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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XfvhyzjgQyGkScMNFgXpDPc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700428</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o rara entre l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, obesidade m&#243;rbida e S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meyer Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Gaspar Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benchimol</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Buarque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penna</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Loures</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e116</fpage>
      <lpage>e121</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Os autores descrevem um caso de paciente de 68 anos de idade, portadora de l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico de longa data, bem como de obesidade m&#243;rbida com &#237;ndice de massa corporal muito elevada, que veio a apresentar quadro de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda decorrente de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>L&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia da obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o rara entre l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, obesidade m&#243;rbida e S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Gaspar Corr&#234;a Meyer Neto; Claudio Buarque Benchimol; Guilherme Loures Penna; Luiz Ant&#244;nio Ferreira Carvalho; Maria Carolina Pessoa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores descrevem um caso de paciente de 68 anos de idade, portadora de l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico de longa data, bem como de obesidade m&#243;rbida com &#237;ndice de massa corporal muito elevada, que veio a apresentar quadro de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda decorrente de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> L&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, cardiopatia da obesidade, s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.</p>
    <p>Uma s&#237;ndrome recentemente descrita por autores japoneses &#150; caracterizada por anormalidade revers&#237;vel do movimento da parede ventricular de aspecto morfol&#243;gico semelhante a um bal&#227;o, ou mais precisamente, do ponto de vista sem&#226;ntico, a uma armadilha de polvo, no n&#237;vel dos segmentos apicais do cora&#231;&#227;o e com hipercontra&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos basais, observada durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia com ventriculografia, associada com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas do segmento ST-T similares a um epis&#243;dio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima das enzimas card&#237;acas, acometendo preferencialmente mulheres idosas e induzida por estresse f&#237;sico ou emocional &#150; define a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo<sup>1</sup>. Refor&#231;a o diagn&#243;stico dessa entidade a quase aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es morfoestruturais da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Outro aspecto lembrado &#233; a r&#225;pida dura&#231;&#227;o da assinergia do movimento da parede ventricular, contrastando eventualmente com a dura&#231;&#227;o maior das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A etiologia ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecida, especulando-se o papel do comprometimento da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana multivascular (express&#227;o severa de angina microvascular) e, mais recentemente, a possibilidade de uma din&#226;mica alterada das catecolaminas adren&#233;rgicas no mioc&#225;rdico<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A excepcionalidade do caso aqui relatado prov&#233;m da concomit&#226;ncia de duas doen&#231;as potencialmente lesivas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e obesidade m&#243;rbida, associadas com essa forma pouco comum de cardiomiopatia induzida pelo estresse agudo. Altera&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, endoc&#225;rdicas, vasculite da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, bem como bloqueio card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito em prole de m&#227;es l&#250;picas resumidamente constituem as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cl&#225;ssicas dessa doen&#231;a auto-imune. O impacto da obesidade m&#243;rbida sobre o aparelho cardiovascular &#233; basicamente decorrente das repercuss&#245;es de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar hipox&#234;mica, aspectos amplamente conhecidos na literatura especializada.</p>
    <p>Os autores descrevem um caso de paciente de 68 anos de idade, portadora de l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico de longa data, bem como de obesidade m&#243;rbida com &#237;ndice de massa corporal muito elevado, que apresentou quadro de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda decorrente de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, com 68 anos de idade, portadora do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico de longa data, e que vinha apresentando, nos &#250;ltimos dois anos, agudiza&#231;&#245;es manifestas por dores articulares, lassid&#227;o, trombocitopenia e alveolite aguda, essa &#250;ltima com comprova&#231;&#227;o na tomografia computadorizada espiral do t&#243;rax, de m&#250;ltiplas &#225;reas de condensa&#231;&#227;o em vidro fosco, nas por&#231;&#245;es mais dependentes de seus lobos inferiores. Como tratamento, foi feita pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona associada a ciclofosfamida oral. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do uso prolongado de corticoester&#243;ide, houve agravamento progressivo do ganho de peso, assumindo n&#237;veis de massa corporal compat&#237;veis com obesidade m&#243;rbida associada com s&#237;ndrome de hipoventila&#231;&#227;o alveolar (tipo <italic>pickwick</italic>), bem como eclos&#227;o de estado diab&#233;tico nos meses subseq&#252;entes.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s remiss&#227;o da &#250;ltima crise, e quando j&#225; se encontrava em resid&#234;ncia, ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico intenso e de curta dura&#231;&#227;o relacionado a queda em c&#244;modo da casa, com tentativa espont&#226;nea de soerguimento, apresentou desconforto tor&#225;cico vago, cianose, dispn&#233;ia e edema pulmonar agudo.</p>
    <p>Foi transferida para a unidade de terapia intensiva e manejada com diur&#233;tico venoso e morfina. O eletrocardiograma de interna&#231;&#227;o mostrava-se normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>) e as curvas de enzimas card&#237;acas e de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) est&#227;o demonstradas nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig28g1">gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig28g2">2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig28g1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig28g2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2a">fig. 2A</xref>) revelou acinesia e abaulamento das por&#231;&#245;es apicais e hipercontratilidade das por&#231;&#245;es basais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A cineangiocoronariografia realizada menos de quatorze horas ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o exibiu &#225;rvore coronariana sem altera&#231;&#245;es obstrutivas significativas, bem como altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas de hipercontra&#231;&#227;o basal e discinesia da parede livre ventricular em forma de armadilha de polvo, caracterizando a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura2a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Houve regress&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es ao cabo de tr&#234;s dias, com desaparecimento do edema pulmonar e aparecimento de altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>), e normaliza&#231;&#227;o das enzimas card&#237;acas, com regress&#227;o completa dez dias ap&#243;s o inicio do quadro inicial.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til da parede ventricular desapareceu em quatro dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2b">fig. 2B</xref>) e uma cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com meta-iodo-benzilguanidina (MIBG), realizada cinco dias ap&#243;s, mostrou comprometimento da neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca, com &#225;rea de denerva&#231;&#227;o segmentar nas paredes apical e anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo que, posteriormente, evidenciou melhora evolutiva na cintilografia repetida em 15 de outubro do mesmo ano, demonstrando comprometimento restrito &#224; parede anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figs. 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando analisada a literatura cardiol&#243;gica japonesa atual deparamo-nos com diversas refer&#234;ncias, nos &#250;ltimos anos, da s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo, ao contr&#225;rio da escassez de relatos na literatura ocidental<sup>4-6</sup>. Apesar da aparente benignidade desse processo, artigos eventualmente mencionam evolu&#231;&#227;o com edema pulmonar agudo, choque cardiog&#234;nico, ruptura ventricular e &#243;bito<sup>7</sup>. Altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica parecem apontar para a possibilidade de participa&#231;&#227;o de uma din&#226;mica alterada das catecolaminas<sup>8</sup>. Outros autores acreditam na exist&#234;ncia de um insulto isqu&#234;mico microvascular difuso na g&#234;nese desta entidade.</p>
    <p>A curiosidade maior desse relato decorre da tr&#237;plice participa&#231;&#227;o de entidades potencialmente lesivas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, obesidade m&#243;rbida, l&#250;pus eritematoso e diabetes ester&#243;ide, associadas com o aparecimento da s&#237;ndrome em quest&#227;o. Os aspectos cintigr&#225;ficos t&#234;m sido objeto de muito estudo atual. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica utilizando meta-iodo-benzilguanidina marcada com iodo radioativo<sup>123</sup> realizada em pacientes com miocardiopatia do tipo Takotsubo tem regularmente demonstrado um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico de hiperatividade s&#237;mpato-adren&#233;rgica com preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo coronariano, fatos esses muito sugestivos de um mioc&#225;rdio atordoado de fundo neurog&#234;nico, com hiperatividade dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos mioc&#225;rdicos, sendo o evento &#250;ltimo na instala&#231;&#227;o dessa miocardiopatia revers&#237;vel<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Digna de men&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral durante o quadro agudo, sem significado progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, e relacionado aparente e diretamente com a severidade da hipercinesia dos segmentos basais<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os autores apresentam um caso de rara associa&#231;&#227;o entre l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, obesidade m&#243;rbida e cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo. Apesar de n&#227;o ter havido documenta&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o de espasmo coronariano mediante infus&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de acetilcolina, os achados evolutivos na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com meta-iodo-benzilguanidina marcada com iodo<sup>123</sup>, acoplados aos dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de cineangiocoronariografia com ventriculografia permitiram a formula&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica precisa. &#201; digno de lembran&#231;a que a Iodo-meta-iodo-benzilguanidina<sup>123</sup> representa um an&#225;logo da noradrenalina e &#233; ativamente transportada no interior dos gr&#226;nulos de noradrenalina das termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas simp&#225;ticas por capta&#231;&#227;o-1.</p>
    <p>A capta&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da da MIBG na fase inicial sugere, portanto, o envolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco. A cardiomiopatia em quest&#227;o, tamb&#233;m chamada de discinesia apical transit&#243;ria, representa um tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda bastante assemelhada a um epis&#243;dio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em raz&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, e com potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es precoces at&#233; mais expressivas que no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), exemplificadas por presen&#231;a de edema agudo pulmonar em 22%, arritmias ventriculares em 9%, e choque cardiog&#234;nico em 15%, por&#233;m com excelente progn&#243;stico a m&#233;dio e longo prazos.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia no sexo feminino, em pacientes de idade m&#233;dia ou avan&#231;ada, tendo como fatores desencadeantes estresse ps&#237;quico, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico incomum, agravamento de doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias ou exist&#234;ncias de novas, cl&#237;nicas ou cir&#250;rgicas, &#233; aspecto cl&#237;nico sempre lembrado e que foi encontrado no caso em quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Guilherme Loures Penna </p>
        <p> Rua Garcia D'Avila, 263/301 </p>
        <p> 22421-010 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="guipenna@terra.com.br">guipenna@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 29/06/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A rare association of systemic lupus erythematosus, morbid obesity and Takotsubo Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The authors report a 68-year-old white female with long-term systemic lupus erythematosus as well as morbid obesity, characterized by very elevated body mass index, who presented a classical picture of acute coronary failure ascribed to Takotsubo syndrome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatithy obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Takotsubo syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A rare association of systemic lupus erythematosus, morbid obesity and Takotsubo syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Gaspar Corr&#234;a Meyer Neto; Claudio Buarque Benchimol; Guilherme Loures Penna; Luiz Ant&#244;nio Ferreira Carvalho; Maria Carolina Pessoa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors report a 68-year-old white female with long-term systemic lupus erythematosus as well as morbid obesity, characterized by very elevated body mass index, who presented a classical picture of acute coronary failure ascribed to Takotsubo syndrome.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Systemic lupus erythematosus,cardiopatithy obesity, Takotsubo syndrome.</p>
      <p>Takotsubo syndrome, which has been recently described by Japanese authors, is characterized by a reversible abnormality of the ventricular wall movement, with a morphological aspect similar to a balloon, or more precisely, from a semantic point of view, to an amphora-like octopus trap, at the apical segment levels of the heart and hypercontraction of the basal segments observed during the coronary arteriography with ventriculography, associated with electrocardiographic ST-T segment alterations, similar to an acute myocardial infarction episode, with minimal elevation of cardiac enzymes, affecting preferentially elderly females and being induced by physical or emotional stress<sup>1</sup>. The diagnosis of this entity is reinforced by the almost complete absence of coronary circulation morphostructural alterations. Another aspect that is noteworthy is the rapid duration of the asynergy of the ventricular wall movement, eventually contrasting with the longer duration of the clinical manifestations. The etiology of the disease is not fully known, and the role of coronary microcirculation involvement at a multivascular level (severe expression of microvascular angina), and, more recently, the possibility of the participation of altered adrenergic catecholamine dynamics at myocardial level has been hypothesized<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The exceptional circumstances of the case reported here are due to the simultaneous presence of two conditions that are potentially harmful to the heart, i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus and morbid obesity, associated with this unusual form of cardiomyopathy induced by acute stress. Pericardial and endocardial alterations, vasculitis of the coronary circulation as well as congenital heart block in neonatal lupus briefly constitute the classical cardiac alterations of this auto-immune disease. The impact of morbid obesity on the cardiovascular system is basically caused by the effect of systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypoxemic pulmonary arterial hypertension, being broadly known aspects of the disease in the specialized literature.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a sixty-eight year-old female patient with long-term systemic lupus erythematosus, who had presented acute symptoms such as joint pain, lassitude, thrombocytopenia and acute alveolitis in the last two years, being the latter symptom confirmed by a spiral CT of thorax of multiple areas of ground glass opacities in the most dependent portions of the lower lobes. Treatment was carried out with methylprednisolone pulse therapy associated with oral cyclophosphamide. As a consequence of long-term corticosteroid use, there was a progressive increase in weight gain, with BMI reaching levels that were compatible with morbid obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation syndrome (a pickwickian syndrome) as well as diabetic status onset in the subsequent months. When the patient had been discharged from the hospital and was at home after remission of the last crisis,, following intense physical exertion caused by an attempt to rise without help after a fall in one of the rooms, she presented non-specific chest discomfort, cyanosis, dyspnea and acute pulmonary edema. She was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where she was treated with i.v. diuretics and morphine. The hospital admission electrocardiogram was normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>) and the curves of cardiac enzymes and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were normal, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28c1-body2">Charts 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28c2-body2">2</xref>. The Doppler echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2a-body2">Fig. 2A</xref>) showed akinesia and ballooning of the apical portions and hyper-contractility of the basal portions of the left ventricle. The coronary arteriography performed less than 14 hours after hospital admission disclosed coronary artery tree without significant obstructive alterations, as well as classic alterations of basal hypercontraction and dyskinesia in the ventricular free wall shaped as an octopus trap, characterizing the Takotsubo syndrome (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28f3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28c1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28c2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="figura2a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There was regression of the alterations after three days, with the disappearance of pulmonary edema and the appearance of ventricular repolarization alterations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28f4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>), as well as normalization of cardiac enzymes, with complete regression ten days after the initial picture started.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The contractile deficit of the ventricular wall disappeared in four days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2b-body2">Fig. 2B</xref>) and a myocardial scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) performed five days later disclosed the compromised cardiac adrenergic neurotransmission, with a segmental denervation area in the apical and anterior walls of the left ventricle, which subsequently disclosed improvement at the scintigraphy performed on October 15 of the same year, showing that the involvement was restricted to the anterior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28f5-body2">Figs. 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e28f6-body2">6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e28f6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="figura2b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-e116-00028-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When the current Japanese cardiologic literature is studied, several references of the Takotsubo syndrome are found in the last years, in opposition to the scarcity of reports in the western literature<sup>4-6</sup>. Notwithstanding the apparent benign manifestation of this process, authors eventually mention clinical evolution with acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, ventricular rupture and death<sup>7</sup>. High concentrations of plasma noradrenaline seem to indicate the possibility of the participation of altered catecholamine dynamics<sup>8</sup>. Other authors believe the genesis of this entity is a diffuse microvascular ischemic insult.</p>
      <p>This case report is noteworthy due to the concomitant participation of three entities that are potentially harmful to the heart, i.e., morbid obesity, systemic lupus erythematosus and steroid diabetes, associated with the appearance of the Takotsubo syndrome. The scintigraphy aspects have been the object of current extensive studies. The myocardial scintigraphy utilizing meta-iodine-benzylguanidine (MIBG) with iodine<sup>123</sup>-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine performed in patients with myocardiopathies of Takotsubo type has frequently demonstrated a specific pattern of sympathetic-adrenergic hyperactivity with preservation of the coronary flow, which is very suggestive of a neurogenic stunned myocardium with myocardial adrenergic receptor hyperactivity, being the last event in the commencement of this reversible myocardiopathy<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is also worth mentioning the presence of elevated BNP levels during the acute picture, without an unfavorable prognostic significance, and apparent and directly related to the severity of hyperkinesis of the basal segments<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The authors present a rare case of association between systemic lupus erythematosus, morbid obesity and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Despite the lack of certification or exclusion of coronary spasm through intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine, the evolution findings at the myocardial scintigraphy with iodine<sup>123</sup>-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine analyzed together with the clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and coronary scintigraphy with ventriculography findings allowed the precise diagnostic procedure. It is worth mentioning that iodine<sup>123</sup>metaiodobenzylguanidine represents a noradrenaline analog and it is actively transported within the noradrenaline granules of the sympathetic nerve terminals by uptake-1.</p>
      <p>The decreased MIBG uptake at the initial phase consequently suggests the involvement of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. The cardiomyopathy in this case, also called transient apical dyskinesia, represents a type of acute coronary syndrome that is quite similar to an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) episode due to the clinical and electrocardiographic picture, and has the potential for early complications that are even more significant than those observed in AMI, demonstrated by the presence of acute pulmonary edema in 22%, ventricular arrhythmia in 9% and cardiogenic shock in 15% of the patients, although presenting an excellent middle and long-term prognosis.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of the disease in middle-aged or elderly female patients, having as triggering factors psychological stress, unusual physical exertion, worsening of preexisting diseases or the appearance of new ones, either clinical or surgical, is a clinical aspect worth remembering, and which was found in the reported case.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Guilherme Loures Penna</p>
          <p> Rua Garcia D'Avila, 263/301</p>
          <p> 22421-010 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="guipenna@terra.com.br">guipenna@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 06/29/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
