da arritmia com os sintomas, os pacientes foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter de 24 horas; monitor de eventos sintom&#225;ticos (<italic>loop recorder</italic>) e teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da suscetibilidade a s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica. O TI foi realizado no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, de acordo com protocolo basal prolongado previamente descrito. Nos pacientes em que o TI basal prolongado apresentou-se negativo, foi realizado novo teste com sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica com 1,25 mg de dinitrato de isossorbida via sublingual<sup>5</sup>. Medidas gerais diet&#233;ticas e comportamentais foram orientadas para todos pacientes ap&#243;s o TI, no caso de resposta positiva. O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi institu&#237;do em caso de persist&#234;ncia de sintomas, ap&#243;s as orienta&#231;&#245;es iniciais. Os pacientes foram acompanhados ambulatorialmente a cada tr&#234;s meses. Avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais foram realizadas em caso de s&#237;ncope. Todos os pacientes consentiram em participar do protocolo de pesquisa, aprovado pela comiss&#227;o cient&#237;fica e de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - O tamanho amostral foi dimensionado para detectar diferen&#231;as maiores do que 20% na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com resultado positivo no TI entre os grupos de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder de teste igual a 80%. Os grupos de pacientes foram comparados quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, para dados em que a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade n&#227;o era satisfeita. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson<sup>6</sup> e o teste exato de Fisher<sup>7</sup> foram adotados para as compara&#231;&#245;es dos grupos quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foram realizadas com base nas parti&#231;&#245;es do qui-quadrado<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com a sintomatologia: I &#150; pacientes com s&#237;ncopes (com ou sem palpita&#231;&#245;es): n = 34; 24 mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 37,4 &#177; 15,6 anos (8 a 77, mediana = 39); II &#150; pacientes com pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes (com ou sem palpita&#231;&#245;es): n = 20; quinze mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 43,7 &#177; 13,4 anos (14 a 65, mediana = 47); III &#150; pacientes com palpita&#231;&#245;es, mas sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es de pr&#233;-sincope ou s&#237;ncope: n = 27; 22 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,8 &#177; 15,5 anos (14 a 73, mediana = 43); IV &#150; pacientes assintom&#225;ticos: n = 9; cinco mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 37 &#177; 23 anos (6 a 79, mediana = 27);</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas: idade (0,3901), sexo (0,1881) e n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares ao Holter de 24 horas (0,2128) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa. Quando analisamos a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de TVNS, seja ao ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es, Holter de 24 horas ou teste ergom&#233;trico, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,3613). No grupo com s&#237;ncope, dois pacientes apresentaram aumento no n&#250;mero das extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares ao esfor&#231;o; um deles apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica no pico do esfor&#231;o, desaparecendo ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o desse, sem manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero ou aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no comportamento das extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares ao estresse f&#237;sico. No grupo com palpita&#231;&#245;es observamos maior aumento no n&#250;mero das EV ao Holter de 24 horas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de assintom&#225;ticos, com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, embora sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Resultado do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o -</italic> Houve diferen&#231;a no comportamento dos grupos quanto &#224; positividade do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). Ao agruparmos os pacientes com s&#237;ncopes e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes e compararmos com os grupos com palpita&#231;&#245;es e assintom&#225;ticos, observamos diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao resultado do TI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Trinta e oito por cento dos pacientes com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope apresentaram resultado do TI positivo para etiologia neurocardiog&#234;nica, enquanto nos pacientes com palpita&#231;&#245;es e assintom&#225;ticos, apenas 11% foram positivos (p = 0,0257). Os pacientes com TI positivos foram mais jovens do que aqueles com TI negativos (34,28 &#177; 16,01 <italic>versus</italic> 42,63 &#177; 15,63 anos, respectivamente, com p = 0,0271)</p>
    <p><italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica -</italic> Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 37,7 &#177; 20,6 meses (mediana de quarenta meses). Os indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos foram mantidos sem medica&#231;&#227;o e nenhum apresentou manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas durante o seguimento.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com palpita&#231;&#245;es e correla&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas com as EV receberam bloqueadores beta-adren&#233;rgicos, ou antiarr&#237;tmicos. O controle cl&#237;nico foi obtido em dezesseis pacientes (59,3%). Onze pacientes (40,7%) apresentaram persist&#234;ncia dos sintomas, sendo submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 21 pacientes com s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e TI positivos, oito (38%) apresentaram remiss&#227;o dos sintomas apenas com medidas gerais. Dos treze (62%) pacientes que receberam tamb&#233;m o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, somente tr&#234;s apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas durante o seguimento. Assim, 85,7% dos pacientes com TI positivo tornaram-se assintom&#225;ticos, e 14,3% apresentaram melhora dos sintomas durante o seguimento ambulatorial. Em nenhum desses pacientes foi documentada taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS) no seguimento. Entretanto, dois pacientes com s&#237;ncope e TI negativo apresentaram TVS durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. As TVS foram bem toleradas, e interrompidas na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. N&#227;o houve nenhum &#243;bito no seguimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstra que pacientes com EV com morfologia sugestiva de origem na VSVD e cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal, que se apresentam com s&#237;ncopes recorrentes inexplicadas, a etiologia vasovagal deve ser investigada e sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; alta (41%). Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; relevante, pois pacientes com s&#237;ncope recorrente e EV ao ECG podem ter taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas ou n&#227;o sustentadas como causa das s&#237;ncopes, com progn&#243;stico e tratamento distintos<sup>10</sup>. Nesses casos, duas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas potencialmente associadas com risco de morte s&#250;bita devem ser investigadas e afastadas, a displasia ventricular arritmog&#234;nica e a taquicardia ventricular catecolamin&#233;rgica, condi&#231;&#245;es em que a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope &#233; um marcador de risco para presen&#231;a de taquicardias sustentadas e morte s&#250;bita. Em nosso estudo, ecocardiograma e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o foram realizados sistematicamente e utilizados como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o dos portadores com suspeita de displasia ventricular arritmog&#234;nica. A ventriculografia por radiois&#243;topos tamb&#233;m foi realizada nos casos duvidosos, e pacientes com VD aumentado ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram exclu&#237;dos. Pacientes com taquicardia catecolamin&#233;rgica apresentam, caracteristicamente, s&#237;ncope ao esfor&#231;o, e esse foi um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o no recrutamento dos pacientes. Adicionalmente, a presen&#231;a de EV polim&#243;rficas ao esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m foi um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Portanto, esse foi um grupo altamente selecionado. O fato de os exames para identifica&#231;&#227;o dessas s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas se mostrarem negativos &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o tranq&#252;ilizadora para os pacientes com extra-s&#237;stoles com origem na via de sa&#237;da com s&#237;ncopes recorrentes; entretanto, a falta de um diagn&#243;stico conclusivo da etiologia da sincope &#233; motivo de inseguran&#231;a para os pacientes, suas fam&#237;lias, e mesmo para os m&#233;dicos assistentes, que acabam prescrevendo f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos empiricamente.</p>
    <p>O teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, m&#233;todo utilizado para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ncope vasovagal, &#233; bastante espec&#237;fico, embora seu &#237;ndice de positividade n&#227;o ultrapasse 60% segundo a literatura<sup>11-13</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que alguns pacientes que persistiram com s&#237;ncope inexplicada tivessem tamb&#233;m a etiologia vasovagal, mas a baixa sensibilidade do TI n&#227;o permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o deles. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; pode ser definido pela documenta&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada do ECG pelos monitores de eventos externos ou implant&#225;veis. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico tamb&#233;m pode ser um m&#233;todo adicional na elucida&#231;&#227;o de alguns casos. Em nosso estudo, os dois casos de TVS documentados durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o ocorreram em pacientes que persistiram com s&#237;ncope inexplicada. Esse achado sugere que, embora com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal, o prosseguimento da investiga&#231;&#227;o com EEF deveria ser recomendada em pacientes com recorr&#234;ncias freq&#252;entes, e, quando negativa, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada de eventos deve ser considerada<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes de nosso estudo permaneceu assintom&#225;tica durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico. O mecanismo pelo qual o betabloqueador atua no controle dos sintomas n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido. Krittayaphong e cols.<sup>17</sup> estudaram pacientes com EV com origem na VSVD e observaram que o atenolol promoveu melhora dos sintomas cl&#237;nicos e diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia dessa arritmia ao Holter de 24 horas. Por&#233;m, os pacientes tratados com placebo tamb&#233;m apresentaram melhora dos sintomas, embora n&#227;o tenha havido varia&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia da arritmia ventricular na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a a id&#233;ia de que os sintomas desses pacientes n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente relacionados &#224; arritmia ventricular, mas possam estar associados a dist&#250;rbios do tono auton&#244;mico ou psicog&#234;nico. Hayashi e cols.<sup>18</sup> demonstraram que a predomin&#226;ncia do tono simp&#225;tico exerce um papel importante no desencadeamento de EV repetitivas ou TVS em pacientes com arritmia da VSVD sem cardiopatia estrutural, e que o propranolol n&#227;o somente &#233; capaz de diminuir a densidade de extra-s&#237;stoles, como tamb&#233;m a sua complexidade.</p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, palpita&#231;&#245;es foram os sintomas mais recorrentes. Mesmo nos dois pacientes com documenta&#231;&#227;o de TV sustentada espont&#226;nea durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica essas se correlacionaram com palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas e n&#227;o com s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de etiologia neurocardiog&#234;nica em pacientes com s&#237;ncope e EV origin&#225;rias na VSVD sem cardiopatia estrutural &#233; alta e deve ser sempre investigada, identificando pacientes que apresentam evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel e benigna. Nos pacientes que permanecem com s&#237;ncope inexplicada recorrente, a investiga&#231;&#227;o invasiva (EEF) deve ser considerada, assim como a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial prolongada do ECG.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Denise Tessariol Hachul </p>
        <p> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205 </p>
        <p> 05688-021 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dhachul@cardiol.br">dhachul@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/10/05; revisado recebido em 21/11/05; aceito em 22/11/05.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Syncope in patients with right ventricle outflow tract premature beats and no apparent structural cardiopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Study the prevalence of neurocardiogenic etiology in patients with unexplained syncope and ventricular premature beats, with right ventricle outflow tract morphology (RVOT) and no apparent structural cardiopathy. METHODS: Ninety patients (66 women, mean age 40.2&#177;16.95 years of age) with monomorphic premature beats originated at RVOT were evaluated prospectively. Fifty-four patients reported syncopes or near-syncopes associated to palpitations or not; twenty-seven presented palpitations with no pre-syncope or syncope, and nine were asymptomatic. All patients were submitted to echocardiogram, high resolution ECG and cardiac MRI to rule out structural cardiopathy, to exertion test to rule out adrenergic dependent ventricular tachycardia, and ECG prolonged outpatient monitoring (Holter and symptomatic events monitor) to correlate symptoms and ventricular arrhythmias. Investigation on the susceptibility to neurocardiogenic syncope was evaluated by Tilt Table Test (TTT). Groups were compared regarding gender, age, premature beats frequency and complexity, at exertion or not, TTT results and clinical course. RESULTS: In the syncope and pre-syncope groups, TTT was positive for 38% of cases, and in groups with palpitations and assymptomatics, it was positive for 11% (p = 0.0257). After recommendations and treatment of neurocardiogenic syncope, 85% of syncope and pre-syncope patients and positive TTT was asymptomatic along the 40-month follow-up. Two patients with syncope and negative TTT presented spontaneous, sustained ventricular tachycardia during clinic course. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of neurocardiogenic syncope in patients with idiopathic RVOT premature beats is high. Patients with recurrent, unexplained syncope and idiopathic VE must be kept under investigation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular premature beats</kwd>
        <kwd>neurocardiogenic syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular tachycardia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Syncope in patients with right ventricle outflow tract premature beats and no apparent structural cardiopathy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Cristina Ludovice; Denise Tessariol Hachul; Francisco Carlos Darrieux; Silvana Cardoso Bastos; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Study the prevalence of neurocardiogenic etiology in patients with unexplained syncope and ventricular premature beats, with right ventricle outflow tract morphology (RVOT) and no apparent structural cardiopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ninety patients (66 women, mean age 40.2&#177;16.95 years of age) with monomorphic premature beats originated at RVOT were evaluated prospectively. Fifty-four (54) patients reported syncopes or near-syncopes associated to palpitations or not; twenty-seven (27) presented palpitations with no pre-syncope or syncope, and nine (9) were asymptomatic. All patients were submitted to echocardiogram, high resolution ECG and cardiac MRI to rule out structural cardiopathy, to exertion test to rule out adrenergic dependent ventricular tachycardia, and ECG prolonged outpatient monitoring (Holter and symptomatic events monitor) to correlate symptoms and ventricular arrhythmias. Investigation on the susceptibility to neurocardiogenic syncope was evaluated by Tilt Table Test (TTT). Groups were compared regarding gender, age, premature beats frequency and complexity, at exertion or not, TTT results and clinical course.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the syncope and pre-syncope groups, TTT was positive for 38% of cases, and in groups with palpitations and assymptomatics, it was positive for 11% (p = 0.0257). After recommendations and treatment of neurocardiogenic syncope, 85% of syncope and pre-syncope patients and positive TTT was asymptomatic along the 40-month follow-up. Two patients with syncope and negative TTT presented spontaneous, sustained ventricular tachycardia during clinic course.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The prevalence of neurocardiogenic syncope in patients with idiopathic RVOT premature beats is high. Patients with recurrent, unexplained syncope and idiopathic VE must be kept under investigation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular premature beats, neurocardiogenic syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <p>Ventricular premature beats (VPB) are frequently seen in clinical practice. They occur in approximately 1% of individuals submitted to a routine ECG, and in 50% to 73% of those submitted to outpatient ECG monitoring<sup>1</sup>. Generally speaking, they do not trigger serious clinical manifestations in individuals with normal heart at anatomic and functional evaluation<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>VPBs with right ventricle outflow tract morphology (RVOT) at ECG are frequently seen. Those patients may present recurring near-syncopes and syncopes, and most times it is not possible to establish a correlation between rhythm changes and the symptoms during outpatient ECG monitoring.</p>
      <p>Recurrent syncope is an alarming symptom. Syncope etiology is many times erroneously associated to that arrhythmia in individuals irrespective of the clinical correlation between symptoms and electrocardiographic findings.</p>
      <p>The neurocardiogenic syncope is the most common syncope etiology in individuals without apparent cardiopathy. It has not been reported a higher cardiovascular risk in that group of patients when compared to the normal population <sup>3,4</sup>. Diagnosis is reached by suggestive history, by the non-demonstration of arrhythmic causes and by positive TTT.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of neurocardiogenic syncope in patients with idiopathic RVOT premature beats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ninety patients were investigated prospectively: mean age 40.2 &#177; 16.95 (ranging between 7 and 79 years of age), being 66 of them females. Inclusion criteria included: the presence of idiopathic RVOT premature beats, characterized by left bundle branch block morphology and positive QRS complexes in D2, D3 and AVF at 12-lead ECG; isolated or repetitive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), and normal heart. Exclusion criteria included: cardiopathy of any etiology (except mitral valve prolapse with no valvar insufficiency); spontaneous or induced sustained ventricular tachycardia; correlation between PB or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) with symptoms, positive signal-average ECG and polymorphic PB.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Patients were previously submitted to subsidiary evaluation to rule out right ventricle arrythmogenic dysplasia through echocardiography (ECHO), cardiac MRI, radioisotopic ventriculography, and signal average ECG. To investigate the correlation between arrhythmia and symptoms, patients were submitted to 24-hour Holter monitoring, to loop recorder, and ergometric test.</p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to Tilt Table Test (TTT) to evaluate their susceptibility to neurocardiogenic syncope. TTT was carried out in the morning, following prolonged baseline protocol, as previously described. Patients who had a negative prolonged baseline TTT were submitted to a pharmacological test with sublingual 1.25 mg of isosorbide dinitrate administration<sup>5</sup>. General diet and behavior recommendations were given to all patients after TTT whenever there was a positive response. If symptoms persisted, pharmacological treatment was started after initial recommendations. Patients were evaluated every three months at the outpatient unit. Additional evaluation was carried out whenever syncope occurred. All patients agreed to participate in the research protocol, which was approved by the Institutional Scientific and Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Sample size was designed to detect differences higher than 20% in number of patients with positive results for TTT among groups of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, with significance level at 5% and test power at 80%. The groups of patients were compared as to quantitative variables by using variance analysis for data with normal distribution; Kruskal-Wallis test was used for data whenever the assumption of normality was not met. Pearson<sup>6</sup> chi-square test and Fisher<sup>7</sup> exact test were used for qualitative variables in group comparisons. Multiple comparisons were carried out based on chi-square partitions <sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were divided into four groups, following symptomatology: I &#150; patients with syncopes (with or without palpitations): n = 34; 24 females: mean age 37.4 &#177; 15.6 years of age (8 to 77, median = 39 years of age); II &#150; patients with near-syncopes (with or without palpitations): n = 20; 15 females: mean age 43.7 &#177; 13.4 years of age (14 to 65, median = 47 years of age); II &#150; patients with palpitations but no pre-syncope or syncope manifestations: n = 27; 22 females, mean age 42.8 &#177; 15.5 (14 to 73, median = 43 years of age); IV &#150; asymptomatic patients: n = 9; 5 females, mean age: 37 &#177; 23 (6 to 79, median = 27 years of age);</p>
      <p>The comparison between groups in regard to clinical variations: age (0.3901), gender (0.1881) and number of ventricular PB under 24-hour Holter (0.2128) did not show significant difference. When the presence or absence of NSVT was investigated &#150; at the 12-lead ECG, 24-hour Holter or ergometric test &#150; no significant difference was found between groups (p = 0.3613). In the syncope group, two patients presented increase in ventricular PB on exertion; one of them presented paroxistic atrial fibrillation at peak of effort, which disappeared after exertion period was interrupted, with no clinical manifestation. Most patients presented decrease in number or absence of changes in ventricular PB behavior under physical stress. In the group with palpitations a higher number of PB under 24-hour Holter was observed as compared to the asymptomatics, and to the syncope and near-syncope group, although with no statistic difference (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Tilt table test results</italic> - The groups reported differences regarding TTT positivity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref>). While grouping patients with syncopes and near-syncopes and comparing them with groups with palpitations and asymptomatic, significant difference was observed regarding results for the TTT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e03f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e03f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Thirty-eight percent of patients in the syncope and near-syncope group presented positive TTT for neurocardiogenic etiology whereas only 11% of patients with palpitations and asymptomatic presented the same result (p = 0.0257). Patients with positive TTT were younger than those with negative TTT (34.28 &#177; 16.01 <italic>versus</italic> 42.63 &#177; 15.63 years of age, respectively, with p = 0.0271).</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical course -</italic> Patients were followed for an average period of 37.7 &#177; 20.6 months (median = 40 months). Asymptomatic individuals were kept under no medication, and none reported clinical manifestation during follow-up.</p>
      <p>Patients with palpitations and correlation between symptoms and PB received beta-blockers or anti-arrhythmic drugs. Clinical control was reached in sixteen patients (59.3%). Eleven patients (40.7%) presented persistence of symptoms, and were submitted to radiofrequency ablation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e03f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e03f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-05-0570-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>From the 21 patients with syncope and near-syncope and positive TTT, 8 (38%) presented remission of symptoms with general recommendations only. From the 13 (62%) patients who also received pharmacological treatment, only 3 presented recurrence of symptoms during the follow-up. Therefore, 85.7% of patients with positive TTT turned asymptomatic, and 14.3% presented improvement of symptoms during follow-up. None of those patients presented sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT). However, 2 patients with syncope and negative TTT presented SVT in their clinical course. SVT was well tolerated and interrupted at the emergency unit. No death was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrates that patients with RVOT premature beats and normal heart who present unexplained, recurrent syncope must have vasovagal etiology investigated &#150; and the prevalence is high (41%). Such information is relevant, since patients with recurring syncope and PB may present ventricular tachycardias &#150; sustained and not sustained &#150; as the cause of syncope, with distinctive prognostic and treatment<sup>10</sup>. In such cases, two clinical conditions potentially associated with the risk of sudden death must be investigated and ruled out &#150; arrhythmogenic ventricular displasia and catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia &#150; conditions under which the presence of syncope acts as a risk marker for the presence of sustained tachycardia and sudden death. In the present study, echocardiogram and cardiac MRI were carried out systematically, and used as exclusion criteria or patients with suspicion of arrythmogenic ventricular dysplasia. Radioisotopic ventriculography was also carried out for cases posing doubts; patients with enlarged RV or decreased ventricular function were excluded. Patients with catecholaminergic tachycardia typically present syncope on exertion and this was an exclusion criterion for patient recruiting. Additionally, the presence of polymorphic PB on exertion was also an exclusion criterion. Therefore, this was a highly selected group. Negative results from the exams for the identification of those clinical syndromes are tranquillizing for patients with outflow PB and recurring syncope. However, the lack of a conclusive diagnosis for syncope etiology makes patients and families feel insecure, as the assisting doctor as well, who end up empirically prescribing anti-arrhythmic drugs.</p>
      <p>The tilt table test - the method used to confirm vasovagal syncope diagnosis - is quite specific, although its positivity index does not exceed 60%, according to literature <sup>11-13</sup>. Some patients who have persisted in their unexplained syncope condition may have had the vasovagal etiology as well, although TTT low sensitivity has not allowed their identification. Under such condition, diagnosis can only be defined through data on the syncope during prolonged ECG monitoring by implantable or external events monitoring. An electrophysiologic study may be an additional method to elucidate some cases. In the present study, 2 cases of documented SVT during their course occurred in patients whose unexplained syncope persisted. That finding suggests that although the heart may be structurally normal, the investigation follow-up using electrophysiologic studies should be recommended for patients with frequent recurrences; whenever negative, prolonged monitoring of events must be considered <sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most patients in the present study showed to be kept asymptomatic during clinical follow-up. The action mechanism of beta blockers in symptom control is not clearly defined. Krittayaphong et al.<sup>17</sup> have studied patients with RVOT PB and have observed that atenolol helped to improve clinical symptoms and decrease arrhythmia frequency in the 24-hour Holter monitoring. But patients treated with placebo also showed improvement of symptoms, although no variations were reported for ventricular arrhythmia in the Holter monitoring. Such observation reiterates the idea that the symptoms reported by those patients are not fully related to ventricular arrhythmia, but rather, may be associated to autonomic tonus or psychogenic disorders. Hayashi et al<sup>18</sup> have demonstrated that the predominance of sympathetic tonus plays a relevant role in triggering repetitive VE or SVT in patients with RVOT arrhythmia without structural cardiopathy, and that propranolol not only can reduce PB density but also its complexity.</p>
      <p>In our materials, palpitations were the most recurring symptoms. Even the 2 patients with documented spontaneous, sustained VT during clinical course, VT was correlated to palpitations rather than with syncope or pre-syncope.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of neurocardiogenic etiology in patients with syncope and RVOT PB, with no structural cardiopathy is high and must always be investigated to identify patients with favorable and benign clinical course. For patients who are kept in their recurring, unexplained syncope condition invasive investigation (electrophysiologic studies) must be considered, as well as prolonged ECG outpatient unit monitoring.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>Denise Tessariol Hachul</p>
          <p> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205</p>
          <p> 05688-021 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="dhachul@cardiol.br">dhachul@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on October 25, 2005; manuscript received October 25, 2005; revised manuscript November 21, 2005; accepted November 21, 2005.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
