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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">d6jTQjjw9RTrD4LJHMrdd7w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700429</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal em paciente com isomerismo atrial esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hassem Sobrinho</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscardini</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Camacho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Croti</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e122</fpage>
      <lpage>e123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>&#201; relatado o caso de uma crian&#231;a com seis anos de idade, assintom&#225;tica, portadora de isomerismo atrial esquerdo e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo seio venoso. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava v&#225;rios per&#237;odos de ritmo bradic&#225;rdico. Durante monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 24 horas, apresentou importante disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal, com pausas sinusais de at&#233; 2,4 segundos. Foi implantado marcapasso definitivo com evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</kwd>
        <kwd>isomerismo atrial esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal em paciente com isomerismo atrial esquerdo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;rio Hassem Sobrinho; Airton Camacho Moscardini; Ulisses Alexandre Croti; Carlos Henrique de Marchi; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; relatado o caso de uma crian&#231;a com seis anos de idade, assintom&#225;tica, portadora de isomerismo atrial esquerdo e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo seio venoso. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava v&#225;rios per&#237;odos de ritmo bradic&#225;rdico. Durante monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 24 horas, apresentou importante disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal, com pausas sinusais de at&#233; 2,4 segundos. Foi implantado marcapasso definitivo com evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, isomerismo atrial esquerdo, disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal.</p>
    <p>O isomerismo dos ap&#234;ndices atriais &#233; uma rara anomalia cong&#234;nita caracterizada pela simetria de &#243;rg&#227;os normalmente assim&#233;tricos. H&#225; dois tipos de isomerismo atrial. O isomerismo atrial direito, tamb&#233;m conhecido como s&#237;ndrome da asplenia ou s&#237;ndrome de Ivemark e o isomerismo atrial esquerdo ou s&#237;ndrome da poliesplenia.</p>
    <p>A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o conhecida de poliesplenia foi feita por Abernethy, em 1793<sup>1</sup>, e apenas em 1967 Moller e cols.<sup>2</sup> fizeram a descri&#231;&#227;o completa da s&#237;ndrome. No isomerismo atrial esquerdo as altera&#231;&#245;es mais prevalentes s&#227;o: poliesplenia, presen&#231;a de dois pulm&#245;es morfologicamente esquerdos, dois ap&#234;ndices atriais morfologicamente esquerdos, aus&#234;ncia do segmento hep&#225;tico da veia cava inferior, f&#237;gado em posi&#231;&#227;o mediana e alta incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
    <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas mais freq&#252;entes associadas ao isomerismo dos ap&#234;ndices atrias esquerdos s&#227;o: dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, &#225;trio &#250;nico, defeito do septo atrioventricular, estenose da valva pulmonar e persist&#234;ncia da veia cava superior esquerda<sup>2-4</sup>. Altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m s&#227;o descritas.</p>
    <p>Na revis&#227;o feita por Momma e cols.<sup>5</sup>, todos os pacientes com isomerismo atrial esquerdo apresentavam marcapasso mut&#225;vel. Outro achado comum &#233; a diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com o decorrer dos anos. Aos quinze anos de idade, 70% dos pacientes apresentam bradicardia sinusal. O bloqueio atrioventricular pode estar presente em 50% dos pacientes em alguma fase da vida, podendo ser progressivo<sup>6-8</sup>, sendo maior a preval&#234;ncia de bloqueio atrioventricular no feto<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos histol&#243;gicos mostram a aus&#234;ncia do n&#243; sinusal na jun&#231;&#227;o da veia cava superior com o &#225;trio direito<sup>10-12</sup>. N&#243; sinusal ect&#243;pico e hipopl&#225;sico tem sido demonstrado na parede atrial lateral superior<sup>10</sup>, na parede atrial lateral medial<sup>11</sup> e na parede inferior lateral, pr&#243;ximo ao &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio<sup>12</sup>. Na maioria das vezes o n&#243; sinusal n&#227;o pode ser localizado<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;a com seis anos de idade, branca, procedente de Mirassol do Oeste (MT), com hist&#243;ria de sopro card&#237;aco e aus&#234;ncia de sintomas. Ao exame f&#237;sico se mostrava acian&#243;tica, eupneica, hidratada e em bom estado geral. &#192; palpa&#231;&#227;o apresentava discreto abaulamento precordial, sem fr&#234;mito. Na ausculta card&#237;aca apresentava sopro sist&#243;lico ++/6+ em foco pulmonar, segunda bulha com desdobramento constante e fixo e discreta hiperfonese do componente pulmonar. Havia v&#225;rios per&#237;odos de ritmo bradic&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrava ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia de 70 bpm, bloqueio de ramo direito, eixo el&#233;trico desviado para direita e curtas pausas sinusais.</p>
    <p>Ao radiograma de t&#243;rax havia discreto aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca &#224; custa de cavidades direitas, discreto aumento da trama vascular pulmonar, proemin&#234;ncia do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar e dois br&#244;nquios principais morfologicamente esquerdos.</p>
    <p>Ao ecocardiograma havia a presen&#231;a de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo seio venoso de tamanho moderado, dois &#225;trios morfologicamente esquerdos, aus&#234;ncia do segmento hep&#225;tico da veia cava inferior e presen&#231;a de veia &#225;zigos dilatada, acompanhando posteriormente a aorta descendente.</p>
    <p>Ao Holter, o ritmo predominante foi o sinusal, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#233;dia de 65 bpm, alternado com ritmo juncional com FC m&#237;nima de 31 bpm. Ocorreram pausas sinusais de at&#233; 2,4s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>), seguidas por escapes juncionais e 6.114 extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares isoladas, e 512 vezes pareadas. N&#227;o houve relato de sintomas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e122-00029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Poliesplenia &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa com alta variabilidade de achados anat&#244;micos.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s tipos de altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco podem ocorrer do isomerismo dos ap&#234;ndices atriais esquerdos: disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal<sup>5</sup>, bloqueio atrioventricular<sup>6-8</sup> e dupla via nodal<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O paciente em estudo era uma crian&#231;a com diagn&#243;stico de isomerismo atrial esquerdo, associado a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo seio venoso e disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal com bradicardia sinusal, pausas sinusais e ritmo juncional. Embora n&#227;o houvesse sintomas, decidiu-se pelo implante de marcapasso, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a dura&#231;&#227;o das pausas e a evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel das disfun&#231;&#245;es sinusais na s&#237;ndrome da poliesplenia<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal a evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; melhor quando utilizado o marcapasso AAI C/R e DDD C/R para estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, pois h&#225; menor preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>13</sup>. Por&#233;m, em virtude da presen&#231;a da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, achou-se conveniente implantar o marcapasso somente no ventr&#237;culo. O implante de marcapasso na maioria dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal n&#227;o proporciona aumento na sobrevida<sup>13</sup>, e sim na qualidade de vida, por isso n&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Embora haja poucos estudos na doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal no isomerismo atrial, n&#227;o se pode garantir que a evolu&#231;&#227;o seja benigna sem implante do marcapasso, pois nesse tipo de paciente a doen&#231;a &#233; evolutiva, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas<sup>5</sup>. Ap&#243;s quatro anos de seguimento, a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente continua satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> S&#237;rio Hassem Sobrinho </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 2597/13 </p>
        <p> 15025-055 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="siriohassem@cardiol.br">siriohassem@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 06/08/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sinus node dysfunction in a patient with left atrial isomerism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the case of an asymptomatic six-year-old child with left atrial isomerism and sinus venosus atrial septal defect. The physical examination revealed several periods of bradycardia. During a 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring the patient presented a significant sinus node dysfunction with sinus pauses of up to 2.4 seconds. A permanent pacemaker was implanted, with a satisfactory outcome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Congenital heart defects</kwd>
        <kwd>left atrial isomerism</kwd>
        <kwd>sinus node dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sinus node dysfunction in a patient with left atrial isomerism</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#237;rio Hassem Sobrinho; Airton Camacho Moscardini; Ulisses Alexandre Croti; Carlos Henrique de Marchi; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of an asymptomatic six-year-old child with left atrial isomerism and sinus venosus atrial septal defect. The physical examination revealed several periods of bradycardia. During a 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring the patient presented a significant sinus node dysfunction with sinus pauses of up to 2.4 seconds. A permanent pacemaker was implanted, with a satisfactory outcome.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Congenital heart defects, left atrial isomerism, sinus node dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Isomerism of the atrial appendages is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by symmetry of organs which are normally asymmetrical. There are two types of atrial isomerism: the right atrial isomerism &#150; also known as asplenia syndrome or Ivemark syndrome, and the left atrial isomerism or polysplenia syndrome.</p>
      <p>Polysplenia was first described by Abernethy in 1793<sup>1</sup>, and only in 1967 did Moller et al<sup>2</sup> make a full description of the syndrome. In left atrial isomerism the most prevalent alterations are: polysplenia, presence of two morphologically left lungs, two morphologically left atrial appendages, absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, midline liver, and high incidence of congenital heart defects.</p>
      <p>The congenital heart defects most frequently associated with isomerism of the left atrial appendages are: double right ventricular outflow tract, single atrium, atrioventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, and persistence of the left superior vena cava<sup>2-4</sup>. Heart rhythm disturbances are also described.</p>
      <p>In Momma et al's<sup>5</sup> review, all patients with left atrial isomerism presented with a wandering pacemaker. Another common finding is the decrease in heart ratealong the years. At fifteen years of age, 70% of the patients present with sinus bradycardia. Atrioventricular block may be present in 50% of the patients in some phase of their lives, and may be progressive<sup>6-8</sup>, with a higher prevalence of atrioventricular block in the fetus<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Histological studies show the absence of the sinus node in the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atrium<sup>10-12</sup>. A hypoplastic and abnormally located sinus node has been demonstrated in the upper lateral atrial wall<sup>10</sup>, in the medial lateral atrial wall<sup>11</sup>, and in the lower lateral wall, close to the coronary sinus ostium<sup>12</sup>. In most instances the sinus node cannot be found<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Six-year-old Caucasian child from the city of Mirassol do Oeste (State of Mato Grosso, Brazil), with a history of heart murmur and absence of symptoms. Her physical examination revealed an acyanotic, eupneic, hydrated child in good general conditions. Palpation of the chest revealed a mild precordial bulge, with no thrills. Cardiac auscultation showed a grade 2/6 systolic murmur in the pulmonic area, constant and fixed splitting of the second heart sound, and mild accentuation of the pulmonic component. Several periods of bradycardia could be observed.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a sinus rhythm with a 70 bpm heart rate, right bundle branch block, electrical axis deviated to the right, and short sinus pauses.</p>
      <p>Chest radiography revealed a mild enlargement of the heart area at the expense of the right cavities, mild increase of the pulmonary vasculature, prominent main pulmonary artery, and two morphologically left main bronchi.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram showed the presence of a moderate-sized sinus venosus atrial septal defect, two morphologically left atria, absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, and presence of a dilated azygos vein following the descending aorta posteriorly.</p>
      <p>The Holter test showed a predominant sinus rhythm with a mean 65 bpm heart rate (HR), alternated with a junctional rhythm with a minimum 31 bpm HR. Sinus pauses of up to 2.4s occurred (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e29f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>), followed by junctional escapes, 6,114 isolated supraventricular extrasystoles and 512 supraventricular extrasystoles in couplets. No symptoms were reported.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e29f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e122-00029-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Polysplenia is a complex syndrome with a high variability of anatomical findings.</p>
      <p>Three types of heart rhythm disturbances may occur in the isomerism of the left atrial appendages: sinus node dysfunction<sup>5</sup>, atrioventricular block<sup>6-8</sup>, and dual atrioventricular nodal pathways<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient reported was a child diagnosed with left atrial isomerism associated with a sinus venosus atrial septal defect and sinus node dysfunction with sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses and junctional rhythm. Although the patient was asymptomatic, we decided to implant a pacemaker considering the duration of pauses and the unfavorable progression of sinus node dysfunctions in the polysplenia syndrome<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with sinus node dysfunction the outcome is better when the AAI C/R and DDD C/R pacemakers are used for electrical stimulation because of the lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation, thromboembolic events, and heart failure<sup>13</sup>. However, because of the presence of atrial septal defect, pacemaker implantation exclusively in the ventricle was found to be convenient. Pacemaker implantation in most of the patients with sinus node dysfunction does not provide an increased survival<sup>13</sup>, but rather a better quality of life. For this reason, pacemakers are not indicated for asymptomatic patients.</p>
      <p>Although few studies on sinus node disease in atrial isomerism are available, one cannot ensure that the outcome will be favorable without pacemaker implantation, because the disease is progressive in this type of patient, even in the absence of symptoms<sup>5</sup>. After a four-year follow-up, the patient's outcome remains satisfactory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> S&#237;rio Hassem Sobrinho</p>
          <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 2597/13</p>
          <p> 15025-055 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="siriohassem@cardiol.br">siriohassem@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 06/08/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/12/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
