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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RmW5rwJJGFdsYqKBytpkGSn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700437</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Consenso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Consenso de especialistas (SBC/SBHCI) sobre o uso de stents farmacol&#243;gicos: recomenda&#231;&#245;es da sociedade brasileira de cardiologia/sociedade brasileira de hemodin&#226;mica e cardiologia intervencionista ao sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo R. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e162</fpage>
      <lpage>e167</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Os autores revisam a evolu&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, a sua crescente aplica&#231;&#227;o na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, seja no Brasil, seja no &#226;mbito mundial. Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, em 1977, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada do cateter-bal&#227;o, a constata&#231;&#227;o de que o mesmo tinha limita&#231;&#245;es (oclus&#227;o aguda e reestenose), a ado&#231;&#227;o dos stents coronarianos e, mais recentemente, o advento dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos, idealizados para reduzir ainda mais as taxas de reestenose, possibilitaram o crescimento exponencial da aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) no Brasil, superando a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e tornando-se o tratamento majorit&#225;rio para enfermos sintom&#225;ticos, acometidos de aterosclerose obstrutiva coronariana. Esta prefer&#234;ncia se salienta, a partir do ano 2000, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do reembolso dos stents pelo Sistema de &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de Brasileiro. Este fato demonstra a import&#226;ncia do Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de, quando este incorpora os avan&#231;os m&#233;dicos, e passa a oferecer bons padr&#245;es de tratamento cardiovascular a grande n&#250;mero de brasileiros. Destaca-se a complexidade da profilaxia da reestenose intra-stent, por sua ocorr&#234;ncia imprevis&#237;vel e ub&#237;qua. O controle deste fen&#244;meno melhora a qualidade de vida, reduzindo o retorno da angina do peito, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a re-interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os stents farmacol&#243;gicos lograram &#234;xito s&#243;lido e consistente na conquista deste objetivo de forma abrangente, beneficiando todas as apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas, em maior ou menor grau. Sua ado&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em outros pa&#237;ses s&#227;o discutidos, assim como a formaliza&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es preconizadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, para o seu reembolso pelo SUS. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em sa&#250;de &#233; um processo que compreende duas etapas distintas: na primeira, o registro do produto &#233; efetivado na Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA). Nesta etapa, a empresa interessada submete ao nosso &#243;rg&#227;o regulat&#243;rio os resultados dos estudos cl&#237;nicos que demonstram a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do novo produto, seja ele um f&#225;rmaco ou um novo dispositivo. Freq&#252;entemente, al&#233;m dos estudos cl&#237;nicos, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentados os registros de aprova&#231;&#227;o para uso cl&#237;nico obtido nas ag&#234;ncias regulat&#243;rias de outros pa&#237;ses, principalmente dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica e da Comunidade Europ&#233;ia. O cumprimento bem sucedido desta etapa significa que o medicamento ou o dispositivo pode ser prescrito ou utilizado pelos m&#233;dicos no Brasil. A segunda etapa da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em sa&#250;de envolve o reembolso ou o financiamento do tratamento aprovado na etapa anterior, com base na sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a. Esta etapa pode ser mais complexa do que a primeira, pois as novas tecnologias, sejam elas de substitui&#231;&#227;o ou de introdu&#231;&#227;o de novas modalidades de tratamento, s&#227;o habitualmente de custo mais elevado. Incorporar novas tecnologias exige a avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo efetividade, para permitir que os gestores dos recursos possam tomar decis&#245;es que atendam ao cen&#225;rio universal de recursos limitados, para financiar a sa&#250;de com tratamentos cada vez mais onerosos. As dificuldades de gest&#227;o dos recursos s&#227;o agravadas pelas implica&#231;&#245;es de &#233;tica m&#233;dica e social, que ocorrem quando um tratamento aprovado com base na sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a n&#227;o &#233; disponibilizado para pacientes com grande potencial de benef&#237;cio. No Brasil, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias, visando a seu reembolso ou financiamento, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; devidamente amadurecida, seja no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) ou no privado. A ado&#231;&#227;o destas tecnologias, nos dois sistemas, ainda ocorre lentamente e, freq&#252;entemente, como rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; exig&#234;ncia dos pacientes ou de organiza&#231;&#245;es que os representam, &#224;s vezes com a&#231;&#245;es judiciais, ou por press&#227;o pol&#237;tica dos m&#233;dicos e de suas respectivas sociedades cient&#237;ficas. Nosso objetivo &#233; revisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) no Brasil, sua situa&#231;&#227;o atual com o advento dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos, e a crescente participa&#231;&#227;o destes como modalidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, assim como comparar as normas regulat&#243;rias brasileiras e de outros paises, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incorpora&#231;&#227;o desta nova tecnologia, e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>reestenose</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CONSENSO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Consenso de especialistas (SBC/SBHCI) sobre o uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da sociedade brasileira de cardiologia/sociedade brasileira de hemodin&#226;mica e cardiologia intervencionista ao sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valter C. Lima; Luiz Alberto P. Mattos; Paulo R. A. Caramori; Marco A. Perin; Jos&#233; A. Mangione; Bruno M. Machado; Wilson M. C. Coelho; Ronaldo R. L. Bueno</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores revisam a evolu&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, a sua crescente aplica&#231;&#227;o na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, seja no Brasil, seja no &#226;mbito mundial. Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, em 1977, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada do cateter-bal&#227;o, a constata&#231;&#227;o de que o mesmo tinha limita&#231;&#245;es (oclus&#227;o aguda e reestenose), a ado&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos e, mais recentemente, o advento dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, idealizados para reduzir ainda mais as taxas de reestenose, possibilitaram o crescimento exponencial da aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) no Brasil, superando a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e tornando-se o tratamento majorit&#225;rio para enfermos sintom&#225;ticos, acometidos de aterosclerose obstrutiva coronariana. Esta prefer&#234;ncia se salienta, a partir do ano 2000, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do reembolso dos <italic>stents</italic> pelo Sistema de &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de Brasileiro. Este fato demonstra a import&#226;ncia do Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de, quando este incorpora os avan&#231;os m&#233;dicos, e passa a oferecer bons padr&#245;es de tratamento cardiovascular a grande n&#250;mero de brasileiros. Destaca-se a complexidade da profilaxia da reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>, por sua ocorr&#234;ncia imprevis&#237;vel e ub&#237;qua. O controle deste fen&#244;meno melhora a qualidade de vida, reduzindo o retorno da angina do peito, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a re-interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos lograram &#234;xito s&#243;lido e consistente na conquista deste objetivo de forma abrangente, beneficiando todas as apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas, em maior ou menor grau. Sua ado&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em outros pa&#237;ses s&#227;o discutidos, assim como a formaliza&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es preconizadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, para o seu reembolso pelo SUS. </p>
    <p> A incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em sa&#250;de &#233; um processo que compreende duas etapas distintas: na primeira, o registro do produto &#233; efetivado na Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA). Nesta etapa, a empresa interessada submete ao nosso &#243;rg&#227;o regulat&#243;rio os resultados dos estudos cl&#237;nicos que demonstram a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do novo produto, seja ele um f&#225;rmaco ou um novo dispositivo. Freq&#252;entemente, al&#233;m dos estudos cl&#237;nicos, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentados os registros de aprova&#231;&#227;o para uso cl&#237;nico obtido nas ag&#234;ncias regulat&#243;rias de outros pa&#237;ses, principalmente dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica e da Comunidade Europ&#233;ia. O cumprimento bem sucedido desta etapa significa que o medicamento ou o dispositivo pode ser prescrito ou utilizado pelos m&#233;dicos no Brasil. </p>
    <p> A segunda etapa da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em sa&#250;de envolve o reembolso ou o financiamento do tratamento aprovado na etapa anterior, com base na sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a. Esta etapa pode ser mais complexa do que a primeira, pois as novas tecnologias, sejam elas de substitui&#231;&#227;o ou de introdu&#231;&#227;o de novas modalidades de tratamento, s&#227;o habitualmente de custo mais elevado. </p>
    <p> Incorporar novas tecnologias exige a avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo efetividade, para permitir que os gestores dos recursos possam tomar decis&#245;es que atendam ao cen&#225;rio universal de recursos limitados, para financiar a sa&#250;de com tratamentos cada vez mais onerosos. As dificuldades de gest&#227;o dos recursos s&#227;o agravadas pelas implica&#231;&#245;es de &#233;tica m&#233;dica e social, que ocorrem quando um tratamento aprovado com base na sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a n&#227;o &#233; disponibilizado para pacientes com grande potencial de benef&#237;cio. </p>
    <p> No Brasil, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias, visando a seu reembolso ou financiamento, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; devidamente amadurecida, seja no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) ou no privado. A ado&#231;&#227;o destas tecnologias, nos dois sistemas, ainda ocorre lentamente e, freq&#252;entemente, como rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; exig&#234;ncia dos pacientes ou de organiza&#231;&#245;es que os representam, &#224;s vezes com a&#231;&#245;es judiciais, ou por press&#227;o pol&#237;tica dos m&#233;dicos e de suas respectivas sociedades cient&#237;ficas. </p>
    <p> Nosso objetivo &#233; revisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) no Brasil, sua situa&#231;&#227;o atual com o advento dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, e a crescente participa&#231;&#227;o destes como modalidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, assim como comparar as normas regulat&#243;rias brasileiras e de outros paises, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incorpora&#231;&#227;o desta nova tecnologia, e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angioplastia, <italic>stents</italic>, reestenose, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea: a evolu&#231;&#227;o do cateter-bal&#227;o at&#233; os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da ICP s&#227;o limitadas, desde a sua introdu&#231;&#227;o em 1977, devido &#224; possibilidade de oclus&#227;o aguda n&#227;o controlada do vaso em tratamento e a recorr&#234;ncia tardia da obstru&#231;&#227;o, entidade cl&#237;nica denominada de reestenose coronariana. Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o apenas do cateter-bal&#227;o, as taxas de reestenose variavam de 30% a 50% dos pacientes, sendo a sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o temporal, desde o primeiro at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s depois do procedimento. &#201; importante salientar que estas taxas eram observadas com um perfil cl&#237;nico e angiogr&#225;fico de complexidade significativamente menor, quando comparado com a dos pacientes contempor&#226;neos. Todos os recursos investigados para reduzir sua ocorr&#234;ncia, especialmente o uso de f&#225;rmacos de administra&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, falharam em lograr sucesso na sua redu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O primeiro dispositivo percut&#226;neo que promoveu significativa redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de reestenose coronariana foram os <italic>stents</italic>, uma endopr&#243;tese met&#225;lica expans&#237;vel. Os <italic>stents</italic> reduziram a reestenose em 30% a 35%, conforme demonstrado em tr&#234;s importantes estudos multic&#234;ntricos controlados (Benestent I<sup>1</sup> e II<sup>2</sup>, Stress<sup>3</sup>).</p>
    <p>Os <italic>stents</italic> eliminaram o recolhimento el&#225;stico imediato e o remodelamento negativo, fen&#244;menos f&#237;sicos respons&#225;veis por dois ter&#231;os da perda da luz coronariana, ap&#243;s uma ICP com o bal&#227;o. Al&#233;m de reduzir a reestenose, os <italic>stents</italic> aumentaram a seguran&#231;a e a previsibilidade imediata da ICP, reduzindo a ocorr&#234;ncia da oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda de 4% a 11% para 0.5% a 2%<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a evid&#234;ncia destes dois benef&#237;cios, os <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos foram incorporados como a t&#233;cnica preferida para a efetiva&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. Desde sua aprova&#231;&#227;o para uso cl&#237;nico, em 1994, o &#237;ndice de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o cresceu em todos os pa&#237;ses, at&#233; atingir a marca de 85% a 90%<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>No contexto do SUS, o volume de pacientes tratados com a ICP superou aquele tratado com a cirurgia, no ano 2000, ano que coincide com o in&#237;cio do reembolso dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). Este tipo de informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve servir para ocultar o fato de que o atendimento cardiovascular de alta complexidade, no Brasil, ainda se caracteriza por uma grave limita&#231;&#227;o de recursos. Estima-se que, em nosso pa&#237;s, realizam-se apenas 251 angioplastias coronarianas, por milh&#227;o de habitantes, por ano (CENIC <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sbhci.org.br">www.sbhci.org.br</ext-link> e DATA-SUS <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.datasus.gov.br">www.datasus.gov.br</ext-link>). Isto se compara muito desfavoravelmente &#224; oferta deste procedimento em pa&#237;ses tais como o Uruguai (836), Porto Rico (728), Inglaterra (894), Canad&#225; (900), Espanha (580), Portugal (530) e Pol&#244;nia (484) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.solaci.org/docs/registro_1998_2003.ppt#1">http://www.solaci.org/docs/registro_1998_2003.ppt#1</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bcis.org.uk">www.bcis.org.uk</ext-link>). &#201; importante ressaltar que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a coronariana, no Brasil, n&#227;o &#233; menor do que a dos pa&#237;ses citados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e162-00037-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reestenose intra<italic>-stent</italic>: uma limita&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A resposta vascular ao trauma decorrente da libera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> e a sua presen&#231;a permanente resultam em prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal de grau variado. Quando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal reacional &#233; exagerada, ocorre importante redu&#231;&#227;o da luz coronariana<sup>8-13</sup>. A experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica com os <italic>stents</italic> permitiu identificar os principais fatores preditores deste fen&#244;meno, agora denominado de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>. Estes s&#227;o habitualmente divididos entre aqueles relacionados ao paciente (diabete melito), &#224; estenose tratada, seja no comprimento (&gt;15 mm) ou no pequeno di&#226;metro da luz coronariana (vaso com di&#226;metro &lt;3 mm), e ao procedimento (estenose residual &gt;30%). Pacientes com a presen&#231;a de uma ou mais destas vari&#225;veis exibem taxas significativamente maiores, podendo atingir at&#233; 50%. &#201; importante salientar que sua ocorr&#234;ncia &#233; imprevis&#237;vel, e sua incid&#234;ncia, ub&#237;qua.</p>
    <p>A reestenose cl&#237;nica, tamb&#233;m denominada de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo, &#233; composta da associa&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de estenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> significativa (&gt;50%), com a presen&#231;a de sintomas anginosos ou de provas funcionais positivas para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Suas taxas s&#227;o, em m&#233;dia, 50% inferiores &#224;s da reestenose angiogr&#225;fica. Um novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio, seja percut&#226;neo ou, por vezes, cir&#250;rgico, necessitando de nova interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>O advento dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos s&#227;o a associa&#231;&#227;o do suporte mec&#226;nico fornecido pelo implante do <italic>stent</italic> (aboli&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento negativo), com a libera&#231;&#227;o local e controlada de medicamentos com uma a&#231;&#227;o antiproliferativa.</p>
    <p>As exig&#234;ncias para o sucesso desta nova tecnologia s&#227;o: f&#225;rmacos antiproliferativos (com mecanismo citost&#225;tico ou citot&#243;xico) eficazes e com m&#237;nima ou nenhuma toxicidade, sistema de libera&#231;&#227;o previs&#237;vel e program&#225;vel (pol&#237;meros), com uma baixa trombogenicidade.</p>
    <p>At&#233; 2004, apenas dois medicamentos, o sirolimus e o paclitaxel, liberados a partir de dois <italic>stents</italic> diferentes, Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup> e Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>, respectivamente, atingiram extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica bem sucedida. Ambos os sistemas de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos t&#234;m em comum o fato de que os medicamentos s&#227;o armazenados e liberados de forma controlada, a partir de pol&#237;meros.</p>
    <p>Os estudos cl&#237;nicos do <italic>stent</italic> revestido com sirolimus (Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>) tiveram como base a observa&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o na ordem de 50%, na prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal em modelos de angioplastia com bal&#227;o em porcos, ap&#243;s sua administra&#231;&#227;o por via oral ou intramuscular. O primeiro estudo cl&#237;nico foi realizado por Sousa e colaboradores, no Brasil, com excepcional seguimento cl&#237;nico, angiogr&#225;fico e ultra-sonogr&#225;fico<sup>14-16</sup>. Nesta s&#233;rie inicial de 30 pacientes, a redu&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia neointimal foi da ordem de 80%, com taxas da perda tardia da luz do vaso-alvo inferiores a 0,20 mm, taxas estas mantidas em avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica seriada, ap&#243;s quatro anos do implante inicial.</p>
    <p>A partir desta s&#233;rie inicial, seguiram-se v&#225;rios outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados, com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes e com espectro crescente de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia da reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>, isto &#233;, incorporando o tratamento de pacientes com progressiva adversidade cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica. Todos demonstraram, de forma consistente e homog&#234;nea, a efic&#225;cia desta tecnologia em reduzir a reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> cl&#237;nica, de 15% para taxas inferiores a 5% (Ravel<sup>17</sup>, Sirius<sup>18</sup>, C-Sirius<sup>19</sup> e E-Sirius<sup>20</sup>). Este <italic>stent</italic> foi aprovado para uso cl&#237;nico na Europa, Estados Unidos, e Brasil em 2002.</p>
    <p>O <italic>stent</italic> revestido com paclitaxel (Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>) tamb&#233;m demonstrou resultados de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a compar&#225;veis, conforme demonstrado em v&#225;rios dos estudos (Taxus I<sup>21</sup>, II<sup>22</sup>, III<sup>23</sup>, IV<sup>24,25</sup>). Estas s&#233;ries consolidaram casu&#237;sticas que revelaram manuten&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, seja imediata, seja tardia. Estudos adicionais, com graus adicionais de complexidade, foram realizados e dever&#227;o ser publicados em breve.</p>
    <p>As taxas de uma nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo foram reduzidas no estudo Sirius<sup>18</sup> de 19,2% para 6,4%, e no estudo Taxus IV<sup>24</sup> de 12% para 4,7%.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o direta de desempenho entre estes dois <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos est&#225; em franca investiga&#231;&#227;o, e j&#225; conta com alguns estudos apresentados em congressos e ainda n&#227;o publicados.</p>
    <p>Como conclus&#227;o, podemos mencionar a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica mais recente, que incorporou &#224; sua an&#225;lise os 11 principais estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados com os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (n=5.103 pacientes). Nesta meta-an&#225;lise, fica evidente a efic&#225;cia dos mesmos, comparada &#224; dos <italic>stents</italic> convencionais, em reduzir a reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> cl&#237;nica de 21% para 6,8%, pelos <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com paclitaxel, e de 14,2% para 4,8% pelos <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com sirolimus<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Deve-se mencionar um aspecto que gera alguma controv&#233;rsia, quando se discute a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica e a incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. De forma equivocada, a import&#226;ncia desta tecnologia &#233;, &#224;s vezes, questionada, com o argumento de que n&#227;o ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o dos dois principais desfechos cardiovasculares adversos: o infarto e a morte. Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos foram concebidos para reduzir a reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> e n&#227;o contribuem para modificar estes eventos maiores, que est&#227;o relacionados com a hist&#243;ria natural da aterosclerose coronariana. O controle da reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> promove melhora na qualidade de vida, pela redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 70% do risco de realizar novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>18,24,26,27</sup> .</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Farmacoterapia adjunta ao implante de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios associado &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da ICP &#233; mandat&#243;rio e foi estabelecido desde a era do bal&#227;o, quando se comprovou que a aspirina reduz o risco da ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio associado ao procedimento, de 6,9% para 1,5%<sup>28</sup>. Com o advento dos <italic>stents</italic>, foi comprovadas maior efic&#225;cia antitromb&#243;tica, com a associa&#231;&#227;o da aspirina a um tienopirid&#237;nico, inicialmente a ticlopidina. A efic&#225;cia desta associa&#231;&#227;o foi demonstrada em tr&#234;s ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (Stars<sup>29</sup>, Mattis<sup>30</sup>, Fantastic<sup>31</sup>).</p>
    <p>Contudo, a ticlopidina tem limita&#231;&#245;es, como a baixa toler&#226;ncia gastrointestinal e o risco de neutropenia, principalmente quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o por per&#237;odo mais prolongado. Sua farmacodin&#226;mica &#233; tamb&#233;m desfavor&#225;vel, alcan&#231;ando efeito antiplaquet&#225;rio apenas 3 a 5 dias ap&#243;s a sua introdu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O clopidogrel tem progressivamente substitu&#237;do a ticlopidina, com efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel, perfil de toler&#226;ncia e seguran&#231;a cl&#237;nica superior, associado a uma farmacodin&#226;mica mais favor&#225;vel. Seu efeito antiplaquet&#225;rio est&#225; presente cerca de seis horas depois da dose de ataque de 300 mg, e cerca de 2 horas ap&#243;s uma dose de ataque de 600 mg, via oral. A efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do clopidogrel foram demonstradas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, comparando-o com a ticlopidina (Topps<sup>32</sup> e Classics<sup>33</sup>), e em uma meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo 13.827 pacientes<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o retardo da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o, a preven&#231;&#227;o da trombose tardia com a ado&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos determina o uso mais prolongado dos tienopirid&#237;nicos, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> convencionais. Pacientes que recebem o <italic>stent</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus devem utilizar os dois antiplaquet&#225;rios, no m&#237;nimo por dois meses, e aqueles que recebem o <italic>stent</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel, por seis meses. Entretanto, as observa&#231;&#245;es da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica recente revelam que os tienopirid&#237;nicos est&#227;o sendo recomendados por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de seis meses, independente do tipo de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico implantado.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia a aferi&#231;&#227;o das taxas de trombose dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, quando comparada &#224; dos convencionais. &#201; consenso que a sua ocorr&#234;ncia tardia (ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s), &#233; de fato maior, nos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, principalmente frente &#224;s adversidades cl&#237;nicas (diab&#233;ticos) ou angiogr&#225;ficas (m&#250;ltiplos <italic>stents</italic> com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o e bifurca&#231;&#245;es). Uma s&#233;rie recente demonstrou que a suspens&#227;o precoce da associa&#231;&#227;o de aspirina e do tienopirid&#237;nico &#233; o maior preditor para ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose tardia<sup>35</sup>. Portanto, qualquer programa de sa&#250;de que incorpore a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o deve assegurar aos pacientes, o acesso a estes medicamentos, por pelo menos seis meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Regulamenta&#231;&#227;o para utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos em outros pa&#237;ses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em setembro de 2003, foi definido o reembolso do <italic>stent</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus, no sistema de seguro de sa&#250;de estatal franc&#234;s, relacionado &#224;s seguintes indica&#231;&#245;es: estenose com comprimento inferior a 18 mm, em vasos de 2,5 a 3,5 mm, pacientes com maior risco para ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose (diab&#233;ticos, estenoses na art&#233;ria descendente anterior, e estenoses com comprimento &lt;15 mm em vaso com &lt;3 mm de di&#226;metro)<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram consideradas as seguintes contra-indica&#231;&#245;es: estenose do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, de localiza&#231;&#227;o ostial, calcificada e n&#227;o dilat&#225;vel, com trombo vis&#237;vel na angiografia, ICP prim&#225;ria, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;50%, intoler&#226;ncia a antiplaquet&#225;rios ou heparina, alergia a contraste e ao a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, e mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil.</p>
    <p>Em novembro de 2004, foi definido o reembolso do <italic>stent</italic> com libera&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel para pacientes diab&#233;ticos, em les&#245;es de vasos com di&#226;metro entre 2,5 e 3,5 mm, independente do comprimento da mesma. Somente um <italic>stent</italic> &#233; pago por procedimento, exceto no tratamento de uma longa dissec&#231;&#227;o (m&#225;ximo de 3 <italic>stents</italic>). Pacientes diab&#233;ticos, com doen&#231;a multi-arterial e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m podem receber at&#233; 3 <italic>stents</italic>.</p>
    <p>No Canad&#225;, na prov&#237;ncia de Ont&#225;rio, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para uso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos foi definida pelo <italic>Cardiac Care Network of Ont&#225;rio</italic> (CCNO)<sup>37</sup> e aceita pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o inclui os diab&#233;ticos, e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com estenoses longas (&gt;18 mm), localizadas em vasos &lt;2,75 mm de di&#226;metro, e aqueles em que a ocorr&#234;ncia da reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> possa ter graves conseq&#252;&#234;ncias (tronco de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda n&#227;o protegido e vaso derradeiro).</p>
    <p>Foi estimado pelo CCNO que, pelos padr&#245;es de pr&#225;tica de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea no Canad&#225;, estas recomenda&#231;&#245;es seriam aplic&#225;veis a 40% das les&#245;es alvo de tratamento percut&#226;neo.</p>
    <p>No Reino Unido, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de segue a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do <italic>National Institute for Clinical Excelence</italic>, que publicou sua posi&#231;&#227;o em outubro de 2003<sup>38</sup>. O reembolso engloba os <italic>stents</italic> Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup> e Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>, para pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de 1 vaso com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia inferior a 3 mm, com um comprimento de estenose superior aos 15 mm. N&#227;o h&#225; cobertura para pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com menos de 24 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, nem para pacientes com trombo vis&#237;vel na angiografia.</p>
    <p>Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, os dois <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos est&#227;o aprovados para uso cl&#237;nico, em pacientes nos quais os sintomas estejam relacionados a les&#245;es n&#227;o reesten&#243;ticas, com extens&#227;o inferior a 30 mm, em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas, com di&#226;metro maior que 2,5 mm e inferior a 3,5 mm. O sistema p&#250;blico <italic>Medcare</italic> reembolsa estas endopr&#243;teses (at&#233; um <italic>stent</italic> por procedimento; em casos que necessitem de mais de dois <italic>stents</italic>, &#233; solicitada a aprova&#231;&#227;o de um outro cardiologista), desde abril de 2003, oferecendo cobertura para 30 milh&#245;es de usu&#225;rios. O reembolso tamb&#233;m est&#225; aprovado pelos planos de sa&#250;de privados (<italic>Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Aetna, Humana</italic>, por exemplo), abrangendo 147 milh&#245;es de pessoas. A taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos j&#225; supera os &#237;ndices de 70%, em pacientes submetidos a ICP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto financeiro no sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de brasileiro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na maioria dos pa&#237;ses em que os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos foram aprovados, as estrat&#233;gias de incorpora&#231;&#227;o procuram maximizar os benef&#237;cios para atenuar o seu impacto financeiro. Com isto, sua indica&#231;&#227;o privilegia as les&#245;es e pacientes com maior risco de reestenose<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; estimado que as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas recomendadas pela SBHCI resulte em ado&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico em cerca de 50% de todas as les&#245;es tratadas. No SUS, isto equivaleria, no ano de 2005, ao uso de aproximadamente 20.000 unidades. Esta estimativa do n&#250;mero absoluto de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos n&#227;o contempla o aumento do n&#250;mero de pacientes, cuja indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica poder&#225; ser convertida em indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP. Neste momento, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estimar este porcentual.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Powel e cols.<sup>40</sup> pode fornecer uma perspectiva para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Analisando a cinecoronariografia de uma s&#233;rie expressiva e consecutiva de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia<sup>41</sup>, os autores verificaram que, obedecendo aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o utilizados nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, apenas 6% seriam candidatos. Entretanto, na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas, na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica de 2004, at&#233; 46% dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica teriam seu tratamento convertido para ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico. Observou-se ainda que uma das principais raz&#245;es para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, neste estudo, foi &#224; presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o coronariana cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>No momento, &#233; dif&#237;cil calcular o impacto financeiro dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos no or&#231;amento do SUS, pois o pre&#231;o a ser pago por estas endopr&#243;teses dever&#225; ser o resultado da negocia&#231;&#227;o entre as partes interessadas (SUS e fornecedores). A observa&#231;&#227;o do cen&#225;rio internacional mostra que o pre&#231;o praticado varia consideravelmente entre os diversos pa&#237;ses, particularmente naqueles com fortes sistemas p&#250;blicos de financiamento da sa&#250;de, como o Canad&#225;, Fran&#231;a, Austr&#225;lia, Portugal, Espanha e Reino Unido.</p>
    <p>&#201; fundamental que, no cen&#225;rio brasileiro atual, ainda de baixa oferta de tratamentos de alta complexidade cardiovascular, o financiamento da incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos seja atendido com recursos adicionais e n&#227;o com remanejamento dos escassos recursos existentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI) resultaram da an&#225;lise e observa&#231;&#245;es dos estudos cl&#237;nicos comentados, e dos crit&#233;rios adotados por v&#225;rios outros pa&#237;ses, com sistematizada experi&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o e incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em sa&#250;de.</p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>I. Indica&#231;&#245;es formais baseadas em evid&#234;ncias conclusivas, consenso ou em opini&#245;es majorit&#225;rias de especialistas: pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nativa com:</p>
      <p>a. Estenose da art&#233;ria descendente anterior com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia <underline>&lt;</underline> 3,5 mm; </p>
      <p> b. Estenose em vaso de di&#226;metro <underline>&gt;</underline>2,5 e <underline>&lt;</underline>2,75 mm; </p>
      <p> c. Estenose longa (<underline>&gt;</underline>15 mm e <underline>&lt;</underline>30 mm) em vaso com di&#226;metro d"3,5 mm; </p>
      <p> d. Estenose em vaso derradeiro; </p>
      <p> e. Reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>; </p>
      <p> f. Diab&#233;ticos com estenoses pass&#237;veis para a ICP.</p>
      <p>II. Indica&#231;&#245;es aceit&#225;veis com base no julgamento m&#233;dico de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas especiais, para as quais ainda n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias robustas nem consenso:</p>
      <p>a. Estenose do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda n&#227;o protegido por cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via; </p>
      <p> b. Estenose com trombo vis&#237;vel pela angiografia; </p>
      <p> c. ICP nas primeiras 24 horas do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; </p>
      <p> d. Estenose localizada em enxertos de veia safena.</p>
      <p>III. Contra-indica&#231;&#245;es</p>
      <p>a. Estenose calcificada n&#227;o dilat&#225;vel; </p>
      <p> b. Gestantes e mulheres, em idade f&#233;rtil, com inten&#231;&#227;o de engravidar nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s ICP; </p>
      <p> c. Incapacidade intelectual ou social de compreender a import&#226;ncia do uso da farmacologia antiplaquet&#225;ria por seis meses, ou impossibilidade de obter estes medicamentos.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Deve-se salientar que est&#225; prevista a indica&#231;&#227;o h&#237;brida de <italic>stent</italic> convencional e farmacol&#243;gico, em paciente com mais de uma estenose a ser tratada, cujas caracter&#237;sticas sejam distintas.</p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica da ICP vem apresentando r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o e, portanto, revis&#245;es peri&#243;dicas destas recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o imperativas, com o objetivo de atualiza&#231;&#227;o constante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com esta revis&#227;o, fundamentada em documenta&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a SBHCI recomenda ao SUS o reembolso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, no menor prazo de tempo poss&#237;vel. A SBHCI tamb&#233;m adverte que o reembolso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos seja obrigatoriamente vinculado &#224; oferta sistem&#225;tica do clopidogrel, por um prazo m&#237;nimo de seis meses.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Valter C. Lima </p>
        <p> Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715 </p>
        <p> 04024-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="valterlima.dmed@epm.br">valterlima.dmed@epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 06/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/08/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Consensus</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Expert consensus (SBC/SBHCI) on the use of drug-eluting stents: recommendations of the Brazilian society of interventional cardiology/ Brazilian society of cardiology for the Brazilian public single healthcare system</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The authors review percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) evolution and its growing application in myocardial revascularization for patients with coronary heart disease in Brazil and worldwide. PCI was introduced in 1977 using only the catheter balloon. Limitations of this method (acute occlusion and coronary restenosis) led to the adoption of coronary stents and more recently the advent of drug-eluting stents&#178;, which were developed to drastically reduce restenosis rates. These developments allowed the exponential growth of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures in Brazil which have replaced many bypass surgery procedures and have become the gold standard for the majority of symptomatic patients suffering from coronary artery disease. The preference for this procedure gained new dimensions in 2000 when the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS) began reimbursing for stent procedures. This measure exemplified the importance of the Public Healthcare System's participation in incorporating medical advances and offering a high standard of cardiovascular treatment to a large portion of the Brazilian population. It is emphasized that prevention of in-stent restenosis is complex due to its unpredictable and ubiquitous occurrence. Control of this condition improves quality of life and reduces the recurrence of angina pectoris, the need to perform new revascularization procedures and hospital readmissions. The overall success of the drug-eluting stents has proven to be reliable and consistent in overcoming restenosis and has some beneficial impact for all clinical and angiographic conditions. This paper discusses the adoption and criteria for the use of drug-eluting stents in other countries as well as the recommendations established by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology for their reimbursement by SUS. The incorporation of new healthcare technology involves two distinct stages. During the first stage, the product is registered with the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). During this stage the interested company submits to the regulatory agency, results from clinical studies that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the new device or pharmaceutical product. Frequently, in addition to clinical studies, approval records for clinical use from the regulatory agencies of other countries, mainly the United States of America and the European Community are also submitted. The successful completion of this stage means that the medication or device may be prescribed or used by the physicians in Brazil. The second stage in the incorporation of new healthcare technology involves the reimbursement or financing of the treatment that was approved in the previous stage based on its efficacy and safety. This stage can be more complex than the first one since the new technology, whether a substitution for established treatment methods or the introduction of a new treatment concept, are usually more expensive. The incorporation of new technology requires a cost-effectiveness analysis so that fund administrators can make decisions based on the universal scenario of limited resources to finance healthcare with treatments that are more and more burdensome. The difficulties of funding management are aggravated by medical and social ethical implications that arise when a treatment is approved based on its efficacy and safety but is not made available to patients who could benefit greatly from it. In Brazil, assessment methods for the incorporation of new technology based on reimbursement or financing have not been fully developed for either the private healthcare plans or the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS). The implementation of new technology in both healthcare systems is a slow process and frequently the implementation is a result of the requirements of patients or the organizations that represent them and at times is the result of legal proceedings or political pressure imposed by physicians and their respective scientific societies. Our objective is to review the evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Brazil and its current status in view of the advent of drug-eluting stents, the growing participation of drug-eluting stents in myocardial revascularization to treat patients with coronary heart disease, as well as, to compare the regulatory standards from Brazil and other countries regarding the incorporation and recommendations for the use of this new technology.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CONSENSUS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Expert consensus (SBC/SBHCI) on the use of drug-eluting stents. Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology/Brazilian Society of Cardiology for the Brazilian public single healthcare system</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Valter C. Lima; Luiz Alberto P. Mattos; Paulo R. A. Caramori; Marco A. Perin; Jos&#233; A. Mangione; Bruno M. Machado; Wilson M. C. Coelho; Ronaldo R. L. Bueno</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors review percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) evolution and its growing application in myocardial revascularization for patients with coronary heart disease in Brazil and worldwide. PCI was introduced in 1977 using only the catheter balloon. Limitations of this method (acute occlusion and coronary restenosis) led to the adoption of coronary stents and more recently the advent of drug-eluting stents<sup>2</sup>, which were developed to drastically reduce restenosis rates. These developments allowed the exponential growth of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures in Brazil which have replaced many bypass surgery procedures and have become the gold standard for the majority of symptomatic patients suffering from coronary artery disease. The preference for this procedure gained new dimensions in 2000 when the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS) began reimbursing for stent procedures. This measure exemplified the importance of the Public Healthcare System's participation in incorporating medical advances and offering a high standard of cardiovascular treatment to a large portion of the Brazilian population. It is emphasized that prevention of in-stent restenosis is complex due to its unpredictable and ubiquitous occurrence. Control of this condition improves quality of life and reduces the recurrence of angina pectoris, the need to perform new revascularization procedures and hospital readmissions. The overall success of the drug-eluting stents has proven to be reliable and consistent in overcoming restenosis and has some beneficial impact for all clinical and angiographic conditions. This paper discusses the adoption and criteria for the use of drug-eluting stents in other countries as well as the recommendations established by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology for their reimbursement by SUS.</p>
      <p> The incorporation of new healthcare technology involves two distinct stages. During the first stage, the product is registered with the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). During this stage the interested company submits to the regulatory agency, results from clinical studies that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the new device or pharmaceutical product. Frequently, in addition to clinical studies, approval records for clinical use from the regulatory agencies of other countries, mainly the United States of America and the European Community are also submitted. The successful completion of this stage means that the medication or device may be prescribed or used by the physicians in Brazil.</p>
      <p> The second stage in the incorporation of new healthcare technology involves the reimbursement or financing of the treatment that was approved in the previous stage based on its efficacy and safety. This stage can be more complex than the first one since the new technology, whether a substitution for established treatment methods or the introduction of a new treatment concept, are usually more expensive.</p>
      <p> The incorporation of new technology requires a cost-effectiveness analysis so that fund administrators can make decisions based on the universal scenario of limited resources to finance healthcare with treatments that are more and more burdensome. The difficulties of funding management are aggravated by medical and social ethical implications that arise when a treatment is approved based on its efficacy and safety but is not made available to patients who could benefit greatly from it.</p>
      <p> In Brazil, assessment methods for the incorporation of new technology based on reimbursement or financing have not been fully developed for either the private healthcare plans or the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS). The implementation of new technology in both healthcare systems is a slow process and frequently the implementation is a result of the requirements of patients or the organizations that represent them and at times is the result of legal proceedings or political pressure imposed by physicians and their respective scientific societies.</p>
      <p> Our objective is to review the evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Brazil and its current status in view of the advent of drug-eluting stents, the growing participation of drug-eluting stents in myocardial revascularization to treat patients with coronary heart disease, as well as, to compare the regulatory standards from Brazil and other countries regarding the incorporation and recommendations for the use of this new technology.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Angioplasty, stents, restenosis, coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Percutaneous coronary intervention: The evolution from balloon catheters to drug-eluting stents</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since its introduction in 1977, the clinical efficacy of PCI has been limited due to the possibility of an uncontrollable acute occlusion of the vessel being treated and the late reoccurrence of an obstruction, a clinical condition known as coronary restenosis. Using only the balloon catheter, 30% to 50% of the patients suffered from restenosis, which used to occur between one and six months after the procedure. It is important to emphasize that these rates were observed with a clinical and angiographic profile that had a significantly lower complexity in comparison to contemporary patients. All the resources investigated to reduce the occurrence of restenosis, especially systemic administration of drugs were unsuccessful.</p>
      <p>The first percutaneous device that promoted significant reduction in coronary restenosis rates was the stent, an expandable metallic endovascular prosthesis. Stents reduced restenosis by 30% to 35% as demonstrated in three major controlled multi-center studies (Benestent<sup>1</sup> and II<sup>2</sup> Stress<sup>3</sup>).</p>
      <p>The stents reduced the immediate elastic recoil and negative vessel remodeling, physical phenomena that are responsible for two thirds of the coronary lumen loss after balloon PCI. Besides reducing restenosis, stents increased the safety and immediate PCI prognosis, reducing the occurrence of acute coronary occlusions from between 4% and 11% to between 0.5% and 2%<sup>4</sup>. Based on these two benefits, coronary stents were incorporated as the preferred technique for percutaneous coronary revascularization. The stent was approved for clinical use in 1994 and since that time worldwide usage has continually increased reaching the mark of 85% to 90%<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to SUS, the number of patients treated with PCI since the year 2000 exceeded the number of bypass surgery, which coincides with the start of coronary stent reimbursement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e37f1-body2">fig.1</xref>). This information must not conceal the fact that under funding seriously limit patient access to cardiovascular procedures in Brazil. Estimates show that in Brazil, a mere 251 coronary angioplasties are performed per million of inhabitants on a yearly basis (CENIC <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sbhci.org.br">www.sbhci.org.br</ext-link> and DATA-SUS <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.datasus.gov.br">www.datasus.gov.br</ext-link>). This is an extremely low number when compared to the number of these procedures offered in other countries such as Uruguay (836), Porto Rico (728), England (894), Canada (900), Spain (580),Portugal(530) and Poland (484) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.solaci.org/docs/registro_1998_2003.ppt#1">http://www.solaci.org/docs/registro_1998_2003.ppt#1</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bcis.org.uk">www.bcis.org.uk</ext-link>). It is important to emphasize that the prevalence of heart disease in Brazil is not lower than that of the countries mentioned.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e37f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e162-00037-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>In-stent restenosis: A major limitation of PCI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Vascular trauma caused by dilation of the artery and the permanent presence of the stent, lead to variable degree of intimal tissue proliferation. When the intimal proliferation reaction is exaggerated, the coronary lumen is drastically reduced<sup>8-13</sup>. Clinical experience with stents has enabled the identification of the main predictors of this phenomenon, now known as in-stent restenosis. These factors are grouped according to those related to the patient (diabetes mellitus), those related to lesion characteristics such as length (&gt;15 mm) or small vessel diameter (&lt;3 mm), and those related to the procedure (residual stenosis &gt;30%). Patients with one or more of these factors have significantly higher restenosis rates, which can be as high as 50% for patients with a combination of these unfavorable aspects. It is important to emphasize that its occurrence is unpredictable and its incidence is ubiquitous.</p>
      <p>Clinical restenosis, also called target-vessel revascularization, is comprised of the association of a reoccurrence of significant stenosis (&gt;50%) with the presence of angina symptoms or myocardial ischemia demonstrated by functional tests. On average, the occurrence of clinical restenosis is 50% lower than angiographic restenosis. Clinical restenosis usually require hospital readmission for a new revascularization procedure, either percutaneous or at times bypass surgery<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The advent of drug-eluting stents</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Drug-eluting stents combine the mechanical support supplied by the stent implant (suppression of negative remodeling) with a controlled local release of antiproliferative drugs.</p>
      <p>Success of this new technology is based on effective antiproliferative drugs (cytostatic or cytotoxic mechanism) with minimal or no level of toxicity, a predictable and programmable release system (polymers), and a low thrombosis rate.</p>
      <p>Up to 2004, only two medications, sirolimus and paclitaxel, which are released from the Cypher<sub>tm</sub> and Taxus<sub>tm</sub> stents, respectively, had achieved extensive successful clinical investigation. The common factor between these two drug-eluting stent systems is that the medication is stored and released in a controlled manner from polymers.</p>
      <p>Clinical studies with the sirolimus (Cypher<sub>tm</sub>) coated stent were based on an approximately 50% reduction of intimal tissue proliferation in balloon angioplasty porcine models with oral or intramuscular administration. The first clinical study was conducted by Sousa and associates in Brazil, with excellent angiographic, ultrasonic and clinical follow-up<sup>15-16</sup>. In this initial series of 30 patients, neointimal hyperplasia was reduced by roughly 80% with late target vessel lumen loss rate of less than 0.20 mm, that was maintained in serial angiographic assessments during the four years after the initial implant.</p>
      <p>Various other controlled clinical trials followed this initial series testing larger patient groups and a spectrum of increasing risk for the occurrence of in-stent restenosis, or in other words, recruiting patients with more serious disease and more unfavorable angiographic pattern. All the studies consistently and homogeneously demonstrated the efficacy of this technology in reducing clinical in-stent restenosis from 15% to less than 5% (RAVEL<sup>17</sup>, SIRIUS<sup>18</sup>, C-SIRIUS<sup>19</sup> and E-SIRIUS<sup>20</sup>). This stent was approved for clinical use in Europe, the United States and Brazil in 2002.</p>
      <p>The safety and efficacy of the stent coated with paclitaxel (TAXUS<sub>tm</sub>) was comparable as demonstrated in various studies (TAXUS I<sup>21</sup>, II<sup>22</sup>, III<sup>23</sup>, IV<sup>24,25</sup>). These series have incorporated new data revealing that both immediate and late safety and efficacy are maintained. Other more complex studies have been conducted and should be published in the near future.</p>
      <p>The rates for a new target vessel revascularization were reduced from 19.2% to 6.4% in the Sirius<sup>18</sup> study and from 12% to 4.7% in the TAXUS IV<sup>24</sup> study.</p>
      <p>Extensive investigations comparing the performance of these two drug-eluting stents are ongoing. Some studies have been presented at conferences but to date have not been published.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, we can mention the most recent systematic revision that incorporated the analyses from 11 major controlled drug-eluting stent clinical studies (n=5,103 patients). This meta-analysis clearly demonstrates the efficacy of drug-eluting stents in comparison to bare metal stents to reduce clinical in-stent restenosis. Clinical in-stent restenosis rates were reduced with the paclitaxel-coated stents from 21% to 6.8% and the sirolimus-coated stents from 14.2% to 4.8%<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>One controversial aspect should be mentioned when discussing the clinical effectiveness and incorporation of drug-eluting stents in medical practice. Equivocally, the importance of this technology is occasionally questioned based on the argument that that it does not reduce the two major adverse cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction and death. Drug eluting stents were developed to reduce in-stent restenosis and not to modify these major events that are related to the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. The control of in-stent restenosis promotes an improvement in quality of life by reducing the risk of having to perform new revascularization procedures by 70%<sup>18,24,26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adjunctive pharmacotherapy to drug-eluting stent use implantation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Antiplatelet therapy is mandatory after a PCI intervention and has been established since the balloon era when it was proven that aspirin reduced the occurrence of myocardial infarction associated with the procedure from 6.9% to 1.5%<sup>28</sup>. With the advent of stents it was proven that a combination of aspirin with a thienopyridine, initially ticlopidine, was more effective. The efficacy of this combination was demonstrated in three randomized clinical trials (STARS<sup>29</sup>, MATTIS<sup>30</sup>, FANTASTIC<sup>31</sup>).</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, ticlopidine has limitations such as a low gastrointestinal tolerance and the risk of neutropenia, especially when used for a prolonged period. Its pharmacodynamic properties are also unfavorable, requiring administration for 3 to 5 days before it reaches a significant antiplatelet effect.</p>
      <p>Ticlopidine has been progressively substituted by clopidogrel that has comparable effectiveness, better tolerance and clinical safety levels which are associated with more favorable pharmacodynamics. The onset of its antiplatelet effect occurs roughly six hours after the administration of a 300 mg load dosage and within 2 hours after the oral administration of a 600 mg bolus dose. The efficacy and safety of clopidogrel have been demonstrated in randomized clinical trials comparing it to ticlopidine (TOPPS<sup>32</sup> and CLASSICS<sup>33</sup>), and in a meta-analysis with 13,827 patients<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>With delayed endothelialization, the prevention of late thrombosis with drug-eluting stents requires a longer duration of thienopyridine therapy in comparison to bare-metal stents. Patients that receive the sirolimus-eluting stent should use both antiplatelet medications for at least two months and those that receive the paclitaxel-eluting stent, for six months. Nevertheless, observations of current medical practices reveal that thienopyridines are recommended for a minimum period of six months regardless of the type of drug-eluting stent implanted.</p>
      <p>The thrombosis rate for drug-eluting stents in comparison to bare metal stents is also a controversial issue. It is agreed that late stent thrombosis (after the first month) is in fact higher with drug-eluting stents especially in the case of clinical (diabetes) or angiographic (multiple stents with overlapping and bifurcations) adversities. A recent series demonstrated that the premature suspension of the aspirin and thienopyridine therapy is the greatest predictor for late thrombosis<sup>35</sup>. Therefore, any healthcare program that incorporates the use of drug eluting stents should ensure patient access to these medications for at least six months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Worldwide drug-eluting stent adoption policies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In September 2003, the government health care system in France set the following criteria for the reimbursement of sirolimus-eluting stents: stenosis in 2.5 to 3.5 mm vessels with a length less than 18 mm, and high risk restenosis patients (diabetics, stenosis in left anterior descending artery and stenosis shorter than &lt; 15 mm in a vessel with a diameter &lt;3 mm)<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following contraindications were considered: left coronary artery stenosis, ostial location, angiographic evidence of thrombus, severe calcification, primary PCI and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;50%; antiplatelet or heparin intolerance; contrast agent and/or stainless steel allergies; and women of childbearing age.</p>
      <p>In November 2004, reimbursement of the paclitaxel-eluting stent was established for diabetic patients in lesions of vessels with a diameter between 2.5 and 3.5 mm regardless of the length. The reimbursement is limited to one stent per procedure except in the case of a long dissection (maximum 3 stents). Diabetic patients with multi-vessel disease and contraindication for bypass surgery may also receive up to three stents.</p>
      <p>In the province of Ontario, Canada, the recommendations for drug eluting stents were outlined by the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario (CCNO)<sup>37</sup> and accepted by the Ministry of Health. The recommendations included diabetic and non-diabetic patients with long stenosis (&gt;18 mm) located in vessels with a diameter &lt;2.75 mm or in patients in whom the occurrence of in-stent restenosis could have serious consequences (unprotected left coronary artery or single remaining vessel).</p>
      <p>CCNO estimated that these recommendations would cover 40% of percutaneous treatment target lesions based on Canada's standard percutaneous coronary intervention practices.</p>
      <p>In the United Kingdom, the Ministry of Health followed the recommendations published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in October, 2003<sup>38</sup>. Reimbursement covers Cypher<sub>tm</sub> and Taxus<sub>tm</sub> stents for patients indicated for revascularization of one vessel with a reference diameter less than 3 mm and a stenosis length greater than 15 mm. Patients who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction with less than 24 hours of evolution and patients with angiographic evidence of thrombosis would not be eligible for reimbursement.</p>
      <p>In the United States of America, both drug-eluting stents have been approved for clinical use in patients whose symptoms are related to non-restenotic lesions with a length less than 30 mm in native coronary arteries with a diameter between 2.5 and 3.5 mm. The public system, Medcare has reimbursed these endovascular prostheses since April 2003, offering coverage for 30 million users (one stent per procedure; in cases that require two or more stents the approval of another cardiologist is requested). The reimbursement is also approved by the private health care plans (Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Aetna, Humana, etc.), encompassing 147 million people. The drug-eluting stents usage has already exceeded the 70% mark for patients submitted to PCI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of the financial impact on the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In most of the countries where drug-eluting stents were approved, the incorporation strategies were developed to maximize the benefits attained and minimize the ensuing the financial impact. For this reason the greatest indications were for lesions and patients with a higher restenosis risk<sup>39</sup>. It is estimated that the implementation of the clinical indications recommended by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI) will result in the adoption of the drug-eluting stent for roughly 50% of all lesions treated. For SUS in 2005, this would be equivalent to approximately 20,000 units. This estimate of the number of drug-eluting stents does not consider the increase in the number of patients whose surgical indication could have been shifted to PCI indication. It is not possible at this time to make this estimate.</p>
      <p>A perspective of bypass surgery can be interpreted from the study conducted by Powel and associates<sup>40</sup>. Analyzing the coronary angiography of a significant series of consecutive patients submitted to surgery<sup>41</sup>, the authors confirm that if the inclusion criteria used in the clinical trials for drug-eluting stents had been followed strictly, only 6% would have been candidates for the procedure. However, during 2004, in the medical assessments made by cardiologists, as many as 46% of the patients indicated for surgical procedures would have been converted to PCI with drug-eluting stents. It was also observed that one of the main reasons for maintaining the indication for surgical myocardial revascularization, in this study, was the presence of chronic coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p>At this time it is difficult to calculate the financial impact of drug-eluting stents on the SUS budget since the price paid for these endovascular prostheses should be the result of negotiation between the interested parties (SUS and company suppliers). Observations of the international scenario reveals that prices differ considerably among the various countries, particularly in those with strong public healthcare financing systems such as Canada, France, Australia, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom.</p>
      <p>It is fundamental that in consideration of the current Brazilian scenario, which offers a very limited access to cardiovascular therapeutic procedures, the incorporation of drug-eluting stent procedures should be attained through additional funding and not reallocation of the existing insufficient resources.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Recommendations for the use of drug-eluting stents in the Brazilian Healthcare System (SUS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The recommendations made by Brazilian Interventional Cardiology Society (SBHCI) are the result of assessments and observations of the clinical studies referred to in this paper as well as the criteria adopted by various other countries with systematic experience in the evaluation and incorporation of new healthcare technologies.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>I. Formal indications based on conclusive evidence, consensus or majority rule of specialists: patients clinically indicated for revascularization of a native coronary artery with:</p>
        <p>a. Stenosis of the left descending anterior artery with a reference diameter of<underline>&lt;</underline> 3.5 mm;</p>
        <p> b. Stenosis in a vessel with a diameter <underline>&gt;</underline>2.5 and <underline>&lt;</underline>2.75 mm;</p>
        <p> c. Long stenosis that is <underline>&gt;</underline>15 mm and <underline>&lt;</underline>30 mm in length in a vessel with a diameter<underline> &lt;</underline>3.5 mm;</p>
        <p> d. Stenosis in a single ramaining vessel;</p>
        <p> e. In-stent restenosis;</p>
        <p> f. Diabetics with stenosis treatable by PCI;</p>
        <p>II. Acceptable indications based on medical judgment for special clinical situations that do not have considerable scientific evidence or consensus:</p>
        <p>a. Stenosis of the left main coronary artery not protected by previous revascularization surgery;</p>
        <p> b. Stenosis with angiographic evidence of thrombus;</p>
        <p> c. PCI within the first 24 hours following an acute myocardial infarction;</p>
        <p> d. Stenosis located in bypass venous grafts.</p>
        <p>III. Contraindications</p>
        <p>a. Severely calcified stenosis;</p>
        <p> b. Women who are pregnant or childbearing age who intend to become pregnant within six months of the PCI procedure;</p>
        <p> c. Intellectual or social incapacity to understand the importance of using the antiplatelet therapy for six months or those that are unable to obtain these medications.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>It should be emphasized that a hybrid indication for both bare-metal and drug-eluting stents has been anticipated for patients with more than one stenosis to be treated that have distinct characteristics.</p>
      <p>PCI practices have presented a rapid evolution and therefore periodical revisions of these recommendations are imperative in order to implement continual updates.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With this revision, based on scientific documentation and clinical practices, SBHCI has recommended that SUS implement the reimbursement of drug-eluting stents within the shortest timeframe possible. SBHCI has also advised that along with the reimbursement of drug-eluting stents that the systematic offer of clopidogrel for a minimum timeframe of six months be mandatory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Valter C. Lima</p>
          <p> Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715</p>
          <p> 04024-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="valterlima.dmed@epm.br">valterlima.dmed@epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/06/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/22/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
